High-order algorithms for large-eddy simulation of incompressible

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eddy simulation of incompressible flows by using high order methods. .... and of the Gaussian filter; right: 1D non-periodic case, eigenvalues of the Cheby- ... Table 1. Table 1 lists the values of max(-Џi), i.e. of the spectral radius of the Cheby-.
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Fourier approximation : spectra of G

1

0.6

hD h^2 D^2

2

0.4

1 Imaginary part

Spectrum

Eigenvalues of h D and h^2 D^2, N=61

3

Gaussian alpha=1.559 alpha=2 alpha=2.205

0.8

0.2 0 -0.2

0

-1

-0.4 -0.6

-2

-0.8 -1

0

5

10

15 Wavenumber (k)

20

25

-3 -10

30

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5 -4 real part

-3

-2

-1

0

1

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