Performance of installed TCSC projects - IEEE Xplore

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Performance of Installed TCSC Projects S. Meikandasivam1, Rajesh Kumar Nema2, and Shailendra Kumar Jain3

Abstract: - This paper presents brief investigations on performance of Installed Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) projects world around. The main and basic objective of TCSC’s in power system is to enhance power flow and improve system stability. The deployment of TCSC in transmission line also improves SSR mitigation, Power Oscillation Damping (POD) and Transient Stability (TS). The paper intends to discuss some important TCSC projects installed world around and highlights the benefits derived in terms of enhancing power networks. Test results of installed TCSC projects are reviewed from published research works. The authors use technical data of these installed projects to investigate the reactance characteristic, the factor ‘’, the resonance region and possible capacitive operating range. The paper also investigates the maximum power transfers on lossless symmetrical transmission line with Fixed Series Capacitors (FSC) and TCSC device installed with possible power improvement at these locations are calculated and tabulated. The simulated results show the working performance of Installed Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) projects manifestly. Keywords:- TCSC projects, Reactance characteristics curve, Power angle curve.

NOMENCLATURE α XL XL()

Firing angle in degrees Inductive Reactance of TCR in ohms. Variable Inductive Reactance of TCR with respect to firing angle () in ohms. XTCSC() Net reactance across TCSC in ohms. C Capacitor in farads. XC Capacitive reactance in ohms. C1 Constant, (XL+XC)/. C2 Constant, 4X2LC/XL.  Constant, (XC/XL). I. INTRODUCTION

P

ower flow in Electrical Power System can be improved by adjusting reactance parameter of the transmission line. It can also be enhanced by adding a new transmission line in parallel with the existing one. The conventional means of adding new parallel line has been in use but uneconomical on account of refurbishing cost in erecting towers, providing 1

Research Scholar – [email protected] Assisstant Professor – [email protected] 3 Assisstant Professor – [email protected] Department of Electrical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Iinstitute of Technology, Bhopal, INDIA 2

978-1-4244-7882-8/11/$26.00 ©2011 IEEE

insulators, drawing conductors, etc [1,2]. A more economic technique such as ‘Fixed series compensation (FSC)’ using Fixed Capacitors (FC) was first used in United States (1928) by “NY Power & Light” to increase the power transfer capability [3]. The FSC had been successful for many years to enhance the stability and load capability of the transmission lines. The problem of Series Sub Synchronous Resonance (SSR) as experienced by Mojave generating station in southern Nevada in year 1970 & 71, wherein two turbinegenerator shafts failed has limited the use of FSC. The SSR problems originates from the interaction between an electrical mode of the series compensated network and a mechanical shaft mode of a turbine-generator group, causing the torsional oscillations to increase in amplitude until shaft damage occurs if no protective action is taken. In 1981 N.G. Hingorani proposed a thyristor controlled damping scheme for series compensators, which has been proven to provide effective SSR mitigation. This NGH scheme later evolved into the thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) concept invented by Vithayathil in 1986 [1, 4]. In Flexible AC Transmission system (FACTS), the thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) is a device, which alters the line reactance of the transmission line. It injects either inductive voltage or capacitive voltage in series with transmission line to maintain the voltage profile of the line. Through capacitive reactance compensation, a portion of inductive reactance of transmission line is canceled out. The reduced value of transmission line reactance enhances active power flow in the line and may be loaded to their thermal limits without incurring much loss in the line. The TCSC also effectively maintains stability during transients, helps in mitigating SSR’s, and damp out the power oscillations [1, 2]. Since 1990, the TCSC projects are being successfully implemented to enhance the power networks world wide. Before installation, TCSC devices are normally examined under various contingencies such as transients, power oscillations, SSR etc., and test results are analyzed. This paper intends to present an overview of the installed TCSC projects world around. The technical data of various installed TCSC projects are compiled and analyzed for varied degree of compensation through simulations. The Simulation study carried out reveals details of power flow in the line and reactance characteristics are examined for the cases ‘with and without’ TCSC. The published literature on these TCSC projects gives details of the specific purpose for which they are employed other than to regulate power flow in the line. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the installed TCSC Projects through simulation. The Section II brings out the important details in terms of Technical data and location of the installed TCSC projects for simulation study. The section also reviews the test results as presented by

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various authors. The Section III analyzes the performance of various TCSC projects by pointing out the capacitance operating range & corresponding power improvements at installed location. II. WORLD’S INSTALLED TCSC PROJECTS The rapid development in TCSC research work started in last decade of 20th century flourished in the beginning of first decade of 21st Century [5]. The development in FACTS technology has led to installation of TCSC in many ambitious projects worldwide. The TCSC projects are implemented to compromise various contingencies such as Transients, Power Oscillations, SSR, etc., occurred in the power networks. An investigation on installed TCSC projects reveals its behavior and contribution in power networks. A. Kayenta TCSC Project World’s first TCSC installation (manufacturer named it as Advanced Series Capacitor) is on Kayenta substation between Glen Canyon and Shiprock, Arizona, USA in 1990’s. The Western Area Power Administration (WAPA) in collaboration with Siemens completed the Kayenta Advanced Series Capacitor project [1]. The Project has two series capacitors connected between Shiprock to Glen Canyon on a 230 kV, 153 , 320 km transmission lines as shown in Fig. 1a (All Figures are attached at the end of the article). Each capacitor module rated as 55 /165 MVAr. One of the two 55  modules was splitted into two segment having reactance of 40 and 15  respectively. A thyristor controlled inductor of approximately 3.0  was shunted over 15  of capacitor so as to vary capacitance from 15  (10%) to 60  (40%) dynamically, however this range subjects to maximum capacitor voltage of 2.0 per unit (pu)[1,6,7]. The reactance characteristics curve is drawn from obtained technical data presented in Fig. 1b with blocked & bypassed mode reactance values given in Fig. 1c. The main purpose of TCSC installation between Glen Canyon and Shiprock transmission line was to improve the power transfer capability up to its thermal rating. Initial power transfer of that line was 300 MW and after installing series compensator, power transfer was improved to 400 MW [1]. A study was conducted to analyze the performance of SSR damping and it was confirmed that TCSC appears as inductive for SSR frequencies. Complete discussion and analysis of Kayenta TCSC project is given by author N.G.Hingrani [1, 7]. B. Slatt TCSC project The Second TCSC project installed was in Slatt substation between Slatt and Buckley on a 500 kV transmission line. This project was sponsored by EPRI with Bonneville power administration as the host utility and General Electric as the prime contractor. Portland General Electric was an important participant by allowing one of their generator units (Boardman plant) to be used to test the SSR damping. The test for SSR was conducted under three different conditions i.e. uncompensated line, with only series capacitor and with TCSC. The Series capacitor compensation shows negative peak for electrical damping and clearly unstable. The test for TCSC compensation mode shows good damping against SSR. The tests were also conducted for harmonics, oscillation

damping and stability on Slatt TCSC project. The TCSC was put in to commercial operation in 1995 after successful conclusion of these extensive field tests [1, 8]. The Slatt TCSC consists of six series modules so that each can provide up to 4  of compensation under thyristor control. Six modules of TCSC are shown in Fig. 2a and technical data for single module is given Fig. 2b. A single module of TCSC has 1.99mF of Capacitor, 0.47mH of Inductor, Gapless Metal Oxide Varistor and anti parallel connection of two thyristor’s. Likewise six modules are aligned in series and combined unit can be bypassed using two isolation and one bypass disconnect. It is able to vary the reactance in discrete or continuous manner from 1.2  inductive to 24  capacitive [1, 8-12]. The Slatt TCSC model has three basic modes of operation: Blocked, Bypassed and Vernier Capacitive Mode. Each of the six modules can be operated in any of these control modes independent of the other modules. During vernier operation thyristor firing is controlled to vary the effective capacitance of each module. By changing the firing angle of the thyristor’s, the module reactance can be varied from one per unit (1.33 ) to as high as three per unit (4 ) as shown in Fig. 2c, depending upon line current and duration [9]. Net continuous ohmic control range would be from 8  to 24  capacitive, and 1.2  of inductive reactance is possible in bypass mode only. The Vernier Inductive control mode is not provided. The range from 1.2  inductive to 8  capacitive is in the prohibited reactance zone [9]. C. Stode TCSC in Sweden (SSR Mitigation) Till 1997, the dominating part of energy in Sweden was produced by Northern Hydro Power Plants and Southern Nuclear Power Plants. The power was transmitted to the huge load center in south over eight transmission lines of 400 kV having approximately 500 km of length. All lines were series compensated up to 70%. Two among the eight lines have Fixed Series Capacitors installed at Vittersjo and Stode station and connected to 1300 MW nuclear power plant at Forsmark was repeatedly affected by SSR risk because of 70% of FSC [13]. To mitigate the risk caused by SSR, the authority in 1997 decided to implement a TCSC at the Stode station and existing 70% compensation was rescheduled with 49% provided by fixed compensation and remaining 21% supplemented by TCSC device as shown in Fig. 3a.. With rescheduled compensation and TCSC put in operation, SSR risk was observed to have been eliminated for all possible system operating conditions [13, 17]. D. TCSC in Brazil (Power Oscillation Damping) The Brazilian North-South interconnection line was commissioned in the first quarter of 1999. The interconnection is about 1020 km long, consisting of a single 500 kV compact line between the substations Imperatriz in the north and Serra da Mesa in the south. The line is provided with 54% of fixed series compensation (through six capacitor banks), and 12% of variable compensation catered by two TCSC banks, each providing 6% of series compensation under steady state condition as shown in Fig. 4c. The TCSCs were located at the

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substations Imperatriz (north) and Serra da Mesa (south) as shown in Fig. 4d [14-18]. The interconnection was designed to allow power transfer up to 1300 MW in either direction. The purpose of installed TCSCs was to dampen low frequency inter-area oscillation (0.2 Hz), which might be excited by any kind of disturbance in the system [14]. The two TCSCs were basically installed for the purpose of damping power oscillation and the controller was designed accordingly. The POD controllers based TCSCs were tested under various contingencies with proven results. The TCSC devices are tested for different conditions such as with one TCSC or both in operation and best performance results are observed when both TCSC are in operation [15, 16]. E. Kanpur - Ballabhgarh TCSC project India’s first series compensation project was put in operation by Power Grid Corporation of India limited (PGCIL) on 400 kV, 400 km long single circuit Kanpur Ballabhgarh transmission line and is designated as ‘Kanpur Ballabhgarh TCSC’ project. The Project module and technical data are shown in Fig. 5a & 5b. The project was commissioned in two phases. Under first phase, the two Fixed Series Capacitors (FSC) were installed for 27% and 8% of compensation. In second phase, 8% of FSC was made to vary up to 20% by shunting a thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) across the 8% of fixed capacitor. The reactance characteristics curve for Kanpur-Ballabhgarh project is shown in Fig. 5c. Control system and thyristor valves for TCSC were developed at electronic division, BHEL, Bangalore, India in association with IIT Mumbai, India [19]. The TCSC was installed at the Ballabhgarh end. The net compensation for 400 kV; 400 km long transmission line varies from 35% to 47% with FC of 27% and variable compensation from 8% to 20%. The actual Line inductance of 400 kV Line is 1.044mH/km with Fixed Capacitor value of 90.7F giving 27% compensation. The variable compensation provided by TCSC has capacitance of 306 F with TCR inductance value of 4.4mH/Q=50 [19]. Sujatha Subhash [20] presents the results of a detailed SSR study on Kanpur - Ballabhgarh TCSC project. The study shows that the application of TCSC has positive effect in mitigating SSR problems. Also TCSC was tested for various faults conditions and Power Oscillation Damping [20, 21]. F. Rourkela - Raipur TCSC Project India’s second TCSC project was to export surplus power of 9000 MW from the eastern (Rourkela) to western region (Raipur) of India during normal condition and also during contingency periods. Power Grid Corporation of India limited (PGCIL) have installed two ABB made TCSCs located in Raipur at 400 kV, 412 km double circuit lines [22]. Project location and technical data of Raipur project is shown in Fig. 6a & 6b. Raipur double circuit has two fixed series capacitor, each rated at 40% degree of compensation and two TCSCs, each one rated to provide 5% degree of compensation. A Matlab/Simulink based study is carried out to plot Reactance characteristic curve and inductive & capacitive regions on the plot are clearly marked in Fig. 6c. The control system is based

on ABB MACH 2 concept, which is a hardware and software specifically developed for power applications. The TCSC has undergone several field tests while being installed. A severe 0.35 Hz power oscillation was triggered over the inter-connector which had been actively damped out by the TCSC [22]. G. Yimin-Fengtun TCSC projects First TCSC project of china is commissioned at Fengtun site on 381 km long Yimin-Fengtun transmission line by North China Power System as shown in Fig. 7a. The Yimin power station has 4 generators with total power generation capacity of 2200MW connected to load centre via 500kV transmission line [23-24]. By design, the Yimin-Fengtun transmission line had transmission capability limited to 1600MW. To increase the power transfer from 1600MW to 2000MW, the TCSC device is installed instead of erecting parallel lines [25]. The project has 45% of fixed series compensation and 25% variable compensation is provided by TCSC. The length of Yimin-Fengtun line is 381 km and the inductive reactance of single line is 107.2. The variable capacitive reactance upto 26.8  comes from TCSC so as to provide compensation to the tune of 25% and remaining 45% fixed compensation is obtained by incorporating fixed capacitive reactance of 48.24  as shown in Fig. 7b [23]. With 45% of fixed series compensation alone, the system had operated within the limit of transient stability, though the dynamic instability still existed. When tested for 60% fixed compensation, the capacitor could eliminate dynamic instability, but SSR was likely to occur. Instead when project was tested with TCSC installed good performance is observed for transient stability, dynamic stability and SSR mitigation as against the fixed compensation of 45% and 60% [23, 24]. Zhao Xueqiang discussed about the power swing damping controller for Yimin-Fengtun TCSC and results are discussed for three phase short circuit problem [23, 24]. H. Tian Guang TCSC Project Another Chinese Tian Guang TCSC project is located at PingGuo substation in guangxi province of china to give 5% compensation through TCSC in addition to fixed compensation of 35% by FSC so as to improve transient stability, damp out low frequency power oscillation, enhance power flow control and mitigate SSR. Fig. 8a & 8b shows the reactance characteristics curve and technical data of Tian Guang TCSC project [27]. I. Purnea-Gorakhpur TCSC Project [28, 29] The world’s biggest FACTS project with series compensation (TCSC/FSC) is at Purnea and Gorakhpur in India with a total rating of 1.7 GVAr to enhance the real power transfer over inter-regional grid from 9,500MW to 30,000MW by 2012 [28]. The Power Grid Corporation of India has taken up the project in order to enhance its east - west power transfer capability. The power generated in the Tala hydroelectric power plant, located eastward in Bhutan is transmitted via a newly built 400 kV double-circuit transmission line to Gorakhpur substation. The line is connected to northern industrialized region around the capital New Delhi. Because of

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this interconnection the north-east of India benefited from surplus hydro power of the east [28]. In 2004 Siemens received the contract for 4 series capacitor banks (each bank has one FSC and one TCSC) and put in commercial operation in early 2006. Two series capacitor banks are connected at Gorakhpur substation on 433 km Gorakhpur-Muzaffarpur transmission line and other two banks are placed at Purnea substation on 242 km PurneaMuzaffarpur line [28]. To reduce transmission losses and maintain the steady state and dynamic stability, 40% of fixed series compensation was employed. The objective of putting TCSC is to enhance the transient stability, power oscillation damping and SSR

TCSC Projects

mitigation. The range of TCSC impedance can vary from 5% to 15%. Fig. 9a shows project module of one series capacitor bank [29]. Fig. 9b gives the technical data of Gorakhpur and Purnea TCSC device [28, 29]. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS From the available data of various TCSC projects, the behavior of TCSC devices and resultant power transfer Characteristics are simulated & analyzed in the present work. Table 1 shows the simulation results as obtained from the analysis of the reactance characteristics and power angle curves.

TABLE I PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF INSTALLED TCSC PROJECTS FROM REACTANCE CURVES AND POWER ANGLE CURVES. Max. Power Transfer in K Capacitive Capacitive Resonance pu  = sqrt Boost operating operating region in (xc/xL) factor With With range in deg. range in  degree FSC TCSC FSC FSC+ TCSC

Kayenta in Arizona

65%

10 - 40%

2.4206

142o – 143o

1:4

15 - 60

180o-146o

2.857

3.969 – 20.24

Slatt

-

1.33 - 4 (each)

2.7411

147 o – 147.5 o

1:3

1.33 - 4.179

180o-150.5o

-

-

Stode in Sweden

49%

21%

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

54%

5 - 15% (each)

2.5009

144 o - 144.5o

1:3

13.27 - 40.53

180o-148o

2.439

2.778 – 4.704

27%

8 - 20%

2.7452

147 o - 147.5o

1:2.5

10.40 - 26.12

180o-151.5o

1.370

1.506 – 1.621

40%

5 - 15%

2.5007

143.5o -144 o

1:3

6.831 - 20.81

180o-148o

1.667

1.791- 1.884

45%

25%

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

35%

5 - 15%

2.5076

144 o - 144.5o

1:3

4.15 - 12.93

180o-148o

1.538

1.643 – 1.722

40%

5 - 15%

-

-

1:3

-

-

-

-

Brazil Kanpur Ballabhgarh Rourkela Raipur China Tian Guang PurneaGorakhpur

A. Test results of reactance characteristics curve and resonance region. Among available FACTS devices, the TCSC alters the line reactance of the transmission line. Through capacitive reactance compensation, a portion of inductive reactance of transmission line is canceled out. Net TCSC reactance (XTCSC) with respect to firing angle alpha () is given in [2, 30] The reactance characteristic curves are drawn using m-file programming for each project discussed above. The reactance characteristic curve has three regions namely, inductive, capacitive and resonance regions. Between the inductive and capacitive region, a critical resonance region occurs. Occurrence of resonance in TCSC device is unavoidable, explicitly single resonant point is allowable. Multi resonant point will reduce the operating range of the TCSC. Thus, while selecting TCSC parameters, factor ‘’ decides occurrence of number of resonant points for the range of . varying between 90o to 180o. A factor ‘’ which is defined as square root of ratio between capacitive reactance XC to Inductive reactance XL, should be chosen within 1 to 3 to get single resonant point [25]. The value of ‘’ is calculated for all TCSC projects and corresponding resonance region is mentioned in Table 1. It is

clear from the Table 1 that for lower values of ‘’, capacitive region is large & inductive region is small and it is complement for higher values of ‘’. B. Discussion on Boost factor and operating range of capacitive region In reactance characteristic curve, reactance at two extreme points (90o and 180o) are small and tends to be larger and becomes infinity at the point of resonance. While tuning the TCSC, the occurrence of resonance in the power network has to be invariably avoided by suitably selecting the operating range for TCSC. The ‘Boost factor’ defined as the ratio of minimum to maximum value of the permissible capacitive reactance decides the operating range of TCSC. For example, in Kanpur-Ballabgarh TCSC project the boost factor is 1:2.5 i.e., TCSC reactance can be varied from 10.40 to -26.12 in capacitive region. Considering range of variation of capacitive reactance as defined by the Boost factor, the allowed range of firing angle as inferred from the reactance characteristics for tuning varies from 180o to 151.5o (approximately) in capacitive region. The permissible operating range of firing angle for all projects are thus calculated and tabulated in Table 1.

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C. Analysis on Power angle curves: The FSC & TCSC reactance are converted into equivalent transmission line reactance in order to understand the efficacy of power improvements over the transmission line through the installation of TCSC. For the purpose, a lossless symmetrical transmission line as shown in Fig. 10, with their sending end and receiving end voltage taken as 1 pu is considered. The TCSC project’s data are used to draw power angle curves for symmetrical lines in Fig. 11(A-E) and corresponding Maximum values of power transfer is tabulated in Table 1. The power flow is seen to be objectively improved by installation of FSC and TCSC in the line. As a sample case the Kanpur-Ballabhgarh TCSC project’s data with symmetrical line is considered here for power transfer improvement. The simulation study shows that maximum power transfer between two buses (places) with FSC alone is 1.370 pu, and with TCSC put in operation the power transfer varies from 1.506 pu to 1.621 pu over the possible range of capacitive reactance variation. This clearly enunciates remarkable improvement in power flow by TCSC against the fixed compensation (FSC) alone. VI. CONCLUSION The paper presents a review and simulation study of the various important TCSC project installed around the world. The published data of important TCSC projects are compiled, analyzed and simulated using MATLAB. Using the technical data of TCSC project the reactance characteristic curve and power angle curves are drawn to evaluate various performance parameters such as factor ‘’, resonance region, permissible capacitive operating range in ohms and in terms of firing angle. These parameters are succinctly presented and tabulated for all TCSC projects in order to emphasize their distinguished features. V. REFERENCES [1]

N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems, IEEE Press [2] R. M. Mathur and R.K. Varma, Thyristor based FACTS controllers for Electrical transmission systems, John Wiley & Sons Inc [3] Vijay Vittal (2004), Use of series Compensation in transmission lines, EE457 [4] http://www.answers.com/topic/subsynchronousresonance?cat=technology [5] S. Meikandasivam and R. K. Nema (2007), An Assessment of TCSC, TIES 2007, Sathyabama University, India, pp 419-425. [6] https://www.energyportal.siemens.com/static/hq/en/products_solutions/12795_106983_kaye nta%20worlds%20first%203%20phase%20tcsc.html. [7] N Christl, R Hedig R Johnson, P Krause, and A Montoya, Power System Studies and Modeling for the Kayenta 230 kV Substation Advanced Series Compensation, pp 33-37. [8] J. Urbanek, R.J. Piwko, E.V. Larsen, B.L. Damsky, B.C. Furumasu, W. Mittlestadt, J.D. Eden (1992), Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation Prototype Installation at the Slatt 500 kV Substation, IEEE PES Paper 92-SM- 467-IPWRD, Seattle. [9] Scott J. GMey, William A. Mittelstadt and Randy W. Suhrbier Bonneviue Power Administration, Test Results and Initial Operating Experience for the BPA 500 kV Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor Design, Operation, and Fault Test Results, IEEE, pp 268 – 273. [10] J. F. Hauer, W. A. Mittelstadt, R. J. Piwko, B. L. Damsky, J. D. Eden, Test Results and Initial Operating Experience for the BPA 500 kV Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor-Modulation, SSR and Performance Monitoring, IEEE, pp 274 – 279.

[11] J. F. Hauer, W. A. Mittelstadt, R. J. Piwko, B. L. Damsky, J. D. Eden (1996), Modulation and SSR Tests Performed on the BPA 500 kV Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor Unit at Slatt Substation, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 11, No. 2., pp 801 – 806. [12] Vaithianathan venkatasubramanian, and Carson W. Taylor (2000), ‘Improving pacific inter tie stability using Slatt Thyristor controlled series compensation’, Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, vol. 2, pp. 1460-1469. [13] K. Ahlgren, D. Holmberg, P. Halvarsson, L. Ängquist, ‘Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor Used as a Means to Reduce Torsional Interaction Subsynchronous Resonance’, Sweden. [14] ABB, North – South 500 kV AC power interconnection: transmission stability improvement by means of TCSC and SC, ABB power technologies ABB, www.abb.com/powersystems. [15] C. Gama l. Ängquist, G. Ingeström, M. Noroozian (2000), Commissioning and operative experience of TCSC for damping power oscillation in the Brazilian North-South interconnection, CIGRE, Session 2000. [16] Carlos Gama (2000), Brazilian North-South interconnection - Control application and operating experience with a TCSC, IEEE proceeding, pp 1103 – 1108. [17] R. Grunbaum, Jacques Pernot, ABB, Thyristor-controlled series compensation: A state of the art approach for optimization of transmission over power links, www.abb.com. [18] L. F. W. de Souza, E.H. Wattanebe, J.E.R. Alves, and L.A.S.Pilotto (2003), Thyristor and Gate Controlled Series Capacitor: Comparison of Components Rating, IEEE, pp 2542 – 2547. [19] Arunachalam M, Ghamandi Lal, Rajiv C G, BHEL, Bangalore Babu Narayanan MM, CPRI, Bangalore,India (2005), Performance verification of TCSC control and protection equipment using RTDS’, 15th PSCC, Liege, pp 22-26. [20] Sujatha Subhash, A K Tripathy, K R Padiyar, Satish Nayyar, Manoj Kumar, P J Thakkar & K K Arya (2005), SSR study for the Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation application on the Kanpur-Ballabgarh 400kV line in India, International Conference on Power Systems Transients, , Paper No. IPST05 – 043. [21] Ghamandi Lal; Dipak Dutta; Arunachalam, M (2008)., Design and Testing of Thyristor valves of TCSC for Kanpur-Ballabhgarh 400kV line’, IEEE [22] ABB, TCSC for stable transmission of surplus power from eastern to western India, ABB power technologies, ABB, www.abb.com/powersystems. [23] Jun Liang, jianbo Guo and Xiaoxin Zhou (1998), Theory Analysis and Engineering Study of Yimin-Fengtun 500kV TCSC Transmission System, Powercon’98, Beijing. [24] Zhao Xueqiang (1999), Study of TCSC Model and Prospective Application in the Power System of China, PEDS’99, Hong Kong, pp 688-691. [25] Xiaoxin Zhou, Jianbo Guo, Qiang Guo, EPSR (2000), Studies on Application of TCSC in power systems of China, IEEE, pp 387 – 390. [26] Guowen H U, Ming CHENG, and Guilong CAI (2004), Relation between Fundamental Frequency Equivalent Impedance and Resonant Point for Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation, 30th Annual Conference IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, vol. 2, pp. 1128- 1132. [27] https://www.energyportal.siemens.com/static/de/de/products.../12805_107017_tian%20guan g%20tcsc%20in%20china.html. [28] K. Braun, A. Krummholz, D. Retzmann, U. Rohr, G. Thumm, Siemens PTD, Erlangen, Germany (2008), It’s a FACTS – India gets closer to completing its national grid, Transmission & Distribution. [29] www.ptd.siemens.de/artikel0606_tcsc_low.pdf. [30] S. Meikandasivam, Rajesh Kumar Nema and Shailendra Kumar Jain (2008), ‘Behavioral Study of TCSC Device – A MATLAB/Simulink Implementation’, IJEPESE-WASET, spring 2008, pp. 102-107.

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VI. BIOGRAPHY S. Meikandasivam was received the Bachelor Degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering in 2002 and Master Degree in Power Systems in 2005. He also worked as a Lecturer in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department of Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswati Viswa Mahavidyalaya (Deemed University), Kanchipuram. Now he is pursuing the PhD Degree at Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology (MANIT), Bhopal, India. Currently he is working as Assistant Professor in VIT University, Vellore. Rajesh Kumar Nema was received his PhD degree in Electrical Engineering from Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India in 2004. He is currently AP at the

Damping Circuit

Depart. of Electrical Engg., MANIT, Bhopal, India. His current research interest include power conditioning unit for Renewable Energy storage system particularly Solar Energy, Hybrid Energy Systems, Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy sources. Shailendra Kumar Jain received his B.E.(Elect.), M.E.(Power Elex), Ph.D. degree in 1990, 1994 and 2003 respectively and his PDF at UWO London, ON, Canada at 2007. He is currently working as Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical Engineering, NIT, Bhopal, India. He has been awarded “Career Award for Young Teachers” by AICTE New Delhi, India for the year 2003-2004. His research interests include power electronics and electric drives, power quality improvement, active power filters, high-power factor converters and fuel cell based distributed generation.

TECHNICAL DATA ( Kayenta TCSC Project) 230kV 153  320km 35% (FSC) Compensation 30% (FSC) degree 10% -40% (TCSC) 55 , 48.23 μF, 165 MVar FSC 40 , 66.32 μF, 120 MVar 15 , 176.8 μF, 45 MVar TCSC 2.56 , 0.0068 H Boost factor 1: 4 (15 -60 ) Vernier Capacitive 180 o - 146 o (appr.) Mode Limit

Damping Circuit

Transmission Line

X

X MOV

MOV

MOV

Segment S2 15+40, 165 Mvar, To shiprock

Segment S1 55, 165 Mvar, To Glen Canyon

(b)

REACTANCE CHARACT ERIST IC (a) (b)

200

X: 180 Y : -15

X: 146 Y: -58.58

0

Inductive Reactance value at Bypass Mode

10% - 40% of Capacitive Reactance in Vernier Mode

-200

C APACITIVE REA CTANCE(ohms)

INDUCTIVE REACTANCE(ohm

Inductive region X: 90 Y : 3.092

REACTANCE C HAR ACT ERIST IC 250

200

150

100

Inductive region 50 X: 90 Y : 2.527

-400

CAPACITIVE REACTANC E(ohms)

INDUCTIVE REACTANCE(ohms

(a) 400

Capacitive region -600

-800

-50

TCSC1

X: 180 Y : -13.27

0

TCSC2

X: 148 Y : -40.53

Inductive Reactance value at Bypass Mode

B oost Fa ctor = 1:3 C apacitive Reactance in V ernier Mode

-100

To S.Mesa

-150

To Imperatriz

C apacitive region

-200

-250 90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

FIR ING ANGLE in deg.

(d) (c) -1000 90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

FIRING ANGLE in deg.

(c)

Fig: 1 Kayenta TCSC Project.a) Project Module, b) Technical Data, C) Reactance Characteristic Curve.

Fig: 4 Brazile TCSC Project.a) North-South interconnection line, b) Technical Data, C) Reactance Characteristic Curve, d) Project Location

X 1.99mF, 0.47mH MOV TCSC#4

TCSC #3

TCSC#5

TCSC#6

TCSC#1

To Kanpur

Single TCSC Module Six TCSC Module Blocked Mode Bypass Mode

1.33 , 1.99 mF 0.177, 0.47 mH 8 ; 1.33*6 1.2 ; 0.2*6

1:3 ( 8-24 ) Single--1.33-4  Vernier Capacitive 180o – 150.5o (appr.) ModeLimit Boost factor

REACT ANCE CHARACT ERIST IC 70

60

50

(a)

40

30

20

Capacitive region

Inductive region

10 X: 90 Y : 0.2043

-20

Inductive Reactance value at Bypass M ode

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

(c)

Fig: 2 Slatt TCSC Project.a) Project Module, b) Technical Data, C) Reactance Characteristic Curve.

TECHNICAL DATA Stode TCSC Project) 400kV Transmission 104.29  Line 500km (appr.) Compensation 49% (FSC) degree 21% (TCSC) FSC 51.1 , TCSC 21.9  (

(a)

(b)

Fig: 3 Stode TCSC Project.a) Project Module, b) Technical Data.

(b)

400

300

200

Inductive region X: 90 Y : 1.594

FIRING AN GLE in deg.

(b)

REACTANCE CHARACTERISTIC 500

100

Boost F actor = 1:3 Capacitive Reactance in Vernier Mode

-30

-40 90

X: 180 Y : -1.333

X: 150.5 Y: -4.179

0

-10

INDUCTIVE REACTANCE(ohms)

Slatt TCSC Project )

INDUC TIVE REACTA NCE(oh

(

C APA CITIV E RE ACTA NCE(ohm s)

TECHNICAL DATA Transmission Line 500kV

27% FSC 8% TCSC To Ballabhgarh

To Slatt

(a)

CAPACITIVE REACTANCE(ohms)

TCSC#2 To Buckley

-100

X: 180 Y: -10.4

X: 151.5 Y: -26.12

0

Inductive Reactance value at Bypass Mode

Boost Factor = 1:3 Capacitive Reactance in Vernier Mode

-200

Capacitive region -300

-400 90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

FIRING ANGLE in deg.

(c)

Fig: 5 Ballabgargh TCSC Project.a) Project Module, b) Technical Data, C) Reactance Characteristic Curve.

IN D U C T IV E R E A C T A N C E (o h m s )

7

REACTANCE CHARACTERISTIC 400

300

200

INDUCTIVE REACTANCE(ohms)

(a

(b

REACTANCE CHARACTERISTIC 150

100

50

Inductive region X: 90 Y: 0.7844

-100

Inductive Reactance value at Bypass Mode

Boost Factor = 1:3 Capacitive Reactance in Vernier Mode Capacitive region

-200 90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

FIRING ANGLE in deg.

X: 90 Y: 1.302

-50

X: 180 Y: -4.15

X: 148 Y: -12.93

0

Inductive region 0

CAPACITIVE REACTANCE(ohms)

C A P A C IT IV E R E A C T A N C E (o h m s )

100

X: 180 Y: -6.831

X: 148 Y: -20.81

Inductive Reactance value at Bypass Mode

(a

Boost Factor = 1:3 Capacitive Reactance in Vernier Mode

(b

Capacitive region

-100

-150 90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

Fig: 8 Tian-Guang TCSC Project. a) Reactance Characteristic Curve, b) Technical Data.

180

FIRING ANGLE in deg.

(c)

Fig: 6 Rourkela-Raipur TCSC Project.a) Project location, b) Technical Data, C) Reactance Characteristic Curve.

40% FSC 5-15% TCSC To Gorakhpur

(a

To Muzaffarpur

(b (a)

Fig: 7 Yimin-Fengtun TCSC Project. a) Project Module, b) Technical Data.

(b)

Fig: 9 Gorakhpur-purnea TCSC Project.a) Project Module, b) Technical Data.

Vs

Vr FSC

TCSC

Vs=Vr=1 pu XTl= 1 PMax=1 pu

Fig: 10 Lossless symmetrical Transmission Line Glen Canyon - Shiprock Transmission Line Power Transfer

3

Glen Canyon - Shiprock Transmission Line Pow er Transfer with TCSC

with 65% of FSC

20

18

2.5

16

14

P in PU

P in PU

2

1.5

Capacitive Mode 10

8

without FSC

1

12

6

Inductive Mode

4

0.5 2

0

0

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0

20

40

60

80

100

delta

delta

Fig. 11A Power angle Curve Kayenta Project. a) without TCSC b) with TCSC

7

120

140

160

180

(d) To S.Mesa (c) TCSC 2 TCSC 1

(a)

8 Brazilian North - South Interconnection Line Power Transfer

Brazilian North - South Interconnection Line Power Transfer with TCSC

2.5 5

with 54% of FSC & 5% of One TCSC

4.5

2 4

3.5

1.5

Capacitive Mode

P in PU

P in PU

3

without FSC

1

Inductive Mode 2.5

2

1.5

0.5 1

0.5

0

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0

delta

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

delta

Fig. 11B Power angle Curve Brazil Project. a) without TCSC b) with TCSC Kanpur-Ballabhgarh Power Transfer w ithout TCSC

Kanpur-Ballabhgarh Power Transfer w ith TCSC

1.4

2

with 27% of FSC

1.8

1.2 1.6

without FSC

1

1.4

Capacitive Mode

P in PU

P in PU

1.2

0.8

0.6

Inductive Mode

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.2 0.2

0

0

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

delta

delta

Fig. 11C Power angle Curve Kanpur Project. a) without TCSC b) with TCSC Rourkela - Raipur Power Transfer without TCSC

Rourkela - Raipur Power Transfer with TCSC

1.8

2

with 40% of FSC 1.6

1.8

1.4

1.6

Capacitive Mode 1.4

Inductive Mode 1.2

without FSC

1

P in PU

P in PU

1.2

0.8

1

0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4

0.2

0

0.2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0

180

0

20

40

60

80

delta

100

120

140

160

180

delta

Fig. 11D Power angle Curve Raipur Project. a) without TCSC b) with TCSC Tian Guang TCSC

Tian Guang Power Transfer without TCSC

2

1.6

with 35% of FSC

1.4

1.8

1.6

Capacitive Mode

1.2

1.4

Inductive Mode

without FSC

1

P in PU

P in PU

1.2

0.8

1

0.8

0.6

0.6 0.4

0.4 0.2

0.2

0

0

20

40

60

80

100

delta

120

140

160

180

0

0

20

40

60

80

100

delta

Fig. 11E Power angle Curve Tian Guang Project. a) without TCSC b) with TCSC

8

120

140

160

180