electromagnetic active suspension system for automotive applications are .... He received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Texas A&M University,.
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Guest Editorial Special Section on Advanced Transportation Systems
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DVANCED electric drive traction systems are being developed in order to ensure better energy efficiency for the emerging and future transportation systems such as electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), as well as electrified and advanced tractions and propulsions for trains, subways, ships, and airplanes. The research and development aims at reducing energy consumption and pollutant emissions in order to improve sustainability and address climate change. The IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC) is a joint annual conference of the IEEE Vehicular Technology Society (VTS) and Power Electronics Society (PELS). The Sixth VPPC was held in Lille, France, in September 2010. There were 418 papers submitted and 320 papers accepted and presented at the conference. In order to further promote research excellence in vehicle power and propulsion, in collaboration with the 2010 IEEE VPPC, this Special Section of the IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON V EHICULAR T ECHNOLOGY has been organized to focus on state-of-the-art research and development, as well as future trends in modeling, design, control, and optimization of advanced power and propulsion systems for modern transportation systems. The papers submitted to this Special Section had to offer substantial novel contributions beyond the previous work presented in the conference paper (substantial change). Papers coauthored by the Guest Editors of this Special Section have been sent to other Associate Editors by the Editor-in-Chief. Each paper has been associated with a Guest Editor from a country other than the author’s country. Each paper has been associated with minimum three or four independent reviewers from countries other than the author’s country. In the end, seven papers were selected among 36 submissions for the publication in the Special Section. The three first papers deal with new electric drives (a new electromagnetic active suspension, an electric variable transmission, and a charger-traction drive) where the design is realized by taking into account the constraints of the entire vehicle system. Two papers present the energy management of complex hybrid energy storage subsystems (fuel-cell/supercapacitor and fuel-cell/battery/supercapacitor) using a new “system description” [Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR)]. Two papers propose statistical studies of real-life drive cycles for the design and analysis of new low-carbon vehicles (plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles). A short description for each of the accepted papers is given in the following.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TVT.2011.2169616
• “Efficiency of a Regenerative Direct-Drive Electromagnetic Active Suspension” by B. L. J. Gysen, T. P. J. van der Sande, J. J. H. Paulides, and E. A. Lomonova. The efficiency and power consumption of a direct-drive electromagnetic active suspension system for automotive applications are investigated. A McPherson suspension system is considered, where the strut consists of a directdrive brushless tubular permanent-magnet actuator in parallel with a passive spring and damper. This suspension system can both deliver active forces and regenerate power due to imposed movements. A linear quadratic regulator controller is developed for the improvement of comfort and handling (dynamic tire load). The power consumption is simulated as a function of the passive damping in the active suspension system. Finally, measurements are performed on a quarter-car test setup to validate the analysis and simulations. This paper was previously published in the May 2011 issue. • “Specifications and Design of a PM Electric Variable Transmission for Toyota Prius II” by Y. Cheng, R. Trigui, C. Espanet, and A. Bouscayrol. This paper focuses on an analysis of technical requirements for the design of a permanent magnet-type electric variable transmission (PM-EVT), which is a novel series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) powertrain concept. Similar to the planetary gear train used in the Toyota Prius II, the EVT also realizes the power split function. However, it is implemented in an electromagnetic way rather than in a mechanical way, as is the case for the Prius II with a planetary gear. In this paper, a procedure to define the technical requirements of an EVT is presented. Since the Toyota Prius II is a well-known series-parallel HEV, this vehicle is chosen as a reference. The engine, the battery, and other necessary components are kept as input data. A dynamic simulation is performed in order to take into account different driving cycles. Then, based on an analysis of the simulation results, the technical requirements of the PM-EVT are defined. Finally, the PM-EVT machine is designed. The PM-EVT design results are presented and validated using the finite element method. • “An Isolated High Power Integrated Charger in Electrified Vehicle Applications” by S. Haghbin, S. Lundmark, M. Alakula, and O. Carlson. For electric and hybrid vehicles using grid power to charge the battery, traction circuit components are not normally engaged during the charging time; therefore, there is a possibility to use them in the charger circuit to have an on-board integrated charger. One solution for an isolated high power integrated charger is based on a special electrical machine with a double set
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 60, NO. 9, NOVEMBER 2011
of stator windings. By reconfiguration of the motor stator windings in the charging mode, a six-terminal machine is achieved. The so-called motor/generator acts as an isolated three-phase power source after synchronization with the utility grid in the charging mode. This rotary isolated power source constitutes a three-phase boost rectifier (battery charger) with full utilization of the inverter. This paper presents the mathematical model of the motor/generator and explains the system’s functionality for the traction and charging modes. Further, the charger grid synchronization and charge control are described. Finally, simulation results are presented for a practically designed system with a traction power of 25 kW and with a possible charge power of 12.5 kW. • “Saturation Management of a Controlled Fuel Cell/ Ultracapacitors Hybrid Vehicle” by T. Azib, G. Remy, O. Bethoux, and C. Marchand. In this paper, a new control strategy, including saturation management of hybrid fuel cell/ultracapacitors power sources, is described. First, an analysis of hybrid architectures using fuel cells and ultracapacitors for automotive applications is presented. Next, the model and the control strategy are described using the EMR. The main improvement over classical control strategies of such systems is to take into account a saturation management with a dynamic reconfiguration of the energy management strategy. Finally, experimental results with small-scale devices show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy using saturation management. • “Practical Control Structure and Energy Management of a Test Bed Hybrid Electric Vehicle” by J. Solano-Martínez, D. Hissel, M.-C. Péra, and M. Amiet. This paper presents a practical control structure and the energy management strategy of a test bed hybrid electrical vehicle. This vehicle is equipped with batteries, a supercapacitor system, and a fuel cell system. The control, which is based on the EMR methodology, is used to evaluate and compare different energy management strategies to be implemented in the vehicle. This paper introduces a dynamic strategy to manage the energy in the hybrid electric vehicle, and this strategy uses a fuzzy logic controller and considers the slow dynamics in the fuel cell system, the vehicle speed, and the state-of-charge in the supercapacitors. • “Synthesis of Real-World Driving Cycles and Their Use for Estimating PHEV Energy Consumption and Charging Opportunities: Case Study for Midwest/U.S.” by T.-K. Lee, B. Adomato, and Z. S. Filipi. This paper analyzes the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (P-HEV) behav-
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ior, its impact on the electric grid, and possible charging opportunities using representative synthetic cycles with the consideration of daily driving schedules. The representative naturalistic cycles are synthesized through a stochastic process utilizing transition probability matrices extracted from naturalistic driving data collected in the Midwest region of the United States. The representativeness of the cycles is achieved through the subsequent statistical analysis. The distributions of the departure/arrival time and the rest time, which are analyzed from the realworld data at the key locations, complete the picture to analyze vehicle daily missions and the P-HEV impact on the grid. P-HEV simulation is used to determine the battery state-of-charge distribution upon arrival. The results for typical locations such as residential, work, large business, and small business allow the assessment of the P-HEV impact on the grid and possible charging opportunities during daily missions. • “Energy Sources Sizing Methodology for Hybrid Fuel Cell Vehicles Based on Statistical Description of Driving Cycles” by A. Ravey, N. Watrin, B. Blunier, D. Bouquain and A. Miraoui. This paper describes a new methodology based on statistical description of driving cycles to size the energy source of hybrid vehicles. This methodology is applied to a fuel cell-based collection truck for very specific driving patterns. Based on experimental data, random driving cycles are then generated, allowing the distribution of the average powers and energies to be computed. An example is provided for a 13-ton truck using a 20-kW fuel cell stack. The results show that the fuel cell system could be downsized compared with classical solutions where much larger fuel cells are required. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We would like to thank Prof. W. Zhuang, Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON V EHICULAR T ECHNOLOGY, for her support. We are also grateful to our reviewers who dedicated their time to reviewing the submitted papers and provided many valuable suggestions to the authors. A LAIN B OUSCAYROL, Guest Editor DANIEL H ISSEL, Guest Editor ROCHDI T RIGUI, Guest Editor A LI E MADI, Guest Editor
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Alain Bouscayrol (M’02) received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Toulose, France, in 1995. From 1996 to 2005, he was an Associate Professor with the University Lille 1, Sciences and Technologies, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France, where he has been a Professor since 2005. From 1998 to 2004, he managed the Multi-machine Multi-converter Systems project of GdR-ME2MS, a national research program of the French National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS). Since 2004, he has managed the French network on Energy Management of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (MEGEVH). His research interests at the Laboratory of Electrical Engineering of Lille (L2PE) include graphical descriptions (Energetic Macroscopic Representation. . .) for control of electric drives, wind energy conversion systems, railway traction systems, hybrid electric vehicles, and hardware-in-the-loop simulation. His collaborative works with industry on energy management for vehicles include Siemens Transportation Systems, PSA Peugeot Citroen, Nexter Systems, and Valeo. Dr. Bouscayrol was General Chair of IEEE 2010 Vehicle Power Propulsion Conference (VPPC), September 1–3, 2010, Lille, France.
Daniel Hissel (M’03–SM’04) received the electrical engineering degree from the Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Ingénieurs Electriciens de Grenoble, Grenoble, France, in 1994 and the Ph.D. degree from the Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Toulouse, France, in 1998. From 1999 to 2000, he was with the ALSTOM Transport, Tarbes, France, where he was a System Engineer on electrical and fuel cell bus projects. From 2000 to 2006, he was an Associate Professor with the University of Technology Belfort, Belfort, France. Since 2006, he has been a Full Professor with the University of Franche-Comté, Belfort. Since 2008, he has been Head of the “Energy Systems Modeling” Research Team with the Franche-Comté Electronique, Mécanique, Thermique et Optique-Sciences et Technologies (FEMTO-ST). His main research activities concern fuel cell systems dedicated to automotive and stationary applications. Dr. Hissel is a member of the FC LAB Institute (dedicated to fuel cell research) and of the MEGEVH Network on hybrid electric vehicles. He was co-chair of IEEE 2010 Vehicle Power Propulsion Conference (VPPC), September 1-3, 2010, Lille, France.
Rochdi Trigui (M’06) received the electrical engineering degree from the National High School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering of Nancy, Nancy, France, in 1993 and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Polytechnic National Institute of Lorraine, Lorraine, France, in 1997. He then worked for a year as an Associated Researcher with the research direction of PSA Peugeot Citroën. Since 1998, he has been a Full Researcher with the French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development, and Networks (IFSTTAR, former INRETS) in the field of electric and hybrid vehicles. Since 2008, he has been leading the Electric and Hybrid Vehicles team of the Transport and Environment Laboratory of IFSTTAR, Bron, France. Dr. Trigui is currently member of MEGEVH, a French scientific national network on hybrid electric vehicles. He was co-chair of IEEE 2010 Vehicle Power Propulsion Conference (VPPC), September 1–3, 2010, Lille, France.
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Ali Emadi (S’98–M’00–SM’03) received the B.S. and M.S. degrees with the highest distinction in electrical engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, in 1995 and 1997, respectively. He received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Texas A&M University, College Station, in 2000. He is currently the Canada Excellence Research Chair (CERC) in Hybrid Powertrian and is the Director of the McMaster Institute for Automotive Research and Technology (MacAUTO), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. Before joining McMaster University, he was the Harris Perlstein Endowed Chair Professor of Engineering and the Director of the Electric Power and Power Electronics Center and Grainger Laboratories, Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Chicago, where he established research and teaching facilities as well as courses in power electronics, motor drives, and vehicular power systems. In addition, he is the Founder and Chairman of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technologies, Inc. (HEVT), which is a university spinoff company of IIT. He is the author or coauthor of over 250 journal and conference papers as well as six books. Dr. Emadi was the inaugural General Chair of the first IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC’05). He is also the General Chair of the Seventh IEEE VPPC (VPPC’11) and the first IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC’12). He is currently the Chair of the Technical Committee on Vehicle and Transportation Systems of the IEEE Power Electronics Society. He was named a Chicago Matters Global Visionary in 2009.
