Soil Salinity Prediction, Monitoring and Mapping Using ... - ScienceDirect

21 downloads 331705 Views 789KB Size Report
Examples of soil salinity mapping will also be referred to alert especially the soil .... powerful tool for mapping and monitoring of the progression of salinity by its ...
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 15 (2015) 507 – 512

:RUOG0XOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\(DUWK6FLHQFHV6\PSRVLXP:0(66

6RLO6DOLQLW\3UHGLFWLRQ0RQLWRULQJDQG0DSSLQJ8VLQJ0RGHUQ 7HFKQRORJLHV 7DKD*RUMLD$\VHJXO7DQLND (OLI6HUWHOE  a

Dpt. of Environmental Engineering, ITU, Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 34469, Maslak-Istanbul/TURKEY b Dpt. of Geomatics Engineering, ITU, Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 34469, Maslak-Istanbul/TURKEY

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© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU%9 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI:0(66 Peer-review under responsibilty of the Organizing Commitee of WMESS 2015. Keywords:6RLOVDOLQLW\5HPRWH6HQVLQJ6DOLQLW\LQGLFHV,UULJDWLRQ





&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO E-mail address:WDQLND#LWXHGXWU

1878-5220 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibilty of the Organizing Commitee of WMESS 2015. doi:10.1016/j.proeps.2015.08.062

508

Taha Gorji et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 15 (2015) 507 – 512

,QWURGXFWLRQ 6RLOVDOLQL]DWLRQLVDZRUOGZLGHHQYLURQPHQWDOLVVXHWKDWDGYHUVHO\DIIHFWVSODQWJURZWKFURSSURGXFWLRQVRLODQG ZDWHU TXDOLW\ DQG HYHQWXDOO\ UHVXOWV LQ VRLO HURVLRQ DQG ODQG GHJUDGDWLRQ =KX  &RUZLQ DQG /HVFK   $OPRVWRIWKHZRUOG¶VVRLOUHVRXUFHVDUHVDOWDIIHFWHG )$2 ,WLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\LWVGHYHORSPHQWLQERWK WLPHDQGVSDFHGXHWRDFFXPXODWLRQRIVROXEOHVDOWVDWRUQHDUWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHVRLO 6FKRILHOGHWDO$EEDVHW DO   ,Q HVSHFLDOO\ DULG DQG VHPLDULG UHJLRQV LW LV EHFRPLQJ DQ LPSRUWDQW SUREOHP DIIHFWLQJ DJULFXOWXUDO SURGXFWLRQ DQG VXVWDLQDEOH XWLOL]DWLRQ RI ODQG UHVRXUFHV 0HWWHUQLFKW  =KHQJ HW DO  5RQJMLDQJ DQG -LQJVRQJ OHDGLQJWRDUHDOUHGXFWLRQRIIDUPODQGVE\SHU\HDU )$2  8QFRQVFLRXV LUULJDWLRQ DQG SUDFWLVLQJ ROG LUULJDWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV LUULJDWLQJ DJULFXOWXUDO ODQG ZLWK ZDWHU ULFK LQ VDOWODQG FOHDULQJ DQG XVLQJ IHUWLOL]HU FRQWDLQLQJ QLWURJHQ DQG SRWDVVLXP VDOWV DUH DPRQJ WKH KXPDQLQGXFHG DFWLYLWLHV WKDW FDXVH VRLO VDOLQLW\ WRJHWKHU ZLWK VRPH QDWXUDO IDFWRUV VXFK DVSDUHQW PDWHULDO LQ VRLO VWUXFWXUH FORVHQHVVRIVDOW\JURXQGZDWHUWDEOHWRWKHVXUIDFHZHDWKHULQJRIWKHSDUHQWURFNDQGVHDZDWHUFDXVHVRLOVDOLQLW\ RFFXUUHQFH7DEOHVKRZVH[DPSOHVIRURXWVWDQGLQJUHDVRQVRIVRLOVDOLQLW\IURPGLIIHUHQWUHJLRQVRIWKHZRUOG 7DEOH&RPPRQUHDVRQVRIVRLOVDOLQLW\SUREOHPLQYDULRXVUHJLRQVRIWKHZRUOG ,WH P

/RFDWLRQ

5HDVRQRIVRLOVDOLQLW\SUREOHP

/RVVRIODQGSURGXFWLYLW\

5RXJKO\  RI LUULJDWHG DJULFXOWXUH ZRUOGZLGH LV DIIHFWHG E\ VDOLQL]DWLRQ *KDVVHPLHWDO 

6RLO VDOLQLW\ FRQVWUDLQV WKH JURZWK RI PDQ\ DJURQRPLF FURSV $OGDEDDHWDO 

9DULDELOLW\ RI VRLO VDOLQLW\ LV DIIHFWHG E\ SDUHQW PDWHULDO VRLO W\SH DQG ODQGVFDSHSRVLWLRQ &OD\HWDO 

'HFUHDVH LQ SURGXFWLYLW\ RI GDWHSDOPV

7KHVHDUHDVDUHRIWHQFUXVWHGZLWKVDOWV DQG RFFXU RQ VDQG VLOW RU FOD\ VRLOV $O$PRXGL 

6DOLQLW\ KDV GLVWUHVVLQJ VRFLDO DQG HFRQRPLF HIIHFWV RQ IDUPLQJFRPPXQLWLHV



6HDZDWHULQWUXVLRQ

([WHQVLYHGLHEDFNSODQWVVXFK DV SDSHUEDUN JUDVVHV DQG VHGJHV %HOOHWDO 

6HD OHYHO LQWUXVLRQIOXFWXDWLRQ DQG WKH HIIHFWV RI WKHVH RQ WKH ZHWODQG HQYLURQPHQWV RI WKH FRDVWDO SODLQV DUH ODUJHO\XQNQRZQ (OLRWHWDO 

,QFUHDVHG XVH RI JURXQGDQG VXUIDFH ZDWHU FRXSOHG ZLWK WKH DJULFXOWXUDO LQWHQVLILFDWLRQDUHWKHPDMRUFDXVHVRIVRLO GHJUDGDWLRQ WKURXJK VHFRQGDU\ VRLO VDOLQLW\DQGVRGLFLW\

/RVV RI YHJHWDWLRQ DQG DJULFXOWXUDO SURGXFWLYLW\ %DQQDULHWDO 



0RVW RI WKH DJULFXOWXUDO ODQGV DUH DEDQGRQHG DQG VRPH GHFOLQH LQ ZKHDW SURGXFWLRQ :XHWDOD 



 WR  RI  NP LUULJDWHG DJULFXOWXUDO ODQG LV DIIHFWHG E\ VDOLQL]DWLRQ %RXD]L]HWDO 



:HVW 7H[DV86$

3DUHQWPDWHULDOV



6DXGL $UDELD $O+DVVD 2DVLV



3DNLVWDQ 3XQMDE



1RUWK RI $XVWUDOLD



0RURFFR



0HVRSRWDP LD,UDT

,QODQG VDENKDV WRSRJUDSK\ SRRU GUDLQDJH SRRU LUULJDWLRQ ZDWHU TXDOLW\ DQG PLVPDQDJHG DJULFXOWXUDO SUDFWLFHV $OOEHGHWDO  6KDOORZ ZDWHU WDEOH DUHDV DOOXYLXP GHSRVLWHGE\ULYHUVLQWRVKDOORZVHD 0LQHUDOV LQ SDUHQW URFNV $EEDV HW DO  

3DUHQWPDWHULDOV 'XH WR VORZ GUDLQDJH VDOW DFFXPXODWH LQ VRLOV DIWHU HYDSRUDWLRQ DQG  WUDQVSLUDWLRQ \HDUE\\HDU

6RLO HURVLRQ VDOLQL]DWLRQ

GXH

5HPDUNV

WR

1RUWKHDVW RI%UD]LO



0DLQSUREOHPVDQGHIIHFWV

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

Taha Gorji et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 15 (2015) 507 – 512

509

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istorical background of detection methods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ultispectral satellite sensors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

510

Taha Gorji et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 15 (2015) 507 – 512

WR RWKHU FRPSDUDEOH VLWXDWLRQV $QRWKHU VWXG\XWLOL]HG VDWHOOLWH LPDJHV ,56% /,66,, IURP  WR  LQ 3DNLVWDQWRGHYHORSDUREXVWPHWKRGIRUFKDUDFWHUL]LQJLUULJDWHGVDOLQLW\7KHKLJKHVWFRUUHODWLRQRIZDVIRXQG EHWZHHQ(&DQGVRLOVDOLQLW\LQGLFHV $EEDVHWDO )LJXUHDDQGELOOXVWUDWHWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJODQGXVHDQG VRLOVDOLQLW\GLVWULEXWLRQVUHVSHFWLYHO\ 

)LJXUHD /DQGXVHFODVVLILFDWLRQ

)LJXUHE 'LVWULEXWLRQRIVRLOVDOLQLW\ $EEDVHWDO 

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±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yperspectral Remote Sensing of soil salinity 7KHDGYDQFHPHQWRIDLUERUQHDQGVDWHOOLWHEDVHGK\SHUVSHFWUDOVHQVRUVKDVSDUWLDOO\RYHUFRPHVSDWLDODQGVSHFWUDO UHVWULFWLRQV RI PXOWLVSHFWUDO VDWHOOLWH LPDJHU\ IRU ERWK UHJLRQDO DQG ORFDO PRQLWRULQJ DQG PDSSLQJ VRLO VDOLQLW\ +\SHUVSHFWUDOVHQVRUVZLWKDQH[WHQVLYHQXPEHURIQDUURZDQGFRQWLJXRXVEDQGVDUHILWIRUJLYLQJVXIILFLHQWGDWDWR GLVWLQJXLVK DQG UHFRJQL]H EHWZHHQ VSHFWUDOO\ VLPLODU EXW XQLTXH PDWHULDOV 6KLSSHUW   +\SHUVSHFWUDO DLUERUQH VHQVRUV RIIHU DQ H[WHQVLYH QXPEHU RI VSHFWUDO EDQGV ZLWK KLJK VSDWLDO UHVROXWLRQ WKDW SHUPLW WKH VHSDUDWLRQ RI KDORSK\WH SODQWV IURP QRQKDORSK\WH SODQWV DQG DGGLWLRQDOO\ WKH GLVWLQJXLVKLQJ SURRI RI VXUIDFH VDOW IHDWXUHV LQ

Taha Gorji et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 15 (2015) 507 – 512

511

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¶VLUULJDWHGODQGLVVDOWDIIHFWHGDQGWKLVSURSRUWLRQGLVSOD\VDQLQFUHDVLQJWUHQGHYHQWKRXJKFRQVLGHUDEOH HIIRUWVDUHSDLGWRODQGUHKDELOLWDWLRQDQGUHFODPDWLRQSUDFWLFHV$VWKHFXUUHQWVLWXDWLRQLVQRWWKDWPXFKSURPLVLQJ LQWKHVHQVHRIVXVWDLQDELOLW\PRQLWRULQJRIVRLOVDOLQLW\RQWKHDOUHDG\VDOLQHVRLORURQWKHVRLOWKDWLVSURQHWRVXFK DULVNQHHGVWREHZHOOPRQLWRUHGWRVHFXUHODQGXVHPDQDJHPHQW6XFKVDOLQHDIIHFWHGDUHDVFRYHUKXJHODQGWKDW PDNHV LW TXLWH LPSRVVLEOH WR H[DPLQH VRLO TXDOLW\ ZLWK ILHOG DQG ODERUDWRU\ GDWD :LWK WKH WRGD\¶V DGYDQFHG WHFKQRORJ\ WKH JURXQG WUXWK PHDVXUHPHQWV PXVW EH FRXSOHG ZLWK HVSHFLDOO\ UHPRWH VHQVLQJ GDWD WR DFKLHYH EHVW PRQLWRULQJ UHVXOWV ,Q WKH ROG GD\V JURXQG REVHUYDWLRQV ZHUH WKH RQO\ PHDQV RI GHWHFWLQJ VDOLQLW\ SUREOHPV DQG OHYHOVKRZHYHULQSDUDOOHOWRWKHWHFKQRORJLFDODFKLHYHPHQWVDQGWKHDELOLW\WRXWLOL]HPRGHUQWHFKQRORJLFDOWRROVRI UHPRWH VHQVLQJ ZLWK WLPH PDNH WKLV LVVXH TXLWH FRQWUROODEOH DQG PDQDJHDEOH 7KXV EHVW PRQLWRULQJ UHVXOWV DUH QRZDGD\VREWDLQDEOHE\LQWHJUDWLQJJURXQGWUXWKGDWDLQFOXGLQJILHOGDQGODERUDWRU\GDWDZLWKUHPRWHVHQVLQJGDWD 0RXJHQRW HW DO   'HPDWWH HW DO   DQG $OOEHG DQG .XPDU   XQGHUOLQHG WKH QHFHVVLW\ OLQNDJH EHWZHHQ JURXQG REVHUYDWLRQV DQG 56 GDWD LQ WKHLU UHVHDUFK 0RUHRYHU LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR QRWH WKDW VSDWLDO DQG WHPSRUDOFKDQJHVPD\HDVLO\EHGHWHFWHGZLWKWKLVLQWHJUDWLRQWRSXWIRUWKWKHFKDQJHGHWHFWLRQV$QRWKHUDGYDQWDJH RIWKLVFRXSOLQJOLHVLQWKHUHDOLW\WKDWODUJHDUHDVDUHXVXDOO\FRQFHUQHGLQVDOLQLW\LVVXHVLQPDQ\UHJLRQVWKDWPDNH LW GLIILFXOW IRU WKH UHVHDUFKHUV DQG VFLHQWLVWV WR WDNH IUHTXHQW VRLO VDPSOHV IURP WKH VWXG\ DUHDV :LWK WKH XVH RI UHPRWHVHQVLQJGDWDRQHFDQEHDEOHWRSUHGLFWDQGIRUHVHHWKHVHQVLWLYHDUHDVDQGHYHQFDQRSWLPL]HWKHQXPEHURI VDPSOLQJVWDWLRQV$SDUWIURPSUHGLFWLQJDQGPRQLWRULQJRIVDOLQHDIIHFWHGODQGLQDFRVWDQGWLPHHIIHFWLYHPDQQHU WKURXJKWKHXVHRIUHPRWHVHQVLQJGDWDGLJLWL]HGPDSSLQJLVDOVRSRVVLEOHZKLFKLVHYHQHTXDOO\LPSRUWDQWIRUWKH IDUPHUVDQGORFDODXWKRULWLHV%\WKHXVHRIWKH56WHFKQRORJ\HDUO\ZDUQLQJV\VWHPVDJDLQVWVRLOVDOLQLW\PD\EH DFKLHYDEOHZKLFKLVKLJKO\LPSRUWDQWIRULQFUHDVLQJFURSSURGXFWLYLW\DQGHYHQIRUVHOHFWLQJWKHDSSURSULDWHFURS SDWWHUQ)XUWKHUPRUHVDOLQLW\PDSSLQJVKRXOGEHSUHIHUUHGWRDOHUWSHRSOHWKDWLIQRSURWHFWLYHPHDVXUHVDUHWDNHQ WKHDUHDZLOOEHFRPHHYHQPRUHVDOLQHZKLFKZLOOWKHQEHPRUHGLIILFXOWWRFRSHZLWK &RQFOXGLQJUHPDUNV 7UDGLWLRQDOO\VRLOVDOLQLW\PRQLWRULQJDQGSUHGLFWLRQDUHRIWHQFDUULHGRXWZLWKLQWHQVLYHILHOGZRUNDQGVDPSOLQJ 0RVWSUHYLRXVVWXGLHVKDYHQRZDGD\VIRFXVHGRQGLIIHUHQWLDWLQJVDOLQL]HGVRLODQGQRQVDOLQL]HGVRLOTXDOLWDWLYHO\ DQDO\]LQJ WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI VRLO VDOLQLW\ DQG PRQLWRULQJ WKH G\QDPLFV RI VRLO VDOLQLW\ ,Q UHFHQW \HDUV 5HPRWH 6HQVLQJ *,6 DQG PRGHOOLQJ KDYH EHFRPH WKH SUHIHUUHG WHFKQRORJLFDO WRROV WR PDS VRLO VDOLQLW\ GXH WR ODUJH DUHD FRYHUDJHZKLFKLVRIXWPRVWLPSRUWDQFHERWKIURPWKHDJULFXOWXUDODQGHQYLURQPHQWDOSHUVSHFWLYHV5HPRWHVHQVLQJ GDWD PDNHV LW SRVVLEOH WR REWDLQ PXOWLWHPSRUDO GDWD IRU YDU\LQJ VSDWLDO GRPDLQV DQG FRQGLWLRQV ZKLFK LV D NH\ HOHPHQWWRPRQLWRUDQGGHWHFWVRLOVDOLQLW\ 5HIHUHQFHV   

$EEDV$.KDQ6+XVVDLQ1+DQMUD0$$NEDU6&KDUDFWHUL]LQJVRLOVDOLQLW\LQLUULJDWHGDJULFXOWXUHXVLQJDUHPRWHVHQVLQJ DSSURDFK3K\VLFVDQG&KHPLVWU\RI(DUWK3DUWV$%& $O$PRXGL 26%  6RLO VWDELOL]DWLRQ DQG GXUDELOLW\ RI UHLQIRUFHG FRQFUHWH LQ 6DENKDHQYLURQPHQWV 3URFHHGLQJV WK6DXGL (QJLQHHULQJ&RQIHUHQFH1RYHPEHU.LQJ$EGXOD]L]8QLYHUVLW\-HGGDK,, $OGDEDD$&:HLQGRUI'&KDNUDERUW\66KDUPD$/L%&RPELQDWLRQRISUR[LPDODQGUHPRWHVHQVLQJPHWKRGVIRUUDSLGVRLO VDOLQLW\TXDQWLILFDWLRQ*HRGHUPD

512                              



Taha Gorji et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 15 (2015) 507 – 512 $OOEHG$.XPDU/$OGDNKHHO

Suggest Documents