Supporting Information 1: Appendix

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Supporting Information 1: Appendix Table A. Qualitative descriptions and designated categories of perceived phrase responses to BBC SoundFX (1989) ‘Tree Creaking in Strong Wind’ Qualitative Description Explaining Response Sound intensified Louder, closer Quieter Loud Sounds soften Quieter, creaking louder Softer The waves died down for a second Became quieter and a visible creaking sound began Waves have dropped in volume Getting louder, new wave Loud, soft and back to loud The waves died down for a second Sound softened, creaking Sounds soften Lower sound Waves drop and a stretching sound is becoming louder Louder Soft to really loud Becomes aggressive Sound intensified Sound gets deeper Sounds of trees blowing harder Heavier The rain subsided slightly, I felt it was calmer Getting louder again Calm, soft and just a little loud towards the end The rain was consistent then changed into more random levels of intensity Sound increased Rains harder Loud, dramatic Rain is getting heavier Waves are loud and overpowering Getting louder and more intense Heavier noise Quieter, anticipating it getting louder Loud but from a distance Wind is picking up and the chair is rocking more violently Creaking noise is back seems louder now Rain softer Loud to soft and calm Sound decrease Waves have gone down in volume, the scratching sound is back

Category Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity

2 Sound gets lighter Soft and build up to loud Rains harder Sound intensified Getting louder Everything is louder Louder The wind has become stronger Loud, dramatic, closer Heavier noise Sound increase Getting quite aggressive, worried The sound increased and sounded different. Like the rain became heavier, violent Sound intensified Waves started to get really loud Rain seems heavier more intense The sound of waves in background Rains harder Gets deeper Sustained increase in storm intensity Increased sound and creaking has disappeared Very loud, close Quiet The sounds are still there but it is softer From loud to soft Creak slow and drawn out Rain begins to slow down Higher wind Heavy rain Creaking Creaking Rain got lighter Creaking of the chair came back Creaking There was more focus on the creaking sound There was a scraping noise Creaking more consistent Although the same event is happening a new sound is introduced Swooshing of the waves are almost non existent Could hear the scraping noise more clear Wind peaking Windy New wave New sound introduced very subtle though Creaking There was a different sound introduced Rain is picking up and chair is rocking Creaking began Sound decrease Another wave Small waves breaking

Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Rhythm Rhythm Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre

3 Stayed the same Becomes normal Stayed the same Stayed the same

Other Other Other Other

Table B. Qualitative descriptions and designated categories of perceived phrase responses to Ng and Dean (2000) ‘LowHz’ Qualitative Description Explaining Response Very loud and instrument changed Louder and different use of instruments Very loud Static Very loud, different instruments Really loud Static Loud and change of instrument Very loud Loud Loud, instruments would change Louder, going in and out of instruments Getting very loud and change of tone, noise and instruments Loud, going in and out of a different instrument Very loud and developing more noise and getting more louder Getting louder Louder, change of instrument Helicopter getting louder Louder, a lot more background noise and different instruments Getting louder Getting louder, more background noise Very loud, a lot of background noise Louder, background noise Loud, different use of background noise Very loud and background noise Faster Rhythm changed Increased speed and introduction of new sounds That specific sound follows a regular beat It sounds faster The alarm-like sound changed rhythm with an added beat The sound follows a regular pace Noise became halting Drumming stopped Buzzing is back Screech Change of tone New alien sound added New instruments Sounds like a new instrument is being added

Category Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre

4 A new level of static sounds was introduced, more instrumental New base sound Changed/extra noise came in Whirring noise started New sound introduced Added distortion over the base rhythmic event Electric guitar? Tone of music changed More white noise Noise became smooth Another level of sound was introduced of a higher pitch Additional instruments used New sounds Distorted growling sound begins Rain Another sound added flashing sound Change of tone Change in sound Alien talking sound Screeching Noise became halting Scratch sound Screeching Change in screeching Helicopters A helicopter has arrived! Helicopter noise began Sounds like a helicopter in the background One of the sounds changed to become more consistent Building up of instruments and getting louder Helicopter in background? Helicopter blade sound starts More rumbles Screeching nearly gone Everything seems deeper Helicopter coming Helicopter more noticeable Sounds like a helicopter in the background New sound Propeller sound prominent More instruments and getting louder Sound of a tracker interferes A new noise, loud Electric guitar has stopped More deep sounds New deep sound More focus was placed on an alarm-like sound Alarm noise began Lower pitch alarm noises in background Original sound at the beginning has disappeared, a loud drilling sound has joined Didgeridoo sound

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5 Siren sound prominent New sound was introduced Subtle scream Helicopter close Sounded like a telephone was ringing Repeating sound in background Scratching of metal Developing a new instrument Helicopter back Stayed the same (No comment) (No comment) Sounds closer (No comment)

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  Table C. Qualitative descriptions and designated categories of perceived phrase responses to Wishart (1977) ‘Red Bird, a political prisoner’s dream’ Qualitative Description Explaining Response Background music was a lot louder Background noise loud Softer Sound decreased Music went softer Everything is getting quite Quieter Louder hit sound The background noise is getting louder and more dominant Pause in sound The sound was louder Banging faster and louder The fly seems to be killed with the loud bang, also sounds like the last bang as it slightly echoed The buzzing sound and book sounds stopped with a conclusive tone Dropping sound getting lower Louder and closer Door closing is louder and shifted in sound to create a rhythm Loud noise seems like someone/something is trying to break through something Very loud Loud noises New loud sound Loud background noise Similar sound being slowed down and overlapped to create more of a rhythm Alien background sound Chanting begins New instrument, getting louder Sounds like a spaceship approaching Grunting We encounter some machine

Category Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Rhythm Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre

6 Enjoying a similar sound to the ‘TARDIS’ in ‘Doctor Who’ Sounds like squirrel and monks praying in background Birds being eaten by big monsters Sounds like a UFO is landing in a jungle Chanting sound begins Bird and wind sound More bird sounds added A new part of the machine is encountered, something involving flow of water A yell from a women Another humanoid sound New voices A new voice was introduced after a distinct introduction to the base sounds Sounds like people talking Noises in background Talking begins People talking in background Sounds like unrecognizable speaking More noise like background speaking people Ladies are mumbling something Noisier, more monsters approaching New sound added Seals? Background noise change, louder The mumbling is getting deeper and dragged out Newspaper blowing Crunching We move on from the machine, walking sounds The ‘TARDIS’ is gone and has made a shift to a more natural sound Breaths Twigs snapping begins and the rest fades out Bang, buzzing Thud and silence Someone trying to kill a bee Bang, bee Bang Bang Sounds like a bee and something fell A new noise Door shut and mosquito starts buzzing All other sounds have stopped. Can only hear just a fly buzzing There was a noise like a fallen book and the base sounds stopped New sound A book slapped shut and a mosquito got in Fly buzzing Previous sounds gone All sounds stopped and a lonely buzzing sound begins All sound stopped like a door closing, now just feel a bussing noise Buzzing Someone’s trying to kill the fly We encounter another machine ramping up, once it gathers steam it seems like some form of artillery

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7 New sound introduced Trying to kill the fly Thumping sound Banging noise changes Repetitive banging Door sound has changed and now sounds like a nail gun, mosquito still there The thudding has changed from a book to something falling down a set of stairs Sound is being repeated more often Yet again repetitive banging after fly buzzing sound Frequent thumping sound Banging noise sounds deeper Different type of sound introduced Like a heaving door trying to be broken down Something sliding down strings Banging deeper, man yelling A growl from a human More dramatic sounds Dogs start barking Gun, dog Barking New sounds added Dog barking the mood and tone has changed Dog in background It becomes apparent that the artillery machine is causing explosions in the distance Deep background noise Gun shot Banging/explosions start Echo Someone opening a door to let the bee out New voices Goes from sounding like a war zone to sounding like a wolf howling Dog growling The new clunking sounds stopped with a definitive howl-like sound Previous sounds gone with door opening Animal howling in background Reloading, and time to hear animal calls, possibly those at the receiving end of the machine Many animals howling Change of noise New sound of motor Motorbike Dog sound but different Intro of other sounds has made it feel more organic again Sound of the bike finally getting out and leaving Motorbike Driving away in anger Different motor bike like noise Bird sound in background More background noise Owl hoots

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8 Dog barking Goes from forest sounds back to warzone The machine continues Return of explosions Back to dropping sounds Thudding started again More banging The door is trying to be unlocked No more natural noise, I just feel sound that is more man-made Fly is back Buzzing End of explosions The buzzing is back Bug sound prominent Mosquito by itself The clunking stopped with only the buzzing sound remaining Seems like the door is unlocked and the fly entered another room Dead bee Oomph! (No comment) Emotional change Merging (No comment) (No comment) Someone hit something (No comment) (No comment) Change of mood (No comment) Joke is still alive Anger, frustrated (No comment) Falling (No comment) Fighting (No comment) War A door to the great outdoors was opened (No comment) (No comment)

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  Table D: Qualitative descriptions and designated categories of perceived phrase responses to Eno (1992) ‘Francisco’ Qualitative Description Explaining Response One tone to louder Getting louder The chimes faded for a while then returned The instrument in the background is getting louder

Category Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity

9 The background noise is more louder Louder Music got louder Loud to soft and more background noise The chiming has made the beat go higher changing the rhythm One of the instruments is speeding up Like a heart beat or a flutter Piano/chimes begin Alien sound Higher Chimes Whirring A continuous, fast modulating tone as well as a bell-like tone was introduced on top of the drum-like sounds Ray gun Second chime played, sets up new context layer New instruments More drastic alien sound Music tone increased Chiming, higher pitch Piano/chimes begin again Different chimes Third chime played Piercing sound Introduction of piano music has made a shift Deep base note Another flutter Piano/chimes A new instrument New sound introduced Chime-like tones were introduced New sound Sounds like a hang up dial on the phone Higher pitch Chimes Higher pitch chimes Like a triangle Another chime/lower chime reply, the initial chime and lower reply are one event Sounds like a new instrument has been added Creepy organ music Xylophone Intro of a sound has made a shift sounds like old church piano Higher tone Mysterious sound occurs More triangle like sounds Additional, higher noise Creepy owl Higher sound Flutter Changed to a ringing sound not like a phone ring Deep creepy sound

Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Rhythm Rhythm Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre

10 Deeper noise Lower pitch noises Background sound Background noise Background noise gone Flutter Chimes/piano New melodic phrase Chime-reply event Background music changed Chimes Creepy piano sound from vampire movies in the castles Chiming, higher noise Change in music tone New instrument added Chimes New instruments Xylophones again Organ again Intro of piano music again over the ringing has made a shift Soothing sound begins in mist of piercing sound Deeper Chiming has stopped. Just a peeping sound Chimes/piano New tones The fast modulating sound became consistent and remained as a single note Switch of sounds Another chime-reply Higher noise Different sound Different chimes Alien strobe sounds A different sound started playing sci-fi sounds. A UFO appeared! Alien chimes Deep alien strobe sounds Change of instruments, noise and tone High to low pitching Similar ringing but a sound you would expect to hear during an old 1950’s movie with a UFO scene The fast modulating sound returned as a different pitch Change in tones Creepy piano music again Chiming, higher noise Change in tone of music Chimes Chime reply A weird ringing in the background that comes and goes, softer than the more prominent ring Hang-up dial Flutter Background noise gone

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11 Reply occurs without chime preceding it Weary music in the background (No comment) Ears ringing (No comment) (No comment) Spookier (No comment) Irritating Accidental button press (No comment)

Timbre Timbre Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other

  Table E. Qualitative descriptions and designated categories of perceived phrase responses to Xenakis (1955) ‘Metastaseis’ Qualitative Description Explaining Response Build up Sound of something getting closer Suspense feeling similar to a movie soundtrack Getting louder and more clapping sounds Escalating Louder Getting louder Louder Still intense music but is pushing it overboard in terms of much build up there is Sound peters out Loud The sounds all built up until suddenly they stopped Stopped Dramatic stop Slight pause and then intense Music dropped Momentary stop in blaring Slight pause and back into the suspense again. Getting feelings of a horror jump scary movie Gets aggressive Louder including the background noise Music got lots louder and more intense Cools down for a second Loud sound. Dinging sound began Mood change Louder Frightening sound Increase in intensity Getting louder and more background noise Louder and different sounds Now its aggressive again Dramatic Stressful

Category Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity

12 Soft then loud intense music Increase in intensity again It is getting thrilling More intense Slight pause and more suspense music, the trumpets seem to bridge the gap of suspense music Increase in intensity Really loud aggravating sound appears New sound, loud brass More sounds more stressful Loud new sound introduced Louder and a new instrument Quieter Quieter Quieter The excitement has died down It cools down again The sounds built up again then reduced with only the tuba remaining Sound increased in speed and loudness The music built up in pace and loudness Pause Pause Pause Slowing finishing New drums in background Change of instrument Drumming Guitar plucking introduced? Violin Change in tone Violin led events begin Sounds gone then came back Start of something new Sounds suspenseful and dark New sound Pause, triangle began Bing Stopped, then triangle things New instrument Clock chime Sounds gone chimes A chime New sounds introduced The sounds stopped again with a conclusive bell sound, ready for the next section Suspense as stopped to allow a tattering sound Creepy noise began again, triangle stops Back to evil sound or violin and clapping Return of violins Trumpets join Horn Trumpet only

Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre

13 Stops, new instrument Gone Horn Trumpet only Horn or trumpet Circus Trumpets Loud honk Trumpet Higher brass instruments start Trumpets? Horn or alarm - warning sound Horn of a truck Sounds like a truck beep Introduction of horns give a new feeling to this piece of music Toot toot toot toot Repetitive honking The suspense has changed, the trumpets and horns giving the feeling of suspense instead of this drawn-out music Change Finished Completely changed mood Reprieve Starts again Mood change

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Table F. Qualitative descriptions and designated categories of perceived phrase responses to Beethoven (1804) ‘Sonata No. 21 in C major, Op. 53 Waldstein’ Qualitative Description Explaining Response Louder and faster Faster, aggressive Crescendo Lower notes end event and reset the sequence Softer Calmer Softer music Building Music increased and got louder Louder Louder and faster More intense Speed intensifies then decreases Very loud Crescendo Louder and Fast Low to high Getting softer and quieter Music is a lot softer

Category Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity

14 The sound becomes softer Changed, softer tone Soothing music Louder, faster Getting louder Louder, faster Soothing sound got louder A bit of anger Getting softer Soft to loud Calmer Music sounds got more smooth and relaxed Tempo increased Increase in tempo and loudness Pick up of tempo sounds more chaos then rhythm New pattern emerges, led by the higher notes Slight pause, speed decreases Slows down Separated notes Slowing down Beat sounded different Change of music, slower keys Slows down for a second Slow down of the beat creates a more natural feeling Got slower Speed increases Faster paced Faster again. Moving up the piano Upbeat with a rhythm, creates a good calm feeling Faster Faster keys Tempo change Faster again In beat Quickening Faster Sound becomes faster and louder Faster and louder Sound increases Amount of keys hit decreases, at least that what it sounds like to me Change in rhythm Upbeat sound but different feeling than before Up beat Slight pause Slowed down Change in pace and length of notes Slower Slower Slow tune very vibrant feeling Change in pattern High note section starts, rhythm picks up

Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm

15 Quicker melody Got a lot faster Faster and higher Up tempo Faster and louder Pattern change Faster, louder more instruments and noise Sounds like different beats got introduced Different rhythm Increased speed Faster beat and more exciting Up beat happy Very fast Chaotic sound that includes a rhythm of sorts Shorter faster melody Change of verse keys seem faster and lighter Quicker, scratchy Getting softer in terms of how many keys the artist is pressing Pause Slowed down Change in pace Fast but slow Slowed down Pause and increase in keys hit Pause, decrease in speed Sound increased Higher pitch of the piano is incorporated Harmony Higher The familiar motif that was introduced at the start ends, the other high note section starts again Climbing notes Lower pitch New section, led by the low notes Different sound, lower key Change of music, deeper keys Different melody New sounds Higher key Just the high pitched keys used Different melody Change in pitch From higher scales to lower ones Lower sound prominent So many sounds from the piano create an overly good feeling from a love of classical music Change in the tone of music Different melody Deeper keys progressing into another song New section led by lower notes Higher background noise

Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre Timbre

16 Low notes drop out, higher notes take over Higher pitch Pitching contour down Higher noise New ticking sound New event of high notes declining scale Different melody New repeated notes Suspense (No comment) Dramatic (No comment) (No comment) The previous event has resolved Mood change New theme Different melody New song (No comment) Next section starts after slight pause Coming back (No comment) Mood change Different melody (No comment) (No comment) (No comment) New style of music begins Happy (No comment) Sounds like it is ending Mood change (No comment) Leading to new phrase Different technique Pleasant Second phrase (No comment) Polite New phrase Change in phrase Drama (No comment) (No comment) Change (No comment) Now it sounds like it is ending (No comment) (No comment) The event has resolved (No comment)

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17 End of a phrase (No comment) (No comment) New phrase Ending music (No comment) Now it sounds like it is ending Sounding like the end is coming  

Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other