Modelling and Simulations

ISSN 1974-9821 Vol. 4 N. 6 December 2011

International Review on

Modelling and Simulations (IREMOS)

PART

B

Contents: (continued from Part A) Rule-Based Expert System for PQ Disburbances Classification Using S-Transform and Support Vector Machines by M. A. Hannan, Tea Chiang Wei, Alex Wenda

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Smart AC-DC Power System with Voltage Fluctuation Control and Fault Analysis by A. Thamilmaran, P. Vijayapriya, R. Suresh, D. P. Kothari

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Design and Implementation of a PLC Based Monitoring and Control System for Reactive Power Compensation System by Ramazan Bayindir, Orhan Kaplan, Lokman Baran

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The Roles of Static VAr Compensators in Smart Grids: a General Theory Using Power Analysis by Félix R. Quintela, Roberto C. Redondo, Norberto R. Melchor, Juan M. G. Arévalo

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An Enhanced Control Strategy for SSFCL in Limiting Fault Current in the Distribution System by M. A. Hannan

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Static and Dynamic Stability Analysis of Distributed Energy Resources Components with Storage Devices and Loads for Smart Grids by L. Mihet-Popa, V. Groza

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Estimation of Nonsinusoidal Operating Conditions in Electric Networks on the Basis of Measurements by A. Z. Gamm, L. I. Kovernikova

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Practical Voltage Sag Mitigation Techniques – A Key Success Factor for Smart Grid Implementation in Provincial Electricity Authority by S. Songsiri, S. Sirisumrannukul

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Microgrid Sizing Along with Reliability Consideration Using Particle Swarm Optimization by Arash Navaeefard, Roozbeh Kamali, S. M. Moghddas Tafreshi, Omid Babayi

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Multi-Objective Optimal Operation of Microgrid with an Efficient Stochastic Algorithm Considering Uncertainty of Wind Power by B. Khorramdel, H. Khorramdel, H. Marzooghi

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Improving Reactive Power Margin for Voltage Stability Enhancement Using FACTS Devices by K. Chandrasekar, N. V. Ramana

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(continued on inside back cover)

Copyright © 2011 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved

International Review on Modelling and Simulations (IREMOS) Editor-in-Chief: Santolo Meo Department of Electrical Engineering FEDERICO II University 21 Claudio - I80125 Naples, Italy [email protected]

Editorial Board: Marios Angelides M. El Hachemi Benbouzid Debes Bhattacharyya Stjepan Bogdan Cecati Carlo Ibrahim Dincer Giuseppe Gentile Wilhelm Hasselbring Ivan Ivanov Jiin-Yuh Jang Heuy-Dong Kim Marta Kurutz Baoding Liu Pascal Lorenz Santolo Meo Josua P. Meyer Bijan Mohammadi Pradipta Kumar Panigrahi Adrian Traian Pleşca Ľubomír Šooš Lazarus Tenek Lixin Tian Yoshihiro Tomita George Tsatsaronis Ahmed F. Zobaa

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The International Review on Modelling and Simulations (IREMOS) is a publication of the Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l.. The Review is published bimonthly, appearing on the last day of February, April, June, August, October, December. Published and Printed in Italy by Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l., Naples, December 31, 2011. Copyright © 2011 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved. This journal and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. and the following terms and conditions apply to their use: Single photocopies of single articles may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. Permission of the Publisher and payment of a fee is required for all other photocopying, including multiple or systematic copying, copying for advertising or promotional purposes, resale and all forms of document delivery. Permission may be sought directly from Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. at the e-mail address: [email protected] Permission of the Publisher is required to store or use electronically any material contained in this journal, including any article or part of an article. Except as outlined above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the Publisher. E-mail address permission request: [email protected] Responsibility for the contents rests upon the authors and not upon the Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l.. Statement and opinions expressed in the articles and communications are those of the individual contributors and not the statements and opinions of Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l.. Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. assumes no responsibility or liability for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained herein. Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. expressly disclaims any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. If expert assistance is required, the service of a competent professional person should be sought.

International Review on Modelling and Simulations (I.RE.MO.S.), Vol. 4, N. 6 December 2011

Harmonics Reduction Techniques – A Survey Hadeed Ahmed Sher, Ali M. Eltamaly

Abstract – With the growing progress in the field of power electronics the issue of power quality come up with an important area of research. The unsaturated progress of power electronics has certain pros and cons also. The most vital among the disadvantages of power electronic loads are the production of harmonics. A lot of work is going on in the scientific community for the enhancement of power quality. Several strategies have been devised to reduce harmonics. With the advent of artificial intelligence (AI) and expert system (ES) based techniques, the researchers are better able to optimize the harmonic filters. Active filters have been surveyed by some researchers, however, so far no collective survey on harmonic reduction techniques is available. In an attempt to contribute with the scientific community, this paper discusses the major harmonic reduction techniques available in literature. Copyright © 2011 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved.

Keywords: Harmonics, Passive Filters, Current Reinjection, Active Filters, Power Quality

I.

Introduction

Harmonics are currents and voltages that are multiples of fundamental frequencies. Typically they are classified as even and odd harmonics where odd harmonics are usually considered fatal for a power system. Harmonics are produced in an electrical network by [1]–[4]: • Non-linear load • Periodic switching of voltage and currents • Switching devices like SMPS and CFLs • AC generators by non-sinusoidal air gap, flux distribution or tooth ripple. Harmonics produced in the power system can cause several problems including the following [5]–[7]: • Resonant condition when combined with power factor correction capacitors • Increased losses in system elements including transformers and generating plants • Ageing of insulation • Interruption in communication system • False tripping of circuit breakers • Large currents in neutral wires Power electronics devices draw current that is highly non linear in nature and they contain harmonics. Usually high odd harmonics results from a power electronics converter. Thomas K and J. S. Lai have shown that the building wiring losses may be more than double for the same building with highly nonlinear load installed [8]. Fig. 1 shows the typical line current that shows its non linear behavior and richness in harmonic frequencies [9]. Power electronics engineers have to design their products that are good in terms of power quality.

Manuscript received and revised November 2011, accepted December 2011

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Several institutes and organizations restrict them to design their environment specific products within the limits set by various standards including the IEEE 519 and IEC 555 [10]-[12]. Furthermore, the cost of the overall system has to be within the limits with a confined compromise on operating efficiency and reliability [11]. Therefore the product has to be designed such that it produces a power quality friendly result with low cost. Techniques have been designed and tested to tackle this power quality issue since the problem is identified by the researchers. This paper presents here a survey of the available harmonics reduction techniques. Only those techniques are presented here that are used to mitigate the harmonic due to non linear load.

Fig. 1. Typical line current of a controlled converter [9]

II.

Techniques of Harmonic Reduction

There are several techniques in the literature that addresses the mitigation of harmonics. All these


Hadeed Ahmed Sher, Ali M. Eltamaly

techniques can be classified under the umbrella of following: • Passive filter techniques • Active filter techniques • Hybrid filter techniques • Switching techniques • Current reinjection techniques We will present a detailed literature survey of the above mentioned techniques in the coming sections.

III. Passive Filter Techniques Passive filter techniques are among the oldest and perhaps the most widely used techniques for filtering the power line harmonics. Besides the harmonics reduction passive filters can be used for the optimization of apparent power in a power network. They are made of passive elements like resistors, capacitors and inductors. Use of such filters needs large capacitors and inductors thus making the overall filter heavier in weight and expensive in cost. These filters are fixed and once installed they become part of the network and they need to be redesigned to get different filtering frequencies. They are considered best for three phase four wire network [6]. They are mostly the low pass filter that are tuned to desired frequencies. Giacoletto and Park presented an analysis on reducing the line current harmonics due to personal computer power supplies [13]. Their work suggested that the use of such filters is good for harmonics reduction but this will increase the reactive component of line current. Kempen et.al did a comparative study of passive filter techniques for 6 pulse rectifier [14]. It should be noted that comparative analysis done by Rastogi et.al do not include the analysis of passive filter. For they stated that passive filters depends very much on the system impedances so they are out of scope for their research [11]. Kempen et.al. evaluated different techniques of passive filters and provided a good firsthand knowledge of passive filters in term of relative cost and their effects on balanced 3 phase and DC link voltages. Their comparison also provided information about the impact of using these techniques on parallel resonances. Chou, C.J et.al have shown that single tuned filters can improve power factor and proved to be very effective against the harmonic order greater than 4. For suppressing the harmonics lower than order 4, C type damped filters can be used. One of the researchers have studied their limitations for high power use. According to them the first order filter shows good response and typically it is approx = -20db/dec but it suffers with poor voltage attenuation and the third order LCL filter can improve the performance of filter but it has low attenuation range at low frequency [15]. However, the third harmonic filter have some advantages like they can be used for attenuation of two or more low frequency harmonics according to design. Higher order filters can


be used for filtering complex high order harmonic components [16]. Zhuo et.al. however, stated that using higher order passive harmonic filter is avoided due to difficulty in tuning. Instead, several low order passive filters can be used [17]. Some researchers have designed the passive harmonic filters by using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) [18]. According to Singh et.al their optimization method using PSO results in eliminating harmonics and shows very promising results [18]. They tested their technique on 12 pulse converter fed load commutated inverter based synchronous motor drive and the percentage THD at input voltage fall well inside the harmonic limits set by IEEE. The total decrease in %THD is 1-3 % [18]. The designing of filter elements with the aid of expert system (ES) has been done by various researchers. Chin Hsing Cheng demonstrated the success of designing the filter using Fuzzy Logic (FL) [19]. His methodology uses the Coefficient Diagram Method (CDM). The process is quick and do calculations without undergoing trial and error method. For optimal designing of passive filter Zhou Juan et.al presented a methodology using genetic algorithms (GA) [17]. Their methodology uses the main theme of designing a filter and called it an objective function. This objective function could be the minimal distortion of current or voltage waveform. Zhou et.al used current waveform stating that harmonic current is main source of distortion. They formulated this process for asymmetric conditions therefore the currents are not same in each phase so they used two objective functions and used GA for solving this multi object optimization problem. Zhou et.al found this method to be very good for asymmetrical system of 10kV. Using GA and the objective function the optimal value for Ls and Rs can be obtained. Wenyen et.al used real number coding GA for the optimal designing of input filter of DC-AC converters [20]. Abdelhamid Hamadi et.al. presented a novel passive filter that make use of series and shunt passive filters. Where the shunt filter has a variable impedance controlled by the thyristor. They call their topology hybrid as it is a combination of series and shunt type passive filter [21]. Despite of all the good uses of passive filters they have been a victim of severe criticism by the research community for resonance creation. Some researchers have even questioned their performance by pointing fingers on their ineffective performance in filtering current harmonics when they are used in fixed compensation [20]. Some said that their performance is also influenced by the nature of load and since they have to carry full load current ageing of capacitor can happen that can hamper their performance [23]. Various kind of passive filter techniques are given below [6],[14]: • Series passive filters • Shunt passive filters • Line reactors • Low pass filters or line LC trap filters • Phase shifting transformers

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III.1. Series Passive Filters Series passive filters are kinds of passive filters that have a parallel LC filter in series with the supply and the load. Fig. 2 shows the simplest representation of such filters [6]. Series passive filter shown in Fig. 2 are considered good for single phase applications and specially to mitigate the third harmonics. However, they can be tuned to other frequencies also. They do not produce resonance and offer high impedance to the frequencies they are tuned to. These filters must be designed such that they can carry full load current. These filters are maintenance free and can be designed to significantly high power values up to MVARs [24]. Comparing to the solutions that employ rotating parts like synchronous condensers they need lesser maintenance.

Fig. 2. Passive series filter [6]

III.2. Shunt Passive Filters These type of filters are also based on passive elements and offer good results for filtering out odd harmonics especially the 3rd, 5th and 7th. Some researchers have named them as single tuned filters, second order damped filters and C type damped filters [16]. Since all these filters comes in shunt with the line they fall under the cover of shunt passive filters, as shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.

Increasing the order of harmonics makes the filter more efficient in working but it reduce the ease in designing. They provide low impedance to the frequencies they are tuned for. Since they are connected in shunt therefore they are designed to carry only harmonic current [6]. There nature of being in shunt makes them a load itself to the supply side and can carry 30-50 % load current if they are feeding a set of electric drives [12]. Economical aspects reveal that shunt filters are always economical than the series filters due to the fact that they need to be designed only on the harmonic currents. Therefore they need comparatively smaller size of L and C, thereby reducing the cost. Furthermore, they are not designed till the rate voltage, thus makes the components lesser costly than the series filters [25]. However, these types of filters can create resonant conditions in the circuit. There are optimization techniques for the optimal designing of shunt harmonic filters. One such optimization method is presented by A. M. Sharaf and M. E. Fisher [26]. According to A. M. Sharaf the problem of designing a specific filter needs information about the system impedance which needs a good method to cater for the parametric variations like capacitor switching, load variations etc. For this reason they proposed the use of Min-Max optimization. Their method first calculates, measures and curve fit the system harmonic impedance and then defines the type of filter to be used. The equivalent transfer function of the selected filter type helps in selecting the discrete dominant harmonics. These discrete values are the used for the optimization. An optimization parameter J is also chosen that satisfies the general requirements for that filter. The researchers claimed that their technique is well designed and is simple to implement on MATLAB [26]. Some researchers have modified the shunt passive filter and called it quasi passive filter. This class of shunt filter has parallel and series tuned LC tank circuit with large values of AC capacitors [27]. Using a large value capacitor in shunt makes it possible to filter out several harmonic frequencies. Furthermore, it decreases the dependency of having large inductance. Since the comparative value of L is small in quasi passive filters this results in the lesser impedance as compared to the source impedance. Fig. 5 shows the quasi passive filter. Here in Fig. 5 L1 and C is tuned at fundamental frequency.

Fig. 3. Passive shunt filter [9]

Fig. 4. Different order type shunt filters [16]

Fig. 5. Quasi passive filter [27]



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Remember for realizing an AC capacitor the author has used two dc capacitors, two diodes and two switches. L2 and C make a shunt passive filter and provide an easy path for harmonic frequency [27]. Shunt filters suffer from several disadvantages as well, the prime disadvantages are their effect of source inductance on compensation characteristics, series and parallel resonance with load or with source [27].

III.4. Low Pass Filters Low pass filters (Fig. 8) are widely used for mitigation of all type of harmonic frequencies above the threshold frequency [6].

III.3. Line Reactors These type of reactors are based on inductors. They use them such that by using their inherent frequency based impedance it blocks the harmonics. These type of filters are very simple and besides the harmonics mitigation they are low cost and offer reduction of commutation dips. They do not produce resonance, have high power factor and significantly reduce the harmonics [6], [14]. Fig. 6 shows this filter in its simplest form [6]. These filters however suffer from a disadvantage that they produce voltage drop at fundamental frequency.

Fig. 8. Low pass filter [6]

They can be used only on non linear loads. They do not pose any threats to the system by creating resonant conditions. They improve power factor but they must be designed such that they must be capable of carrying full load current. Some researchers have referred them as line LC trap filters [14]. These filters block the unwanted harmonics and allow a certain range of frequencies to pass. However, very fine designing is required as far as the cut off frequency is concerned. III.5. Phase Shifting Transformers

Fig. 6. Line reactor [6]

The comparative study by Kampen et.al. shows that with increasing the load the voltage drop becomes large and in case of 6 pulse diode based rectifier it results in the reduction of DC link voltages [14]. Line reactors also come with absorption circuits employing LC elements. These elements may produce resonance but this can be catered by designing in safe limits. Fig. 7 shows the general configuration of this type of line reactors [14].

The nasty harmonics in power system are mostly odd harmonics. One way to block them is to use phase shifting transformers. It takes harmonics of same kind from several sources in a network and shift them alternately to 180 degrees and then combine them thus results in cancelation. We have classified them under passive filters as transformer resembles an inductive network. The use of phase shifting transformers has produced considerable success in suppressing harmonics in multilevel hybrid converters [28]. S. H. H. Sadeghi et.al. designed an algorithm that based on the harmonic profile incorporates the phase shift of transformers in large industrial setups like steel industry [29].

IV.

Active Filter Techniques

In an active power filter (APF) we use power electronics to introduce current components to remove harmonic distortions produced by the non-linear load. Fig. 9 shows the basic concept of an active filter [30].

Fig. 7. Line reactor with LC absorption circuit [14]

However, for getting rid of multiple harmonics multiple LC absorption circuits can be used. But, this results in the generation of reactive power at no load. Furthermore, using multiple circuits makes the cost of the system high thus making it feasible only for specific applications.


Fig. 9. Active filter [30]


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Mostly, they detect the harmonic components in the line and then produce and inject an inverting signal of the detected wave in the system [30]. The two driving forces in research of APF are the control algorithm for current and load current analysis method [31]. Active harmonic filters are mostly used for low-voltage networks due to the limitation posed by the required rating on power converter [22]. They are used even in aircraft power system for harmonic elimination [32]. Same like passive filters they are classified with respect to the connection method and are given below [33]: • Series active filters • Shunt active filters Since it uses power electronic based components therefore in literature a lot of work has been done on the control of active filters. Bhim Singh et.al. tested a current hysteresis based carrier less PWM current control for his active filter. They used a capacitive load at the output of a diode based rectifier to realize a non linear load. They used the instantaneous power theory for measuring the source reference and load currents [34]. Po-Tai Cheng et.al presented the idea of using multiple active filter units installed at various locations of a network and called it distributed active filter systems (DAFS). According to their work the active filters in such system can cooperate with each other without communicating by the help of droop relationship between the harmonic conductance and volt-ampere of each active filter in DAF [35]. Shen-Yuan Kuo et.al used DAFSs for suppression of harmonic resonance in industrial areas. They pointed out that resonance can occur with system impedance and PFC capacitors that can lead to amplification of harmonic currents. They agreed that traditional way of solving this problem is to use tuned passive filters but opposed this approach due to the disadvantages discussed in passive filters. The principle of operation is almost the same i.e they also utilized the droop relationship for the control of active filters [36]. Active filters are complicated than the passive filters and therefore suffer from the time delay problem. Rahmat Allah Hooshmand et.al. presented a unique technique of 3 section active filter. Here the three stages are reference current calculation, DC capacitor voltage regulator and the pulse firing circuit. They calculated the reference current based on instantaneous power theory and synchronous detection method (d-q). Second stage makes the DC link voltage useful for production of reference current. Third stage employees a PI controller, that makes it sure that the controller follows the reference current for all times. Firing sequence in this case is computed using the hysteresis method. Hooshmand et.al. presented simulated results of their technique with electric arc furnace as a load [37]. Chaoui et.al. presented their work based on direct torque control and called it direct power control (DPC). They reduced the number of sensors from three to two. The two sensors used for active and reactive power calculation are current and voltage. They presented the control of DC link voltage


using PI controller and used hysteresis comparators for producing switching sequences for VSI. The system gets input from the sensors and convert it into d-q reference. SVPWM is applied to the VSI after computation of intervals [38]. Chaoui's work is accompanied by very fine results regarding the harmonic reduction and practical results follow the simulation results. In order to investigate the effect of inverter types Bor-Ren Lin and Yuan-An Ou designed an APF based on three phase two leg inverter. They used a four switch topology and two switches to bear half of the voltage stress. In this way they achieved a three level PWM from 4 switch inverter as shown in Fig. 10 [39]. Bor-Ren Lin et.al. presented another variation in inverter topology used for APF. They used a neutral point clamped inverter based on 8 switch 3 phase system [40]. They proposed that the system can act as power factor regulator as well as an active filter. In absence of any nonlinear load the adopted inverter is operated as a power factor pre-regulator. In absence of any load connected to the dc side of the inverter, the inverter acts as a shunt active filter. If both sides are loaded that is a nonlinear load is connected to the ac source and a dc load is connected to the inverter, the suggested topology acts as an integrated power quality compensator to draw the sinusoidal line currents from the ac mains [40].

Fig. 10. Active filter with two leg three level inverter [39]

Bor-Ren Lin et.al in the next year introduced the use of asymmetrical inverter legs for inverter of active power filter. Here one leg operates at line frequency and one operates at high switching frequency. High switching frequency here helps in tracking the compensated current command [41]. Several researchers have worked on neural network (NN) based active filters as a possible approach to solve the time delay problem[30],[42],[43]. Narade et.al. used neural network based detection method for active filters to accelerate the response time of active filters. They generated their algorithm for solving against the 3rd, 5th and 7th harmonic components. It is interesting to mention that their work is among the most primitive work in using AI based techniques in active filters [30]. Akira kumamoto et.al. presented their work for solving the problem of flow of current to load due to low impedance shunt circuit on load side. This makes the operation unstable and therefore they developed method for the International Review on Modelling and Simulations, Vol. 4, N. 6

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mitigation of such problem. They also studied the effect of using NN based active filters for suppression of voltage harmonic distortion. Their system responded within 2 sec and they claim it to be satisfactory without quoting the time delays of systems with NN [42]. Another researcher claims the normal reaction time of the converter to be around 40 msec [44]. Ramadan ElShatshat et.al. presented their control system of modular active filters using AI controller. Their work is based on the use of Adaptive Linear Neurons (ADALINEs) for the processing of harmonic rich line signal. ElShatshat et.al. called their system modular since they have used several current source converters (CSC) for filtering out selected harmonics [45]. Their system gives interesting results as the overall system is intelligent enough to follow the harmonic regulations set by IEEE. Instead of using two level inverter they used three level inverter to reduce the switching losses. They claimed that their system is efficient enough to respond a situation in within 0.3sec [45]. Apart from using NN, work on fuzzy logic (FL) has also been used in the designing of active filters[46]-[49]. A. Dell’Aquila et.al presented their design of FL based active filter and claimed to significantly reduced the harmonics in line current with highly non linear loads [46]. S. Saad et.al used FL for the control of three level shunt active filter. However, they presented only simulated results [47]. G.K. Singh et al. used FL based controller in APF against changing load conditions. They tested their proposed work for a wide range of load currents under stochastic conditions [48]. However, almost every filter is tested against the varying load currents so in our view their work is almost the same as [46],[47]. An interesting work is done by Mehdi T. Abolhassani et.al. as they introduced the use of synchronous machine to design an electromechanical active filter. They proved that if we inject 2nd, 4th and 6th harmonics to the field windings then the 5th and 7th harmonic currents are generated in stator windings as shown in Fig. 11 [50].

measuring the harmonics up to 50th of harmonic frequency and their computational method have a tendency to filter out the most dangerous of all. Some manufactures measures data up to 50th of harmonic and after calculating the fundamental component they inject the inverse of all other frequencies to get rid of all harmonics. They call it global cancelation [44]. IV.1. Active Series Filters The series filter is connected in series with the ac distribution network as show in Fig. 12 [25]. It serves to offset harmonic distortions caused by the load as well as that present in the AC system.

Fig. 12. Series active filters [25]

These type of active filters are connected in series with load using a matching transformer. They inject voltage as a component and can be regarded as a controlled voltage source [25], [51]. Some researchers have successfully achieved the DSP based control of series active filters. Abdurrehman Unsel et.al. presented one such work. They used a resonant LC filter in series with supply along with an additional PWM rectifier. Unlike hybrid filters here the resonant LC filter is tuned to high frequencies and a DSP controlled PWM rectifier caters for the harmonic frequencies. The output current is reflected back to input side as a function of PWM. The switching frequency is filtered by the LC filter. The variation in PWM is used to get rid of harmonics [52]. The drawback is that they only cater for voltage harmonics and in case of short circuit at load the matching transformer has to bear it [51]. IV.2. Shunt Active Filters

Fig. 11. Electromechanical active filter [50]

Active filters are designed by various companies around the world and they can be installed either at a point of common coupling, on distribution lines, or on neutral to remove the harmonic current circulating in neutral wires of three phase, 4 wire system [44]. These readymade active filters have mostly the capability of Copyright © 2011 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved

The parallel filter is connected in parallel with the AC distribution network. Parallel filters are also known as shunt filters and offset the harmonic distortions caused by the non-linear load. They work on the same principal of active filters but they are connected in parallel as stated that is they act as a current source in parallel with load [22]. They use high computational capabilities to International Review on Modelling and Simulations, Vol. 4, N. 6

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detect the harmonics in line. Mostly microprocessor or microcontroller based sensors are used to estimate harmonic contents and to decide the control logic. Power semiconductor devices are used especially the IGBT. Some researchers claim that before the advent of IGBTs active filters were seldom use due to overshoot in budget [44]. However, despite of their usefulness shunt active filters have many drawbacks. Practically they need a large rated PWM inverter with quick response against system parameters changes. If the system has passive filters attached somewhere, as in case of hybrid filters then the injected currents may circulate in them [53].

V.

Hybrid Filter Techniques

These types of filters combine the passive and active filters. They contain the advantages of active filters and lack the disadvantages of passive and active filters. They use low cost high power passive filters to reduce the cost of power converters in active filters that is why they are now very much popular in industry. They are usually combined in the following ways [22]: • Passive series active series • Passive series active shunt • Passive shunt active series • Passive shunt active shunt Hybrid filters are immune to the system impedance, thus harmonic compensation is done in an efficient manner and they do not produce the resonance with system impedance [54]. The control techniques used for these type of filters are based on instantaneous control, on p-q theory and id-iq. K.N.M. Hasan et.al. presented a comparative study among the p-q and id-iq techniques and concluded that in case of voltage distortions the id-iq method provides slightly better results [55]. V.1.

Passive Series Active Series Hybrid Filters

These type of hybrid filters have both kind of filters connected in series with the load as shown in Fig. 13 and are considered good for diode rectifiers feeding a capacitive load [56].

Rehmani et.al. presented their design of these kind of hybrid filters that senses both the line and load currents for its operation. In their design the passive filter is tuned to 5th and 7th harmonics and three high impedance LCR circuits that are tuned at specific frequencies particularly the switching harmonics caused due to inverter. Their technique as they stated, is a modification in an already proposed topology of such filters. They merged two control schemes i.e. one with a fixed gain K and second based on precise harmonic voltage detection and response of PWM inverter. However, they claim that their system operates at unity power factor [56]. Rehmani, in another paper worked on the average modeling of these filters and used multi loops PI controllers. Using the frequency-domain small-signal representation of the filter, this hybrid control is developed using the state-space average modeling. It detects the line and load currents simultaneously and its control system eliminates any possibilities of instability conditions [57]. V.2.

Passive Series Active Shunt Hybrid Filters

This breed of hybrid filter has passive part in series with load and active filter in parallel. Adil M. Al-Zamil et.al. proposed such type of filters in their paper and used the high power capability of passive filter by placing them in series with the load. They used an active filter with space vector pulse with modulation (SVPWM) and implemented it on microcontroller. They used only line current sensors to compute all the parameters required for reference current generation. Their proposed system worked satisfactorily up to the 33rd harmonic and the results shown are based on a system with line reactance of 0.13 pu. In their system the bandwidth required for active filter is relatively less due to the passive filter that takes care of the rising and falling edges of load current. They proposed that while designing hybrid system the line filter L and capacitance C of active filter needs a compromise in selection depending on the acceptable level of switching frequency ripple current and minimum acceptable ripple voltage [58]. S.Rahmani et.al.presented a novel work for these type of hybrid filters and reduced the power rating required for these filters. Here they used a passive band pass filter and tuned it at 60 Hz. The passive filter block the flow of voltage harmonics from the load to the source and the shunt active filter only caters for the reactive power and the unbalance current. This reduces the size and cost of the shunt active filter thus reducing the cost and size of overall system [59]. V.3.

Passive Shunt Active Shunt Hybrid Filters

These types of filters have both the passive and active filters connected in shunt with the load as shown in Fig. Fig. 13. Passive series active series hybrid filters [56]



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14 [22]. Various techniques are available for the control of these filters. Hideaki Fujita et.al presented a filter where his team used passive filter as a main filter and active filter used for enhancing the filtering characteristics of passive filters [60].

V.4.

Passive Shunt Active Series Hybrid Filters

As its name implies it’s a kind of hybrid filter that has an active filter in series and a passive filter in shunt as shown in Fig. 15.

Mains Impedance iL

Vs

is T1

Zs

T3

Vdc

L T2

C

ih

Nonlinear load Passive filter

Vo

T4

Active filter

Fig. 15. Active series passive shunt hybrid filters [54]

Fig. 14. Passive shunt active shunt hybrid filters [22]

They used d-q theory for converting three phase to two phase that is then used for the production of reference current. It is notable that in their proposed topology both the active and passive filters are in shunt with the load but they are in series with each other [60]. Bor-ren Lin et.al presented a control strategy that overcomes the harmonics components by varying the impedance method. They used a DC link capacitor to cater for the loss of absorbed harmonic real power. A hysteresis voltage comparator is used to command the converter circuit [22]. D. Basic et.al. presented these type of hybrid filter specifically to address the harmonic pollution caused by 12 pulse rectifier. They call their filter a selectable hybrid filter as it uses a voltage source inverter that in connection with selectable active filter control. Their hybrid system used second order infinite-impulse response (IIR) digital notch and resonant filters. Their technique do not require the use of PLL as the estimation of fundamental as well as the desired harmonic frequencies is based on adaptive notch filter. They used SVPWM for switching the inverter of active filter. Their system used low power AF in addition to the reduced switching frequencies. Using adaptive filtering techniques makes it possible to work efficiently even if the reference waveform is highly distorted [61]. S.Puengsungwan et.al. also worked on adaptive filtering treatment in this class of hybrid filters. They particularly addressed the elimination of inter harmonics and proposed a two stage algorithm for their treatment. Here the first stage detects inter harmonics only and it is included in the reference signal generated by the second stage [62]. In a comparative study J.Turunen et.al. claimed that they require smallest transformation ratio of coupling transformer as a result they need a fairly high power rating for a small load and in case of high power loads the problem of dc link control results in poor current filtering [63].


This has been an area of research for more than 2 decade. A lot of researchers worked on this type of hybrid filter [53],[64]-[67]. Li Dayi et.al. did work on single phase hybrid filters of this class. They proposed the use of fundamental flux magnetic compensation of a transformer used in series with the load and source. They used sensors to sense the fundamental current of the primary winding of transformer and used the PWM based converter for production of compensating current. In this case if the fundamental current of primary side of transformer and injected current satisfies the fundamental magnetic flux compensation condition (sum must be zero) then it offers low impedance to the fundamental frequencies [68]. H. Fujita. et al. worked a lot in the field of hybrid filters. In one of their paper on passive shunt active series filter they described in detail the design strategy. According to Fujita in case where we have a series active filter the active filter act not as a harmonic compensator but it acts like an isolator that isolates the flow of harmonics currents to the source. In these type of filters the passive filter connected in shunt works in its normal mode [69]. Fujita forces on point that the by using the p-q (d-q) theory the harmonic currents are detected and the multiplied by some gain K and feed it to active filter such as given in eq. (1): Vc = K × ish

(1)

Therefore active filter act as a resistor R for harmonic currents. They suggested that if you want to reduce the rating of active filter then we have to minimize the harmonic voltage across the passive filter connected in shunt. They also suggested that output voltage of active filters must be discussed in peak values rather than in rms value since the design of PWM inverter greatly depends on max. voltage and currents of its switching devices. They also proposed that the peak output voltage information must be extracted from load harmonic current that has information of both amplitude and phase.


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They suggested following points of interest for shunt passive filters [69]. • Total capacity of shunt passive filter is constant • Quality factor of each reactor is constant • Each LC filter is tuned at a specific frequency F.Z.Peng et al. presented one design of the said filters and tested it against the cycloconverter based motor as a load. They introduced a unique algorithm of control. They detected the shunt passive filter current and the load current and using them they calculated the power flowing in the passive filter and load. Using the transfer function of high pass filter (HPF) they calculated the harmonic components. Peng claimed that his proposed algorithm has better stability and transient response [54]. In another paper Peng. et.al. also studied the transient analysis of this filter [54]. K Karthik also presented a design based on SPWM inverter for active part. Their control system was based on d-q transformations. Karthik's design cater for the effect of voltage sags, distortions and flickers in addition to suppressing harmonics [70]. N. A. Rahim et.al presented design of one such hybrid filter and claimed good results in terms of harmonic elimination. Their strategy makes use of active filter to act as an isolator between load and source and the passive filter in shunt to suppress the harmonics generated by load [51]. Their work presented some good results in reducing harmonics but they lack to prove their strategy superior, since no breakthrough in design has been given. J.G. Pinto et.al. presented their analysis of using these filters and concluded that in case of power quality problems the use of active filters in series compromise their performance because the transformers are not designed for distorted waveforms. They also suggested that the use of energy storing elements like super conducting magnetic energy storer (SMES), flywheels etc can be used to improve the rid through capability of inverter in voltage sag conditions [67]. Tong et.al. presented a novel design that decrease the harmonic voltage on the inverter and increase the harmonic impedance of system and also withstand the line variations. They used a capacitor in series with the series active filter [71]. J. Turunen et.al. in a comparative study stated that this breed of hybrid filter utilizes very small transformation ratio therefore for same rating of load their power rating required is large compared to the load [63].

VI.

Switching Techniques

Besides using the method of installing filters, power electronics is so versatile that up to some extent harmonics can be eliminated using switching techniques. These techniques may vary from the increasing the pulse number to advance algorithm based PWM. The most widely used sine triangle PWM was proposed in 1964. Later in 1982 SVPWM was proposed [72]. PWM is a magical technique of switching that gives unique results by varying the associated parameters like modulation


index, switching frequency and the modulation ratio. The frequency modulation ratio mf if taken as odd automatically removes even harmonics [9],[73]. Here the increase in switching frequency reduces the current harmonics but this makes the switching losses too much. Furthermore we cannot keep on increasing switching frequency because this imposes the EMC problems [74]. D.G.Holmes et.al presented an analysis for carrier based PWM and claimed that it is possible to use some analytical solutions to pin point the harmonic cancelation using different modulation techniques. Sideband harmonics can be eliminated if the designer use natural or asymmetric regular sampled PWM [75]. The output can be improved by playing with the modulation index. One specialized type of PWM is called selective harmonic elimination (SHE) PWM or the programmed harmonic elimination scheme [9]. This technique is based on fourier analysis of phase to ground voltage. It is basically a combination of square wave switching and the PWM. Here proper switching angles selection makes the target harmonic component zero [9],[76]. In SHE technique a minimum of 0.5 modulation index is possible [77]. But even the best SHE left the system with some unfiltered harmonics. J. Pontt et.al. presented a technique of treating the unfiltered harmonics due to the SHE PWM. They stated that if we use SHE PWM for elimination of 11th and 13th harmonics for 12 pulse configuration then the harmonics of order 23th, 25th, 35th and 37th are one that play vital role in defining the voltage distortions. They proposed the use of three level active front end converter. They suggested a modulation index of 0.8-0.98 to mitigate the harmonics of order 23rd-25th and 35th-37th [76]. With some modifications researchers have shown that SHE PWM can be used at very low switching frequency of 350 Hz. Javier Napoles et.al. presented this technique and give it a new name of selective harmonic mitigation (SHM) PWM. They used seven switching states and results makes the selective harmonics equal to zero [78]. This is excellent since in SHE PWM the selective harmonic need not to be zero. It is sufficient in conventional PWM to bring it under the allowable limit. Siriroj Sirisukprasert et.al. presented an optimal harmonic reduction technique by varying the nature of output stepped waveforms and varied the modulation indexes. They tested their proposed technique on multilevel inverters that are better than the two level conventional inverters. They excluded the very narrow and very wide pulses from the switching waveform. Unlike SHE PWM as discussed before they ensured the minimum turn on and turn off by switching their power switches only once a cycle. Contrary to traditional SHE PWM, in this case the modulation index can vary till 0.1. The output is a stepped waveform. For different stages they classify the production of modulation index as high, low and medium and the real point of interest is that for all these three classes of modulation indexes the switching is once per cycle per switch [77]. M. F. Naguib


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et.al. targeted the low order harmonics that are produced by the low switching frequency space vector modulation of current source converters. They reduced the quantum of harmonics by calculating the on time of switching states at different moments. They diverted with the conventional method in which these states are calculated at the start of cycle. Their method results in good symmetry in the on times of active state in any sector with reference to its mid point. Authors concluded that this is the real source of getting rid of low order harmonics [79]. Some researchers used trapezoidal PWM method for harmonic control. This kind of PWM is based on uni-polar PWM switching. Here a trapezoidal waveform is compared with a triangular waveform and the resulting PWM is supplied to the power switches. Anshul Agarwal et.al. presented the harmonic reduction using this technique and tested it against the cycloconverter with different output frequencies [80]. Like other harmonic elimination techniques in PWM based techniques researchers have proposed the use of AI based techniques including FL and ANN. Maged F. Naguib et.al presented a FL based technique for calculating the switching time of SVPWM and eliminated the 5th and 7th[81]. V. Jegathesan et.al. presented another modifications in the SHE PWM and introduced the change in switching patterns of SHE PWM using genetic algorithms (GA) in addition with evolutionary programming techniques and called it a an evolutionary algorithm method. In evolutionary programming there are few steps that can be used to produce the desired angles of SHE PWM. In fact, their paper presents another dimension of AI based techniques in programming SHE PWM. However, the authors presented here only the simulation [82]. Some related analysis on harmonics is presented is [88]-[90].

VII.

current magnitude, increase. He suggested that the most suitable harmonic current for reinjection is 3rd harmonic. In some particular cases where the harmonics of 9th order are to be removed the author recommends to re inject the 9th harmonic. They concluded that the optimal angle of reinjection current should be zero [84]. In 1976 he used the proposed method of injecting current harmonics to modify the current of dc windings of current transformer. By careful selection of angles and harmonics the original shape of current on dc side is deformed in such a way that it improves the harmonic profile of the system. They used their own theory presented by them in [84] and used third harmonic currents for injection in a thyristor converters. For generation of third harmonic current they used a power amplifier. However, they said that any current source that is synchronized with input can be used for this purpose. The presented results are dramatically amazing as the line current is near to sinusoidal. They said that instead of injection in dc link it is also possible to achieve the same results by injecting it on AC side. They worked their proposed scheme on thyristor based three phase converter and to a double star converter. They also declared it fit for thyristor converter of any type [85]. Francisco M. Pérez Hidalgo et.al. also proved the satisfactory performance of this scheme [86]. Fig. 16 represents a scheme for this technique [83].

Reinjection Techniques

The last breed of harmonic elimination methods for this survey is the reinjection technique. This technique do not use the passive or active filters and can be used to reduce the harmonics down to the limits set by IEEE. This technique is fundamentally different as in this method we inject harmonics in the system to get rid of harmonic contents. A very few papers are available on this technique. Bird is known to be the father of this technique and Ametani give it a generalized form [83]. A. Ametani et.al. proposed this scheme back in 1970s. In 1972 he proposed a generalized method explaining the theory of reinjection technique. By considering the fact that non linear nature of dc link current contains harmonics he proposed to inject harmonics to reshape the dc current. According to the paper the suitable harmonic order of injected current is 3(2m-1) where m can be 1,2,3.... In this case all the harmonics greater in amplitude than the injecting current amplitude are eliminated. However, the harmonics with amplitudes less than the injected


Fig. 16. Harmonic current reinjection technique [83]

Several schemes are introduced in the literature for this technique. S.Choi et.al. presented a technique that uses two half bridge inverters and two single phase transformers to shape the currents in both the positive and negative rail of dc link. They used zero sequence current and used transformer for injection. Their scheme has no power switch in the power route therefore the dc link voltage remains same [83]. Eltamaly presented a modified harmonic reduction technique using the said technique. In his paper he mathematically extracted the formula for optimal amplitude and phase angle of injection current for different loads. He proposed the use of zig zag transformers that have their fundamental property of blocking the fundamental. However, a single phase transformer is used to connect the dc link with the zig zag transformer. He calculated the optimal value of the angle and the amplitude of the injected current [87]. International Review on Modelling and Simulations, Vol. 4, N. 6

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VIII.

Conclusion

This paper summarizes the major breakthroughs and advancements in the field of harmonic filters. By this survey we have attempted to gather the technological achievements in this field. A through survey of these filters will provide the researchers a readymade work that is often required in the beginning of any research work related to harmonics filters.

Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by NPST program by King Saud University Project: Number 08ENE226-02.

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Authors’ information Department of Electrical Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia



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International Review on Modelling and Simulations (IREMOS)

(continued from outside front cover) Generation Reliability Assessment in Power Markets Using MCS and Neural Networks by Hossein Haroonabadi, Hassan Barati

3098

Security Constrained Unit Commitment in Iran’s Electricity Market by M. S. Javadi, A. Meskarbashi, R. Azami, Gh. Hematipour, A. Javadinasab

3104

Reconfiguration of Distribution Network with Dispersed Generations Based on Ant Colony Algorithm by M. J. Kasaei, H. Norouzi

3113

Line Stability Index for Steady State Stability Enhancement Using FACTS Device by C. Subramani, Subhransu Sekhar Dash, A. F. Zobaa, Vivek Kumar

3119

Harmonic Analysis of Power Systems in Order to Network Conversion by R. Shariatinasab, M. Akbari

3125

Harmonics Reduction Techniques – A Survey by Hadeed Ahmed Sher, Ali M. Eltamaly

3135

Optimal Allocation and Sizing of DG on Distributed Network for Voltage Profile Improvement and Voltage Imbalance Reduction with Genetic Algorithm by M. Sarvi, S. M. Torabi, A. Fallahpisheh

3148

Proposed Optimal Multiplier Load Flow Method for the Maximum Loading Point Search in Ill Conditioned System by A. Shahriari, H. Mokhlis, A. H. A. Bakar, H. A. Illias

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Capacitor and DG Placement in Distribution System by Genetic Algorithm and PSO by M. Sarvi, S. M. Torabi, M. R. Salimian

3164

Optimization of Distributed Generation Number, Location and Sizing for Reliability Improvement and Line Loss Reduction Using PSO by Y. Bostani Amlashi, H. Afrakhte

3169

Design of TCSC Controller for Improvement of Transient Stability of a Power System by P. Nagaraju Mandadi, K. Dhanvanthri

3175

Locating and Parameter Setting of Unified Power Flow Controller via Harmony Search Algorithm by A. Sharifi Nasab Anari, R. Ghadiri Anari, S. Soleymani, M. Ghasemi Nezhad

3180

Thermal Unit Commitment Scheduling Problem in Utility System by Simulated Annealing Embedded Evolutionary Programming Method by Nimain Charan Nayak, C. Christober Asir Rajan

3188

(continued on outside back cover)

Abstracting and Indexing Information: Academic Search Complete - EBSCO Information Services Cambridge Scientific Abstracts - CSA/CIG Elsevier Bibliographic Database SCOPUS Autorizzazione del Tribunale di Napoli n. 78 del 1/10/2008

(continued from inside back cover) Electric Field Computation for Functionally Gradient Material Spacer Insulator for Gas Insulated Bus Duct by M. Gopichand Naik, J. Amarnath, S. Kamakshiah

3195

Preventive and Curative Strategies Based on Fuzzy Logic Used for Voltage Stabilization of an Electrical Network by Moez Ben Hessine, Sahbi Marrouchi, Souad Chebbi, Houda Jouini, Rabeh Abbassi

3201

Different Methodologies to Determine Break Point Relays in a Power System Protection by Joymala Moirangthem, S. S. Dash, A. F. Zobaa

3208

A Review of Methodologies for Fault Detection and Location in Distribution Power Networks by A. C. Adewole, R. Tzoneva

3214

(continued on Part C)

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