SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti Shota Rustaveli Institute of ...

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti

Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature

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Literary Researches

28 2007

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literaturuli Ziebani 28 2007

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redaqtori

Editor

maka elbaqiZe

Maka Elbakidze

saredaqcio kolegia

Editorial Board

ivane amirxanaSvili

Ivane Amirkhanashvili

amiran arabuli

Amiran Arabuli

Tamaz vasaZe

Tamaz Vasadze

mariam karbelaSvili

Mariam Karbelashvili

nona kupreiSvili

Nona Kupreishvili

Tamar lomiZe

Tamar Lomidze

saredaqcio sabWo

Editorial Council

manana kvaWantiraZe

Manana Kvachantiradze

helen kuperi (kembriji, sapatio wevri)

Helen Cooper (Cambridge, Honorary member)

gaga lomiZe

Gaga Lomidze

irma ratiani (Tavmjdomare)

Irma Ratiani

revaz siraZe

Revaz Siradze

gaga SurRaia (romi, sapatio wevri)

Gaga Shurgaia (Rome, Honorary member)

rusudan ColoyaSvili

Rusudan Cholokashvili

rostom CxeiZe

Rostom Chkheidze

elguja xinTibiZe

Elguja Khintibidze

pasuxismgebeli mdivani

Responsible Editor

soso tabucaZe

Soso Tabutsadze

literaturuli Ziebani, 27, 2006

Literary Researches 27, 2006

redaqciis misamarTi: 0108, Tbilisi,

Address: 0108, Tbilisi

merab kostavas q. 5.

M. Kostava str. 5

telefoni: 99-63-84

Tel.: 99-63-84

faqsi: 99-53-00

Fax: 99-53-00

E-mail: [email protected]

E-mail: [email protected]

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Sinaarsi

Contents

qarTuli sasuliero-saeklesio mwerloba

Georgian Religious Literature

darejan menabde

Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis Zeglebi germanul enaze (`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ da `ninos cxovreba~) irina nacvliSvili

JamTaaRmwerlis „aswlovani matianis“ bibliuri wyaroebisaTvis goCa kuWuxiZe

`wmida SuSanikis martvilobis~ arqetipis aRdgenisaTvis lali ruxaZe

sikvdil-sicocxlis urTierTmimarTebis problema da V-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba saba-firuz metreveli

„wmida gobronis martvilobis“ saxismetyvelebis zogierTi aspeqti maia maWavariani

8 12 17 20 25 32

hagiografiuli paradigmebi wm. dimitris wamebisa da Sesxmis mixedviT lia wereTeli

èse ars naTesavi qarTvelTaÁ~

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moraluri gmiris Zieba qarTulი da evropuli barokos literaturaSi

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vis gamoeqca tarieli? nana gonjilaSvili

52 56

Boris Darchia From Whom Tariel Has Escaped Nana Gonjilashvili "They were indeed like the planets Jupiter and Saturn united…"

66

Lia Gugunava Christian Belief in `Hamlet~ and `Vepkhistkaosani~

àmas hgvandes, odes erTgan muSTar, zual Seiyarnes...~ lia gugunava

qristianuli mrwamsi `hamletsa~ da `vefxistyaosanSi~

XIX Century: Epoch and Literature

XIX saukune: epoqa da literatura julieta gaboZe

qarTveli mecenatebi da akakis sicocxlis bolodroindeli gamocemebi eka vardoSvili

75 80

Tamar mefis xateba XIX saukunis qarTul poeziaSi nino kaxaSvili

al. yazbegis `mTis Tavisuflebis simbolo~

Maia Nachkebia Search for Moral Hero in Georgian and European Baroque Literatures

Rustaveli Studies

rusTvelologiuri kvlevani boris darCia

Saba-Piruz Metreveli Some Image Aspects of ,,Marthyrdom of St. Gobroni“ Maya Machavariani Hagiographic Paradigms According to the Martyrdom and Praise of St. Demetrios Lia Tsereteli "A Man Related to the Gedregeans"

Georgian Courtly and Secular Literature

qarTuli saero da sakaro mwerloba maia naWyebia

Darejan Menabde Old Georgian Literary Monuments in the German Language (Moktsevai Kartlisai and The Life of Saint Nino) Irina Natsvlishvili The Biblical Sources of The Chronicle of One Hundred Gocha Kuchukhidze For "Martyrdom Saint Shushanik"Archetypes Restoration Lali Rukhadze Life and Death Parading In Georgian Hagiography in V-XIII Centuries

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Juli Gabodze Georgian Maecenases and Akaki's Last Editions Eka Vardoshvili The Imaging of Queen Tamar in the Georgian Poetry of XIX century Nino Kakhashvili Symbol of “Freedom of Mountain” in Aleksandre Kazbegi’s Creative Work

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Ilia _ 170

ilia _ 170 merab RaRaniZe

ilia WavWavaZis òsmalos saqarTvelo~: erovnuli erTianobis koncefcia rusudan kusraSvili

poema àCrdilis~ SemoqmedebiTi istoriisaTvis qeTevan niniZe

93 100 104

Tanamedrove samoqalaqo faseulobebi ilia WavWavaZis publicistur teqstebSi

Merab Ghaghanidze „Ottoman Georgia“ by Ilia Chavchavadze: The Conseption of the National Unity Rusudan Kusrashvili For the Creative History of the Narrative Poem "The Phantom" Ketevan Ninidze Contemporary Civil Values in Ilia Chavchavadze's Publicity

XX saukunis mwerloba venera kavTiaSvili

XX Century Literature

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musika, rogorc galaktionis msoflmxedveloba Tea beriZe

mzis paradigma ana kalandaZis SemoqmedebaSi TinaTin gavaSeli

ìuloni~ _ saxarebiseuli STagonebiT nasazrdoebi piesa

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miTosi. rituali. simbolo zaza kvercxiSvili

zRapris mTavar gmirTa (a)moraluri saxe nestan ratiani

saxeli, mamis saxeli da heliosis kultis ugulebelyofa (solaruli kultis naSTebi homerosis òdiseaSi~) dalila bedianiZe

zRapari, igavi da mxatvruli teqsti

Tea Beridze The Paradigm of Sun in Ana Kalandadze's Creative Works Tinatin Gavasheli "Iuloni" - Play Inspired by Gospel

Mythology. Ritual. Symbol

125 136 142

kidev erTxel `nacarqeqias~ Sesaxeb Tamar gogolaZe

Venera Kavtiashvili Music as Galaktion's Weltanschauung

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Zaza Kvertskhishvili The Amoral Image of Fairy Tale Main Characters Nestan Ratiani Proper Name, Patronymic and Rejection of the Cult of Helios (Remnants of the Solar Cult in Homer`s “Odyssey”) Dalila Bedianidze Once Again About "Lazy-bones" Tamar Gogoladze Fairy-tale, Fable and Literary Text

poetikuri kvlevani Tamar barbaqaZe

leqsmcodneobis sakiTxebi me-20 saukunis 90-iani wlebis presaSi

Poetical Studies

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Tamar Barbakadze Prosody issues in Periodicals in 1990-ies

literaturuli meridianebi naTela Citauri

dakvirvebani XX saukunis qarTuli emigrantuli mwerlobis Taviseburebebze

Literary Meridians

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Natela Chitauri Tendencies of XX century Georgian Emigrant Writing

polemika bondo arvelaZe

somxuri lapidaruli warwerebi saqarTveloSi

Polemics

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Bondo Arveladze Armenian Lapidar Inscriptions in Georgia

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Maya Jaliashvili Ache of Soul

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New Books

amagdarni maia jaliaSvili

sulis tkivili gamoTxoveba oTar CxeiZesTan axali wignebi

Honoured

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SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutis samecniero publikaciebis stili

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Style of Academic Publications in Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature

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qarTuli sasuliero-saeklesio mwerloba darejan menabde Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis Zeglebi germanul enaze (`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ da `ninos cxovreba~) germaniaSi XVIII saukunis 80-iani wlebidan gaCnda interesi qarTuli literaturisadmi. araerTi mecnieri _ i. adleri, f. alteri, i. adelungi, f. bodenStedti, a. laisti, i. Seri, a. baumgartneri, f. finki, o. hauzeri, a. baumStarki da sxv. _ Seexo saqarTvelos istoriis, qarTuli kulturisa da mwerlobis sakiTxebs (reviSvili 1977: 144-187). erT-erTi yvelaze adrindeli gamokvleva 1897 wels daibWda fraiburgSi _ aleqsandre baumgartneris `msoflio literaturis istoriis~ ortomeuli, romelSic calke Tavadaa gamoyofili `qarTuli literatura~ (baumgartneri 1897: 256-268). wignis sqolioebidan irkveva, rom avtors usargeblia m. broses, a. laistisa da d. baqraZis SromebiT. a. baumgartneri gadmogvcems uZveles cnobebs mirianis mefobis dros saqarTveloSi qristianuli sarwmunoebis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb. 1911 wels gamoqveynda anton baumStarkis naSromi `qarTuli literatura~, romelSic mimoxilulia qarTuli sasuliero mwerloba. aq sxva qarTvel wmindanebTan erTad ixsenieba wminda nino, rogorc qarTveli xalxis ganmanaTlebeli, xolo Cveni mwerlobis uZveles ZeglTa Soris dasaxelebulia `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~, romelic, a. baumStarkis SefasebiT, ùZvirfasesi wyaroa erovnuli istoriis adrindeli saukuneebis Sesaswavlad~ (baumStarki 1911: 99-110). gerhardt deetersis azriT ki, qarTuli mwerlobis dasawyisi warmarTobis dacemas da qristianobis gavrcelebas unda ukavSirdebodes (deetersi 1963: 129-155) da a. S. germaniaSi, germanul enaze, ibeWdeboda ara mxolod germanel, aramed iq moRvawe qarTvel mecnierTa gamokvlevebic. saqarTveloSi qristianuli religiis gavrcelebasa da wminda ninos misionerul moRvaweobas exeba cnobili saeklesio moRvawis, Teologis, istorikosisa da filologis miqel TarxniSvilis (1897-1958) germanul enaze gamoqveynebuli naSromebi, romlebSic didi adgili eTmoba saqarTvelos eklesiisa da sasuliero mwerlobis istoriis Seswavlas. Tavis gamokvlevebSi m. TarxniSvili cdilobda evropeli mecnierebisa da, saerTod, dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis gaecno saqarTvelos eklesia, kultura, istoria da literatura. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa misi erT-erTi adrindeli naSromi `Das Christentum in Georgien~ (`qristianoba saqarTveloSi~) (TarxniSvili 1936), romelSic mimoxilulia saqarTvelos eklesiis ganviTarebis gza. werilSi warmoCenilia wm. ninos istoriuli roli saqarTveloSi qristianobis gavrcelebaSi da misi adgili saqarTvelos istoriaSi. m. TarxniSvili iqve aRniSnavda, rom `...RvTivkurTxeuli moRvaweobis Semdeg wm. nino gardaicvala qalaq bodbeSi, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, sadac igi qristes sjuls qadagebda, da iqve iqna dakrZaluli. mis saflavs dRemde did pativs scemen. qarTulma eklesiam wm. ninos miakuTvna sapatio saxeli `mociqulTa swori~. mis xsenebas dResaswauloben 14 ianvars. RvTisadmi da Tavisi xalxisadmi mxurvale siyvarulis niSnad wm. ninom dagvitova wminda jvari, romelsac dResac Tayvans scemen morwmuneni Tbilisis sakaTedro taZarSi~ (TarxniSvili 1994: 33). gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia m. TarxniSvilis naSromebi `wminda ninos legenda da qarTuli erovnuli Segnebis istoria~ (1940) da `wminda nino, qarTlis ganmanaTlebeli~ (1953), romlebSic mkvlevarma araerTi saintereso sakiTxi wamoWra. werilSi `Die Legende der heiligen Nino und die Gesichte des georgischen Nationalbewußtseins~ (`wminda ninos legenda da qarTuli erovnuli Segnebis istoria~) (TarxniSvili 1940: 40-75; TarxniSvili 1994. 104-132), ganixilavs ra qarTul da ucxour wyaroebSi dacul cnobebs wm. ninos Sesaxeb, avtori askvnis, rom wm. nino istoriuli pirovnebaa da `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ cnobebi sinamdviles Seesabameba. m. TarxniSvilis sityviT, `ninos bedi mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli qarTveli eris bedTan. Zvelma warmarTulma Sexedulebam, romlis mixedviTac monisa da qalis mniSvneloba damdablebuli iyo, nino raRac drois ganmavlobaSi ukana planze gadaswia, magram gamoRviZebulma religiur-erovnulma TviTSegnebam, romelmac qristianul moZRvrebaSi adamianTa Tanasworobisa da qalis RirsebisaTvis mniSvnelovani dasayrdeni hpova, igi kvlav dagvibruna da masTan erTad XII s-is òqros xana~ gvaCuqa~ (`wminda ninos legenda...~ 1994: 132). iqve mkvlevari ganixilavs n. maris, s. kakabaZis, i. javaxiSvilis, k. kekeliZisa da p. peetersis calkeul mosazrebebs da ayalibebs sakuTar Sexedulebebs. naSromSi `Die heilige Nino, Bekehrerin von Georgien~ (`wminda nino — qarTlis ganmanaTlebeli~) (TarxniSvili 1953: 572-581; TarxniSvili 1994: 299-308) m. TarxniSvili upirispirdeba somex

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mecniers n. akinians, romelsac tendenciuri mosazrebebi hqonda qarTlis gaqristianebasa da ninos moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebiT. m. TarxniSvilis monawileobiT germanul enaze gamoica kidev erTi wigni _ `nino mociquli~. wignis gamomcemeli iyo nikoloz janeliZe (1921-1993), m. TarxniSvilis erT-erTi mowafe, SemdgomSi hamburgisa da kilis universitetebis leqtori. n. janeliZem hamburgis axlos, qalaq itcehoeSi, daaarsa gamomcemloba `saqarTvelo~ (`georgiSe ferlag `saqarTvelo~), sadac araerTi qarTuli wignis Targmani daibeWda germanul enaze (`qarTuli zRaprebi~, 1974; `vefxistyaosnis~ Semoklebuli prozauli gardaTqma — l. pepe-gegelaSvilTan erTad, 1984 da sxv.) am gamomcemlobaSi 1961 wels germanul enaze daibeWda wigni `Die Apostolin Nino~ (`nino mociquli~) (`nino mociquli~ 1961: 53), romelsac, rogorc g. SaraZe wers, safuZvlad daedo `cxovrebaÁ da moqalaqeobaÁ Rirsisa da mociqulTa sworisa netarisa ninoÁsi~ (SaraZe 1991: 485). ai, ras iuwyeboda `kavkasionSi~ gamoqveynebuli mokle anotacia germanuli gamocemis Sesaxeb: `yvela wigns Tavisi daniSnuleba aqvs. nikoloz janeliZes ganuzraxavs da ganuxorcielebia kidec germanelebisaTvis miewodebia nimuSi imisa, Tu saqarTvelo dasavleTis kulturasTan rogor iyo gadabmuli, da kerZod, qristianobis meoxebiT. am nimuSad mas gamoyenebuli aqvs Txroba wmida ninos Sesaxeb, rac kargad aris cnobili qarTul religiur-mwerlobaSi da literaturis istoriaSi: `cxorebaÁ da moqalaqobaÁ Rirsisa da mociqulTa sworisa netarisa ninoÁsi~, sadac moTxrobilia moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ, anu gaqristianeba misi wmida ninos mier. dasaxelebul germanul wignakSi gadmocemulia ambavi wmida ninosi. germanulad teqstis dadgenaSi nikoloz janeliZes moxmarebia gansvenebuli qarTveli mecnieri mixeil TarxniSvili. wignaki dasuraTebulia: wmida nino, wmida giorgi (romelic imperator diokletianes hklavs), qarTvelTa mefe miriani, da sveticxoveli. nikoloz janeliZes Tavisi wvlili Seutania qarTuli kulturis evropielTaTvis gacnobis saqmeSi da es kargi saqmea, _ saqebi saqme!~ (kavkasioni 1964: 140). n. janeliZis mier gamocemuli wignakis Sedarebam `ninos cxovrebis~ redaqciebTan dagvarwmuna, rom aRniSnuli Targmanis safuZvelia XIII saukunis ucnobi avtoriseuli redaqcia `wm. ninos `cxovrebisa~. `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ da leonti mroveliseuli `ninos cxovreba~ germanul enaze Targmna germanelma qarTvelologma, ienis universitetis profesorma gertrud peCma (19101993). g. peCi iyo enaTmecnieri, aRmosavlur enaTa specialisti, 1937 wels daicva disertacia Zveli qarTuli zmnis Sesaxeb (qse 1984: 52), xolo 1961 wels ienis fridrix Sileris saxelobis universitetSi daaarsa kavkasiur enaTa centri (qarTuli... : 82). paralelurad g. peCi ikvlevda qarTuli literaturis sakiTxebsac. man werilebis cikli uZRvna rusTvelsa da mis poemas (rusTveli... 1976: 246-279), vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebas (peCi 1973: 22), germanulad Targmna k. gamsaxurdias `didostatis marjvena~ (peCi 1977: 26) da sxv. amjerad CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa g. peCis mier Targmnili ori uZvelesi Txzuleba _ `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ da `ninos cxovreba~, romlebzec qvemoT sagangebod SevCerdebiT. 1975 wels parizSi gamomaval JurnalSi `bedi qarTlisa~ (`reviu de karTveloloJi~) gamoqveynda `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ germanuli Targmani, Sesrulebuli gertrud peCis mier (peCi 1975: 288-337). Targmanis sruli saTauria `Die Bekehrung Georgiens. Mokcevay Kartlisay (Verfasser unbekannt)~. Targmani moicavs 47 gverds, axlavs mTargmnelis orgverdiani winasityvaoba. esaa maRal doneze Sesrulebuli mecnieruli Targmani, romlis avtori winasityvaobaSi cdilobs, germanulenovan mkiTxvels naTeli warmodgena Seuqmnas teqstsa da mis problematikaze; saubrobs `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ Satberdul da WeliSur xelnawerebze, qronologiaze, gamocemebsa da gamomcemlebze (e. TayaiSvili, s. yubaneiSvili...). iqve mokled mimoxilulia `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ Sesaxeb arsebuli samecniero literatura (i. javaxiSvili, k. kekeliZe, p. ingoroyva, m. lorTqifaniZe...) da TxzulebasTan dakavSirebuli sxva istoriulliteraturuli problemebi. g. peCi sagangebod msjelobs saqarTveloSi qristianobis gavrcelebaze, wm. ninos misioneruli moRvaweobis mniSvnelobasa da ninos kultis aRmocenebaze (peCi 1975: 288-290). winasityvaobidanve irkveva, rom Targmani Sesrulebulia `Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebis~ I tomisa da e. TayaiSviliseuli qarTuli da rusuli gamocemebis safuZvelze (peCi 1975: 289), amasTanave, mTargmnels gamouyenebia sulxan-saba orbelianis `leqsikoni qarTuli~, qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni da sxv. (peCi 1975: 290). dasasrul, g. peCi madlobiT moixseniebs qarTvel kolegebs (n. babunaSvili, m. lorTqifaniZe, m. SaniZe), romlebmac daxmareba gauwies `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ germanul enaze TargmnaSi. g. peCis Targmanis originalTan Sedareba cxadyofs, rom es aris `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ Satberduli redaqciis sityvasityviTi Targmani, Sesrulebuli maRali profesionalizmiTa da kompetenturobiT. Targmans axlavs mozrdili sqolioebi, romlebSic Satberduli redaqciis nakluli adgilebi Sevsebulia WeliSuri redaqciis TxrobiT. sqolioebSi aseve mocemulia teqstis gansxvavebuli variantebi, ganmartebebi da komentarebi. qarTulidan germanul enaze gadatanilia bibliur wyaroTa miTiTebebic, rac kidev ufro srulyofil warmodgenas uqmnis mkiTxvels `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ teqstze. sworadaa Targmnili pirTa da geografiuli

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saxelebi, msgavsad originalisa, Targmanic dayofilia Tavebad da qveTavebad∗: Kapitel 1 _ [Tavi: a:] (peCi 1975: 290-301); Kapitel 2 Àls aber im Glauben an die heilige Dreifaltigkeit ihren Lauf zu Ende brachte~ _ [Tavi: b:] `xolo odes daasrula srbaÁ TÂsi sarwmunoebasa zeda wmidisa samebisasa~ (peCi 1975: peCi 1975:); Kapitel 3, `Das Leben der heiligen Nino~ _ [Tavi: g:] `cxorebaÁ wmidisa ninoÁsi~ (peCi 1975: 302-304); Kapitel 4 `von derselben Salome von Užarma aufgezeichnet~ _ [Tavi: d:] àRwerili misve salome uJarmelisaÁ~ (peCi 1975: 307-311); Kapitel 6 `Die Ankunft der heiligen Nino in Mcxeta, aufgezeichnet von derselben Salome von Užarma~ _ [Tavi: v:] `mowevnaÁ wmidisa ninoÁsi mcxeTad, aRwerili misive salome uJarmelisaÁ~ (peCi 1975: 311-314); _ Kapitel 7 `Das eine Jüdische Frau mit Namen Sidonia, die Tochter des Priesters Abiatar, aufgezeichnet hat~ _ [Tavi: z:] `romeli aRwera dedakacman huriaman, saxeliT sidonia, asulman abiaTar mRdelisaman~ (peCi 1975: 315-318); Kapitel 8 `von derselben Frau Sidonia erzählt~ _ [Tavi: À:] `Tqumuli sidoniaÁsive dedakacisaÁ~ (peCi 1975: 318-320); kapitel 9 `Von derselben erzählt~ _ [Tavi: T:] `Tqumuli misive~ (peCi 1975: 320-324); Kapitel 11 `Von derselben erzählt~ _ [Tavi: ia:] `Tqumuli misive~ (peCi 1975: 324-325); Kapitel 12 `das Abiatar berichtete, der zuvor Priester im Iudenviertel von Mcxeta war und die Taufe unter der Hand Ninos empfing~ — [Tavi: ib:] `romeli Tqua abiaTar, romeli iyo pirvel mRdeli baginsa Sina huriaTa mcxeTas da naTel-iRo Ãelsa Sina ninoÁssa~ (peCi 1975: 325-328); Kapitel 13 `über das verehrungswürdige Kreuz, worüber Iakob geschrieben hat~ _ [Tavi: ig:] `patiosnisa juarisaTÂs, romeli aRwera iakob~ (peCi 1975: 328-330); Kapitel 14 `Die Aufrichtung des verchrungswürdigen Kreuzes und danach eine weitere Erscheinung~ _ [Tavi: id:] àRmarTebaÁ patiosnisa juarisa mcxeTisaÁ da merme kualad gamoCinebaÁ~ (peCi 1975: 330-334); Kapitel 15 `Der Brief, den König Mirean von Kartli, in der Stunde seines Todes schrieb. Er liess ihn durch die Hand des Erzbischofs Iakob schreiben und übergab ihn Salome von Užarma, die in Wahrheit über alles unterrichtet war~ _ [Tavi: ie:] `wigni, romeli dawera mirean mefeman qarTlisaman Jamsa sikudilisasa. aRwera ÃeliTa iakob mTavarepiskoposisaÁTa da misca salomes uJarmelsa, Zis colsa TÂssa, romeli mecnier iyo yovelsave WeSmaritad~ (peCi 1975: 334-337); `Das Vermächtnis König Mireans an seinen Sohn Rev und an seine Gemahlin Nana~ _ ànderZi mirean mefisaÁ Zisa TÂsisa mimarT revisa da colisa TÂsisa nanaÁsa~ (peCi 1975: 337). `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ teqstze xangrZlivi muSaobis periodSi g. peCma specialuri statiac dabeWda Tsu SromaTa krebulSi _ `zogierTi nominaluri funqciis gansazRvrebisaTvis `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ teqstSi~ (peCi 1971: 125-138). `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ Targmnis Semdeg gertrud peCi kidev didxans muSaobda qarTul saistorio wyaroebze. amisi dasturia 1985 wels laifcigSi dastambuli, mSvenivrad gaformebuli xuTasgverdiani wigni `Das Leben Kartlis~ (`qarTlis cxovreba~) germanul enaze (peCi 1985). wigns darTuli aqvs g. peCis sakmaod vrceli winasityvaoba, romliTac igi waradgens saqarTvelos ucxoeli mkiTxvelis winaSe (peCi 1985: 5-50). pirveli, rac TvalSi sacemia am winasityvaobis gacnobisas, aris didi siTbo da siyvaruli saqarTvelosadmi. avtori mkiTxvels uambobs im qveynis Sesaxeb, romelic kavkasionis qedsa da Sav zRvas Soris mdebareobs, rogorc sazRvari evropasa da azias, qristianobasa da islams Soris... winasityvaobaSi met-naklebad aRwerilia saqarTvelos istoriis umniSvnelovanesi peripetiebi. Semdeg avtori uSualod exeba `qarTlis cxovrebasa~ da mis avtorebs. winasityvaoba dainteresebul mkiTxvels sakmaod srul warmodgenas uqmnis saqarTveloze, amzadebs mas uZvelesi matianeebis gasacnobad. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ germanuli Targmanis Sedgeniloba amgvaria∗∗: Leonti Mroveli, [Erster Teil:] `Leben der kartwelischen Könige~ (leonti mroveli, [nawili pirveli:] `cxovreba qarTuelTa mefeTasa~) (peCi 1985: 51-130); [Zweiter Teil:] `Die Bekehrung Könige Mirians und ganz Kartlis durch unsere heilige und selige Mutter, die Apostelin Nino~ ([nawili meore:] `moqceva mirian mefisa da mis Tana yovlisa qarTlisa wmidisa da netarisa dedisa Cuenisa nino mociqulisa mier~) (peCi 1985: 131199); `Dshuanscher, `Das Leben Wachtang Gorgassals~ (juanSeri, `cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa~) (peCi 1985: 201-318); Leonti Mroveli, `Das Martyriam des heiligen und rühmenswerten Blutceuged Artschil, der König von Kartli war~ (leonti mroveli, `mefe qarTlisa arCili~) (peCi 1985: 318--322); `Die Chronik Kartlis~ (`matiane qarTlisa~) (peCi 1985: 323-394); `Leben des König der Könige, David~ (`cxovreba mefeTmefisa daviTisi~) (peCi 1985: 395-446); `Die Chronik aus der Zeit Georg Laschas~ (`laSa giorgisdroindeli matiane~) (peCi 1985: 447-457); Ssumbat, Sohn Davids, `Leben und Chronik der Bagratiden~ (sumbat daviTis-Ze, `cxovreba da uwyeba bagratonianTa~) (peCi 1985: 459-481). wigns darTuli aqvs istoriuli TariRebis qronologia, pirTa da geografiul saxelTa ganmarteba∗

∗∗

aq da Semdeg `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ Tavebis saxelwodebebi damowmebulia wignidan: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, wigni I (V-X ss.), `mecniereba~, Tb.: 1964. aq da Semdeg leonti mrovelis `ninos cxovrebis~ Tavebis saxelwodebebi damowmebulia wignidan: qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. I, Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1955.

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komentarebi (peCi 1985: 483-492), romlebic germanulenovan mkiTxvels daexmareba `qarTlis cxovrebis~ teqstis ukeT gagebaSi. leonti mrovelis `ninos cxovreba~ germanul TargmanSi, originalis msgavsad, calke Tavadaa gamoyofili: `Die Bekehrung König Mirians und ganc Kartlis durch unsere heilige und selige Mutter, die Apostelin Nino~ (`moqceva mirian mefisa da mis Tana yovlisa qarTlisa wmidisa da netarisa dedisa Cuenisa nino mociqulisa mier~) (peCi 1985: 131-187; qarTlis cxovreba: 72-130). amTaviTve unda aRvniSnoT, rom `ninos cxovreba~, iseve, rogorc mTlianad `qarTlis cxovreba~, srulad aris Targmnili germanul enaze. g. peCi mimarTavs uzustesi samecniero Targmanis gzas da ara gardaTqma-perifrazirebas. germanuli teqsti TiTqmis sityvasityviT mihyveba originals, mTargmneli ar amaxinjebs pirTa saxelebsa da toponimebs, zogjer, qarTuli gamocemis safuZvelze, bibliur pirvelwyaroebsac uTiTebs (peCi 1985: 143-144). originalis msgavsad, germanuli Targmanic Seicavs qveTavebs: Èrzählung des Priesters Abiathar, der ein Iüngen der seligen Nino war~ (`Tqmuli abiaTar mRdelisa, romeli daemowafa wmidasa da netarsa ninos~) (peCi 1985: 151153); Èrzählung desselben Priesters Abiathar über das Gewand unseres Herrn Iesus Christus~ (`Tqmuli misive abiaTar mRdelisa kuarTisaTÂs uflisa Cuenisa ieso qristesisa~) (peCi 1985: 153-163); Èrzählung der Frau Sidonia, die eine Anhängerin Ninos war, die die wunderbare Bekehrung König Mirians erlebte und aufschrieb, und das Niederfallen vor Nino mit dem Bekenntnis zu Christus, die Aufrichtung des Kreuzes, den Kirchenbau und die Wunder darin~ (`Tqmuli sidonia dedakacisa, romeli iyo mowafe ninosi, romeliese ixila da daiwera moqceva saswauliTa mirian mefisa, da Sevrdoma ninosi aRsarebisaTÂs qristesisa, juarisa aRmarTebisaTÂs, eklesiaTa aRSenebisaTÂs da mas Sina saswaulTa misTaTÂs~ (peCi 1985: 163-166); Èrzählung derselben über den Kirchenbau~ (`Tqmuli misive aRSenebisaTÂs eklesiisa~) (peCi 1985: 166-174); `Űber die Aufrichtung des verehrungswürdigen Kreuzes~ (àRmarTebisaTÂs patiosnisa juarisa~) (peCi 1985: 175-180); `Der Brief den der Patriarch von Ostrom und der König der Brandshen an Nino und König Mirian und das ganze Volk von Kartli schrieben~ (`wigni, romeli mouwera patriarqman hromisaman da branjTa mefeman ninos da mefesa mirians da yovelsa ersa qarTlisasa~) (peCi 1985: 181-187). `qarTlis cxovrebis~ peCiseul Targmanze vrceli recenzia gamoaqveyna l. bregaZem, romelmac Targmani specialurad Seudara originals da zogierTi uzustobac gamoavlina. magram, miuxedavad amisa, igi wers: ùcxoeli mTargmnelis mier `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mTeli pirveli tomis Targmna da gamocema, udavod, didi gabedulebaa da amgvari saqmis wamowyebisaken mxolod sagnis didi siyvaruli Tu ubiZgebs adamians. es dasafasebelia. amitom, ramdeni SeniSvnac unda gvqondes am naSromis mimarT, xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom gakeTda didi saqme, romlis TandaTan srulyofa amieridan gansakuTrebul siZneles aRar warmoadgens~ (bregaZe 1987). `qarTlis cxovrebis~ teqstze muSaobas ukvalod ar Cauvlia _ saqarTvelos istoriis kargi codna gamovlinda g. peCis ara mxolod am Targmanis winasityvaobaSi, aramed sxva naSromebSic: `SoTa rusTveli da misi dro~, `RvTis xati da adamianis saxe rusTvelis `vefxistyaosanSi~ (rusTveli... 1976: 249-279) da sxv. wm. ninos saxeli araerTxel ixsenieba ienis universitetis profesoris hainc fenrixis wignSi `Die Georgische Literatur~ (`qarTuli literatura~) (fenrixi 1981). es aris qarTuli literaturis mokle mimoxilva dasabamidan me-20 saukunis literaturis CaTvliT. naSromis meore TavSi `Frühfeadale Literatur~ (àdrefeodaluri xanis literatura~) (fenrixi 1981: 35-41) ixsenieba saqarTvelos eklesiis araerTi wmindani: evstaTi mcxeTeli, abo Tbileli, grigol xanZTeli... da maTi cxovreba-wamebis amsaxveli nawarmoebebi. avtoris sityviT, `wminda ninos cxovrebisa da qarTveli mefis mirianis dros gaqristianebis ambebia gadmocemuli hagiografiul ZeglebSi `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ da `nino kabadokielis cxovreba~. ninom daaxloebiT 350 wels gaaqristiana saqarTvelo, ris Semdegac misi cxovreba bevr TxzulebaSia aRwerili. moRweulia xuTi Zveli varianti, romelTagan uZvelesia Satberduli redaqcia, romelic me-10 saukuneSi Seiqmna~ (fenrixi 1981: 39-40). miuxedavad zogierTi uzustobisa, aRniSnul wignSi qarTlis gaqristianebisa da wm. ninos misioneruli moRvaweobis Sesaxeb mocemuli cnobebi garkveul interess imsaxurebs. damowmebani: baumgartneri 1897: Baumgartner A. Geschichte der Weltliteratur. Freiburg: 1897. baumStarki 1911: Baumstark A. Die georgische Literatur. Die christliche Literaturen des Orients. Sammlung Göschen, II, Leipzig: 1911. bregaZe 1987: bregaZe l. `qarTlis cxovreba~ germanulad. gaz. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 23. I. 1987. deetersi 1963: Deeters G. Georgische Literatur, in Handbuch der Orientalistik, erste Abteilung. Der Nahe und der Mittlere Osten, siebenter Band. Leiden-Köln: 1963. TarxniSvili 1936: Tarchnishvili M. Das Christentum in Georgien. Der Christliche Orient in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. 1, 1936. Munchen, #1, #2. TarxniSvili 1940: Tarchnishvili M. Die Legende der heiligen Nino und die Geschichte des georgischen Nationalbewußtseins. Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 40. 1940.

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TarxniSvili 1951: Tarchnishvili M. Georgia. Enciclopedia Cattiloca. Firenze. 6, Città del Vaticano: 1951. TarxniSvili 1953: Tarchnishvili M. Die heilige Nino, Bekehrerin von Georgien. Analeeta Ordinis Saneti Basili Magni. Rom: 1953. TarxniSvili 1994: TarxniSvili m. werilebi. seria: qarTuli eklesiis istoria (masalebi da gamokvlevebi). krebuli Seadgina da gamokvleva daurTo T. ZubburiZem. I. `kandeli~, Tb.: 1994. `kavkasioni~ 1964: `kavkasioni~, IX, parizi: 1964. `nino mociquli~ 1961: Die Apostelin Nino. Eine georgische Legendengestalt. Herausgegeben von Nikolos Dschanelidse. Itzehoe in Hollstein, 1961. peCi 1971: peCi g. zogierTi nominaluri funqciis gansazRvrebisaTvis `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ teqstSi. Tsu Sromebi, 2(140) (germanul enaze), 1971. peCi 1973: Pätsch G. Washa-Pschawela und der Realismus. - `Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der FSU~, 22, 1973. peCi 1975: Pätsch G. Die Bekehrung Georgiens. Bedi Kartlisa. Revue de Kartvelologie, vol. XXXIII, Paris: 1975. peCi 1977: Pätsch G. K. Gamsachurdia 1893-1975. - `Georgien Wissen. Zeitschrift der FSU~, 26, 1977. peCi 1985: Pätsch G. Das Leben Kartlis. Eine Chronik ans Georgien, 300-1200. Herausgegeben von Gertrud Pätsch. Leipzig: 1985. reviSvili 1977: reviSvili S. qarTuli literaturis germaneli mkvlevarebi. wignSi: germanul-qarTuli etiudebi. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 1977. rusTveli... 1976: rusTveli msoflio literaturaSi. I (Semdgenlebi: l. menabde, n. orlovskaia, S. reviSvili, d. fanCuliZe). Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 1976. fenrixi 1981: Fähnrich H. Die Georgische Literatur (Ein überblich). Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1981. qarTlis cxovreba... 1955: qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. I, Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1955. qarTuli... 2003: qarTuli literatura evropul mecnierebaSi (e. xinTibiZis redaqciiT). Tb.: `qarTvelologi~, 2003. qse 1984: qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. VIII, Tb.: 1984. SaraZe 1991: SaraZe g. ucxoeTis cis qveS. I, Tb.: `merani~, 1991. Zeglebi 1964: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. wigni I (V-X ss.). Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1964.

Darejan Menabde Old Georgian Literary Monuments in the German Language (Moktsevai Kartlisai and The Life of Saint Nino) Summary The present study is of the bibliographic character. In it scholarly studies published about Moktsevai Kartlisai („The Conversion of Kartli“) and The Life of Saint Nino in German translations, journals and newspapers are gathered. The interest in Georgian literature originated in Germany from the 1780s. A number of scholars - I.Adler, F.Alter, I.Adelung, A.Baumgartner, A.Baumstark, and others - touched upon the issues of the history of Georgia, Georgian culture and literature in their works. Georgian researchers (M.Tarkhnishvili, N.Janelidze, and others) also published numerous papers on St.Nino in the German language. In the study considerable attention is devoted to the translations of German kartvelologist G. Pätsch. The aim of the study is to record and classify the presented material.

irina nacvliSvili JamTaaRmwerlis „aswlovani matianis“ bibliuri wyaroebisaTvis Sua saukuneebis qarTul mwerlobas, iseve, rogorc saerTod am drois xelovnebas, dRevandelisagan gansxvavebuli esTetikuri kategoriebi ayalibebs. literaturul ZeglTa mxatvruli specifika bibliur saxeobriv sistemas efuZneba da esa Tu is nawarmoebic swored amis kvalobaze Sinaarsdeba. qarTuli JamTaaRmwerlobac, romelic Cveni erovnuli mwerlobis erTiani procesis ganuyofeli nawilia, amgvar SemoqmedebiT-saazrovno models emorCileba. amasTanave, is im specifikur istorizms avlens, romelic Suasaukuneobrivma qristianulma msoflxedvam SeimuSava. istoriis Teologiuri filosofiis mixedviT, romelic saTaves netari avgustinedan iRebs, kacobriobis cxovrebaSi RvTis Carevis TiToeuli aqti qmnis istoriis konkretul etaps da, amdenad, istoriuli faqtebi religiur faseulobas iZenen. miwieri istoria eqvemdebareba gamoxsnis bibliur istorias da imarTeba transcendentuli CanafiqriT. Suasaukuneobrivi msoflxedva yofiT—realuri movlenis konkretul mizezobriv axsnas ki ar eZebda, aramed eswrafoda misi simboluri kavSiris danaxvas msoflio istoriuli dramis arqetipebTan, rameTu erovnuli istoria simetriulad Seesatyviseba bibliurs iseve,

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rogorc axali aRTqma-Zvels. amasTan, miwier istorias ara aqvs TavisTavadi Rirebuleba, is sakraluri istoriis anareklia da sazriss mxolod masSi CarTviT iZens. erovnuli istoriis msoflio istoriis nawilad aRqma sisxlxorceulia Sua saukuneTa qarTuli istoriografiisaTvis, romelic qveynis cxovrebas Suasaukuneobrivi saRvTismetyvelo tipologiis kvalobaze warmoaCens. am TvalsazrisiT uaRresad sainteresoa XIV saukunis „aswlovani matiane“, romelic ambis mimdinareobiTa da movlenaTa gadmocemis logikiT ufro qronografiul stils misdevs, vidre qronikul-matianurs. ucnobi qarTveli istorikosi Txrobas movlenaTa Sinagan-azrobrivi kavSirebis safuZvelze agebs da, amdenad, siuJeti misi Txzulebisa, garkveulwilad, ufro mxatvrulia, vidre istoriuli. qarTveli eris cxovrebis yoveli mniSvnelovani movlena „aswlovan matianeSi“ zedroul ganzomilebas iZens da bibliuri kategoriebis saSualebiT aixsneba; istoriuli pirebi Tu calkeuli situaciebi msoflio bibliuri istoriis rakursSia warmodgenili. konkretuli samyaro simbolurad gaorebulia bibliuri arqetipebis Ziebis xarjze. cxovreba viTardeba or droul sibrtyeSi _ miwieri arsebobis empiriul movlenaTa da RvTiuri Canafiqris aRsrulebis fonze. saqarTvelos istoria mowodebulia, rogorc zedrouli bibliuri istoriis droSi gamovlena da masTan alegoriuli Sesatyvisoba. personaJTa saxeebi ganzogadebulia bibliuri idealis kvalobaze da esTetikur Rirebulebas iZenen imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad gamoxataven isini adamianuri arsebobis qristianul sazriss. amasTanave, JamTaaRmwereli eyrdnoba TeologiaSi bibliis safuZvelze SemuSavebul Tvalsazriss: „samyaro skolaa... istoria, da upirveles yovlisa, „saRvTo istoria“ _ pedagogiuri procesi.. oikumenis sivrce adgilia msoflio skolisaTvis“ (averincevi 1977:162)∗. amitomac igi saqarTvelos istoriis damoZRvriT Sinaarss bibliuri zneTswavlulebis gamoyenebiT gvawvdis. ase rom, biblia JamTaaRmwerlis istoriografiuli Tu eTikur-esTetikuri azrovnebis safuZvelia. zemoaRniSnulis sailustraciod amjerad yuradRebas mivaqcevT „aswlovani matianis“ ramdenime pasaJs, romlebSic avtori konkretuli istoriuli pirisa da mTeli eris Secodebas zogadbibliur SecodebasTan akavSirebs da, amasTanave, am Secodebis Sedegebs bibliur winaswarmetyvelebaTa fonze moiazrebs. aseT pasaJebs miekuTvneba mematianis monaTxrobi rusudanis mier Svilis gamefebis gamo ZmisSvilis gawirvis Sesaxeb. mamida rusudanis SesmeniT saberZneTis sulTanma yiasdinma daviT ufliswuli gvelebian ormoSi Caagdo, magram ucodveli Wabuki gansacdelisagan RmerTma ixsna. rusudans ki,rogorc mefes Tu rogorc dedas, arasaxarbielo xvedri ergo. uSualod ufliswulis gvelebian ormoSi yofnis suraTis dasrulebis Semdeg istorikosi wers: „rameTu esreT ganizraxa mefeman rusudan, TaviT TvisiT damtkicebad mefobisa Zisa Tvisisa, ara momxsenebelman sityvisa winaswarmetyuelisa esaiassa, romel ityvis: „da moxednes ufalman gonebasa mas zeda didebiTa TualTa maT misTasa. rameTu Tqua ZalTa xelTa CemTaTa vyo, da sibrZniTa gulisxmis-yofisa CemisaTa mogipyrne sazRvarni Teslebisani, da Zali maTi warmoviRo da SevZrne [qalaqni] damkvidrebulni, da sofeli yoveli davipyra ÃeliTa CemiTa viTarca marTueni, da viTarca kuercxni daSTomilni aRvixune, da aravin iyos romeli ganmeres me anu sityua migos. aw ukue ididos _ mea culi Tvinier mkueTelisa, viTarmca TaviT TvisiT kueTda? anu amaRldes xerxi Tvinier mzidvelisa misisa? egreTve vin aRiRos kuerTxni gina SeSa? ara egreT, aramed moavlinos ufalman sabaoT Sensa patiosnebasa zeda upatioeba da didebasa Sensa zeda cecxli aRgzebuli aRtydebodes“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 203-204). rogorc Cans, JamTaaRmwereli esaias winaswarmetyvelebas zepirad imowmebs (ix. es. 10, 12-16), ris gamoc matianiseuli teqsti sityva-sityviT ki ar mihyveba biblias, aramed Tavisufali perifrazis STabeWdilebas tovebs. JamTaaRmwereli Tavisi mizandasaxulobis gaTvaliswinebiT maxvils asurastaneli mTavris RvTis nebis ugulebelyofis gziT warmomdgar qedmaRlobasa da pativmoyvareobaze svams, rasac „aswlovan matianeSi“ rusudanis qmedeba Seesabameba. amitomac miiCnevs istorikosi, rom xvedri, romelic Semdgom rusudans uflisgan ergo, SeiZleba esaias winaswarmetyvelebis gauTvaliswineblobis Sedegad CaiTvalos da misive sityvebiT gamoixatos. am SemTxvevaSi istorikosi win wamoswevs dedoflis pativmoyvareobas, rogorc did codvas, da amis sapasuxo RvTiur risxvas esaias winaswarmetyvelebis fonze moiazrebs. rusudan dedoflis xvedrisadmi esaias winaswarmetyvelebis misadagebiT vlindeba JamTaaRmwerlis zogadqristianuli msoflmxedveloba _ bibliuri ambebi maradiuli kategoriebia, romlebic periodulad cocxldebian realur cxovrebaSi. Sesabamisad, yvela istoriul faqtsa Tu movlenas pirvelsaxe „saRvTo werilSi“ eZebneba. samyaros amgvari xedva akvalianebda mTel Suasaukuneobriv xelovnebas. a. gureviCis dakvirvebiT: „samyaro gaiazreboda, upirvelesad, rogorc mTeli, romlis nawilebic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli iyo simboluri analogiebiT. amitom mizezobriv axsnas daqvemdebarebuli roli ekisreboda da mniSvneloba hqonda mxolod Zalze konkretul sakiTxTa Sesaxeb msjelobisas, magram samyaro mTlianad, Sua saukuneTa moazrovneebis TvalSi, ar imarTeba mizezobriobis kanonebiT, sxvadasxva movlenas Soris ∗

damowmebuli rusuli samecniero literaturis Targmani sxva SemTxvevebSic Cvenia _ i.n.

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arsebobs ara horizontaluri kavSirebi („mizezi-Sedegis“, „moqmedeba-antimoqmedebis“ tipisa), aramed ierarqiis vertikaluri mimarTebani: yovel miwier sagans aqvs transcendentuli prototipi, pirvelsaxe, romelic mas, faqtobrivad, ar „ xsnis...“ magram avlens mis ufro Rrma azrs. damokidebulebani pirvelsaxesa da movlenas Soris stabiluria da ucvleli. es aris funqcionaluri da ara dinamikuri mimarTebani“ (gureviCi 1972: 303). bibliur da istoriul movlenaTa urTierTmimarTebis es principi udevs safuZvlad „aswlovan matianeSi“ avtoris mier moxmobil sxva Sedarebasac. kerZod, laSa-giorgis cxovrebis wesze saubrisas („Seqceuli iyo smasa da Wamasa“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 157)) JamTaaRmwereli paralels avlebs ebraeli eris bibliur SecodebasTan: „viTarca winaswarmetyvelica ityvis: „Wama iakob, ganZRa, gansxva, gansuqna, da dauteva RmerTi Semoqmedi Tvisi, da ganudga RmerTsa macxovarsa Tvissa“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 157). rasakvirvelia, aq konkretuli pirovneba (iakobi) ki ar igulisxmeba, aramed iakobis STamomavalni, „iakobis saxli“. damowmebuli citata aris meore sjulis wignis, kerZod, aRsasrulis win moses galobis teqstis erTi nawili (II sj. 32, 15). am galobas bibliaSi specifikuri funqcia da daniSnuleba aqvs. igi uflis CvenebiTa da brZanebiT iwereba yovelTaTvis saswavlad da Taobidan Taobaze gadasacemad RvTis rwmenis Seuryevlobis mizniT. masSi gaTvaliswinebulia ebraeli eris rogorc ukve ganvlili gza, ise momavali cxovrebac da saboloo perspeqtivac. amdenad, moses galoba bibliur sjulis wignSi winaswarmetyvelebis niSnebs atarebs. JamTaaRmwerlis mier SedarebisaTvis moxmobili citatac TviT bibliaSi jer ar momxdars, magram mosaxdens mianiSnebs. is, rac winaswarmetyvelebis formiT gamoiTqva moses galobaSi, realurad erTxel ukve ganxorcielda ebraeli eris bibliur cxovrebaSi, axla ki, JamTaaRmwerlis Teosofiuri TvalsazrisiT, meordeba saqarTvelos istoriaSic. am gaazrebiT, qarTlis cxovrebac kacobriobis istoriis uSualo nawilia. misi yoveli konkretul—realuri movlena CarTulia saerTo msofliuristoriul dramaSi. amgvari msoflmxedveloba, SedarebisaTvis teqstis moses galobidan moxmobis SemTxvevaSi, „aswlovan matianeSi“ bibliuri winaswarmetyvelebis saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi axdenis fonze aris mowodebuli. laSa giorgis Sinagani bunebidan gamomdinare („iyo ese laSa-giorgi saxiobis moyuare, Rvinis moyuare da gemoT-moyuare“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 156-157)), istorikosis mier warmodgenili misi cxovrebis wesi („Seqceul iyo smasa da Wamasa“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 157)) ubralo „Wama-smas“ ki ar gulisxmobs, aramed gancxromis im codvian gzas, romelic RvTisagan gandgomis momaswavebelia. amis sailustraciod JamTaaRmwereli jer wminda mamaTa naazrevs moiSveliebs („romlisaTvis dasweren mamani, viTarmed: „samni arian mizezni vnebaTani, romelTagan iSvebian yovelni borotni: gemoTmoyuarebani, vecxlis moyuareba da didebis-moyuareba; amaTni pirmSoni arian: siZvani, mruSebani, risxva, mwynaroba, ampartavneba“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 157)), xolo Semdeg moses zemoaRniSnul sityvebs sjulis wignidan. rogorc Cans da mosalodnelic iyo, JamTaaRmwereli moses galobis nawyvets zepirad imowmebs. amitomac SeiniSneba mcireodeni gansxvaveba „aswlovani matianisa“ da meore sjulis wignis Sesabamis adgilebs Soris. istorikosis mier bibliidan damowmebul citata, laSa-giorgisTan erTad, mis garemocvasac, e. i. mTeli qarTveli eris garkveul nawilsac miemarTeba. uSualod moseseuli sityvebis Semdeg JamTaaRmwereli ityvis: „egreTve iqmna naTesavsaca amas Sina qarTvelTasa, rameTu ganZRes da iSuebdes da uwesoebad midrkes siZvaTa Sina da mTrvalobaTa ugunurni kacni, mefis karsa zeda ara-yofisa-Rirsni da aw karsa zeda myofni“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 157), xolo Semdeg konkretulad qveynis „mooxrebis“ suraTs gvTavazobs, rac, yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare,mas Semcode ebraeli eris mimarT RvTis ricxvis analogiad miuCnevia. qarTvelTa Secodebis Sedegebs mematiane sxva SemTxvevaSic bibliuri winaswarmetyvelebis axdenis saxiT warmoaCens. rusudanis mefobis Jams TaTarTa mier saqarTvelos rbevisa da oxrebis mizezad JamTaaRmwerels eris sruli moraluri da zneobrivi degradacia miaCnia („mZvinvareni gansacdelni aRiZvrodes saqarTvelosa sazRvarTa, ukeTurebisaTvis mkvidrTa qarTlisaTa, rameTu yoveli asaki berTa da yrmaTa, mefeTa da mTavarTa, didTa da mcireTa midrka siboroteTa. rameTu dauteves simarTle da WeSmariteba, vinaTgan TviT mRdelTa mier ixilveboda arawmideba, vinaTgan yoveli eri iqmodes sibilwesa“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 186)), rac, Tavis mxriv, mas beniamenis ZeTa codvas agonebs („viTar odesme Zeni beniamenisni“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 186)). swored maT miemarTeba bibliaSi winaswarmetyveleba, romelsac warmoTqvams esaia „Zvinad babilonisa“ xilvis Sedegad: „xmai naTesavTa mravalTa mTaTa zeda msgavsi naTesavTa mravalTa. xma mefeTa da naTesavTa SekrebulTa. ufalman sabaoT ubrZana naTesavsa saWurveliT mbrZolsa moslva queyanisagan Sorielisa mwuervalisagan safuZvelisa cisasa. ufalman da saWurveliT mbrZolTa misTa ganxrwnad yovlisa mkvidrovnisa da codvilTa warwymedad misgan. valalaebdiT, rameTu axlos ars dRe uflisaჲ da Semusrva RmrTisa mier moiwios“ (es. 13, 4-6). am teqstis Tavisufali perifraziT („ufali, ufali sabaoT ubrZanebs naTesavsa Wurvilsa moslvad queyaniT SoriT, kidiT safuZveliTgan cisaT, ufali da Wurvilni da mbrZolni misni, ganryunad yovlisa soflisa da codvaTa mospolvad misgan. RaRadebdiT, rameTu axlos ars dRe uflisa, da Semusrva RmrTisa mier moiwios“ (qarTlis

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cxovreba 1959: 187). gvimJRavnebs mematiane Tavis saTqmels. kerZod, istorikosis TvalTaxedviT, rusudanis zeobis Jams qarTvelebma Sescodes iseve, rogorc Zveli aRTqmis istoriaSi beniamenis STamomavlebma, romelTa kvalobazec gaiziares maT uflis mier ganCinebuli saSineli xvedri, winaswar gamoTqmuli esaias xilvaSi („viTar igini miecnes mosasrvelad, egreTve eseni aqa Sina miscna RmerTman naTesavni qarTvelTani mosasrvelad msgavsad ZeTa beniamenisTa, viTarca ityvis winaswarmetyveli esaia: „ufali, ufali sabaoT ubrZanebs naTesavsa Wurvilsa...“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 186-187)). magram JamTaaRmwereli bibliidan mxolod am pasaJis moxmobiT ar kmayofildeba da isev esaias winaswarmetyvelebis moSveliebiT ufro amZafrebs saqarTvelos savalalo mdgomareobis suraTs: „da kualad xmobs: „dRe uflisa movals ukurnebeli, risxviTa da guliswyromiTa, dadebad yoveli sofeli oxrad da codvilTa warwymedad misgan“ (qarTlis cxolvreba 1959: 187). esaias winaswarmetyvelebisa da saqarTvelos yofis erT sibrtyeze warmodgena Sua saukuneTa istoriografiuli azrovnebis specifikas gvivlens _ qveynisa Tu eris cxovreba winaswar gansazRvrulia bibliiT, rameTu igi oden saukuneTa siRrmeSi mimdinare movlenebs ki ar gvacnobs, aramed maradiul kategoriaTa sistemas amkvidrebs. realurad momxdar ama Tu im faqts arqetipi warsulSi eZebneba. amiT „warsuli xelaxla aRorZindeba da brundeba, iqceva ra awmyos realur Sinaarsad. magram damoukidebeli Rirebulebis dakargviT awmyo, amasTan erTad, ivseba ufro Rrma da maradiuli SinaarsiT, ramdenadac igi uSualod miemarTeba miTur warsuls, gardasuls, romelic mudam grZeldeba. cxovreba kargavs SemTxveviTobisa da swrafad mdinarebis xasiaTs. is CarTulia maradisobaSi da aqvs gacilebiT amaRlebuli azri“ (gureviCi 1972: 108). amave TvalsazrisiT aris gansaxilveli „aswlovani matianis“ sxva pasaJic, sadac avtori xvarazmelTa mier saqarTvelos aoxrebaze gvesaubreba: „da gagrZelda eseviTari Wiri da zegardamomavali risxva xuTisa wlisa JamTa, rameTu or wel pirvel aRaoxres queyana da xuTi weli qalaqsa dayves, da aoxrebdes queyanaTa zemoxsenebulTa. arRara iyo Senebuleba Tvinier cixeTa da simagreTa, rameTu queyana saqarTvelosa mieca gansaryunelad amis ZaliTa, rameTu dauteves mefeTa da mTavarTa samarTali, mowyaleba, siyuaruli, siwrfoeba, simSvide, simarTle da amis wil moipoves ampartavneba, zakua, Suri, Ãdoma, siZulvili, angareba, mimZlavreba, klvani, parvani, siZvani, uwesoebani“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 178-179). rogorc vxedavT, JamTaaRmwereli am SemTxvevaSic qveynis waxdenis mizezad mis mkvidrTa sulier dacemas asaxelebs. magram, amasTanave, sainteresoa, rom istorikosis, erTi SexedviT, Cveulebrivi monaTxrobis sityvieri masala TiTqmis mTlianad bibliidan, kerZod ki, romaelTa mimarT pavles epistoledan unda momdinareobdes. aq vkiTxulobT: „da viTarca ara gamoicades RmerTi, raiTamca aqunda mecnierebiT, miscna igini RmerTman gamoucdelsa mas gonebasa saqmed ujeroisa. aRsavseni yovliTa sicruiTa, siZviTa, ukeTurebiTa, angahrebiTa, borotebiTa, savse SuriTa, kacis-klviTa, ÃdomiTa, zakuiTa, borotis CueulebiTa, cundrukebiTa, Zviris metyuel, RmrTis Semawuxebel, maginebel, ampartavan, uweso, uyuarul, uwirav, uwyalo“ (rom. 1, 28-31). swored codvianobis gamo daatyda qarTvelobasac Tavs Sesabamisi RvTiuri risxva. amitom qarTveli eris zneobriv gadagvarebaze saubars „aswlovan matianeSi“ bunebrivad erwymis mosalodneli msjavris saSinelebiT aRsavse fraza: „vai maTda, romelni kualsa balamissa Seudges“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 178). istorikosis mier SemoTavazebuli Sedareba balam bosorelTan dakavSirebul bibliur istorias gulisxmobs (ix. ricx. 22-31), romelze miTiTebac „saRmrTo werilis“ ramdenime wignSi gvxvdeba, magram uSualod Sedarebis pirvelwyaro iudas epistole unda iyos, romelSic vkiTxulobT: „vaÁ maTda, rameTu gzasa mas kaenissa vlenan da sacdursa mas balamis sasyidlisasa aRerines da cilobiTa miT koresiTa warwymdes“ (iud. 1,11) (Tumca „aswlovan matianeSi“ mociqulis nacvlad winaswarmetyvelis moxsenieba erTgvar uxerxulobas iwvevs. iqneb, JamTaaRmwerlis Txzulebis es epizodi dazustebas moiTxovdes?!). zemoaRniSnuli citatiT JamTaaRmwereli winaswar amzadebs ganwyobilebas RvTisagan qarTvelebis warwymedis suraTis warmosaCenad: „yovelman asakman berTa da WabukTaman, mciriTgan vidre didadmde, miaqcies siboroted, rameTu seni igi sodomelTa da salmoba gomorelTa moiwia, da amis ZliT misca igini RmerTman warwymedad borotad, rameTu ganviwireniT RmrTisa mier, romel daviviwyeT RmerTi da RmerTmanca samarTlianad dagviviwya. da mooxrda queyana saqarTvelosa, lixT—aqaT mooxrda“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 178-179). erTi mxriv, mematianes sakuTari eris moraluri garyvnileba sodom _ gomorelTa codvebs agonebs (ix. dab. 18; 19), amitom saqarTvelos mooxrebac RvTisagan am bibliuri qalaqebis daqcevis (dab. 19, 24; 19, 28) analogiad miuCnevia, magram, meore mxriv, esaias winaswarmetyvelebis acxadebadac ucvnia, radgan wers: „viTarca xmobs esaia winaswarmetyveli: „vaÁ naTesavsa codvilsa, eri romeli savse ars codviTa, naTesavni borotni, Zeni usjuloebisani; dauteveT ufali da ganarisxeT wmida igi israelisa. rasRa iwylviT da SesZinebT usjuloebasa. yoveli Tavi salmobad da yoveli guli mwuxarebad, kualTagan ferxTa vidre Tavadmde; ara ars mas Sina mwuxareba, sicocxle, ara ars wyluli, arca naguemi, brZvili gansivebuli, ara ars salbuni dasadebeli, arca zeTi, arca Sesaxueveli. queyana Tqueni oxer ars da qalaqi Tqueni cecxliTa momwuara. sofelsa Tquensa winaSe Tquensa ucxoTeslni mosWamen, da mooxrebul ars da daqceul erisagan ucxoTeslTasa da daSTes asuli sionisa,

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viTarca kravi venaxsa Sina, da viTarca xilis-sacavi da viTarca qalaqi moculi. ukeTumca ara ufalman sabaoT damitevna Cuen Tesli, viTarca sodomelnica SeviqmeniTca da gomorelTa mivemsgavseniT“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 178-179). „aswlovani matianis es adgilic bibliuri teqsti perifrazirebuli variantia (ix. es. 1, 4-9). konkretul—istoriuli pirovnebisa da mTeli eris Secodebis bibliuri Secodebis gamovlinebad aRqma mematianis da, amave dros, mTlianad epoqis msoflmxedvelobas gvivlens. Sua saukuneebSi konkretul istorias TavisTavadi mniSvneloba ar hqonda. is ganixileboda, rogorc maradiuli, erTaderTi WeSmariti Rirebulebis mqone, bibliuri kategoriebis gamovlena lokalur droSi. miwieri cxovreba sazriss mxolod sakralur istoriaSi CarTviT, masTan ziarebiT iZenda. realuri istoria Sua saukuneebSi gaiazreboda ara logikis, aramed mistikis safuZvelze, anu aixsneboda ara obieqturi mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis Ziebis gziT, aramed kacobriobis cxovrebis saerTo bibliur sqemaSi CarTviT. am Tvalsazriss gahyva Sua saukuneTa qarTuli istoriosofiac. yovelive zemoTqmulis kvalobaze, „aswlovani matianis“ bibliuri konteqstic unda aRviqvaT mematianis mcdelobad, saqarTvelos istoria konkretul epoqaSi maradiulTan kavSirSi warmogvidginos da amiT cxadyos misi WeSmariti sazrisi. damowmebani: averincevi 1977: Аверинцев С.С. Поэтика ранневизантийской литературы. М.: издательство “Наука», 1977. gureviCi 1972: Гуревич А.Я. Категории средневековой культуры. М.: издательство «Искусство», 1972. qarTlis cxovreba 1959: qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. II. Tb.: gamomcemloba „sabWoTa saqarTvelo“, 1959.

Irina Natsvlishvili The Biblical Sources of The Chronicle of One Hundred Summary Medieval Georgian literature, similar to the art of that period in general, is based on the aesthetic categories, quite different from those of the present day. The artistic specificity of these literary monuments draws on the biblical image system and one or another work is interpreted on this basis. Georgian chronicling, which is an inalienable part of our national literature, follows a similar model of creation and thinking. Along with this, it shows the specific historism, worked out by the medieval Christian world view. According to the theological philosophy of history, originating with St Augustine, every act of divine agency in the life of humankind constitutes a particular stage of history, and thus, historical facts acquire a religious value. The earthly life obeys the biblical history of the redemption and is guided by the transcendent intent. The medieval world view did not look for a specific causal explanation of a phenomenon of real life, but sought to find its symbolic link with the archetypes of the world historical drama, for national history symmetrically corresponds to the biblical history, as is the case with the correspondence of the New and the Old Testament. The earthly life has no value in itself. It is the reflection of the sacred history, acquiring a meaning only with relation to the latter. The perception of national history as a part of the world history is typical for the old Georgian historiography too, which writes the history of the country on the basis of the medieval theological typology. In this regard, attention attaches to The Chronicle of One Hundred Years of the 14th c., which according to the narration and the logic of representation of the events adheres to the chronographic rather than the chronicle style. The narration of the anonymous Georgian historian is based on the relations of the inner sense and thus the plot of his work is somewhat more literary than historical. In The Chronicle of One Hundred Years every significant event of the life of the Georgian people acquires a timeless dimension and is explained by the biblical categories. Historical figures and separate situations are shown in respect to the world biblical history. Due to the search for the biblical archetypes, the real world is symbolically dual, life goes on two temporal planes - against the background of the empiric phenomena of the earthly life and the fulfillment of the divine intent. The history of Georgia is represented as a manifestation of the supra-temporal biblical history in time and the allegoric correspondence to it. In this respect, the present author would like to focus attention on several passages of The Chronicle of One Hundred Years, in which the chronicler links the transgression of an individual historical figure or the entire nation with the biblical sin, also interpreting its results in relation to the prophecies of the Holy Scripture. This "code" of the chronicle demonstrates the world view of that time, according to which the life of a country or a nation is predetermined by the Bible, for it not only narrates the past events, but also establishes the system of the eternal categories. One or another fact finds an archetype in the past. Owing to this, "the past revives and returns, becoming the real contents of the present. The present loses its independent value, but it is enriched with a deeper and eternal meaning, as it is directly linked to the mythic past, which lives on eternally. Life is no longer accidental and fleeting, it is included in eternity and has a deeper meaning" (A.Gurevich). Taking into account the above-mentioned, the biblical context of The Chronicle of One Hundred Years should be understood as the attempt of the chronicler to show Georgia's history at a particular time in relation to the eternal and to demonstrate its real meaning in this way.

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goCa kuWuxiZe `wmida SuSanikis martvilobis~ arqetipis aRdgenisaTvis iakob xucesi `wmida SuSanikis martvilobis~ dasawyisSi wers: `da aw damtkicebulad giTxra Tquen aRsasruli wmidisa da sanatrelisa SuSanikisi~; Semdeg iwyebs Txrobas, Tu rogor gaemgzavra varsqen pitiaxSi iranis Sahis karze da iqve brZanebs: `da colad misa iyo asuli vardanisi, somexTa spaÁpetisaÁ, romlisaTÂs ese mivwere Tquenda, mamisagan saxeliT vardan, da siyuaruliT saxeli misi SuSanik, moSiSi RmrTisaÁ, viTarca-igi vTquT, siyrmiTgan TÂsiT~ (Zeglebi 1964: 11). sityvebi _ `viTarca igi vTquT~, didi xania, rac iqcevs mkvlevarTa yuradRebas. radgan nawarmoebSi SuSanikis bavSvobaze arsad ar aris laparaki, mkvlevarTa umetesobisaTvis cxadi xdeba, rom iakob xucess dedoflis bavSvobaze, sxva, _ CvenTvis mouRwevel teqstSi ulaparakia; mkvlevarTa Soris ar aris Tanxmoba, Tu ra saxis unda yofiliyo is teqsti. sergi gorgaZe miiCnevda, rom `wmida SuSanikis martvilobas~ win uZRoda miwer-mowera avtorsa da im pirs Soris, vinc iakobs nawarmoebis dawera daavala. ivane javaxiSvili ar iziarebda mosazrebas, TiTqos nawarmoebi SekveTiT iyos dawerili, _ imitom, rom, rogorc iv. javaxiSvili aRniSnavs, `martvilobidan~ kargad Cans, Tavisi nebiT rom gadauwyvetia iakobs dedoflis mowameobis aRwera, _ iakobi wamebad gamzadebul dedofals eubneba: `viTar gegulebis, miTxar me, raÁTa uwyodi da aRvwero SromaÁ Seni~; vfiqrobT, es imas niSnavs, rom, Tu SuSaniki gauZlebs gamocdas, Tu SeZlebs, rom isev qristesken Semoaqcios varsqeni, maSin SesaZloa Rirseuli dedoflis `cxovreba~ daiweros da varsqenic codvisagan TavdaxsnilTa, momnanieTa Soris iqneba am wignSi moxseniebuli, aRniSnaven netari dedoflis did Rvawls, rac codvaSi Cavardnilis gadasarCenad gaswia; gavixsenoT deda febronia `wmida grigol xancTelis cxovrebidan~, _ man xom mefe ixsna `siZvis dedakacTan~ erTad codvaSi yofnisagan... Tu mowameobrivad aRasrulebs dedofali cxovrebas, maSin `mowameoba~ daiwereba misi; iakobma winaswar ar icis `cxovrebis~ Janris nawarmoebi gamova misi xelidan Tu `wamebisa~... iv. javaxiSvili miiCnevda, rom, SesaZloa, nawarmoebis mxolod meore nawilia SemorCenili da mas aklia `mTeli pirveli, SuSanikis cxovrebis momTxrobeli~ nawili, romelSic SuSanikis RvTismosavobazec iqneboda saubari (javaxiSvili 1980: 64). korneli kekeliZe, Tumca bolomde ar uaryofda, magram, _ mainc saeWvod miiCnevda am azrs, radgan, rogorc TviTon aRniSnavs, _ àgiografiul mwerlobis tradicias aseTi danawileba erTi mTliani nawarmoebisa ar sCvevia~ (kekeliZe 1980:115); igi varaudobda, rom, SesaZloa, iakob curtavels dawerili hqonda wmida SuSanikisadmi miZRvnili sxva nawarmoebi, _ `romelSic SuSanikis Sesaxeb gakvriT iyo laparaki~, Semdeg ki axali nawarmoebi dawera, sadac `sagangebod an damtkicebiT [...] aRwera misi martviloba~ (kekeliZe1980: 115). sruliad ueWvelia, rom marTlac arsebula romeliRac Cvenamde mouRweveli teqsti, romelSic wmida SuSanikze iyo saubari. konkretulad ris Sesaxeb unda yofiliyo im teqstSi laparaki, iqneboda Tu ara masSi SuSanikis cxovreba moTxrobili? rogorc ganxiluli citatidan vnaxeT, nawarmoebis dasawyisSi avtori gvamcnobs, Tu vin iyo SuSaniki, _ visi meuRle, visi Svili gaxldaT, ra erqva mamamiss. rom yofiliyo ucnob teqstSi wmida SuSanikis cxovreba Tundac Zalian mokled moTxrobili, albaT, isic iqneboda naTqvami, rom vardanis asuli da varsqenis coli iyo igi da iakobs am cnobebis gameoreba aRar dasWirdeboda. iakob xucesi im ucnobi teqstidan, Cveni azriT, mxolod ramdenime cnobas imeorebs. Tu CavukvirdebiT nawarmoebs, SevamCevT, romeli winadadeba warmoadgens winare teqstSi mocemuli cnobebis gameorebas: `mamisagan saxeliT vardan da siyuaruliT saxeli misi SuSanik,~ _ am SemTxvevaSi adre naTqvamis nawilobrivi gameoreba unda iyos; Cven kargad viciT, Tu ra erqva dedofals, misi saxeli Cvens xelT arsebul teqstSic ukve moxseniebuli aqvs avtors da, cxadia, moxseniebuli iqneboda im teqstSic, romelSic dedoflis bavSvobidan RvTismoSiSobaze yofila laparaki... magram iakobi mainc kidev ambobs, rom dedoflis saxeli SuSaniki iyo da amas imitom akeTebs, raTa agvixsnas, rom am saxels mas siyvaruliT uZaxdnen, xolo `namdvili~ saxeli sxva iyo, e. i am SemTxvevaSi imis dazusteba xdeba, rom SuSanik dedofals, vityviT ase, _ òficialurad~ mamiseuli saxeli _ vardani erqva... Tu misi saxeli `vardanduxti~ iyo, maSin, SesaZloa, isic unda vifiqroT, rom sparsuli daboloebis mqone saxelis xseneba ar surs iakobs, rom am saxeliT aRar ixseniebda SuSaniki Tavs... damoukidebeli nawarmoebi iqneboda es teqsti Tu Semadgeneli nawili nawarmoebisa, rogori Sinaarsisa unda yofiliyo igi? `martviloba~, rogorc aRvniSneT, iwyeba sityvebiT: `da aw damtkicebulad giTxra Tquen aRsasruli~... e. i. avtori ambobs, rom axla ki danamdvilebiT, damowmebiT (e. i. faqtebis CvenebiT) moyveba netari SuSanikis aRsasruls. nawarmoebi eklesiaSi sakiTxavadaa dawerili, xolo aq moyvanili winadadeba adre dawyebuli saubris uSualo gagrZelebas warmoadgens (am sakiTxebze ix. _ kekeliZe 1980: 115);

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moZRvari mrevls imis Sesaxeb esaubreba, razedac cota xnis winaT daiwyo laparaki... Cveni azriT, Zalian Zneli dasajerebelia, rom eklesiaSi myofi mqadagebeli wmida SuSanikisadmi miZRvnil sxva nawarmoebs, sxva sakiTxavs gulisxmobdes, _ imas, romelic CvenTvis cnobil sakiTxavTan erTad SeiZleba arc yofiliyo wakiTxuli, romelsac, SesaZloa, arc icnobda mrevli; Zneli dasajerebelia, rom iakobis es sityvebi sxva, _ damoukidebeli nawarmoebis arsebobaze mianiSnebdes, _ igi mrevlisaTvis mosasmenad ar axsenebda iseT sakiTxavs, romelic am mrevlisaTvis SesaZloa ucnobi yofiliyo; ufro iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom `martvilobis~ CvenTvis cnobil teqsts win uZRoda masTan uSualod dakavSirebuli teqsti, _ Sesavali, romelSic wmida SuSanikis RvTismoSiSobaze, sikeTeze iyo saubari, romelSic misi saqebari sityvebi iqneboda gadmocemuli, riTac moZRvari msmenelebs netari SuSanikis ambis mosasmenad amzadebda... Tu Cveni varaudi sworia, maSin safiqrebeli xdeba, rom es iyo nawarmoebi, romelSic avtori netari SuSanikis ambis uSualod moTxrobamde msmenels wmidanis saTnoebaze esaubreboda, adidebda mis gamZleobas, tanjvaTa atanis unars, did morwmuneobas, RvTismoSiSebas, rac SuSaniks bavSvobidanve gamoarCevda. SeiZleba ufro meti dazustebac. rogorc vnaxeT, iakobi, brZanebs: `da colad misa iyo asuli vardanisi, somexTa spaÁpetisaÁ, romlisaTÂs ese mivwere Tquenda~... e. i. wmida SuSanikis mamis Sesaxeb ukve mogwereTo... garda imisa, rom xsenebuli sityvebi kidev erTxel adasturebs iakob xucesis mier dawerili sxva, _ CvenTvis ucnobi teqstis arsebobas, igi sxva mxrivac iqcevs yuradRebas: saeWvoa, rom es sityvebi mxolod mrevlisaken iyos mimarTuli, _ aq adresati igulisxmeba, am adgilas werilis miwerazea laparaki (am garemoebas ukve miqcevia yuradReba mecnierebaSi); vfiqrobT, adresatad upirvelesad igulisxmeba werilis konkretuli mimRebi, romelic, mrevlisagan gansxvavebiT, mqadageblis axlos ar imyofeba; marTalia, am sityvebs mrevls ukiTxaven, magram sityvebi _ `mivwere Tquenda~ aSkarad migvaniSnebs, rom aq werilis miwerazea laparaki da, amdenad, safiqrebeli xdeba, rom iakobi romelsame saeklesio pirs mimarTavs, TiTqos romeliRac pirs uambobs momxdars, TiTqos mas eubneba, _ aw damtkicebulad (e. i. _ faqtebis moyvaniT, damowmebiT, damarwmuneblad) getyvi, giambob wmida SuSanikis aRsasrulis Sesaxebo... romelsame erT pirs mimarTavs, magram, cxadia, msmenelebad mrevls, saerTod, _ `SuSanikis wamebis~ yvela mkiTxvels gulisxmobs; Txrobis es wesi Tavad saxarebaSia gamoyenebuli, _ luka maxarebeli saxarebis dasawyisSi RmrTismoyvared moxseniebul Teofiles mimarTavs, Teofiles uambobs uflis Sesaxeb, magram, cxadia, saxareba mxolod misTvis ki ara, _ mTeli qristianuli samyaros gasagonad iwereba... mociqulTa epistoleebs konkretuli adresatebi hyavs, magram am epistoleebs eklesiaSi mTel mrevls ukiTxaven, _ imitom, rom, cxadia, es epistoleebic mTeli qristianuli samyaros gasagonad aris dawerili; lukas saxareba, rogorc iTqva, Teofilesadmi mimarTviT iwyeba, Teofiles sayuradRebod wers luka maxarebeli am sityvebs, _ `jer-miCnda meca, romeli Seudeg pirveliTgan yovliTa WeSmaritebiTa Semdgomad miwerad Senda mÃneo RmrTismoyuareo Teofile, raÁTa scan, romelTaTÂs-igi iswave sityuaTa maT krZalulebaÁ~, _ l. 1, 3-4 (citirebas vaxdenT Semdegi gamocemidan _ qarTuli oTxTavi 1979); axal qarTul TargmanSi _ `miviCnie mec, rom mas Semdeg, rac guldasmiT gamovikvlie yovelive Tavidan, Tanmimdevrulad agiwero, Rirseulo Teofile. rom Seicno im moZRvrebis WeSmariteba, romelic giswavlia~ (axali aRTqma 1991); es sityvebi TiTqos stilisturadac axloa `SuSanikis wamebis~ sityvebTan, _ `romeli ese mivwere Tquenda~, `damtkicebulad giTxra~... iakobic xom damowmebiT, e. i. faqtebis moyvaniT, Tanmimdevrulad, `damtkicebulad~ apirebs Txrobas; yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare safiqrebeli xdeba, rom iakobi Sesaval nawilSi erT-erT saeklesio pirs mimarTavda; Tu es iyo saeklesio ierarqi, romelmac iakobs saeklesio sakiTxavis dawera daavala, aseT SemTxvevaSi iakob curtaveli, rogorc Cveulebriv xdeboda xolme, albaT, uRirsad miiCnevda Tavs, magram mere ver gabedavda davalebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmas da daTanxmdeboda moeTxro am didi wmidanis cxovreba, Semdeg ki isaubrebda imis Sesaxeb, rom SuSaniki bavSvobidanve RvTismoSiSi iyo... swored am dros axsenebda SuSanikis mamas, _ `spaÁpet~ vardans (viszedac Semdeg Tqva: `romlisaTÂs ese mivwere Tquenda~), Seaqebda Svilis saTnod aRzrdisaTvis... nawarmoebidan marTlac aSkarad Cans, rom iakobma netari SuSanikis cxovrebis aRwera ara vinmes davalebiT, aramed, _ sakuTari nebiT daiwyo, magram erTia cxovrebis aRwera da meore _ am aRwerilisaTvis saeklesio sakiTxavis formis micema. iakobma, SesaZloa, gabeda, rom aRewera netari SuSanikis cxovreba, SesaZloa, dedoflis sicocxleSive iwerda mis Tavs gardamxdar movlenebs; man, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, Seqmna masala saeklesio sakiTxavis dasawerad, magram Tavad sakiTxavis Sesaqmnelad albaT uRirsad miiCnevda Tavs... amasTan, Tund, davuSvaT, rom mas Tavidanve gadawyvetili hqonda eklesiaSi wasakiTxi wigni Tavadve daewera, ar aris SeuZlebeli, rom saqmis bolomde misayvanad mainc Tavisze didi saeklesio ierarqis Txovna Tu brZaneba dasWirveboda, _ iseTi Txovna, romelSic, daaxloebiT iseve, rogora `wmida habo tfilelis martvilobaSi~, ewereboda, rom, radgan iakobma kargad icis, Tu ra gardaxda Tavs wamebuls, radgan uSualod Seeswro movlenebs, swored mas evaleba wmida SuSanikze sakiTxavis dawera... SeiZleba miviCnioT, rom `wmida SuSanikis martvilobis~ CvenTvis cnobil teqsts win marTlac uZRoda iakob xucesis werili, _ saeklesio ierarqTan miwerili... xsenebuli

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saeklesio ierarqis dawerili epistole, SesaZloa, ar axlda nawarmoebs, magram, Tu `wmida habos wamebis~ magaliTs gavixsenebT, amgvari varaudis gamoricxvac ar iqneba marTebuli; arc is aris SeuZlebeli, rom iakobi mimarTavda ara Tavisze did saeklesio pirs, aramed, _ romelime sxva RvTismosav adamians, romelsac wmida SuSanikis mowameobis ambis mosmena ainteresebda, romelsac sulis sasargeblo istoriis mosmena sWirdeboda... orive SemTxvevaSi vfiqrobT, rom `wmida SuSanikis martvilobas~ win uZRoda Sesavali, romelsac epistoles forma hqonda da romelSic RvTismoSiSi SuSanikis bavSvobaze, mis kargad aRmzrdel mamaze da sxvaze iqneboda saubari; vfiqrobT, `wmida SuSanikis martvilobas~ win uZRoda iseTi Sesavali, romelsac saeklesio ierarqTan an sxva RvTismosav pirovnebasTan miwerili epistoles forma hqonda, Tumc, Cven ar vambobT, rom es iyo Cveulebrivi, _ klasikuri formis epistole, _ SesaZloa, es iyo ara klasikuri epistole an mimowera, aramed, _ iseTi Sesavali nawarmoebisa, romlis dasawyisSi erT-erTi pirovnebisadmi xdeboda mimarTva da romelic epistoles hgavda, romelSic, vimeorebT, wmida SuSanikis qeba ewera, xotba hqonda Sesxmuli dedoflis RvTismosaobas, bavSvobidan Cveul RvTismoSiSobas; SesavalSi, Cans, zogadad iyo saubari wmida SuSanikze, misi cxovrebiseuli faqtebis Tanamimdevruli gadmocema ki daiwyo sityvebiT: _ `da aw damtkicebulad giTxra Tquen~... Cven verc im mosazrebas gaviziarebT, TiTqos liturgiaze zepirad warmoiTqva fraza wmida SuSanikis bavSvobis Sesaxeb, rom amaze metyvelebs teqstis SemorCenili sityvebi: `viTarca igi vTquT~... `wmida SuSanikis wameba~ aris eklesiaSi sakiTxavad winaswar Seqmnili teqsti da ara eklesiaSi mqadageblis mier homiliasaviT zepirad warmoTqmuli da am dros an Semdeg sxvis mier Cawerili... ver gaviziarebT azrs, TiTqos sityvebi `da aw damtkicebulad giTxra Tquen~ _ wmida SuSanikis mowameobis dRes, _ uSualod RvTismsaxurebis Semdeg warmoTqmuli frazaa, da rom e. i. am winadadebas sxva teqstis gagrZelebis gamo ki ara aqvs aseTi, _ romeliRac sxva teqstis momdevno winadadebis saxe, aramed, imitom, rom misiT wirvis an locvis Semdgomi etapi, _ qadageba, uSualod, _ wmida SuSanikis cxovrebis Txroba iwyeboda; hagiografiuli sakiTxavi mxolod eklesiaSi, mxolod liturgiaze ara, _ igi saxlebSic ikiTxeboda, kiTxulobdnen monasterSi monazvnebi (kluCevski 2000: 751-775)... `wmida SuSanikis wamebis~ dawerisas aucileblad gaiTvaliswinebdnen, rom es mxolod liturgiisas sakiTxavi nawarmoebi ar aris da mas iseT formas ar miscemdnen, rom marto liturgiaze mosaxmarad gamomdgariyo da, rogorc damoukidebel mxatvrul nawarmoebs, vTqvaT, saxlSi wakiTxvisas, ara _ mTliani da srulyofili, nakluli teqstis saxe hqonoda. amrigad, vfiqrobT, ivane javaxiSvili da korneli kekeliZe savsebiT marTebulad miiCnevdnen, rom iakob curtavels wmida SuSanikisadmi miZRvnili sxva teqstic unda hqonoda dawerili, sergi gorgaZe ki, Cans, am SemTxvevaSi kidev ufro axlos mivida simarTlesTan, _ simarTlesTan axlos dadga, roca miiCnia, rom `wmida SuSanikis martvilobas~ win Sesavali, kerZod, _ mimowera unda hqonoda wamZRvanebuli (vambobT, rom, Cans, axlos mivida simarTlesan, radgan ar arsebobs damarwmunebeli argumenti, rom es iyo mimowera da ara mxolod iseTi teqsti, romelic sasuliero pirisadmi mimarTviT iwyeboda; am SesavalSi, SesaZloa, romelime pirovnebisadmi iakobis mxolod mimarTva iyo da ara _ mis mier Seqmnili klasikuri epistole, vTqvaT, _ pasuxi Tavisi moZRvrisadmi); Cven teqsti SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs daaxloebiT warmovidginoT, Tu ris Sesaxeb unda yofiliyo im SesavalSi laparaki... safiqrebelia, rom habosa da, Tu aq warmoCenili mosazreba sworia, SuSanikis `wamebebSi~ Txroba msgavsi formiT, _ konkretuli pirovnebisadmi mimarTviT iwyeboda; saerTod, vfiqrobT, rom, erTi pirovnebisadmi iseTi saubari, rac ara mxolod am erT pirovnebas, aramed, msmenelis ganusazRvrel raodenobas gulisxmobs, sakiTxavis amgvarad dawyeba qarTul eklesiaSi qristianobis adreul periodSi lukas saxarebis, moqiculTa epistoleebis zegavleniT aRmocenebuli tradicia iyo... wmida SuSanikis bavSvobaze, Cveni azriT, SesavalSi iqneboda saubari; rogorc Cans, saeklesio praqtikaSi iakob curtavelis epistoles kiTxva ar iyo tradiciad Camoyalibebuli, liturgiaze mas yovelTvis ar kiTxulobdnen, _ esec unda iyos erT-erTi mizezi imisa, rom SemdgomSi epistole aRar gadaiweres da `wmida SuSanikis martvilobam~ Cvenamde Sesavlis gareSe moaRwia. damowmebani: axali aRTqma 1991: axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi. bibliis Targmnis instituti. stolkholmi: 1991. kekeliZe 1980: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. I, Tb.: 1980. Zeglebi 1864: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. I, dasabeWdad moamzades il. abulaZem, n. aTaneliSvilma, n. goguaZem, l. qajaiam, c. qurcikiZem, c. Wankievma da c. jRamaiam ilia abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiTa da redaqciiT. Tb.: 1964. qarTuli oTxTavi 1979: qarTuli oTxTavis ori bolo redaqcia. teqsti gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo ivane imnaiSvilma. Tb.: 1979. javaxiSvili 1980: javaxiSvili iv. Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba. wigni I, Tb.: 1980. kluCevski 2000: Ключевский В. Краткий курс по русской истории. М.: 2000.

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Gocha Kuchukhidze For "Martyrdom Saint Shushanik" Archetypes Restoration Summary Jacob Tsurtaveli (V cent) in the work "Martyrdom saint Shushanik " writes: “Saint Shushanik it since the childhood had fear before the God”. In the story anywhere it is not spoken about the childhood Shushanik, scientists consider, that the author speaks about the childhood of Shushanik in another text. That text has not reached us. Between scientists there is no consent about what was that text. Prof. Sergi Gorgadze considered that before "Martyrdom Saint Shushanik" there was a correspondence between authors and that person which has given the order on the story. Acad. Ivane Djavakhishvili writes that was kept probably only the second part of the story. Acad. Korneli Kekelidze considered not as the truth this fact. He spoke: Hagiographical work does not know the facts of division of the story on parts. In our opinion this correct supervision. We think will difficultly believe that it means other text, - that text of which was not known by the reader. In the first sentence "Martyrdom Saint Shushanik" the author speaks: Now I will tell you of a surely about death of Saint Shushanik. These words as though extension of the unfamiliar text. Up to the unfamiliar text there was one more text which is closely connected with this text- In introduction it is spoken about fear of the God Shushanik, About kindness, After the author has described the vital facts consistently. Jacob writes: - The Varsqen wife was the daughter of Vardan, he was Armenian spaspet (military leader), about him "I have written to you". These words read to people who have gathered in church, But words "has written to you" gives a sign that the author speaks about the letter which it writes any the church person. Such rule of narration is used in the Gospel, Saint Luke Herald in the beginning Gospel. Addresses an Theophilus and to it tells about the god. But it is obvious, that the Gospel is written not only for it, and for all Christian world. Epistles of envoys has specific addressees, But it is obvious, that Epistles is written for all Christian world. We think, before the text "Martyrdom Saint Shushanik" has been written the letter. Probably, the author has written church chapter, probably, it was not classical epistles, and introduction in work which beginning address to one person and which was similar on epistles. In our opinion Sergi Gorgadze is close from the truth when it considered, that before the story there is an introduction, particularly correspondence.

lali ruxaZe sikvdil-sicocxlis urTierTmimarTebis problema da V-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba (soflis bibliuri paradigma da `wm. SuSanikis wamebis~ saxismetyveleba) `Tu xar sicocxle, ra ars sikvdili?~ _ ai, kiTxva, romelic sakuTari Tavis SecnobasTan erTad gauCnda adamians. yoveli epoqa Taviseburad pasuxobs mas da, Sasabamisad, iqmneba religiuri Tu filosofiuri mimdinareobebi. qristianulma azrovnebam sakiTxi gadaWra àra-arsisagan arsad moyvanebis~ TeoriiT, romlis Tanaxmad, àra-arsisagan~ anu àra-yofilisagan~ Seiqmna xiluli samyaro da, bolos, xati RvTisa — adamiani. kreacionizmi asea Camoyalibebuli mose winaswarmetyvelis mier: `Tqua RmerTman: vqmneT kaci xatad da msgavsad Cuenda... da Seqmna RmerTman kaci, mtuerisa momRebelman queyanisagan da STabera pirsa missa suli sicocxlisa da iqmna kaci sulad cxovelad~ (Sesaqme 1,27; 2,27). qristianobam, amave dros, SeiTvisa da Taviseburad gaaRrmava antikuri filosofiuri moZRvreba oTxi elementis (miwa, cecxli, wyali, haeri) kavSiris Sesaxeb, romelTa `daxsnad~ miiCneoda sikvdili (emeseli 1914: 61-62). `queyanisagan~ anu miwisagan adamianis Seqmnis principma da moZRvrebam kavSirTa Sesaxeb Taviseburad gadaWra sxeulis (miwadyofilis) sakiTxi rogorc sicocxleSi, aseve sulisa da xorcis gayris (`kavSirTa daxsnis~) Semdegac: `miwa xar da miwad iqec!~ RvTismetyvelebaSi sagangebod aRiniSneba, rom Semoqmedma `Seiyvana kaci soflad ukuanaÁskneli dabadebulTa, ara Tu SeuracxebisaTÂs misisaTÂs... aramed raÁTa iyos meufÀ dabadebiTganve misiT. yoveli sikeTe daaunja man ùbesa Sina queyanisasa~, `ganhmzada sofeli

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ege didebuli da patiosani~ da mxolod amis Semdeg `Semoiyvana kaci da misca mas saqmed monagebi rCeuli, povnili da momzadebuli~ (Zeglebi 1964: 147). e. i. moxda sulier da materialur faseulobaTa Tavmoyra, risi warmomCeni da damagvirgvinebeli gaxda adamiani (`Cven kacTa mogvca qveyana~...). TviT cxovreba Seicavda or gansxvavebul sawyiss `saRmrTosa~ da `queyanis~ SerwymiT, romelTa dapirispirebisa da, miwieris sapirispirod, RvTaebrivis amaRlebaSi hpova Tavisi ideali qristianulma xelovnebam. TavisTavad daisva problema `ganhyofis~ anu gansxvavebisa dabadebuls _ adamiansa da dambadebels _ Semoqmeds Soris, rac aixsna `Secvalebadi~ bunebiT. adamiani àr-arsisagan Secvala arsad madliTa TÂsiTa dambadebelma~ (Zeglebi 1964: 180-181). e. i. adamianis SeqmnaSive arsebobda mizezi Tu sawyisi misi Semdgomi `midrekisa~. asec moxda: adamma RvTiT naboZebi àznaurebaÁ nebisaÁ~ xorciel miswrafebebs dauqvemdebara da aqedan daedo safuZveli pirvelcodvas; kaci — adami daSorda Tavis pirvelsaxes. Semoqmedma `maSin gamosaxa xati misTÂs TÂsisa mamakacebaÁ da dedakacebaÁ, romeli ara ars Zirsa mas Sina~ (Zeglebi 1964: 180-181). ramdenadac b o r o t e b a ar aris Semoqmedis emanaciis Sedegi, unda garkveuliyo misi warmoSobis sakiTxi, rac qristianulma moZRvrebam imTaviTve kacobriobis pirvelcodvas daukavSira, igi iqna miCneuli s i k v d i l i s m i z e z a d .∗ e. i. samoTxidan `gansvla~ moiazreboda borotebisa da sikvdilis gaCenad, Tavad boroteba ki SemdegSi s a w u T r o s a da s i k v d i l i s saxiT Seicnes. ramdenadac kacobriobis pirvelcodvis tvirTvas (gamoxsnas, patiebas) warmoadgenda golgoTis misteria, qriste `meore~ anu `ganaxlebul~ adamad iwoda, romel ars `bunebiTa miT pirvelisa mis adamisa TÂnier xolo codvisa~ (Zeglebi 1964: 207). amdenad, sayovelTaobis anu ganzogadebis (`yovelTa zeda~) principi ganapirobebs kacobriobis codvilianobisa (`kaci ese codvil ars~ _ ioane 9,24) da aRdgomis ideasac: `viTarca adamis gamo yovelni mowydebian, egreca qristes mier yovelni cxovel iqmnen~ (1 korinTelTa 15,22). samoTxis datovebiT adamianma dakarga Tavisi pirvelsaxe — xateba RvTisa da xorcieli bunebiT damkvidrda samyaroSi (sofelSi). Zveli aRTqmis mier nawinaswarmetyveleb mesias swored es dakarguli srulyofileba unda daebrunebina adamianisaTvis, rac SemdegSi ganxorcielda sityva _ logosis `gankacebiT~, qristeSi RvTaebrivi da adamianuri bunebis SerwymiT. marTalia, qristianuli Teologia garkveuli kuTxiT upirispirdeba amqveyniur cxovrebas, magram srul borotebad da araraobad ar miiCnevs yofiT-materialurs (winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi arc imsjelebdnen amdens mis Sesaxeb). igi warmavali da SefardebiTi Rirebulebaa mxolod maradiulTan mimarTebaSi. hegelis ganmartebiT, `saRvTo poeziaSi RmerTi erTaderTi mniSvnelobis mqonea yvela saganSi, romelnic, mis sapirispirod, warmavali da umniSvnelo araraobani aRmoCndebian~ (hegeli 1973: 437). RvTaebriv brwyinvalebasa da, maradiulobasTan SedarebiT, soflis SefardebiT naklsa da zads warmoaCens Zveli aRTqma (eklesiaste 1,4). SemdegSi orTodoqsulma qristianobam imdenad gaamZafra da gaaRrmava es winaaRmdegoba, rom saukuneTa Semdgom misi daZleva, soflisa da zesTasoflis harmonia, iqca qristianuli azrovnebis mTavar amocanad (TvaraZe 2001). V-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli literaturis nimuSebi am mxriv metad saintereso da dasafiqrebel suraTs qmnis: s a w u T r o jer s o f l i s identur cnebad iqca, mere ki (JamTaaRmwerlis epoqidan) _ s i k v d i l i s a . XVI s-dan sawuTros arsSi moiazreba rogorc `sofeli ese didebuli da patiosani~ (nemesios emeseli), aseve sikvdili _ `kavSirTa daxsna~, `gayra sulisa da xorcisa~. da im epoqaSi, rodesac kacobriobas gulisyuri mimarTuli hqonda samyaros moaxloebul dasasrulsa da gankiTxvis dReze, rodesac xelovnebis nimuSebSi yvelasagan gamorCeul personaJad iqca s i k v d i l i , misi triumfi _ `rokva~, `kamaTi~ da `dava~ sicocxlesTan, qarTuli literaturis gmirebi daJinebiT ekamaTebian s a w u T r o s , gmoben mis muxTal, òrgemage~ bunebas da mTeli sicxadiT warmoidgenen im saSinel wuTs, rodesac s a w u T r o s i k v d i l i s e u l i basri iaraRiTa (celi, maxvili, sxvadasxva seni) da makvdinebeli sasmeliT savse fialiT xelSi moulodnelad gamoecxadeba amqveyniuri SvebiT galaRebul adamians. wuTisoflisadmi amgvari damokidebuleba ganapiroba sarwmunoebrivi sakiTxebisadmi imdroindeli sazogadoebis indiferentizmmac (àrvis unda saxareba, arca wigni mociqulTa~... `saRmrTo wigni bevri waxda uydoTa da ubudobiT~...): RvTaebrivi emanaciis nayofi (sofeli) borotebad gamocxadda, xolo sikvdili (gardacvaleba _ cxovrebis wesis Secvla) _ yovelgvari arsebobis dasasrulad, romlis Semdeg aRar dainaxeboda maradiuli yofa (àw da maradis ukuniTi ukunisamdis~, sadac àw~ maradiulis nawilia da ès~ dro da sivrce sakraluri dro-sivrcis dasawyisad, mosamzadebel safexurad miiCneva. amdenad, SiSi sikvdilisa — rogorc yovelives dasasrulis gancda _ ar arsebobda). XVIII s-dan qarTul azrovnebaSi ukve SeiniSneba s a w u T r o s a da s i k v d i l i s cnebaTa Tavdapirveli (bunebrivi) gaazrebis aRdgena. arCil bagrationis mcdelobas agvirgvinebs daviT guramiSvili (romlis `msoflSegrZneba mTlianad ganmsWvalulia qristianuli suliT da, rac aRsaniSnavia, igi kvlav iyureba bibliuri samyarosaken~, _ caiSvili 1981: 142): ∗

am garemoebamac ganapiroba XVI-XVIII ss-is qarTul cnobierebaSi `sawuTrosa~ da `sikvdilis~ paradigmaTa erT saazrovno sibrtyeze `ganTavseba~ da identur cnebebad gaazreba (aRqma) — l. r.

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warmoudgenilia soflis borotebad dasaxva, miT ufro, misi gaigiveba sikvdilTan! am periodis qarTul poeziaSi pirvelad gaimijneba es ori cneba da iqmneba `kacisa da sawuTrosagan ciloba da pWoba, erTmanerTis Zviris xseneba~ da `sikvdilisa da kacis Selaparakeba da ciloba~. igive igrZnoba goCa dadianis poemis `goCasa da soflis gabaasebis~ H 1632 (XIX s.) xelnawerSic (ruxaZe 2005: 127-128). rac Seexeba qarTul folklors, amgvari identuroba naklebad SeimCneva, radgan igi garkveulad transformirebulia drois Sesabamisad, da, amdenad, daSorebulia pirvelsaxes. qarTuli azrovnebis es Tavisebureba sakmaod sainteresoa da damafiqrebeli. misi axsna m x o l o d qarTvelTa sarwmunoebrivi indiferentizmiT (konkretul epoqaSi), mZime socialur-politikuri yofiT an sxva kulturis gavleniT (barokos xelovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sikvdilis Tema, dasavleT evropuli warmoSobis `sicocxlisa da sikvdilis kamaTis~ gavlena an, zogadad, epoqiseuli esqatologiuri ganwyobileba) SeuZlebelia. pasuxi ufro Rrmad, eris miTologemebsa da saazrovno sistemebSia saZiebeli. manam ki Tvali unda mivadevnoT samyaros aTvisebis qarTul models, ufro zustad, e n a s _ qarTvelobis, rogorc socio-kulturuli arsebis Semqmnelis, da `movixelToT~ rodis da ratom ewoda s o f e l s (`Semoqmedis mier ganmzadebuls, didebulsa da patiosans~) s a w u T r o . rogorc cnobilia, enaSi aisaxeba eris suli, misi Sinagani `me~ da mimarTeba gare samyarosTan. masSi (mis wiaRSi) da misiT Sedgeba (xorcieldeba) eri _ rogorc kulturuli fenomeni. amdenad, `socio-kulturuli sistemis semantikuri konstruireba daiyvaneba enaze, rogorc Zalauflebis absolutur velze~. qarTul enasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arqauli elferi, romelic mis xangrZlivobaze metyvelebs da romliTac qarTvelTa mier samyaros totaluri aTviseba xdeboda, iyo ukiduresad religiuri, RvTaebriv-mistikuri da samyaros miTo-poetur àRweraze~ orientirebuli (iakobaSvili 2005: 31). qarTvelobas, rogorc erT-erT uZveles qristian ers, odiTganve gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba hqonda s i t y v i s , r o g o r c l o g o s i s a d m i . ioane minCxic poeziis eniT imeorebda wm. ioane oqropiriseul ganmartebas: `sityuaÁ dausabamoÁ, romeli mamisa maRlisa Tana iyo Sobili gamouTqmelad, Tanaarsi da Tanaswori mamisa da sulisaÁ~ (minCxi 1987: 149). qarTul semantikur sistemaSi, rogorc samyarosa da sakuTari Tavis Secnobadamkvidrebis gansakuTrebul modelSi (realobaSi), yovel sityvas Tavisi myari adgili da funqcia aqvs met-naklebi xarisxiT. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom qarTuli mwerlobis nimuSebi sxvadasxva drois dazianebuli xelnawerebiTaa moRweuli da Tavdapirveli saxis aRdgena xSirad SeuZlebelia. droTa ganmavlobaSi gadamwerni msgavs terminT xSirad urTierTCaanacvlebdnen, Sinaarsis mxriv erTnair enobriv erTeulad (sinonimad) miiCnevdnen, rac Taviseburad afermkrTalebda, zogjer ki piriqiT, azrobriv siRrmesa da xibls matebda qarTuls. gadamwerTa da konkretuli epoqis zogadi azrovnebidan gamomdinare, ase ganTavsda erTian semantikur arealSi leqsikuri erTeulebi: s a w u T o , s a w u T r o , s o f e l i , k a c i . Tavdapirvelad `sityvis konis~ Semqmnels movusminoT: sofeli sam saxed iTqmis: saukunu igi sofeli da wuTisofeli da kacis bunebac soflad iTqmis. sawuTro wuTis xnisa, gina es sofeli. s a w u T r o es sofeli~ (2. korin. 4,17) (orbeliani 1993: 107). saxarebaSi ramdenjerme gvxvdeba termini s a w u T o . zRvis piras (niSandoblivia wylis, rogorc maradiulis, paradigma!) myofi ufali Tavis mowafeT ganumartavs igavs mTesvelsa da Teslze: kldovanze (nakleb miwaze) davadrnil Tesls (sityvas) Ziri (fesvi) ar gaaCnia gulSi. amdead, aramdgradi (uZiro, usafuZvlo, ufskruli) da warmavalia igi: `xolo Ziri ara aqun gulsa TÂssa sawuTrosa // sawuTos∗ arn~ (maTe 13.21). markoz maxarebelic amave konteqstSi gaiazrebs s a w u T o s : `da rameTu ara arn Ziri maTi Soris, aramed sawuTo // sawuTro∗∗ aried~ (markozi 4,17). aqve movixmobT saxarebis am pasaJis rusul versias: `Но не имеет в себе корня и непостоянен~... (От Матфея 13,21), "Но не имеют в себе корня и непостоянны"... (От Марка 4,17). rusul TargmanSi calsaxad aRiqmeba uZiro (ufesvo) sityvis (marcvlis) naklulovaneba: `sawuToa~ _ `непостоянен~. cxadia, saxarebis qarTulad Targmnis dros `sawuTos~ atributis funqcia hqonda. transcendentulTan dapirispirebaSi miwieri arsebobis swrafmavlobis Segnebam am pasaJSi mis adgilas (nacvlad) fonetikurad da Sinaarsobrivad msgavsi termini `sawuTro~ Caanacvla da moxda ara marto leqsikuri, aramed semantikuri cvlilebac — zedsarTavi saxeli gaarsebiTda (sawuTo sofeli→sawuTro). Sua saukuneebis qristianulma azrovnebam erTgvarad `Seamcira~ da `Caketa~ empiriuli samyaro, rogorc mxolod aCrdili WeSmaritebisa da ara Tavad WeSmariteba. adamiani ar ibadeba `drois SegrZnebiT~. droisa da sivrcis miseul aRqmas gansazRvravs is kultura, romelsac igi

∗

sawuTo _ H.IKA sawuTro _ FG ∗∗ sawuTo _ GHIKA. sawuTro _ F. e. i. giorgi mTawmidelisa da sulxan-sabaseul redaqciebSi yvelgan `sawuTo~ ikiTxeba.

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ganekuTvneba. yovelive es naTlad Cans terminTa (sofeli, sawuTo // sawuTro) transformaciisas qarTul saazrovno sistemaSi. iakob xucesi leqsikurad msgavs, magram ara identur cnebebad gaiazrebs s a w u T o , s a w u T r o s a da s o f e l s . jojiki da misi saxleuli sulier Semweobas iTxoven wm. SuSanikisagan, Tuki Sescodes, `viTarca kacTa sawuTroÁsaTa∗ da soflis moyuareTa~ (Zeglebi 1963: 26). aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavad korneli kekeliZec gansxvavebuli SinaarsiT (gansxvavebul leqsikur erTeulad), cal-calke aRiqvamda am konteqstSi `sofelsa~ da `sawuTros~: `если в чем-нибудь согрешили мы перед тобою, как преданные миру и временной сей жизни люди, прости нас~. igive iTqmis varsqenis, rogorc `sawuTro meuRlis~∗∗ Sesaxebac: `...Варксена, временно бывшего моим мужем~ (curtaveli 1978: 69). `wm. SuSanikis wamebis~ saerTo konteqstidan da korneli kekeliZis rusuli Targmanidan gamomdinare, logikuria mosazreba, rom iakob xucesis droindeli qarTuli azrovneba `s a w u T o s a ~ da `s a w u T r o s ~ erT cnebad ar aRiqvamda. `sawuTooba~ soflis Tviseba iyo da _ Tavad sofeli. imJamindeli qarTuli cnobiereba sruliad bibliuri iyo (`wm. SuSanikis wameba~ amis Tqmis uflebas gvaZlevs _ l. r.). jojiki da misi axloblebi ganicdidnen da amitomac aRiarebdnen wmindanis winaSe sakuTar arasrulyofilebas, nakls (`msgavsebisagan davakldi~, _ `galobani sinanulisani~). kerZod, isini kldeze daTesil (davardnil) Tesls damgvanebodnen, uflis sityvas safuZveli (niadagi) ver epova maTs sulebSi, amitom `sawuTosa arn~ (maTe 13,21). amave azrobriv konteqstSi unda gaviazroT wm. SuSanikiseuli saxeldeba varsqenisa: `sawuTo meuRle~. igi uflis madls (Tesls) moklebulia da iseve upirispirdeba wm. SuSaniks, rogorc maradiulobas _ sawuTooba, mTels _ nawili, Sesabamisad, maradiul siZes _ `sawuTo meuRle~. sulxan-saba orbeliani s o f l i s mesame saxed kacis bunebas miiCnevs (`kacis bunebac soflad iTqmis~). erTi SexedviT, ucnauri ganmartebaa (es ar aris nemesios emeseliseuli termini `bunebisaTÂs kacisa~), miT ufro, rom didi leqsikografi nimuSs ar asaxelebs. isev `wm. SuSanikis wamebas~ vubrundebiT. iakob xucesi amqveyniurobis aRsaniSnavad gvTavazobs Semdeg terminebs: s a w u T o / / s a w u T r o da c x o r e b a . avtori sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom wm. SuSanikis upirveles sakiTxav wigns `fsalmunni~ warmoadgenda, ufro metic, `mciredTa dReTa Semdgomad asergasisni igi fsalmunni daiswavlna~ (Zeglebi 1964: 23). jojiksa da misi ojaxis wevrebTan gamoTxovebis Jams mowame fsalmunTmgalobliseul paradigmebs imeorebs soflisa da zesTasoflis dapirispirebisa da materialuri arsebobis amaoebis warmosaCenad, oRond mcireodeni semantikuri saxecvlilebiT: èse yoveli cxorebaÁ, viTarca yuavili velTaÁ, warmaval ars~ (Zeglebi 1964: 27). cxadia, mowamem sulier mRviZarebasa da RvTaebriv madlmosilebas fsalmunuri azrovnebis gaSinaganebiTac miaRwia, misi cnobiereba imdenad `gajerebulia~ (aRsavsea) bibliuri saxismetyvelebiT, rom SesaZloa erTi romelime sityva Seicvalos (iqneb es droTa ganmavlobaSi gadamwerTa mier moxda), wminda werilis arsis Secvla SeuZlebelia. marTlac, wm. SuSaniki azrobrivad zustad imeorebs: `kaci, viTarca Tiva, arian dReni misni; viTarca yuavili velisa, egreT aRyuavdes~ (fs. 102,12). sainteresoa, rom daviTis sagalobelSi cota adre `kacs~ `me~ enacvleboda da igive azri amgvarad JRerda: `da dReni Cemni, viTarca aCrdili warÃdes, da me viTarca TivaÁ ganvÃem~ (fs. 101,12). bibliuri saxismetyvelebidan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom fsalmunTmgalobeli swored k a c s — soflis mkvidrs da ara Tavad s o f e l s adarebs Tivas _ gamxmar balaxs da amgvari paradigmiT gaiazrebs zogad WeSmaritebas _ sofeli (empiriuli samyaro, miwieri yofaarseboba) warmavalia, amaoa. aki sikvdilis erT-erTi bibliuri arqetipi c e l i a . balaxi (kaci) iceleba (kvdeba). wm. SuSanikis qristianul cnobierebaSi, imJamindeli qarTuli azrovnebidan gamomdinare, es bibliuri paradigma (kaci _ balaxi) icvleba semantikurad gansxvavebuli, magram azrobrivi datvirTviT imave cnebiT _ s o f e l i . e. i. `kacis bunebac soflad iTqmis~, rogorc didi leqsikografi brZanebs. amgvari niuansuri cvlilebisaTvis hagiografs Teologiuri safuZvelic unda hqonoda, sxvagvarad, piradi iniciatividan gamomdinare, ver Seicvleboda wminda werilis enobrivi qsovili. savaraudod, s o f l i s a da k a c i s amgvari èrTsaxovneba~ bunebrivi unda yofiliyo imJamindeli evangeluri azrovnebis fonze (azrovnebidan gamomdinare). iovanes saxarebis muxls (`da sofelman igi ver icna~ _ iovane 1,10) amgvarad ganmartavs wm. iovane oqropiri: èse igi ars, viTarmed soflis saqmeTa SemSWualulTa kacTa da soflismoyuareTa ver icnes, rameTu qristesa egreTve uwess eseviTarTa maT da ityÂs: `mamao marTalo, da sofelman Sen ara gicna~ (wm. ioane oqropiri 1993: 63). didi egzegetiki cota adre ufro akonkretebda ver SemcnobT: `soflad amis adgilsa ersa mas uswavlelsa da ugunursa ityÂs: ganxrwnilsa mas da queyanisa saqmeTa Seqceulisa~ (wm. ioane oqropiri 1993: 61). fsalmunnis cnobil pasaJSi amgvar ∗

`sawuTosaTa~ _ K red.

∗∗

`sawuTo meuRle~ _ K red.

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`Canacvlebas~, Cveni azriT, garkveuli mizani unda hqonoda, kerZod, ara konkretuli pirovnebis (`kacad-kacadi~, _ abuserisZe tbeli) sikvdili da cxovrebis amaoeba unda warmoedginaT wm. SuSanikis winaSe muxlmodrekilT, aramed zogadad `s o f l i s a ~ da ù f l i s v e r S e m c n o b T a ~ c x o v r e b i s a m a o e b a daviT mefsalmunis avtoritetis fonze. amgvari `Canacvleba~, hagiografis mxridan, ufro mZafrad, Rrmad da ganzogadebiT warmoaCenda konkretul situaciaSi, erTi mxriv, codvas (`mosisxleobaÁ iqmna, da Tquen yovelni Tanamdeb iqmneniT~, Zeglebi 1964: 16), meore mxriv, queyanisa saqmeTa SeqceulTa~ cxovrebis swrafwarmavlobasa da amaoebas. amgvari sayovelTaobis anu ganzogadebis warmoCenas (SesaZleblobas) Tavad fsalmunnis saxismetyveleba karnaxobda hagiografs. `yuavili velTa~ xom ukve Seicavs (badebs) usazRvroebis gancdas, rogorc yovelgvari droisa da sivrcis samanis gareSe mowodebuli. amgvaria `cxorebac~ usasrulod m r a v a l T a T v i s da u s a s r u l o d yvelgan, oRond mxolod aq, miwaze, mzis qveSeTSi, _ imeorebs fsalmunTmgaloblis xmaze giorgi merCule.

*** gansjisaTvis `xolo Ziri ara aqun gulsa TÂssa sawuTosa // sawuTrosa arn~ (maTe 13,21). `da rameTu ara arn Ziri maTi Soris, aramed sawuTo // sawuTro aried~ (markozi 4,17). *** sainteresoa, rom saxarebiseul am paradigmas emyaraba nikoloz baraTaSvilis msjeloba adamianis movaleobisa da amqveyniurobis arsTan dakavSirebiT: `mainc ra aris Cveni yofawuTisofeli, Tu ara oden sawyauli aRuvsebeli?!~ es azri ritorikuli kiTxvis saxiTaa gacxadebuli, amdenad, igi pasuxs ar moiTxovs, Tavad Seicavs mas. baraTaSvilisaTvis sawuTros àRuvsebloba~ misi Tvisebaa (arsia), ufro metic, WeSmaritebaa! radgan Ziri (safuZveli, simyare, fskeri) ar gaaCnia. saxarebis mixedviT, `nakleb miwiania~. adamianis cxovrebac Tesls emsgavseba _ uZiro sawuTroSi ver aRmocendeba. e. i. maradiulobas, RvTaebriobas ver eziareba, `Ziri ara aqun gulsa TÂssa~ (maTe 13,21). avsebuloba, sisavse anu sisrule ki aucileblobaa ufalTan miaxloebis, misi arsis wvdomisa da Tanagancdisa: ìyveniT srul, viTarca mamaÁ Tqueni srul ars!~ *** iliaseuli luarsabisTvisac k a c i (sofeli) u Z i r o qvevria (WurWelia, Tumca, misda s a u b e d u r o d , uflis sityva (madli, Tesli) mis `Wkua-gonebaSi~ mxolod materialur sakvebad aRiqmeba da `RvTiT monaberi~ sulic qaris motanils emsgavseba. *** amgvar konteqstSi xom ar unda gavigoT daviT aRmaSeneblis godeba? `me var, viTarca ufskruli Sesakrebeli bilwebisa RuarTaÁ!~ aq gancdaTagan upirvelesi satkivari u f s k r u l z e modis (e. i. Ziri, simyare, safuZveli) ar gaaCnia da amitomac ver gaidga masSi fesvi uflis sityvam. saxierebis (saTnoebis) sapirispirod `bilweba~ davanda da man (`bilwebis Ruarma~) waaxdina WurWeli. ufro zustad, uflis WurWlad saTuebi (savaraudo) sibilwis Sesakrebeli gaxda (e. i. naklulovanebis Sedegad uflis WurWlad savaraudo `bilwebis Sesakrebeli~ gaxda). am troparis saxismetyvelebiTi analizis dros opoziciur saxeebze, oRond gansxvavebulze, araerTi sayuradRebo msjelobaa warmodgenili (l. grigolaSvili, r. baramiZe, n. sulava), kerZod: `daviT aRmaSenebelma Tavisi codvebi ukeTurebis aRmamsrbol mdinares Seadara, riTac kvlav opoziciuri saxe Semoitana sagalobelSi... ukeTurebis aRmarTmsrboli mdinare da bilwebis Rvari iseTi paradigmuli saxeebia, romelTagan erTi meores eyrdnoba, meore pirvelisgan momdinareobs, e. i. erTi da imave saxis ganviTarebaa, meore (bilwebis Rvari) pirveliTaa ganpirobebuli~ (nestan sulava, XII-XIII saukuneebis qarTuli himnografia, Tb., `merani~, 2003, gv. 21-22). òpoziciuri saxiT~ poziciuris (RvTaebrivis) dakleba-dakargvis saxarebiseul amgvar gancdas efuZneba nikoloz baraTaSvilis msjelobac adamianis movaleobisa da amqveyniurobis arsTan dakavSirebiT. damowmebani: axali aRTqumaÁ 2003: axali aRTqumaÁ. wm. giorgi mTawmidelis redaqciis kritikulad dadgenili teqstis mesame sruli gamocema. Tb.: `sruliad saqarTvelos sapatriarqos gamomcemloba~, 2003.

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biblia 1990: Библия. Книги священного писания Ветхого и Нового Завета. SGP. Box 516. Chicago, II 606090-0516. USA, 1990. doCanaSvili 1983-1986: doCanaSvili el. (redaqtori). mcxeTuri xelnaweri. teqsti gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo el. doCanaSvilma. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1983. emeseli 1914: nemesios emeseli. bunebisaTÂs kacisa. s. gorgaZis gamocema. tf.: saeklesio muzeumis gamocema, 17, 1914). TvaraZe 2001: TvaraZe r. qarTuli literaturis istoria. t. I, Tb.: gamomcemloba `saqarTvelos macne~, 2001. iakobaSvili 2005: iakobaSvili l. qarTuli miTologemebi. Tkxsu samecniero Sromebis krebuli. III, Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 2005. imnaiSvili 1979: imnaiSvili iv. (redaqtori). qarTuli oTxTavis bolo ori redaqcia. teqsti gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo iv. imnaiSvilma. Tb.: `Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba~, 1979. minCxi 1987: ioane minCxis poezia. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1987. orbeliani 1993: orbeliani sulxan-saba. leqsikoni qarTuli. II, Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1993. ruxaZe 2005: ruxaZe l. `goCasa da soflis gabaseba~ (`goCaiani~) da misi savaraudo avtorebi. krebuli: literaturuli Ziebani. XXVI, Tb.: 2005. caiSvili 1986: caiSvili s. daviT guramiSvili. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1986. curtaveli 1978: Цуртавели Иакоб. Мученичество Шушаник. Перевод с грузинского Корнелия Кекелидзе. Тб.: изв. "Мерани", 1978. Zeglebi 1964: uZvelesi redaqciebi basili kesarielis èqusTa dReTaÁsa da grigol noselis Targmanebis `kacisa agebulebisaTÂs~. wignSi: Zveli qarTuli literaturis Zeglebi. t. I. X-XII ss-is xelnawerTa mixedviT gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo ilia abulaZem. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1964. wm. ioane oqropiri 1993: wm. ioane oqropiri. ganmarteba ioanes saxarebisa. Targmani wm. eqvTime mTawmidelisa. naw. II. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merkuri~, 1993. hegeli 1973: hegeli. esTetika. t. I, Tb.: gamomcemloba `xelovneba~, 1973.

Lali Rukhadze Life and Death Paradimg In Georgian Hagiography in V-XIII Centuries Summary Mundane existence is the result of divine emanation and consequently, its perception as the evil is absolutely unacceptable. It was regarded as the phenomenon having its significance onli in comparison with divine, eternal existence. Death was interpreted as “gardatsvaleba” (word by word-reincarnation, transition from one form of existence to another)-separation of soul and body. As far as mundane life was considered to be the beginning of eternal existence, more precisely, it was considered to be the preparatory stage; “Gardatsvaleba” was regarded as change of lifestyle, transition from material to eternal spiritual life. That`s why fear of death was not the fear of non-existence-“nothing”. It was hard emotional experience, caused from the expected anger of Most High for man`s sins. Material time and space was considered to be the part of sacral time and sphere, the step on the way to elevation, spiritual perfection.

saba-firuz metreveli „wmida gobronis martvilobis“ saxismetyvelebis zogierTi aspeqti adamianis sulis ganmwmend saSualebad locvasTan, marxvasTan, wm. ziarebasTan, aRsarebasTan da sinanulTan erTad gansacdelic moiazreba. wm. mefe da winaswarmetyveli daviTi brZanebs: „ganmcaden Cuen, RmerTo, da gamomaჴ urven Cuen viTarca gamoiÃurvis vercxli, Semiyvanen Cuen sabrÃesa, dahkribe Wiri beWTa CuenTa“ (fs. 65,10—11). nebismieri gansacdeli, romelsac RmerTi mouvlens adamians, madlobiT, simSvidiT, udrtvinvelad unda miiRos adamianma da gamocda cdunebad ar unda eqces. ase miiRes gansacdeli abraamma, iobma, tobim, iosebma... qristesTvis wamebulebma. „wmida gobronis martvilobis“ avtori, episkoposi stefane mtbevari, Txzulebis dasawyisSive Segvaxsenebs, rom „ioseb da yovelni mamaT-mTavarni TiToeulad gamoicadnes msgavsad Zalisa Cuenisa“∗. amas mohyveba citatebi bibliidan imis dasturad, rom mzad unda iyo ∗

citatebi damowmebulia Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebidan.

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gansacdelisTvis, rom ufali aswavlis da tanjavs masze msasoebel da Seyvarebul Svilebs. agiografis miniSneba bunebrivi da gasagebia: unda daviTminoT, gavuZloT, avitanoT, madlobiT miviRoT is, rac ase saWiro da aucilebelia Cveni sulis gadarCenisTvis. amiT avtori iqiTkenac gvibiZgebs, rom Txzulebis gmiri swored gansacdelTa daTmenis cocxal magaliTad mogvevlineba. aseTi sagangebo eqskursebi pasuxia imisa, rom stefane mtbevaris qmnileba abstraqtuli monumentalizmis principebiTaa Seqmnili da yvelaferi emsaxureba qristesTvis wamebuli personaJis saxis gamokveTas, rac, Tavis mxriv, qristianuli esTetikis principebs emyareba. Txzulebis dasawyisi erTgvari gafrTxilebaa ampartavanTaTvis: „viTarca ityÂs daviT: amaRldi, msajulo simarTlisao da miage misagebeli ampartavanTa“, aqve moxmobilia wm. pavle mociqulis sityvebi: „amisTÂs moiwios risxvaÁ RmrTisaÁ naSobTa zeda urCebisaTa“. yovel drosa da epoqaSi erT-erT umniSvnelovanes movlenad, maradiul Rirebulebad rCeba imis Segneba, Tu vin xar da ratom xar, raSia Seni, rogorc adamianis daniSnuleba, risTvis moxvedi amqveynad, ra misia unda aRasrulo. qristianuli anTropologiis sakiTxebi erTdroulad iyris Tavs agiografis SefasebaSi: „agebulebaÁ TÂsi ver eswava umadloTa maT naTesavTa da msgavsebaÁ mTavrobisa TÂsisaÁ ver gulisÃma-eyo“. radgan RmerTma adamiani Seqmna „xatad da msgavsad TÂssa“ (Ses. 1, 11) da mas „STahbera“ Tavisi ukvdavi suli, amiT aziara maradisobas, ufro sworad, adamiani mTeli Tavisi SemadgenlobiT e. i. suliTa da xorciT Seqmna misi amqveyniuri damsaxurebis Sesatyvisi maradiuli cxovrebisaTvis, Tavisi arsis mixedviT mas Seswevs ganuwyveteli srulyofis unari (qiqoZe 1993: 252-253). mcxovaric ase mogviwodebs: „iyueniT Tquen srul, viTarca mamaÁ Tqueni zecaTaÁ srul ars“ (m. 5, 48). srulyofa miiRweva maSin, roca mTeli sicocxlis manZilze suli naziarebi iqneba sikeTes. marTlmadidebeli eklesiis katexizmo adamianis misias ase gansazRvravs: „kacis daniSnuleba is aris, rom ganaviTaros RvTisagan moniWebuli Zali da niWi da miaRwios sisrules da RvTis msgavsebas... sul ukanaskneli miswrafeba kacisa aris RmerTi, erToba anu cxoveli kavSiri RmerTTan“ (katexizmo 1994: 24). amis aucileblobas isic qmnis, rom igi RvTis xati da msgavsia. wm. ioane damaskelis mixedviT: „xatisebrioba“ gonismierobasa da TviTuflebrivobas aRniSnavs, „msgavsebisebroba“ ki _ Zalisamebr saTnoebis msgavsebas“ (damaskeli 2000: 361). adamianuri cxovrebis mizania,Seicno Tavi Seni da amiT _ dambadebeli. rogorc eklesiis mamebi gvaswavlian, adamianis Seqmna RvTis Warbi siyvarulis gamovlenaa. garda amisa, „ragvari siyvaruli da erTgulebac gankacebulma RmerTma gamoavlina adamianisaTvis, imgvarive siyvaruli da erTgulebac kacs marTebs uzenaesisadmi. RvTaebrivi sauflos miRma mdgom adamians daesaxeba amaRldes RmerTamde, gaemijnos sasrulobas, Camoicilos araraoba“ (farulava 1992: 110). stefane mtbevaris erTgvari gulistkivili da aRSfoTeba, rom „agebulebaÁ Tvsi ver eswava umadloT maT naTesaÂTa da msgavsebaÁ mTavrobisa TÂsisaÁ ver gulisÃma-eyo“ imas gulisxmobs, rom moxda codviT dacema, riTac „xati Semoqmedis RmrTisaÁ Seuracx-yves“, codvas sikvdili Semohyva kacTa modgmisTvis, dairRva maradisobasTan wilnayaroba da daiwyo wuTisoflis misteria. agiografi Segvaxsenebs msoflio warRvnas, sodom-gomoris warwymedas, iezabel dedoflisa da wm. elia winaswarmetyვ elis cnobil epizods Zveli aRTqmidan. mTeli konteqsti gaJRenTilia imis SegonebiT, rom ar unda viyoT urCni RvTisa, rom ukeTureba dausjeli ar darCeba. avtori isaia winaswarmetyvels daimowmebs: „ukeTu isminoT Cemio, keTilsa queyanisasa sWamdeT, ukueTu ara isminoT, maxÂlman SegWamnes Tquen“. RmerTi marTlmsajulia da mis winaSe yvela ixilavs nayofs simarTlisas. amitom unda gvqondes SiSi RvTisa, davutevoT ukeTureba da sinanulad moveqceT _ aseTia agiografis Rrma rwmena da mTeli es istoria, aseTi vrceli eqskursi mas dasWirda mxolod imisTvis, rom gviCvenos, rogor da ratom isjeba somexTa eri _ „rameTu mociqulTa mier qadagebuli marTlmadideblobisa igi sarwmunoebaÁ wmidisa kaTolike eklesiisaÁ ganagdes da moZRuarTa mier wmidaTa krebaTa RmrTiv sulierTa ganwesebuli kanoni saeklesioÁ Seuracx-yves“. stefane mtbevaris es sityvebi mowmobs mis aSkara antimonofizitur tendencias. garda amisa, mTeli msjeloba ganmsWvalulia imis SegnebiT, rom qveyana isjeba codvebis gamo, rom, rodesac erTiani sayovelTao (kaTolike) eklesiis wmida swavleba, mociqulTagan qadagebuli, da wmida saeklesio krebebis mier ganCineბ uli kanonebi gankiTxvis sagani gaxdeba, maSin aRmocendeba mwvalebloba, amis gamo codva fiTriviT moedeba garemos: „miwaÁ igi somxiTisaÁ ampartavan da mkÂdrni misni cudad mzuaobar, angahr, laR da codÂs moyuare, ampartavan, uwyalo, uyuarul da yovliTa ukeTurebiTa savse“ _ aseTi daxasiaTebis Semdeg sruliad bunebrivi da logikuria, rom „amaTa queyanaTa zeda ganewyo ufali risxviTa gulis-wyromisa misisaჲ Ta“. somxeTis mooxreba avtors Sedarebuli aqvs ninevelTa daqcevasTan. „wm. gobronis martvilobis“ arqiteqtonika sruliad gansxvavebulia „wamebaTa“ Tu „cxovrebaTa“ Janris sxva qmnilebebisagan. sakuTriv gobronis wamebis ambavs Txzulebis erTmesamedze naklebic ki uWiravs. danarCeni Semzadebaa am Rvawlis warmosaCenad, misi gmirobis rangSi asayvanad. „wm. gobronis martvilobis“ saxismetyvelebaSi mniSvnelovania saxelis simbolika. agiografi gvauwyebs, rom gobronma „saxeli icvala, viTarca yovelTa wmidaTa,

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viTarca petres klde da savles pavle, amas ewoda pirvelad miqel da mere gobron“. amis Sesaxeb sagangebod msjelobs i. grigalaSvili, romlis azriT: „RvTis rCeul pirTaTvis meore saxelis wodeba maSin xdeba, roca isini gansakuTrebul viTarebaSi aRmoCndebian. metbevari mowamis saxelis cvlilebaze xazgasmiT mianiSnebs mniSvnelovan sulier feriscvalebaze“ (grigalaSvili 2005: 35) „miqeli“ RvTis swori, RvTaebrivi (saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari 1992: 418). unda iqces martvilad, anu damadastureblad, mowmed, sisxlisa da sicocxlis fasad rom daamowmebs WeSmaritebas. ise rogorc wm. mociqulTa Tavni petre da pavle, romelTac, agiografis TqmiT, emsgavseba netari gobroni. stefane mtbevari wmindanis pirvelsaxeebad miuTiTebs iobs, iosebs, daviT winaswarmetyvels, wmida didmowame giorgisa da Teodores. am paradigmul saxe—simboloebze Tavis monografiaSi mianiSnebs i. grigalaSvili. Cven, Cveni mxriv, davZenT, rom ZiriTadi msgavseba aq gansacdelTa Tmenaa. rogorc i. grigalaSvili wers, miqel—gobroni Zalian hgavs miqel-gabriels, gabrieli niSnavs simtkices, anu RvTis Zalas (saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari 1992: 408). garda amisa, gobroni iTargmneba, rogorc Zala. ase unda iqces miqeli — RvTis swori RvTis Zalad, simtkiced, uSiSar da medgar sikvdilze gamarjvebul martvilad. ieso qristes mier ganvlili gza golgoTisaken, marTalia, jvarcmiT dasrulda, magram aRdgomiTa da amaRlebiT dagvirgvinda. qristianul literaturaSi yvelaferma, rac wmida maxareblebis mier iqna gadmocemuli, paradigmis mniSvneloba SeiZina, kerZod ki martirologiur TxzulebebSi: ,,dumili, udrtvinveloba, moTmineba braldebaTa da SeuracxyofaTa winaSe, sakuTar tanjva-tkivilTa daviwyeba, udanaSauloba... gulmowyaleba... miteveba... RvTis mowyalebis gadmosvla da SeWirvebaSi ganmtkiceba“ (farulava 1992: 114) iqca sagangebo mibaZvis pirvelsaxed. „wm. gobronis martviloba“ sainiteresoa im mxrivac, rom aq gaidialebulia meudabnoe mamebis Rvawli, maTi locviTi saTnoebani: „RmerTman ara aufla STasvlad mas Sina masliTa didebulTa udabnoTaÁTa da locviTa wmidiTaiTa, romelTa saTnoebani maTni keTilni, suetni caTani ganmtkicebul arian~. rac meti mlocveli ber-monazoni, meudabnoe Tu gandegili hyavs qveyanas, miT ufro daculia igi boroti Zalisagan, ufro mtkice da Zlevamosilia. brZolaSi Seupovari da uZlevelia netari gobroni. agiografi siamayiT aRniSnavs: „yovelTa uwinarÀs ipova simÃniTa netari gobron da Zali brZolisa misisaÁ). yovelsa mas simravlesa zeda sacnaur iyo... gamouÃdis netari gobron da gandevnis da Zlevisa misgan umetÀs ganakÂrvna yovelni“ (Zeglebi 1964: 177). axovaneba mxedrisa, erisa da mamulisaTvis Tavdadebuli gmirisa sakvirveli iyo yovelTaTvis. miqel-gobroni, gamorCeuli fizikuri ZaliT, brZolaSi SeupovrobiTa da uSiSrobiT, sxva RvawliTac Semkobilia: „SeemsWualnes Ãorcni TÂsni SiSsa RmrTisasa da ganumzada Tavi TÂsi qristesTÂs satanjvelad da sikudilsa daTmenad“ (Zeglebi 1964: 177-178). uZleveli da uSiSari gobroni RvTis moSiSi da qristesTvis sikvdilis maZiebelia. igi Zlieri pirovnebaa, am siZlieres ganapirobebs misi fizikuri da sulieri mzaoba, rom Seewiros siyvaruls, uerTgulos mas da sakuTari sisxliT daamowmos qristesTvis, rwmenisa da siyvarulisTvis udrtvinveloba. „martÂlobaÁ, gobronisi“ esqatologiuri suliskveTebiT Seqmnili nawarmoebia. agiografis sityvebi gafrTxilebad gaismis, rom sulieri mRviZareba gaaaqtiuros CvenSi. apokalifsuri molodini adamianuri Zalisxmevis mobilizaciisTvis aris aucilebeli: „saSinel da SesaZrwunebel ars dRÀ igi sasjelisaÁ, meored mosvla uflisaÁ, oden cani daiqcnen da wesni icvalnen, mnaTobni daSrten yovelni da queyanaÁ Seimusros, oÃraÁ igi sayÂrisaÁ zarscemdes yovelTa dabadebulTa da ZrwoliT xedviden mefesa qristesa, momavalsa juariTa“ (Zeglebi 1964: 179-180). sayovelTao samsjavro, uflis meored mosvla samyaros dasasruls gulisxmobs. es dRe adamianebisTvis ar aris gancxadebuli. uzenaesma niSnebi CamoTvala, romlebic winaswar gvacnoben mis meored mosvlasa da morwmuneebs am didi movlenis Sesaxeb afrTxileben. „sasjelis dReze“ ufali igavebiTac saubrobda: igavi keTili Teslisa da RvarZlis Sesaxeb (m. 13,24-20), igavi badis Sesaxeb, romelic zRvaSi iyo Cagdebuli da yvela saxis Tevzi moinadira (m. 13, 47-50), igavi aTi qalwulis Sesaxeb (m. 25, 1—13), igavi talantebis Sesaxeb (m. 25, 14-29) da a.S. jvarze vnebis win mowafeebTan macxovarma moixsenia momavali sayovelTao samsjavros dRe.. amis Sesaxeb gvauwyebdnen mociqulebic. qveynis aRsasruli gardauvalia. yovel wuTs, yovel dResa da yovel wels mizandasaxulad mivyavarT im ùkanasknel dResTan“ (i. 6,39), „didsa da ganCinebul dResTan“ (saqm. 2,20), „sasjelis dResTan“ (m. 10,15). „dResa mas risxvisa da gamoCinebisa da marTlmsajulebisa RvTisasa“ (rom. 2,5). pirveli qristianebi im dRis xilvis sasoebiT cxovrobdnen da ambobdnen: „ufali axlos ars“ (filip. 4,5), male mova ufali da yvelas Tavisi saqmeebisamebr miagebs. „Tormeti mociqulis swavleba“, romelic II saukuneSia dawerili, Seicavs samadlobel locvas: „dae movides madli da dae gansruldes es wuTisofeli. osana daviTis RmerTs“ (vasiliadisi 2003: 391). sulier sifxizlesa da meored mosvlisaTvis mzadebas dauRalavad gviqadagebs stefane mtbevaric: „saSinel da SesaZrwunebel ars dRÀ igi“_ gvafrTxilebs da amiT Segvaxsenebs Cvens

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upirveles movaleobas wuTisofelSi. qarTvelma agiografma kargad icis, rom meored mosvlis Jams gaismeba kvnesa, daiRvreba cremli, miwa Seiryeva, ca daigragneba, mTvare naTels aRar gamoscems, varskvlavebi Camocvivdebian da mzis Suqi sibneleSi CaiZireba. avtori am dRes „saSinels“ uwodebs. Rirsi svimeon axali RvTismetyveli gancvifrebulia meored mosvlis am SemaZrwunebeli suraTis warmodgeniT da ZrwoliT wers: „macxovris mosvlis saSineli dRe imitom ki ar iwodeba amgvarad, rom es yvelaze ukanaskneli dRea da arc mxolod imitom, rom mxolod maSin mova ufali, aramed imis gamo, rom meufe da RmerTi yovelTa, ufali Cveni ieso qriste am dRes mTeli Tavisi brwyinvalebiT gamoanaTebs. uflis am naTebis gamo xiluli mze dabneldeba da,saerTod,SeumCneveli gaxdeba, varskvlavebi Caqrebian da yovelive xiluli wignis msgavsad daixureba e.i. ukan daixevs, raTa adgili Semoqmeds dauTmos... angelozebi am dRes didad gankvirdebian, radgan ixilaven imas, rac aqamde ar uxilavT (vasiliadisi 2003: 394). stefane mtbevaris sityvebi „oÃraÁ igi sayÂrisaÁ zar-scemdes yovelTa dabadebulTa“ imas gulisxmobs, rom miqael mTavarangelozi sayvirs dascems da adamidan vidre samyaros dasasrulamde yvela gardacvlils gamoaRviZebs. rogorc pavle mociquli brZanebs: ”Tavadi ufali brZanebiTa da xmiTa angelozT mTavrisaTa da sayvirTa RmrTisaTa gardmoxdes zeciT da mkvdarni igi qristesmierni aRdgen pirvelad“ (I Tes. 4, 16). rac Seexeba agiografis Tqmuls: „ZrwoliT xedviden mefesa qristessa, momavals juariTa“ _ imas gulisxmobs, rom msajuli iqneba Ze RvTisa _ ufali Cveni ieso qriste, romelmac Tavad gviTxra: mama RmerTma „yoveli msjavri mosca Zesa“ (i. 5, 22). pavle mociqulis sityviT, msjavrs aRasrulebs mama RmerTi Zis meSveobiT, romelic TviTon mamam daadgina msajulad (saqm. 17, 31). macxovris meored mosvlas win waruZRveba „saswauli Zisa kacisa“ (m.24, 30), anu jvari, romelsac angelozebi wamoabrZaneben da elvis msgavs naTebas gamoscems _ amas gulisxmobs qarTveli avtori, roca gvauwyebs, rom qriste „movals juariTa“. qristianuli sarwmunoeba adamians sikvdilze axlebur xedvas da WeSmarit codnas aniWebs. yvelis cixidan gamoyvanili pyrobilebi erTmaneTs ase amxneveben: „gualeT, Zmano, qristÀs Tana da nu vin Cuengani SeorguldebiT da sixaruliT gamovides da urTierTs aswavebdes mxiaruliTa piriTa ficxelsa mas satanjvelsa sikudilsa, viTarca saSuebelsa keTilsa“. rogorc vxedavT, maTSi daZleulia sikvdilis SiSi da sixaruliTac ki egebebian satanjvels. sikvdilis SiSi memkvidreobiT miiRo kacTa modgmam pirvelqmnili adamianebisgan, romelTac RvTis mcneba daarRvies. n. vasiliadisi Tavis monografiaSi „sikvdilis saidumloeba“ sikvdilis SiSis Svid mizezs miuTiTebs: 1. sikvdilis SiSs xSirad kacTmoZule eSmaki gvinergavs; 2. WeSmariti sarwmunoebis ganelebis Sedegia; 3. amqveyniur sikeTeTa gadaWarbebuli Sefasebaა ; 4. ar gveSinia codvilTaTvis gankuTvnili momavali sasjelis gamo; 5. Cvens gulebs sasufevlis siyvaruli ar dauflebia; 6. movlenebs mxolod zedapirulad vuyurebT da ar vuRrmavdebiT; 7. sikvdilis SiSi gamowveulia codvebisadmi Cveni gulgrili damokidebulebiT (vasiliadisi 2003: 183-186) . radgan aseTia sikvdilis SiSis mizezebi, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, Tu rogori rwmena da siyvaruli hqondaT yvelis cixeSi datyvevebulebs. mowafeebma icodnen, rom sikvdili sicocxleze ukeTesia, amitomac „urTierTas aswavebdes mxiaruliTa piriTa ficxelsa mas satanjvelsa sikudilsa“. wm. ioane RvTismetyვ eli gvamcnobs, rom zeciuri wmida samsxverplos qveS ixila RvTis sityvisTvis momwydarTa sulebi (gamocx. 6, 9-10). isini cocxalni arian da iTxoven, rom aResrulos msjavri, daisajnon morwmuneTa mdevnelebi. rogorc Cans, yovelive es exmareboda qristianebs, medgrad Sexvedrodnen tanjva-wamebas, amitomac eniT gamouTqmeli Sinagani sixaruliTa da imediT xvdebodnen qristesTvis sikvdils. ase, magaliTad, mTeli arsebiT eswrafvoda mowamebriv aRsasruls wm. egnate RmerTSemosili, antioqiis episkoposi. wm. polikarpe smirinelma mowamebrivi aRsasrulis win iloca da RmerTs madloba Seswira imisTvis, rom Rirsi gaxda mowameTa dass SerTvoda da amis Semdeg morCilad Sevida cecxlSi. rodesac ormocma mowamem warmarTi guSagisagan brZaneba miiRo, ganmosiliyvnen da SiSvelni Sesuliyvnen gayinul tbaSi, es brZaneba gasaocari sixaruliT aRasrules, erTmaneTs amxnevebdnen da madlierebiT SehRaRadebdnen RmerTs. msgavsi magaliTebis moxmoba mravlad SeiZleba, magram, SesaZloa gaCndes kiTxva: aseTi damokidebuleba sicocxlis ugulebelyofas xom ar niSnavs?! Tu vinme sikvdils eZebs da TavgamodebiT miiltvis misken, xom ar niSnavs, rom amqveyniur sicocxles ar afasebs? _ „sruliadac ara! rameTu qristiani nebismier adamianze metad emadliereba RmerTs am didi wyalobisaTvis, igi xom sicocxles Semoqmedis udides wyalobad miiCnevs“ (vasiliadisi 2003: 229). saSineli wamebiT daxoces yvelis cixeSi datyvevebulebi. rogorc agiografi gvauwyebs: „romelnime maxviliTa scemdes, romelnime horoliTa da isriTa SesCxuepdes da dasWrides ÃorcTa maTTa, dinebiTa ganapebdes, da RÂZlebi igi maTi, viTarca ZaRlTa piriTa ganetaca, da esrÀT dasTxines sisxlini maTni, da esrჱT srul iqmna wamebaÁ maTi qristÀs mier“.

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wm. ioane oqropiri didmowame drosidas sadidebel sityvaSi ambobs: „mowameTa sikvdili waqezebaa morwmunisa, SemarTeba eklesiisa, ganmtkiceba qristianobisa, Zleva sikvdilisa, damowmeba aRdgomisa, ganqiqeba eSmakisa, msjavrdeba satanisa, maswavlebeli sibrZnismoyvareobisa. igia ... moTminebis momcemi, mxneobis aRmZvreli, Ziri, saTave da mSobeli yovelgvari sikeTisa“ (vasiliadisi 2003: 230). amirasa da gobronis dialogi Zalian hgavs wm. abosa da msajulis saubars. veragia amira, cbieri da TaRliTi. igi cdilobs simdidriTa da TanamdebobiT gadaibiros Tavis rjulze netari gobroni, amasTanave viTomdac wminda adamianuri TanalmobiTa da gancdiT mimarTavs: „mewyalis me sikeTÀ siWabukisa SenisaÁ da mSuris sikudilisaTÂs mÃedrobaÁ Seni, romeli saxelovan xar winaSe Cuensa da aw, viTarca Svilsa sayuarelsa, gaswaveb Sen, dauteve ugunurebisa Senisa Sjuli“. aseTi „keTilismyofeli“ msajulebi mravlad icis qristianobis istoriam. „wm. evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobidan“ cnobilia, rom rodesac igi cixisTavma moixmo „wmidaჲ evstaTi mcired Sebrkolda da unda moridebaჲ “ (Zeglebi 1964: 31). Tumca man maleve daTrguna es odnavi SekrToma. ufro rTuli suraTia wm. gobronis SemTxvevaSi. erTi SexedviT. mas gauWirda xorcis daTmoba da iseTive sixaruliT ar Sexvedria satanjvels, rogorc misi moZmeni, yvelis cixeSi datyvevebulni. gr. farulava amis Sesaxeb wers: „Cven viciT, rogor gauWirda gobrons xorcielebis daTmoba, rogor emudareba igi Tbilisis amiras sicocxlis SenarCunebas. tkivilis aseTi dauokeblobis, sisustis mtris winaSe aseTi daufaravi demonstraciis msgavsi SemTxveva ar aris qarTul agiografiaSi. Tavis RmerTTan, sulTan da tkivilTan pirispir darCenis Semdgom, wamebis gzaze siarulis mere gobroni sZlevs Tavis sisustes da TvalSeudgam simaRles aRwevs“ (farulava 1992:119). i. grigalaSvili cdilobs,ufro frTxili iyos Tavis SefasebaSi. misi azriT: „wm. gobroni sikvdil-sicocxlis arCevanis winaSe aRmoCnda. sicocxlis daTmoba ki nebismieri adamianisaTvis saSinelia“ (grigalaSvili 2005: 56). ra Tqma unda, Zneli iyo, albaT, wm. abosTvis, wm. kostantisTvis, wm. abibosisTvis, magram isini raime garigebaze ar wasulan. netari gobroni ki vedrebiT mimarTavs amiras: „gevedrebi, Ãelmwifeo, nu maiZuleb me datevebad qristianobisa, ... mraval arian Sen queSe qristianeni da meca ara davaklo monebaÁ Ãelmwifebas Sensa yovliTa saxiTa, romliTa genebos Sen“. am epizodis analizisas mTavaria ara imis miCqmalva, rom viRacas SeeSinda, ukan daixia, molaparakebis gza airCia, kompromisze wavida, aramed is, rom wmindanma unda sZlios uxilav mters, Sinagan xmas, unda amaRldes sikvdilis SiSze, rwmenam unda gaunaTos goneba da, rodesac adamianur sisusteze gaimarjvebs, religiuri sixarulic maSin mova. es epizodi imis kargi magaliTia, Tu rogor yalibdeba tanjvis gzaze wmindani, rogor xdeba misi sulieri feriscvaleba, romlis Sedegad daiZleva sikvdili, ganqiqdeba eSmaki da izeimebs sikeTe borotebaze, dadgeba sulieri gamarjvebis dResaswauli. garda amisa, netari gobronis am TxovnaSi, marTalia, igrZnoba TviTgadarCenis mwvave survili, Tumca ikveTeba martvilobis rTul gzaze Semdgari wmindanis udreki saxec: „da ese WeSmaritad uwyode Sen, rameTu arca keTilTa SenTa aRTqumaTa, arca ZÂr-ZÂr borotTa SenTa Cem zeda mowevniTa SemiZlo ganyenebad uflisa Cemisa iesu qristesi“. es xasiaTis sirTulis iseTi rTuli kombinaciaa, rodesac Tqmis procesSi yalibdeba pozicia. amitom saubris pirveli fragmenti Tu daTmobas gulisxmobda, iqve ukompromisobac Caisaxa. aseTi saintereso pasaJebiTaa warmodgenili wm. gobronis saubris, qcevisa da moqmedebis motivacia. soflis amaoebas daxarbebuli amira fiqrobs, rom iqneb „SiSman sikudilisaman anu SesaZinebelman keTilisaman modrikos“ wmida gobroni. rogorc Cans,raRac meryeoba manac daafiqsira mowamis pasuxSi da imitomac gaifiqra, sikvdilis SiSma modrikoso, magram masTan meored warmdgari gobroni mtkiced etyvis: „me pirveladve giTxar Sen, ara midrekad qristÀs uflisa Cemisagan“. es fraza imiTac mniSvnelobs, rom aaSkaravebs, Tu rogor hqonda Tavidanve gadawyvetili netar gobrons uflis siyvarulisa da rwmenis erTguleba. amis Semdeg qarTveli agiografis mier iqmneba uSiSari da udreki martvilis saxe, romelic verafriT SeaZrwunes, verafriT daaSines. rac ufro izrdeboda winaaRmdegoba da sisastike mterTagan, miT ufro Zlierdeboda da uZleveli xdeboda netari gobroni. siamayiT acxadebs avtori: „ver SeaZrwunes guli misi“. „martÂlobaÁ gobronisi“ qarTul agiografiaSi unikaluri Zeglia imiTac, rom mTel TxzulebaSi mxolod erTi locva gvxvdeba, romelsac warmoTqvams wm. gobroni da romelic aRsavsea RvTis mowyalebis imediTa da madlierebis gasaocari SegnebiT, rom Rirsi gaxda mowameobisa: „gmadlob Sen, ufalo iesu qriste, romelman Rirs myav me uRirsi ese codvili da ukanaÁskneli yovelTaÁ nawilsa amas mkÂdrobisasa da mowameebisasa. ufalo, srul yav mowyalebaÁ Seni da sitkboebaÁ Cemdamo da nura damabrkolebn mizezi raÁve, manqanebaÁ da mZlavrebaÁ usjuloÁsa amis“. netari gobronis mier warmoTqmuli es locva mravalmxriv aris yuradsaRebi. jer erTi, rogorc agiografiuli mwerlobisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, mowamebrivi aRsasrulis win wmindani madlobas swiravs ufals, rom Rirsi gaxda mowameTa dass SerTvoda, meorec, martvili sTxovs cisa da qveynis Semoqmeds, rom srulad miiRos mowyaleba da madli, rom grZnobdes mis

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mzrunvel xels, rom mis wiaRSi igrZnos Tavi. es aris uflis sruli mindobis SemTxveva. garda amisa, netari gobroni imiTac gamorCeulia qarTul agiografiaSi, rom igi mxurvaled sTxovs uzenaess, gaaZlieros borotTan brZolaSi, rom man ver SeZlos veranairi manqanebiTa da mZlavrebiT misi dabrkoleba. wmindani gansakuTrebulad imisgan dacvas iTxovs, raSi gaZlierebac sWirdeba. adamianuri sisuste, romelic man amirasTan pirvel saubarSi gamoavlina, uflis SemweobiT unda daZlios. amdenad, es locva logikurad kravs da amTlianebs netari gobronis pirovnebis sulier winaaRmdegobebsa da survilebs. Tu locva aris gonebis saubari RmerTTan ,,rogorc amas ambobs wm. nilos sineli (sapatriarqos uwyebani 2004: 13), maSin miqel-gobronis SemecnebaSi swored is amotivtivda, risgan gaZlierebac esaWiroeboda. am mxrivac „wm. gobronis martviloba“ sruliad bunebriv da logikurad organizebul magaliTs gvTavazobs. rodesac wm. gobroni kidev waradgines amirasTan „brwyinvvida piri misi da Subli misi elvared da romelnime qristianeTaganni maxlobel iyvnes, ixiles igi TualiTa sarwmunoebisaÁTa“ (Zeglebi 1964:182). „TualiTa sarwmunoebisaTa“ stefane mtbevaris sityvaTqmnadobis brwyinvale nimuSia. rwmena aris Zala, madli, marwmune am Zalisa da madlis matarebeli. rwmena sixarulia, araamqveyniuri cxovrebis dasawyisia. „Tual gasxen da ara hxedavT“ (mr. 8,19) _ brZanebs macxovari Cveni. Sesaloa, didebuli, mSvenieri da amaRlebuli Sens gverdiT iyos da ver amCnevde, ver xedavde. „visac surs ixilos RvTaebrivi da mSvenieri, jer TviTon unda gaxdes RvTaebrivi da mSvenieri“_ ambobs plotine. rwmenis Tvali maSin agexileba, roca SenSi Semova naTeli soflisa, roca Seicnob Sens dambadebels, roca ipovi WeSmaritebisaken mimaval gzas, romelsac miyavxar sasufevlisaken. bevri ram aris damokidebuli adamianze, magram unda iyos wyaloba da kurTxeva RvTisa da Seni survili, rom sxva TvaliT dainaxo samyaro, Seni cxovreba. qarTveli agiografis mier naTqvami, zogierTi qristiani „TualiTa sarwmunoebisaTa“ xedavda netar gobrons, rogorc „zegardamo gvirgvinosans“, swored im gamorCeul sulier simaRlesa da mdgomareobaze miuTiTebs, roca goneba da guli ganwmendilia da sulSic didi naTelia davanebuli. specialur literaturaSi miTiTebulia, rom „wm. gobronis wamebis“ bolo nawili TiTqmis sityvasityviTaa citirebuli ioane oqropiris homiletikuri Txzulebidan „sinanulisaTÂs“ (grigalaSvili 2005: 91). ratom dasWirda stefane mtbevars ase daesrulebina Txzuleba, saiTken gvibiZgebs avtori, ra aris misi mizandasaxuleba da risTvisaa saWiro sinanulisken mowodeba? sinanuli amqveyniuri cxovrebis Tanamdevi gancdaa da mxolod im kategoriis adamianTa xvedria, romlebsac gasCeniaT feriscvalebis survili, survili pirvel xatTan miaxlebisa, srulyofilebasTan ziarebisa. sinanuli ibadeba iq, sadac iwyeba „gancdaÁ TÂsTa codvaTa“ — rogorc brZanebs wm. efrem asuri. sinanuli da codvis Segneba-gancda ganuyofelia. Tanac, gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom codva sruliad gansazRvrul etapze iqna gacnobierebuli: „TÂnier sjulisa codvaÁ mkudar ars. xolo me cxovel viyav odesme TÂnier sjulisa, da odes moiwia mcnebaÁ igi, codvaÁ gancocxlda (rom. 7,8-9). amrigad, Teologiuri TvalsazrisiT, adamianisTvis codva, rogorc gacnobierebuli faqti, moses rjulis damkvidrebamde ar arsebobda. moses kanonma gamoavlina codva da gansakuTrebuli sicxovelec mianiWa mas“ (grigolaSvili 2005: 109). sinanulis arss gansazRvravs adamianSi arsebuli pirovnuli „me“, romelic gaacnobierebs imas, Tu rogor daSorda caTa da qveynis Semoqmeds, rogor SemoaRwia mis sulSi borotma Zalam, rogor imata codvam da ganeSora madli... amas mivyavarT pirovnebis sindisTan, mis Sinagan xmasTan, romelic aRZravs sinanuls, da ara kanonTan, romelic garedanaa mocemuli. cocxal arsebaTa Soris sinanuli mxolod adamianis sakuTrebaa, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli gancdaa, Tanac mxolod am wuTisofelSi e. i. is ar aris maradiuli, drosa da sivrceSia gansazRvruli. wm. nemesos emeselis mixedviT sinanuli „yovelTa niWTa Soris sakuTar kacisa ars“ (emeseli 1914: 17). wm. ioane oqropiri ki sagangebod gvafrTxilebs: „yovelman, romelman qmnes boroti da ara Seinanos aqave, mun veravin SemZlebel ars ganCinebad misa satanjvelTa maTgan saukuneTa (oqropiri 1955: 79). adamianis sulier feriscvalebas, mis Semobrunebas, gardaqmnas yvelaze metad aCqarebs da xels uwyobs sinanuli, romelic aris udidesi saidumlo, romelsac „meore naTlisRebasac“ uwodeben. wm. ioane sinelis mixedviT, „sinanuli ganmaaxlebel ars naTlisRebisaÁ “ (sineli 1986: 171). uamravi magaliTidan daviT aRmaSenebeli Tavis „galobani sinanulisanSi“ ors, mariam megviptelsa da manases asaxelebs (galoba VIII, 219-220). VI saukunis didi saeklesio mama wm. andria kriteli didi sinanulis kanons dawers, romelic ase iwyeba: „vina viwyo me glovad, saqmeTa cxovrebisa CemisaTa, anu romeli dasabami vyo qriste, godebisa amis“ (kriteli 2005:8). da, Tu bunebrivad daismis SekiTxva, ratom glovoben wmindanebi gamudmebiT? wm. abba doroTe upasuxebs: „wmindani sinaTlisaken mavali adamiania, rac ufro uaxlovdeba naTels, miT ufro xedavs codvebs. amitomac atareben isini mTel cxovrebas glovaSi“ (doroTe 2005: 3). sagangebod unda aRiniSnos isic, rom aRdgomis wmida didi marxva aris „periodi sinanulisa, Tavisi uRirsebis, codvisa da eSmakisadmi damonebis Segnebisa. am periodis himnebSi gvesmis

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aRsareba sulisa, mware cremlis mRvrelisa imis gamo, rom is aris dacemuli da Secodebuli“ (kekeliZe 1956: 203). zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, sruliad naTelia imis gaazreba, Tu risTvis sWirdeba stefane mtbevars qarTveli mkiTxvelis mobruneba sinanulisken. misi SekiTxvebic erTgvari Semzadebaa imisaTvis, rom vifiqroT sakuTar codvebze, avmaRledT yovelgvar miwierze da saTno veyoT ufals, „Ãsenebasa wmidaTasa veziarneT da saÃsenebelsa maTsa aRvasrulebdeT!“ agiografi Txzulebis bolos or SekiTxvas gvisvams: „Senca SemZlebel xar egevTarisa msxuerplisa wardginebad winaSe RmrTisa“ da „Sen SemZlebel xar dawuad maTa [xorcTa _ sf. m.] iwroebiTa da mwuxarebiTa da nebsiT siglaxakiTa uflisaTÂs“. am SekiTxvebs pasuxi gaecema maSin, roca adamiani mzad iqneba, itvirTos Tavisi jvari, Seudges ufals, hqondes gancdaÁ TÂsTa codvaTa da dacul iyos moyvasis gankiTxvisagan. aseT SemTxvevaSi ukve aRar gagvikvirdeba qarTveli agiografis gulwrfeli rCeva: „aw ukue moakudineniT Ãorcni Tquenni da juars-acuT igi SromiTa da marxviTa, gÂrgÂniTa mowameTaÁTa, romlisaTÂs igi mZlavrni martÂlTa moswyueddes da iwamnes, xolo Sen nebsiT Tavi TÂsi moswyÂde iwroebiT“ (Zeglebi 1964: 183). „amisaTÂs movivline soflad, raÁTa vwamo WeSmariti“ (i. 18,37) _ brZanebs macxovari. igi jvars ecva kacobriobis codvebisaTvis, Semdeg mociqulebi mogvevlinnen qristes mowameebad, Semdeg pirvelma stefanem imartvila qristesTvis, mere am gzas bevri daadga da „qristianul msoflioSi Camoyalibda instituti martvilobisa, gmirobisa, sisxlisa da sicocxlis safasurad rom daadastures WeSmariteba, arsi da fasi misi“ (farulava 1992: 115). swored amas Segvaxsenebs Cvenc „wm. gobronis martvilobis“ avtori. damowmebani: wignni.... 1989: wignni Zuelisa aRTqumisani, SesaqmisaÁ, gamoslvaTaÁ. nakveTi I. yvela arsebuli xelnaweris mixedviT gamosacemad moamzades b. gigineiSvilma da c. kikviZem. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1989. fsalmuni... 1960: fsalmunis Zveli qarTuli redaqciebi X-XIII saukuneTa xelnawerebis mixdviT. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada m. SaniZem. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1960. oTxTavi... 1979: qarTuli oTxTavis ori bolo redaqcia. teqsti gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo i. imnaiSvilma. Tb.: `Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1979. grigalaSvili 2005: grigalaSvili i. stefane mtbevaris `wm. gobronis wameba~. Tb.: gamomcemloba ùniversali~, 2005. grigolaSvili 2005: grigolaSvili l. daviT aRmaSeneblis `galobani sinanulsani~. Tb.: `Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba~, 2005. damaskeli 2000: wm. ioane damaskeli. marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis zedmiwevniTi gadmocema. ori Zveli qarTuli Targmani (wm. efrem mcirisa da wm. arsen iyalToelisa). gamosacemad moamzades roman miminoSvilma da maia rafavam. winasityvaoba da SeniSvnebi daurTi m. rafavam. Zveli berZnulidan Tanamedrove qarTulze Targmna, Sesavali da SeniSvnebi daurTo ediSer WeliZem. Tb.: `Tbilisis sasuliero akademiis gamomcemloba~, 2000. emeseli 1914: wm. nemesios emeseli. bunebisaTÂs kacisa. berZnuliTgan gadmoRebuli iovane petriwis mier, qarTuli teqsti Seiswavla, gamosacemad moamzada da leqsikon-saZiebeli daurTo r. gorgaZem. Tb.: 1914. vasiliadisi 2003: vasiliadisi n. sikvdilis saidumloeba. Tb.: 2003. kekeliZe 1956: kekeliZe k. `godebis Janri~ da `glovis wesebi~ Zvel qarTul literaturaSi. krebuli: etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan. I, Tb.: `Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba~, 1956. kriteli 2005: wm. andria kriteli. didi kanoni. Tb.: 2005. oqropiri 1955: wm. ioane oqropiri. sinanulisaTvis. wignSi: mamaTa swavlani. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1955. saqarTvelos.... 1992: wmindanTa saxelebi. wignSi: saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari. Tb.: 1992. katexizmo.... 1992: saxelmZRvanelo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis katexizmos Sesaswavlad. Tb.: 1994. sineli 1986: wm. ioane sinelis Sromebi. wm. eqvTime aTonelis Targmani. wignSi: saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari. Tb.: 1986. sapatriarqos uwyebani 2004: wm. nilos sinelis rCevebi. gaz. sapatriarqos uwyebani, 3(279), 2004. farulava 1992: farulava gr. tanjvis qristologiuri gageba da erovnuli mwerloba. Jurnali ciskari, 3, Tb.: 1992. qiqoZe 1993: qiqoZe g. cdiseuli fsiqologiis safuZvlebi. Tb.: 1993. Zeglebi.... 1964: qarTuli agiografiuli literatutis Zeglebi. I, ilia abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiTa da redaqciiT. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1964.

Saba-Piruz Metreveli Some Image Aspects of ,,Marthyrdom of St. Gobroni“ Summary

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Structure of the text is absolutely distinct from the other examples of the ,,Life" and the "Martyrdom" genzes. The description of the martyrdom of Gobroni- takesonly one third of the text, other part is preparation for perception of his feat. Stefani Mtbevari calls for indefatigable preparation for the second coming of the Christ: « That day is terrible ».He "is terrible" not because it that the last day, but also because in that this day Godwill in all the Light. St. Gobroni is a vivid personification of enduring difficulties. The work reveals antimonophizit tendencies. Its main subject is eschatology and ends with the teaching on regret.

maia maWavariani hagiografiuli paradigmebi wm. dimitris wamebisa da Sesxmis mixedviT bizantiuri hagiografiuli literaturis Camoyalibebaze didi gavlena moaxdina antikuri berZnuli literaturis iseTma Janrebma, rogoricaa istoriografia, epistolografia, gvianantikuri romanebi da sxva (jenkinsi 1963: 39-52; jenkinsi 1954: 13-30; makgvaieri 1953: VII-XXI; heberti 1992: 251-258). hagiografiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi wyaro gaxda enkomiuri biografia (popova 1975: 222). es ar iyo mxolod formobrivi damokidebuleba, anu es gavlena ar ganisazRvra mxolod literaturuli sqemis gadmoRebiT. hagiografiuli literaturis CamoyalibebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba iqonia am biografiebis ideurma mxarem, mizanma. did adamianTa biografiebis Seqmnas, upirveles yovlisa, hqonda didaqtikuri daniSnuleba _ biografiebSi aRwerili adamianebis diadi qmedebani unda yofiliyo iseTi magaliTi, romelic mkiTxvelSi mibaZvis survils aRZravda (jenkinsoni 1967: 4; jefermani 1988: 254). swored aseTi mizandasaxuloba gaxda SemdgomSi qristianuli hagiografiuli literaturis ganviTarebis ganmsazRvreli faqtori. magram hagiografiul literaturaSi, antikuri biografiisagan gansxvavebiT, es motivi sxva simaRleze avida, kidev ufro sxva datvirTva miiRo. qristianisaTvis arsebobda erTaderTi misabaZi magaliTi — kacobriobis codvaTaTvis wamebuli ieso qriste. swored amas ambobs pavle mociquli: “mobaZav Cemda iqmneniT, viTarca me qristesa” (I kor. 11, 1). es gaxda umniSvnelovanesi mizani yvela qristianis cxovrebisa _ qristes gzis gameoreba, misi mibaZva. es iyo mTeli qristianuli hagiografiuli literaturis mTavari didaqtikuri motivi. hagiografiam miznad daisaxa im adamianTa wamebisa Tu cxovrebis aRwera, romlebmac ieso qristes gza gaimeores, am gzis gavliT eziarnen RvTaebriv WeSmaritebas. mas unda aRewera ise, rom mkiTxvels Tu msmenels imaves gameorebis survili aRZvroda. adreqristianul epoqaSi, rodesac es motivacia jer kidev ar iyo kargad gaTavisebuli da gacnobierebuli, umeteswilad iwereboda martiriumebi, qristianuli sarwmunoebisaTvis wamebuli adamianebis aRsasrulis metad sada, litoni eniT gamoTqmuli, istoriul realobasTan daaxloebuli aRwerebi. magram droTa viTarebaSi, rodesac ukve mkafiod ganisazRvra hagiografiuli literaturis didaqtikuri daniSnuleba, TxzulebebSi istoriuli realobis asaxva gaxda sruliad meorexarisxovani. istoriulma realiebma dakarga mniSvneloba, samagierod wina planze wamovida iseTi Temebi, rogoricaa qristiani mowamis ganRmrTobis gza da qristianobis gamarjveba warmarTobaze, borotebaze. aseTma midgomam ganapiroba hagiografiul literaturaSi garkveuli literaturuli paradigmebis, modelebis warmoqmna. Txzulebis moqmedma personaJebma dakarges individualuri saxasiaTo Tvisebebi, gaCnda mowamis da mtarvalis zogadi saxeebi, situaciis standartuli aRwerebi, romlebic dakanonda da aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda bizantiur mwerlobaSi. literaturuli kliSeebi damkvidrda da gavrcelda ara mxolod bizantiur, aramed mTels aRmosavlur qristianul literaturaSi, maT Soris, qarTul naTargmnsa Tu originalur hagiografiaSic. am TvalsazrisiT gvinda ganvixiloT wminda dimitrisTan dakavSirebuli Txzulebebi, rogorc berZnul, aseve qarTul literaturaSi. SemovifarglebiT ori teqstiT: `dimitris wamebis~ erT-erTi redaqciiTa da `dimitris SesxmiT~. berZnul literaturaSi gamovlenilia `dimitris wamebis~ sami redaqcia (maWavariani 2004-2005: 166-176; maWavariani 2005a: 28-39). am redaqciebis Seswavla cxadyofs, rom droTa viTarebaSi `dimitris wamebis~ Tavdapirvelma istoriam arsebiTi cvlilebebi ganicada. faqtobrivad, `dimitris wamebis~ sami aRniSnuli redaqcia warmoaCens rogorc mowamis saxis Camoyalibebis process, aseve garkveulwilad asaxavs berZnuli hagiografiuli literaturis ganviTarebis etapebsac. wamebis yvelaze adreuli redaqcia, romelic, savaraudod, arsebobda ukve VII saukunis dasawyisSi (skedrosi 1992: 60-70), struqturuladac da Sinaarsobrivadac kimenuri

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hagiografiis metad tipuri nimuSia, romelic gamiznulia mxolod momxdaris dafiqsirebisaTvis1. aq gadmocemulia ori ambavi: erTi mxriv, rjulis maswavlebeli dimitris da, meore mxriv, Wabuki nestorisa da imperator maqsimianes dapirispirebis istoria. kavSiri am or Txrobas Soris metad sustia _ mxolod mesame piris sityviT dasturdeba (imperatoris daaxloebuli pirebi ambobdnen, rom SesaZloa, nestoris mier gladiatoris damarcxeba ganapiroba dimitris mier warmoTqmulma locvebma). aq mTxrobels aqvs mxolod erTi mizani — rac SeiZleba zustad, realobasTan axlos, gadmosces momxdari ambavi. `dimitris wamebis~ Sualedur redaqciaSi, romelic IX saukunes unda ganekuTvnebodes, igive siuJeturi xazi viTardeba. magram aq dimitris wamebis ambavi gavrcobilia axali epizodebiT da detalebiT, aqcentebic sxvanairadaa gadanawilebuli, ris Sedegadac wamebis es redaqcia ukve gansxvavebul JReradobas da mizandasaxulobas iZens. upirveles yovlisa, aq Secvlilia dimitris socialuri statusi. dimitri dabali wris warmomadgeneli ki ar aris, rogorc es adreul redaqciaSia (da rogorc, albaT, es sinamdvileSi iyo), aramed warCinebulTa, aristokratTa ojaxs ganekuTvneba da gamorCeulia Tavisi brwyinvale samxedro karieriTa da mdgomareobiT. meorec, am redaqciaSi mkafiod aris gansazRvruli kavSiri dimitrisa da nestors Soris — dimitri nestoris maswavlebeli da sulieri moZRvaria. amdenad, siuJeturadac Txzuleba ukeTaa Sekruli. mesamea is, rom TxzulebaSi CarTulia dimitris sxva saswaulebic (morielis mokvla, abanos qveS, sakanSi gausaZlis pirobebSi yofna, dimitris sisxlis saswaulebrivi Zala da sxv.). bevria sxva sagulisxmo ganmasxvavebeli momentebic. mTavari ki isaa, rom am redaqciaSi, adreuli redaqciisagan gansxvavebiT, dimitri warmogvidgeba aqtiur, mebrZol wmindanad. amgvarad, es saxe gacxovelebulia wm. mxedris motivis mixedviT. wminda dimitris, rogorc meomar wmindans, kidev ufro metad gamokveTs svimeon metafrasti (X-XI sukuneebis mijna) dimitris wamebis miseul, mesame redaqciaSi. sagulisxmoa, rom efTvime mTawmidelma wmindan dimitris qarTuli ciklis Sesaqmnelad berZnulidan qarTulad swored wamebis Sualeduri redaqcia gadmoiRo, is redaqcia, sadac mowame dimitris da mtarval maqsimianes figurebi ukve garkveuli literaturuli modelebis mixedviTaa damuSavebuli2. magram efTvime ar Semoifargla Txzulebis mxolod TargmaniT. garda calkeuli monakveTebis gadasxvaferebis da kleba-matebis magaliTebisa, efTvimem Sualeduri redaqciis teqstSi Seitana ori mniSvnelovani da saintereso cvlileba, riTac kidev ufro metad gamokveTa mTavari personaJebis saxeebi da Txzulebis saerTo mizandasaxuloba. qvemoT ganvixilavT TiToeul maTgans cal-calke. 1) imperator maqsimianesa da dimitris Sexvedra dimitris wamebis samsave redaqciaSi aris mxolod erTi metad mokle epizodi, rodesac dimitri da imperatori uSualod xvdebian erTmaneTs. es xdeba maSin, rodesac stadionze Sesvlis win imperators mohgvrian datyvevebul dimitris. samsave berZnul redaqciaSi imperatori imdenadaa gatacebuli gladiatorebis momavali orTabrZoliT, rom igi dimitris dakiTxvas brZolis dasasrulamde gadadebs da brZanebs mis damwyvdevas stadionis maxloblad mdebare abanos bnel sakanSi. efTvimes TargmanSi swored am epizodSia CarTuli imperatorisa da dimitris vrceli dialogi. imperatori dimitris ekiTxeba, marTalia Tu ara, rom igi qristes mimdevaria. dimitris ar eSinia Tavisi namdvili rwmenis gamoaSkaravebisa. imperatori Seecdeba mis gadmobirebas da dasawyisisaTvis pativsa da warCinebas Sepirdeba. dimitri pasuxobs tradiciuli, amaRlebuli fraziT: “yovelive didebaÁ Seni Senda iyavn warsawymedelad, xolo Cemda cxorebaÁ qriste ars da sikudili misTÂs sixarul ars” da a.S. maSin imperatori dimitris wamebiT daemuqreba. dimitri, rasakvirvelia, ar SeuSindeba imperatoris muqaras. igi moixsnis Tavis sartyels3, maqsimianes win daugdebs da mimarTavs antiTezebiT gamarTuli sityviT, sadac erTmaneTTan dapirispirebulia pativi amqveyniuri da pativi uxrwneli: àha esera, sartyeli pativisa Senisa Sendave iyavn, mefeo. xolo Cemda iyavn qristÀ da sasoebaÁ, romelmanigi momces me pativi uxrwneli da waruvali saukunoÁ ukunisamde~. aq dialogi mTavrdeba. ganrisxebuli imperatori brZanebs dimitris damwyvdevas abanos sakanSi. amis Semdeg efTvimes Targmani kvlav met-naklebi cvlilebebiT mihyveba berZnul teqsts. 2) dimitris mowameobrivi aRsasruli gladiator leiosis damarcxebis Semdeg imperatori daibarebs nestors. rodesac maqsimiane Seityobs, rom nestori qristiania da man Tavisi rwmenis ZaliT daamarcxa 1

2

3

uadresi redaqciisaTvis ix. PG 116, col. 1167-72; Sualeduri, anonimuri redaqcia, XI s.-is xelnaweriT moRweuli: PG 116, col. 1173-1184; mesame, anu svimeon metafrastiseuli redaqcia, X-XI ss.: PG 116, col. 1185-1202. “wm. dimitris wamebis” da “Sesxmis” efTvimesuli teqstebi gamoqveynebuli ar aris. miTiTebisas vsargeblobT k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa institutis TanamSromlis, nino natraZis, mier gadmowerili da kritikulad dadgenili teqstebiT. es saxe, SesaZloa, momdinareobdes Zveli aRTqmidan, ix: “da uqmne Sesamoseli wmida ahrons, Zmasa Sensa, uqmne pativad da didebad” (gamoslv. 28, 2); “da ese samoselni arian, romelni uqmne mas: samkerde da samÃre da ferÃTa sasxmeli, samoseli fesuedi da varSamangi, da sartyeli” (gamosl. 28, 4).

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gladiatori, sastikad ganrisxdeba da nestors sikvdiliT dasjis. imperatoris daaxloebuli pirebi mas Caagoneben, rom nestoris gamarjveba, SesaZloa, qristiani dimitris locvebma ganapiroba. ganrisxebuli imperatori dimitrisac moakvlevinebs. efTvimes TargmanSi dimitris mowameobriv aRsaruls metad saintereso CanarTi uZRvis win. mas Semdeg, rac mTavarni imperatorTan dimitris daadanaSauleben gladiatoris damarcxebaSi, imperatori kvlav moindomebs dimitrisTan Sexvedras, magram mTavrebi ar daeTanxmebian dimitris moyvanaze, rasac ase axsnian: ùkueTu warmoadgino igi, mefeo, winaSe Sensa, vicnobT Cuen sificxesa demetressa, viTarmed sityÂTa ver sZlo. ukueTu kula stanjvide, aRiZras eri ese qalaqisa Sen zeda, rameTu yovelnive megobar missa arian, da qnan SfoTi da amboxeba didi; aramed nu miiyvaneb mas winaSe Sensa, garna waravlinen, raÁTa moklan igi sapyrobilesa Sina, sada-igi aw mkÂdr ars bnelsa Sina~. imperators moewoneba maTi rCeva da mTavrebsve waravlens dimitris mosaklavad. sapyrobileSi misuli mTavrebi mimarTaven dimitris mliqvneluri sityvebiT `sayuareli xar Cueni...~ da kvlavac cdiloben mis gadmobirebas. dimitri siciliT uaryofs maT SemoTavazebas. maSin mTavarni iwyeben mis akuwvas, dimitri ki kvlav tradiciuli fraziT mimarTavs maT. am sityvis antiTezebSi dapirispirebulia asoTa, anu sxeulis, sikvdili da sulis gabrwyineba: èse ars dRe sixarulisaÁ da mxiarulebisa CemisaÁ, Ä usjulono, WridiT asoTa CemTa, rameTu ufroÁsad ganabrwyinvebT sulsa Cemsa~. rogorc vxedavT, orsave SemTxvevaSi efTvimes CanarTebi Seicavs iseT Sinaarss, romelic wamebis arcerT berZnul redaqciaSi ar dasturdeba. Cveni azriT, es CanarTebi aRebulia ara ucnobi, dReisaTvis dakarguli berZnuli wyaroebidan, aramed Tavad efTvimeseulia da gamiznulia dimitris Rvawlis ukeT warmoCenisaTvis.1 orive CarTuli epizodi mihyveba hagiografiuli literaturis kliSeebs, agebulia mtarvalisa da qristiani mowamis dapirispirebis tradiciuli modelis mixedviT. rogorc Cans, efTvimes azriT, dapirispirebis amsaxveli dialogis ararseboba mTel Txzulebas da dimitris, rogorc mowamis, saxes aRaribebs. epizodebis detaluri ganxilva aCvenebs, rom efTvimeseul CanarTebSi ar aris istoriuli Rirebulebis mqone aranairi informacia. dialogebi orsave SemTxvevaSi agebulia tradiciul antiTezebze, sadac dapirispirebulia, rogorc vnaxeT, orgvari pativi: amqveyniuri da waruvali, sxeuli da suli (ix. zemoT), agreTve warmarTuli da qristianuli RmerTi, boroti da keTili da a.S. (`xolo RmerTni ege ... qvani arian da Zelni, ... xolo RmerTi Cemi ars ukudavi~..., `viTarca borotsa miqadebT sikudilsa, keTilisa mizez meqmnebis me~... da sxv.). amgvari dapirispirebani bunebrivad momdinareobs Txrobis msvlelobidan da bevri saerTo aqvs qarTuli originaluri Tu naTargmni hagiografiuli Txzulebebis Sesabamis monakveTebTan, radgan sayovelTaod iyo gavrcelebuli rogorc bizantiur, ise qarTul mwerlobaSi. imave mizans, anu dimitris, rogorc mowamis, saxis gamkveTrebasa da imperatoris, rogorc mtarvalis, damcirebas emsaxureba efTvimes mier wamebis teqstSi Setanili sxva mcire cvlilebebic. ase magaliTad, berZnul dedanTan SedarebiT dimitris pirveli gamoCena efTvimes TargmanSi bevrad ufro STambeWdavia trafaretuli formulirebis saSualebiT: `xolo maT JamTa Sina brwyinvida netari da yovlad qebuli wmidaÁ dimitri, WeSmariti igi monaÁ WeSmaritisa RmriTisa~ (PG 116, col. 1173 B 4-5). efTvime berZnul originalze ufro xatovnad aRwers abanos im saknis saSinelebas, sadac dimitri daamwyvdies: `mouTmenel iyo mÃurvalebisa misgan cecxlisa friadisa, romelni egzebodes ara oden zeda kerZo missa, aramed garemoÁsca, da savse iyo igi ara oden simÃurvaliTa cecxlisaÁTa, aramed kuamliTaca friadiTa, romelsa Sina yovladve ara iyo naTeli da SeuZlebel iyo mas Sina erTisaca Jamisa dadgomaÁ kacisa~ (PG 116, col. 1177 B 1-2). is Rriankalic, romelic dimitris sapyrobileSi aRmoCnda, efTvimes mier ufro saSiSad aris gamosaxuli: `romeli ara iyo msgavsi RriakalisaÁ, aramed ucxoÁ raÁme sidide aqunda~ (PG 116, col. 1177 B 3-5). sainteresoa efTvimes TargmanisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kidev erTi Tavisebureba. rodesac nestori gladiatorTan sabrZolvelad daapirebs gamosvlas, imperatori erTgvar Semwynareblobas gamoiCens da urCevs, rom ar ibrZolos, da pirdeba, rom brZolis gareSec daajildoebs simamacisTvis (PG 116, col. 1180 A 2-15). efTvime ar Targmnis im frazas (PG 116, col. 1180 A 12-14), sadac imperatoris adamianuri xasiaTis Tundac mcire dadebiTi niuansia gamovlenili2.

1

2

efTvime aTonelis mier naTargmn teqstebSi Setanili interpolaciebi Txzulebis Janruli da kompoziciuri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT Seswavlilia Cvens mecnierebaSi (bezaraSvili 2004: 34-97). aRsaniSnavia, rom tendenciuri Targmanis es Tavisebureba damaxasiaTebeli iyo elinofilobamdeli periodis qarTveli mTargmnelebisaTvis, mag., daviT tbelisTvisac. paralelisaTvis ix. daviT tbelis mier Targmnili grigol RvTismetyveliseuli iulianes ganmaqiqebeli sityva (or. 4). am homiliaSi grigol RvTismetyvelis mier warmodgenili iulianes saxe misi xasiaTis saintereso TaviseburebebiT daviT tbelis TargmanSi calsaxovnad uaryofiT personaJad aris gardasaxuli da ganzogadebulia hagiografiuli JanrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kliSeebiT (maWavariani 2001: 20-36).

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yvela zemoT moyvanil magaliTTan erTad literaturuli paradigmis nimuSad gvinda gamovyoT `wamebis~ kidev erTi momenti. berZnul teqstSi detalurad aris aRwerili dimitris warmomavloba da kariera (PG 116, col. 1173 B 4-8), efTvimes ki es TargmanSi ar gadmoaqvs da dimitris pirovnebas kvlav tradiciuli zeaweuli ganmazogadebeli sityvebiT warmoadgens: `xolo maT JamTa Sina brwyinvida netari da yovlad qebuli wmidaÁ dimitri..., rameTu ara eSinoda mas usjuloÁsa misgan mefisa, arca mravalferTa maT satanjvelTa misTagan, rameTu aqunda mas cxorebaÁ wmidaÁ da ubowoÁ, kaci warmarTebuli yovelsave saTnoebasa zeda siCCoÁTTagan misiT da miwTomili sazomsa didsa~. aseTi detalebi efTvimes TargmanSi sakmarisi raodenobiTaa. amdenad, efTvime yvela saSualebas iyenebs, raTa `dimitris wamebis~ miseul TargmanSi kidev ufro metad warmoaCinos mowame dimitris Rvawli da qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis mixedviT ganazogados misi damsaxureba. hagiografiuli paradigmebis TvalsazrisiT aseve saintereso suraTia `dimitris Sesxmis~ qarTul versiaSi. es versia mxolod qarTulma xelnawerebma Semogvinaxa. qarTuli xelnawerebis minawerebSi am teqstis avtorad dasaxelebulia grigol nazianzeli, xolo mis qarTulad gadmomReblad miCneuli iyo X-XI saukuneebis moRvawe, daviT tbeli (kekeliZe 1980: 181; kekeliZe 1957: 33). magram kvlevam cxadyo, rom dimitris Sesxmis avtori ar aris grigol RvTismetyveli. Sesxma qarTulad efTvime aTonels unda Seedgina grigol RvTismetyvelis 24-e homiliis mixedviT (`sityua mRdelmowamisa kÂprianesaTÂs~. PG 35, col. 1169-1194. qarTuli teqsti gamoqveynebulia: metreveli, maWavariani... 2000: 63-153). efTvimes versia aris grigolis teqstis Tavisufali Targmani da perifrazireba. `dimitris Sesxmis~ teqsti, marTalia, mniSvnelovani SemoklebebiT, magram garkveuli sizustiT misdevs or.24-is ZiriTad teqsts im gansxvavebiT, rom kviprianes saxeli yvelgan Secvlilia dimitris saxeliT, xolo or.24-is is Tavebi, sadac grigoli mogviTxrobs kviprianes gaqristianebis ambavs, Canacvlebulia dimitris cxovrebisa da wamebis aRweriT1. es movlena kidev erTxel cxadyofs literaturuli paradigmebis da ritorikuli xerxebis pirobiTobas hagiografiaSi da enkomiuri Janris nawarmoebSi.2 ismis kiTxva: Cans Tu ara msgavseba `SesxmaSi~ dimitrisTan dakavSirebul epizodebsa da `dimitris wamebis~ efTvimeseul versias Soris? unda iTqvas, rom `SesxmaSi~, enkomiuri Janridan gamomdinare, ZiriTadi aqcenti gadatanilia mowamis gandidebaze, misi Rvawlis amsaxveli epizodebi ki metad moklea. magram sagulisxmoa erTi mniSvnelovani momenti, romelic erTmaneTTan akavSirebs `wamebis~ efTvimeseul Targmans da `Sesxmis~ qarTul versias da orsave teqsts erTnairad ganasxvavebs `dimitris wamebis~ berZnuli redaqciebisagan. `SesxmaSi~ moyvanilia dimitrisTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime Txroba: misi warmomavloba, garegnoba, zogadi miswrafeba (èrTisa mimarT oden suroda da erTi icoda gzaÁ cxorebisaÁ — qristesTÂs sikudili!~), dimitris sityva imperatorTan, angelozis mier gvirgvinis dadgma da mowameobrivi aRsasruli. am Txrobebidan yvelaze vrclad aris gadmocemuli dimitris mier imperatoris winaSe warmoTqmuli sityva stadionze Sesvlis win. es ki aris swored is epizodi, romelic dimitris qarTul TargmanSi CarTuli unda iyos Tavad efTvimes mier da romelsac paraleli wamebis arcerT berZnul redaqciaSi ar eZebneba. am epizodis Sinaarsi TiTqmis zustad meordeba `Sesxmis~ qarTul versiaSi, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom `SesxmaSi~ imperatoris replikebi sul ramdenime frazaSia Tavmoyrili da ZiriTadi adgili dimitris sityvas eTmoba. marTalia, `SesxmaSi~ ar aris naxsenebi arc stadioni, arc momavali orTabrZola, magram aq dimitris sityvis dasrulebis Semdeg imperatoris brZanebiT mas abanos sakanSi daamwyvdeven, rac iZleva saSualebas zustad ganisazRvros paraleluri adgili `wamebis~ efTvimeseul TargmanSi. dimitris mier warmoTqmuli sityva “SesxmaSi” isev tradiciul kliSes mihyveba da imiT gansxvavdeba `wamebisagan~, rom aq, enkomiuri Janris Sesabamisad, es sityva ufro metadaa datvirTuli ritorikuli xerxebiT, gansakuTrebiT, anaforebiT (`da erTi ars...~) da antiTezebiT (saSineli da sawadeli; maxvili nivTieri da maxvili sulisa; queyana da zeciuri mamuli; amqveyniuri monagebni da RvTis xatis dacva, msgavseba RvTisa da xorcieli buneba da sxv.): `Cemda, Ä maqsimiane, / erT ars RmerTi da meufe, / romelman dambada da araarsisagan arsad momiyvana, / romlisa sarwmunoebaÁ ara dautevo; / da erTi ars didebaÁ Cemi, / raÁTa missa mivide da mas vxedvide, / uzeSTaessa mas yovelTa keTilTasa; / da erTi ars simdidre da sasufevelisa igi SuebaÁ, / da erTi ars saSinel, ukueTu misTa brZanebaTa gardavhÃde ...... // rameTu satanjvelni Senni ara arian Cemda saSinel, aramed sawadel. / xolo maxÂli Seni sulisa Cemisa maxÂlsa ver ganhkueTs, aramed ufroÁsad mis mier Seiwuvis. / arad Semiracxia queynieri ese, rameTu erT ars mamuli Cemi zecisa — ierusalÀmi. / xolo aqani ese monagebni ara sawadel arian

1

`dimitris Sesxmis~ qarTuli versiis struqturuli analizis, teqstebis Sedarebis detaluri cxrilisa da wyaroebis Sesaxeb ix. maWavariani 2004-2005. 2 enkomiuri Janris homiletikisa da hagiografiuli Janris urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb ix. bezaraSvili 2004: 6466.

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Cemda, rameTu erTi ars didebaÁ Cemi — dacvaÁ xatisa amis Seuxebelad; / da romlisa msgavsad davibade, misi msgavsebaÁ, raoden SesaZlebel ars bunebisagan Ãorcielisa~. rogorc vnaxeT, `wm. dimitris wamebis~ berZnul Sualedur redaqciaSi gamoyenebulia hagiografiuli paradigmebi. efTvime Tavis TargmanSi kidev ufro sqematuria da ufro metad asxvaferebs teqsts tradiciuli kliSeebis mixedviT dimitris Rvawlis gamosakveTad. amisaTvis efTvime iyenebs dapirispirebis xerxs _ borotebisa da sikeTis, mtarvalisa da mowamis Sepirispirebis tradiciul models. es ganxorcielebulia zemoT ganxilul efTvimesul CanarTebSi `wamebaSi~ (da Sesabamisad, gadatanilia, savaraudoa, rom mis mierve, `SesxmaSic~). hagiografiuli paradigmebis mixedviT aris agreTve damuSavebuli, rogorc aRvniSneT, dimitris qarTuli `Sesxmis~ is monakveTebi, romlebic mowamis cxovrebas aRwers. hagiografiul models daemata ritorikuli xerxebic, gansakuTrebiT antiTezebi, romlebmac gaamZafra mtarvalisa da mowamis tradiciuli dapirispireba, ris Sedegadac miviReT mxatvrulad metad daxvewili nawarmoebi (maWavariani 2005b: 189-197). amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom wminda dimitrisTan dakavSirebuli orive qarTuli Txzuleba _ `wamebac~ da `Sesxmac~ damuSavebulia qristianul mwerlobaSi farTod gavrcelebuli literaturuli paradigmebis mixedviT. dimitris wamebisa da Sesxmis paraleluri pasaJebi ki (vgulisxmobT dimitrisa da imperatoris dialogs maqsimianes stadionze Sesvlis win), romelic, rogorc vTqviT, ar gvxvdeba dimitris wamebis arcerT berZnul teqstSi, kidev ufro amyarebs im mosazrebas, rom dimitris `Sesxmis~ qarTuli versia, iseve rogorc `wamebisa~, unda ekuTvnodes efTvime mTawmidels. efTvime berZnuli dedisagan damoukideblad mimarTavs misi drois bizantiur da qarTul literaturaSi gavrcelebul hagiografiul paradigmebs da ritorikul xerxebs. amagvarad, saboloo daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom hagiografiuli paradigmebi da sqemebi mowamis saxisa da misi sapirispiro uaryofiTi saxis Sesaqmnelad bizantiur literaturaSi Camoyalibda. qarTul literaturaSi, romelmac miiRo da gaiTavisa es modelebi, SeimCneva tendencia meti sqematizaciisaken da dapirispirebuli wyvilis _ mowamisa da mtarvalis kidev ufro gamokveTisaken ritorikuli CanarTebis saSualebiT. es xdeba im SemTxvevebSi, roca es modeli naTargmni Txzulebis berZnul wyaroSi ase vrclad ar aris warmodgenili. qarTveli mTargmnelebi, gansakuTrebiT, efTvime aToneli (Sdr. daviT tbeli) ostaturad iyeneben bizantiuri ritorikis xelovnebas, romelic maTTvis xangrZlivi literaturuli tradiciiT aris cnobili, rogorc ama Tu im Txzulebis qarTuli versiis (`dimitris wamebisa~), ise romelime berZnuli wyaros analogiiT agebuli originaluri Txzulebis Sesaqmnelad (mag., `kviprianes Sesxmis~ mixedviT Sedgenili `dimitris Sesxmisa~). damowmebani: bezaraSvili 2004: bezaraSvili q. ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da praqtika grigol RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa qarTuli Targmanebis mixedviT. Tb.: 2004. heberti 1992: Hébert M. Hesychasm, Word-Weaving, and Slavic Hagioghraphy: The Literary School of Patriarch Euthymius. München: 1992. jefermani 1988: Jeffernan T.J. Sacred Biography _ Saints and their Biographers in the Middle Age., New York, Oxford: 1988. jenkinsi 1954: Jenkins R.J.H. The Classical Background of the Scriptores post Theophanem. DOP, 8, 1954. jenkinsi 1963: Jenkins R.J.H. The Hellenistic Origins of Byzantine Literature, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 17, Washington: 1963. jenkinsoni 1967: Jenkinson E. An Introduction to Latin Biography, in T.A.Dorey. ed.Latin Biography. London: 1967. kekeliZe 1957: kekeliZe k. etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan. V, Tb.: 1957. kekeliZe 1980: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. I, Tb.: 1980. maWavariani 2001: maWavariani m. hagiografiuli yalibebi homiletikaSi. religia, 1-3. 2001. maWavariani 2004-2005: maWavariani m. wm. dimitri Tesalonikelis Sesxma qarTul mwerlobaSi. macne, els. 2004-2005. maWavariani 2005a: maWavariani m. wm. dimitri bizantiur da qarTul mwerlobaSi. klasikuri da Tanamedrove qarTuli mwerloba. # 9, Tb.: 2005. maWavariani 2005b: maWavariani m. bizantiuri oratoruli xelovneba dimitri Tesalonikelis hagiografiul ciklSi. logosi. weliwdeuli elinologiasa da laTinistikaSi. 3, 2005. metreveli... 2000: S. Gregorii Nazianzeni Opera. Versio Iberica, II. Orationes XV, XXIV, XIX, editae a H. Metreveli et K. Bezarachvili, M. Dolakidze, T. Kourtsikidze, M. Matchavariani, N. Melikichvili, M. Rapava, M. Chanidze (Corpus Christianorum. Series Graeca, 42. Corpus Nazianzenum, 9), Leuven- Turnhout, 2000. makgvaieri 1953: McGuire M.R.P. The Early Christian Funeral Oration, introduction for "Funeral Orations by Saint Gregory Nazianzen and Saint Ambrose". New York: 1953. mini 1857: PG. Migne J.P. (ed.). Patrologiae cursus completus omnium Patrum, Doctorum, Scriptorumque Ecclesiasticorum (…). Series Graeca, Parisiis: 1857-1866. popova 1975: Попова Т. В. Античная биография и византийская агиография, в сборникеЖ Античность и Византия. М.Ж 1975. skedrosi 1992: Skedros J.C. Saint Demetrios of Thessaloniki, Civic Patron and Divine Protector 4th-7th Centuries. Harvard: 1992.

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Maya Machavariani Hagiographic Paradigms According to the Martyrdom and Praise of St. Demetrios Summary Hagiographic paradigms and models were developed in Byzantine literature in order to create the image of martyr as opposed to the image of tyrant and despot promoting the martyrdom. In Georgian literature these paradigms were adopted and accepted, but sometimes in Georgian translations, unlike some Greek originals where these models were not presented widely, the tendency towards schematizing the mentioned paradigms is revealed. In these cases the opposition of the images is shown more clearly through the interpolations of rhetorical character. Georgian translators, namely Euthymius the Athonite (the 10th century; cf. David Tbeli), use the Byzantine rhetorical skill known to them through the long literary tradition while composing the Georgian version of the Greek text (e.g., "Martyrdom of St. Demetrios") as well as almost original work created according to some Greek sources (e.g., "Praise of St. Demetrios" compiled according to the "Praise of St. Cyprian").

lia wereTeli èse ars naTesavi qarTvelTaÁ~ (asureli mamebis `cxovrebaTa~ saxismetyvelebis paradigmebi) aTcamet asurel mamaTa cxovrebebis Zveli redaqciebi, svinaqsaruli da metafrasuli Zeglebi, mokle da vrceli teqstebi, maTi Seqmnis dro, urTierTmimarTebani da avtorTa vinaobis sakiTxi mravalmxrivad aris Seswavlili. urTierTsawinaaRmdego Teoriebia Seqmnili asurel mamaTa qarTlSi Camosvlis, maTi sarwmunoebrivi mrwamsisa da filosofiuri moZRvrebis Sesaxeb, Sefasebulia maTi didi Rvawli — saqarTveloSi samonastro kolonizaciis dasabami, misioneruli saqmianoba, kulturul-mwignobruli kerebis Seqmna da originaluri himnografiis dasabami. asurel mamaTa moRvaweobam didi roli Seasrula qarTuli qristianuli kulturis ganviTarebasa da àxalnergi~ sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebaSi. Cven ar ganvixilavT amjerad urTierTgamomricxav Teoriebs asurel mamaTa sarwmunoebrivi mrwamsisa da maTi `cxovrebebis~ Seqmnis TariRis, avtorobis, filosofiuri kredos Sesaxeb, warmovaCenT mxolod svimeon mesvetes (halabielisa) da svimeon sakvirvelmoqmedi (umcrosis) — mesveteobis fuZemdebelTa `cxovrebebTan~ asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebis~ mimarTebas. am kvlevis mimarTuleba g. feraZem gansazRvra. igi aRniSnavda, rom asurel mamaTa cxovrebebSi gadmotanilia orive svimeon mesvetis cxovrebis konkretuli faqtebi da saswaulebi. Tavis umniSvnelovanes naSromSi mecnierma ganixila asurel mamaTa cxovrebebi, mesveteTa asketuri Rvawlis fuZemdebelTa biografiuli da saswaulTa identuroba. gansazRvra, rom antioqiuri saRvTismetyvelo azrovnebisa da saxismetyvelebis tradicias iTvaliswinebs qarTuli agiografia. ZiriTad msgavsebaTagan mecnieri asaxelebs _ kverTxs, jaWvs (Torni), margalits, mRvimes, TviT erT-erTi piris saxels _ konon da a. S. amasTan, g. feraZe wers: `saswrafod saWiroa Catardes gamokvleva qarTvelebis damokidebulebaze orive svimeonis mimarT~ (feraZe 2002: 10). amgvari gamokvleva ar Catarebula. arada, orive svimeon mesvetis cxovreba pirvelwyaroa asurel mamaTa cxovrebebisa. mivdevT mecnieri RvTismetyvelis samecniero cdas _ asurel mamaTa cxovrebebi Seswavlil iqnas ori svimeon sakvirvelmoqmedis `cxovrebis~ paralelurad. warmovaCenT — asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebis~ uZiriTades aspeqtebs, romlebic, eWvgareSea, ori svimon sakvirvelmoqmedis `cxovrebaTa~ qargas efuZneba. am SedarebiTma kvlevam gvafiqrebina, rom asurel mamaTa cxovrebebi Seqmnilia ori svimon mesvetis `cxovrebis~ analogiiT da es `msgavseba~ aris idealTan `mimsgavsebis~ survili. saxismetyveleba antioqiuri saRvTismetyvelo skolidan kargad aris SeTvisebuli da mza-formulebad gadmotanili, rogorc `masala~ Rrmadsulieri Sinaarsis gadmosacemad. amgvari SedarebiTi kvleva jerjerobiT ar Sesrulebula da pirvel cdas warmoadgens: orive svimeon mesvetis `cxovreba~ amkvidrebs wmida mamaTa Sesamoslis saxismetyvelebas, romelsac ra Tqma unda, wyarod Zveli aRTqmisa da saxarebiseuli xatmetyveleba aqvs: ZaZa _ `da iyo samoseli netarisaÁ mis viTarca kurdani dabebkuli. da zeda kerZo misa daixvis sabeli da viTar dayo samoselsa mas Sina Svidi weli, amis Semdgomad iqmna Tavisa Tvisisa samoseli tyavisaÁ (gariti 1957: 78).

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samoseli ZaZa ganuZarcvelad hqonda svimon mesvete umcross: `Sehmoses angelozTa maT samoselsa mas zeda ZaZisaÁ didebaÁ da brwyinvalebaÁ miuTxrobeli~... (kekeliZe 1918: 245). èfrem asuris cxovreba~, romelSic antioqiuri saxismetyveleba mkafiod aris gamokveTili, did siaxloves amJRavnebs asurel mamaTa cxovrebebTan da erT umTavres wyarod warmodgeba: (efrem asurs ganuZarcvelad emosa `samoseli Zueli da dabebkuli~; moisurva wmidanma `ZaZiTa queyanasa zeda wola~...) (gariti 1957: 153). zogadad asuruli tradiciaa `kunkuli~ _ Tavsaburavi: `hpoo mun monazoni romelsa adgies kunkuli~ (kekeliZe 1918: 94). kunkuliT gamosaxavdnen asurel mamebs ikonografiaSi, xolo `cxovrebebi~ Sesamoslis saxismetyvelebas warmosaxaven; kargad damkvidrebuli xatweraa agiografiaSi `ZaZa~, `dabebkuli samosi~, `kunkuli~, `flasi~: àha, movidodes wmidani igi mamani uÃamloni da dabebkuliTa mosilni, Seuracxad saxilvelni, kunkuliTa Semosilni wesisaebr asurTa~ (Zeglebi 1971: 118). ZaZa _ uxamuri da dabebkuli samosi RvTis ZaliT ganspetakdeba _ es RvTiuri naTelmosileba qarTuli agiografiuli mwerlobis tradiciad warmodgeba. vfiqrobT, ZaZa ganasaxierebs wmidaTa cxovrebebSi macxovris _ `zeiTmoqsoil~ kvarTs. igi saidumloa (`SuSanikis wameba~), sxvaTaTvis dafaruli, anda saswauliT ganspetakdeba (`grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~), mowameobrivi RvawliT ZaZa gardaisaxeba RvTiuri madlis wyarod, risi cxadi dadasturebac aris macxovris gare-samosis darad wmidaTa Sesamoselis evlogiad danawileba maTi gardacvalebis Semdgom: `yovelsa romelsa miemarjÂs, miitacebdian samoslisa misisagan viTarca evlogiasa~ (gariti 1957: 116). sartyeli, sabeli welze - Zveli aRTqmisa da saxarebiseuli tradicia — macxovris welze sartyeli (`sartyeli tyavisaÁ ertya welTa misTa~, m. 3-4) da misi saRvTismetyvelo sazrisi cxovelmyoflad aris gaazrebuli asurul-antioqiuri tradiciiT, romelsac aseTive cxovelmyofelobiT amkvidrebs asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebi~. saxismetyveluri sazrisi sartylisa amgvaria _ simbolurad sartyeli gamosaxavs wmidanis mier xorcieli bunebis Zlevas, daTrgunvas, tanjvas, sartyeli Suawels, anu adamianis zeda da qveda sxeulis nawilTa gamyof zRvars mianiSnebs, adamianis qvena-bunebis mTlianad damorCilebas, zeda _ sulieris mier. sartyeli xorcSi ise Zalumad aqvT Semortymuli orive svimon mesvetes, rom is sisxliania, xorcs awylulebs, saSinel suns gamoscems, matlebs aCens da a.S. ramdenadac uamuria aRwerili suraTebi fizikuri TvaliT, imdenad xazgasmulia `xorcielis ZleviT~ sulieri sispetakisa da simaRlis miRweva: `kualad moiRo sabeli lifisaÁ ficxeli da moirtya igi welTa misTa SiSuliv da sabelman man SeWamna welni misni vidremdis aRorZinda Ãorci misi zeda kerZo sabelsa mas. da viTarca euwya mamasaxlissa saqmÀ ese, Sehxsna mas sabeli igi iZulebiT da savse iyo igi ÃorciTa da sisxliTa welTa misTaÁTa~ (gariti 1957: 122). kunkuli, `dabebkuli samoseli~ da `sabeli~ _ aucilebeli xatmetyvelebaa asuruli tradiciiT wmida mamaTa Sesamoslisa. svimeon umcrosi sakvirvelmoqmedis sartylisa da matlis saxismetyvelebis kvali `SuSanikis wamebaSi~ TvalsaCinoa (wereTeli 2005: 21). aq gvinda kvlav davimowmoT `cxovrebaÁ mefeT mefisa daviTisi~ _ daviT aRmaSeneblis sartylis saxismetyveleba: mefis mier sisxliT savse ube _ sartylis Semoxsnisas `namtknari~ sisxlis gadmoRvra, romelic mefis Wrilobidan gadmodenilad miiCnies da mtris sisxli aRmoCnda, sartylis _ saxismetyvelebis, misi saRvTismetyvelo sazrisis axal xatmetyvelebad gvesaxeba _ mefis sabrZolo-saraindo Rvawlisa da RvTivsulierebis gansaxovnebad. asurel moRvaweTa `cxovrebebis~ kvali, SiomRvimis saRvTismetyvelo skolis mravalsaukunovani tradiciis uwyvetoba asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebidan~ daviT aRmaSeneblis dromde sacnauria (`Sio mRvimisadmi anderZi~). qva _ svimeon mesvete halabielis cxovrebaSi qvis saxismetyveleba bibliuri sazrisidan aris amozrdili da saxarebiseuli simbolikiT gaRrmavebuli. qvas uZvelesi droidan hqonda Tavisi sulieri arsi. agiografiuli xatwera _ asketis mier qvis Camokideba, qvaze dawola, TavqveS qvis sasTumlad dadeba, qvis svetze dgoma bibliuri tradiciis ganvrcobaa. qva SenivTebul miwierebad cxaddeba da martvilis, asketis sulier aRzevebad gaiazreba, sulier ZalTa gamarjvebad adamianur miwier bunebaze: qva ametyvelebs uxilav, RvTivsulier gamocxadebiT WeSmaritebasa da gardaisaxeba am axali realobis xilul mowmed, erTgvar mijnad, zRurblad xilulsa da uxilavs Soris. bibliuri iakobis sizmari _ (kibeze angelozebi) sasTumlad dadebuli qva wminda adgilad moiniSnavs. am bibliur paradigmas gulisxmobs `wmida ninos cxovrebis~ epizodi _ faravnis tbasTan wm. ninom sasTumlad `lodi~ daido da esizmra kaci, romelmac dabeWdili wigni gadasca. (dekalogi). svimeons èdva qvaÁ erTi ganÃuretili da viTarca ZmaTa maT daiZinian, xolo man Camoikidis igi qedsa da dgan igi vidre ciskrisa Jamamde. da merme dadvis igi mdumriad Tvinier cnobisa maTisa~ (gariti 1957: 307).

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svimeonma `Seqmna Tavisa TÂsisa qvaÁ erTi romelsa aqunda simrgule ori wyrTaÁ, ahmarTa igi da dadgis mis zeda~ (kekeliZe 1918: 67). svimonTan mivida SeZrwunebuli xalxi. maTi sofeli TandaTan inTqmeboda wyalSi da mTa TandaTan hfaravda sacxovriss, mTis qveS ismoda grgvinva: wmida svimeonma sam qvaze jvari gamosaxva, qvebis Tavsa _ bolosa da SuaSi dadeba, sami Rame uZilod locvaSi myofoba urCia. [`wmindaman hrqua maT: `wariReT Tquen Tana sami qvaÁ da gamosaxeT TiToeulsa mas zeda saxÀ jvarisaÁ da erTi maTgani daadgiT TaviT kerZo misa, da erTi boloÁT, da erTi saSoval da ganaTieT sami Rame uZilad...~] (gariti 1957: 130). svimonTan mivida eri, maT sofels gvalva da SimSili moeloda, wyaro daSra da `ganxma~ miwa: `wariReT sami qvaÁ da gamosaxeT mas zeda saxÀ juarisaÁ~ da wyaroSi am qvebis Cayra brZana. RamisTevisa da locvis Semdgom aRmoxda kvlav Zlierad wyali. (kekeliZe 1918: 38). es saxismetyvelebaa asurel mamaTa cxovrebebSi. daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi yvelaze gamokveTilia `sami qvis~ saRvTo madli: evlogiad wamoiRo sami qva wmida daviTma. (abulaZe 1955: 158). RvTis neba angelozma ierusalimis patriarqs RamiT gamoucxada: `wariRo madli ierusalimisaÁ~, `Semosili dabebkuliTa samosliTa da aqus Zueli malaki, romelsa Sina sxenan samni qvani, evlogiad miRebulni~... òri nawili ukan vaqcio ierusalimadve da ara sruliad Ãuebul iqnes madlTagan, xolo mesamedi igi mominiWebies SenTÂs warRebad udabnosa Sina~ (abulaZe 1955: 159). saxismetyveleba sami qvisa `daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi~ am tradicias gulisxmobs: wmida daviTs simdablis, sarwmunoebis, Rvawlis gamo mieniWa RvTis madli. im sami qvidan, romelic man madliT srulqmna, RvTis nebiT, ori ierusalims darCa da erTi daviTs mieniWa: es aRar iyo Cveulebrivi qvebi, yovel nabijze rom xvdeba adamians, qvebs daviT garejelis rwmenisa da Tavmdablobis niSnad madlis ganfenis funqcia daekisraT. qva, qvis dadgma aRniSnavs, RvTis nebis ganmtkicebas, fuZe-qvad, saZirkvlad dadebas. ubralo qvebi gardaisaxeba RvTis nebis, jvarsaxovnebis xatmetyvelebad.

qva-sveti qva safuZvlad edeba da RvTis nebiT igeba svimeon mesvetis (halabielis) mier qva-sveti. igi mesveteobis fuZemdebeli RvTis gamocxadebiT xdeba. RvTisgan euwya rogor ilocos da iRvawos, ra simaRlis sveti aRmarTos. am Txrobas saxismetyveluri funqcia aqvs. Txrobisas ganmartavs agiografi: SesaZloa vinmem ikiTxos, nuTu miwaze dgomiT ar iqneboda RvTisaTvis saTno svimeonis Rvawli `xark iyo misa raÁTa dges igi suetsa zeda?~ agiografi Tavad pasuxobs: ìloca elia mTasa zeda da Seismina misi RmerTman, da daniel jurRmulsa Sina da Seismina misi da ganarina igi lomTagan, anania da moyuasni misni iyvnes saÃmilsa Sina da ganarinna igini cecxlisa misgan da iona iyo mucelsa veSapisasa danTqmuli ufskrulTa da ganarina igi Wirisagan. da TiToeuli wmidaTagani sadac vin ipovis da ilocis, miemadlos maT wyalobaÁ RmrTisaÁ. xolo Cuen esreT vhrquaT metyuelsa mas, raimeTu raJams ixilna ufalman dabadebulni TÂsni danTqmulni codvasa Sina da Sepyrobilni ruliTa uSjuloebisaÁTa, ineba raÁTa simÃniTa da moRuawebiTa da SromiTa monisa TÂsisaÁTa ganaRÂZnes da aRmoiyvannes siRrmisagan borotTa maTTaÁsa~ (gariti 1957: 180). am ganmartebas mosdevs svimeonis mier qva-svetis agebis Txroba. svetis mSeneblobas ramdenimegzis mohyva svetis orad gatexva an mTlianad Semusvra, RamiT eCvena svimeons `kaci erTi brwyinvale, da amcno: èse ars nebaÁ uflisa SenisaÁ, raÁTa Sehqmna sueti romelsa aqundes ormeoci wyrTaÁ da Sehmzado igi samZgided samTa qvaTagan da Sen gewodos moRuawe uflisa mier, aha esera miiRe niWi ese~ (gariti 1957: 182). wmida svimeons locva eswavla aseve RvTisagan: sarkmelTan askets edo qva sami wyrTis simaRliT. naTliTmosili kaci sizmarSi am qvaze dadga da muxlTa drekiT iloca. asketma gulisxmahyo, rom amgvarad unda eloca. (gariti 1957: 184). svimeonma Tavidan Svidi wyrTis sigrZis sveti Seqmna, Semdgom oci wyrTis, bolos RvTis nebiT ormoci wyrTis sigrZis sveti aagebina `xuroT~. sagulisxmoa, rom ukanasknel xans Seswavlil iqna siriis antioqiis `wm. svimeonis mTaze~ samonastro kompleqsis nangreebi da gamovlenili iqna swored sami sxvadasxva dros agebuli sveti, rogorc aRwers v. jobaZe: `svimeonis sami sayudeli sveti: I _ kaklis cilindri, romelic moTavsebuli iyo dabal kolonaze; II _ iyo msgavsi, im gansxvavebiT, rom xis sayudeli Seicvala rkinis galiiT, romelic dafaruli iyo cxvris tyaviT, rodesac man datova ioanes monasteri, is avida mTaze, raTa 541 w. aeSenebina sakuTari sayudeli. es iyo namdvili kldisgan gamokveTili sveti, romelsac garSemortymuli hqonda rkinis moajiri. qvemoT svetic SemozRuduli iyo maRali rkinis zRudiT, romelTan miaxlovebac qalebs ekrZalebodaT (jobaZe 1986: 62; jobaZe 1989: 38). sagulisxmoa xuroTagan svetis mSeneblobis Txroba: dRisiT aSenebdnen da gamTeniisas damsxvreuli xvdebodaT. sveti yovelJams Seimusvroda. (gariti 1957: 180).

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`xuroTa~ mcdeloba da veraRmarTva svetisa analogiuria `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ TxrobaSi: ìwyes xuroTa maT aRmarTebad da ver uZles... araTu aRmarTebad oden ver SeuZles, aramed SeZvraca. da uqm iqmna yoveli sibrZne da RonisZiebaÁ kacTaÁ, raÁTa suetisa mis aRmarTebiTa sakvirvelad RmerTi ididos da kacni umetesad daemtkicnen sarwmunoebasa... xolo sanatreli igi godebda da daadenda cremlTa suetsa mas zeda. da viTar SuaRame oden iyo (aRwerilia armaz-zadenis mTaTa rRveva da saSineli grgvinva — laSqari mtrisa da a.S.)... da aha esera zeda miadga Wabuki erTi yovladve naTliTa Semosili da moeblardna cecxlis saxed zewari da arquna samni sityuani netarsa ninos... Wabukman man miyo Ãeli suetsa mas da upyra igi da aRamaRla da wariRo simaRlesa caTasa... aha sueti igi cecxlis saxed Camovidoda da mieaxla xarisxsa mas TÂssa~... (`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ 1979: 345). `xuroTa~ mcdeloba irRveva da RvTis nebis gamocxadebis Semdgom gansruldeba svetis mSenebloba. wmindanis locva da Rvawli RvTis nebas acxadebs da sarwmunoebiT ganamtkicebs ers. savaraudoa, rom antioqiuri tradicia, asuruli xatmetyveleba `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~-s Txrobas gaTvaliswinebuli da SeTvisebuli aqvs. asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebi~ Txrobisas emyareba svimeon mesvete — halabielis, umcrosi svimeon sakvirvelmoqmedi mesvetis `cxovrebaTa~ qargas da sveticxovlis saswaulebrivi aRmarTvis, sauflo kvarTis cxovelmyofeli madlis Txrobas: asureli mamebi, ioane zedaznelis winamZRolobiT, qarTlSi mosvlisTanave mcxeTaSi modian da Tayvans scemen sveticxovelsa da sauflo kvarTs, kaTolike eklesias. Semdgom TiToeuli mama saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxareSi agebs taZars. TiToeuli taZris mSeneblobisas sxvadasxvagvarad meordeba sveticxovlis agebis saswauli. marTalia yvela `cxovrebam~ srulad ar Semoinaxa es Txroba, magram savaraudod erTsaxovneba unda yofiliyo. yvelaze srulad Sio mRvimelis `cxovreba~ cxadyofs: wmida Sio èvedrebodes RmerTsa, raÁTa man aCuenos maT adgili, sadaca TÂT mas jer-uCns Semzadebad taZari didebisa TÂsisaÁ~, ...`kuamli igi sakumevelisa aRvida haersa Sina, viTarca sueti, aRmarT zecamde, vidremdis TualTaca maTgan Seifara. da dges raÁ da xedvides niSsa amas gansakrTomelsa, kualad gamoCnda wueri igi sakumevelisa haerTa Sina, queyanad STamomavali sakvirvelebiT, viTarca sabeli raÁme Semtkicebuli, xolo moeaxla raÁ queyanad, STadga xevsa mas Sina, adgilsa erTssa... xedvides sakumevelsa mas viTarca Zeglsa, egreT mdgomaresa...~ moiTxova ukue Rirsman Sio saTxroli da sca sam-gzis adgilsa mas, sada mdgomare iyo sueti igi~ (Zeglebi 1971: 141). amgvarad aris sveti RvTis nebis ganmcxadebeli da taZris mSeneblobis makurTxebeli. ufro adreuli arqetipi am Txrobisa, vfiqrobT, unda iyos qristianobamdeli kulturisaTvis niSandoblivi qva-svetebi. savaraudod maTi gardasaxva moxda qristianul qvajvarebad, romlis cxadi dadasturebaa Tavad mesveteobis fuZemdeblis svimeon mesvete halabielis cxovrebaSi qva-svetTa da qva-jvarTa saxismetyveleba: `wariReT sami qva, gamosaxeT saxe jvarisa~... (gariti 1957: 171). òTxTave yureTa misTa aRmarTeT Zegli qvisaÁ da gamoxateT mas zeda saxe saufloÁsa juarisaÁ~ (gariti 1957: 180). amgvari qva-jvarebis mSenebloba bevrad win uswrebda taZarTa mSeneblobebs. adreqristianul xanaSi yvela qveyanaSi dasturdeba amgvar qva-jvarTa da qva-svetTa arseboba. igi Caenacvla warmarTul qva-kerpTa salocavebs da jvarSemosil wmindanTa locviT pirvel niSebad aRimarTa. `daviT garejelis cxovrebis~ arqetipad gvesaxeba uZvelesi Txroba `qva-svetis~ mSeneblobisa, qva-svetis aRmarTva, an qva-svetis adgilas taZris ageba. Tavad saxelwodeba `qva-SveTi~ _ `qva-svetis~_ saxecvlilebad moCans (msgavsad `tfilisi~ _ `Tbilisi~, `qvasveti~ _ `qva-SveTi~ _ anu t-s qceva T-d da s-s qceva S-d). daviT garejelis mier fexmZime dedakacis dasja, gviandeli xalxuri legenda gvesaxeba `qvaSveTis~- warmomavlobis axsnis cdad. wmidanis cxovrebas zepiri Txroba urTavs epizods cnobils èfrem asuris cxovrebidan~; anu wyaro am legenduri Txrobisa isev antioqiurasuruli warmomavlobisaa: efrem asurs borotad daswames moSurne mnaTem da fexmZime qalma bavSvis mamoba, ciliswameba efremma morCilad TavmodrekiT daiTmina da sabolood amxila: `Ãmayo ÃmiTa maRliTa da Tqua: `Sen getyÂ yrmao, da gafuceb saxelsa RmrTisa cxovelisasa, romel ars Semoqmedi caTaÁ da queyanisaÁ... aRaRe piri Seni da uTxar samarTali `vin ars mamaÁ Seni?~. miugo yrmaman man ÃmiTa maRliTa: èfrem mnaTe ars mamaÁ Cemi~... `yrmaÁ igi meysa Sina adgilsave mokuda, maSin movida mamaÁ igi qalisaÁ da Seuvrda ferxTa wmidisa efremisTa~ (gariti 1957: 83). imis naTelsayofad, rom asurel wmidanTa cxovrebebi saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidan iyo cnobili, dasturdeba xalxur SelocvebSi, sadideblebsa da locvebSi èfrem~-is xSiri moxsenieba. umetesad daviwyebulia Tavad wmidani, magram saukuneTa manZilze efrem-is xseneba da locva cocxalia teqstebSi. efremi iseve popularulia xalxur rwmenaSi, rogorc avgarozi, Tumca orives warmomavloba daviwyebuli da gaxalxurebulia (xom ar niSnavs efrem-verdi _ efremis sityvas?).

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SesaZloa iTqvas, rom ori svimeon sakvirvelmoqmedis `cxovreba~, asurel-antioqiel wmidanTa cxovrebebi ara mxolod literaturuli wyaro iyo asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebis~ Sesaqmnelad, aramed SemdgomSi xalxSi kargad cnobili da popularuli Tavisi saRvTismetyvelo sazrisiT. rogorc k. kekeliZe wers: `metafrasuli redaqciebi asurel mamaTa cxovrebebisa uCveneben im Zvels, kimenurs arqetipuls, romelic safuZvlad dasdebia maT~ (kekeliZe 1956: 20). rac Seexeba svetis saxismetyvelebas, antioqiuri saRvTismetyvelo sazrisiT, svetibibliuri TxrobiT win uZRoda da ecxadeboda xSirad ebraelebs udabnodan gamosvlis grZel gzaze, RvTis Tanxlebis xatmetyvelebaa sveti, amasTan qristianuli sazrisiT _ macxovarma `kldesa zeda~ daafuZna eklesia, romelsac `jojoxeTis bWeni ver ewevian~ _ qva-svetebi, qvajvarebi niSebad aRimarTeboda da amgvarad xdeboda qristianobamdeli epoqis, antikur kulturaSi cnobil svetTa gadaazreba, romelic taZris _ mSeneblobis umTavresi safuZvelia. Tavad wmidanni da wamebulni iwodebian `svetad~ sulieri aRmSeneblobis RvawliT _ (mag. basili didi efrem asurma ixila `msgavsad suetisa cecxlisa mdgomarÀ sakurTxevelsa zeda da Tavi misi aRiweoda zecad da esma zedaiT misa Ãma, romeli ityoda: èfrem, efrem, viTarca sueti ese cecxlisaÁ egreT ars basili~. gariti 1957: 95). antioqiuri saRvTismetyvelo skola amkvidrebs svimeon mesvete halabielis RvawliT _ mesveteobis, rogorc asketuri, meudabnoe Rvawlis erT-erT formas, romelSic RvTis Tanamyofoba (sulieri sveti), qva-svetiqristianuli taZari da qva-jvari _ adamiani, cocxali svetia sarwmunoebrivi Rvawlisa, cxovelmyofeli xat-saxea, RvTivsulieri cxovrebisa. es saxismetyveleba Rrmad aris gaazrebuli `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~, asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebis~ da zogadad qarTul agiografiasa da himnografiaSi, rac bizantiuri mwerlobis gavlenamde, asurul-antioqiuri saRvTismetyvelo skolis siRrmiseul codnas adasturebs. zeciuri sazrdo _ asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebSi~ gacocxlebulia svimeon mesvete halabielis `cxovrebis~ saxismetyveluri sazrisi _ wmidani marxulobs, loculobs da RvTisagan sazrdoobs, madli eniWeba zecidan, romlis winasaxed gaazrebulia Zveli aRTqmiseuli manana _ ebraelTaTvis sazrdod RvTisgan udabnoSi moniWebuli. svimon sakvirvelmoqmedi (umcrosi) sazrdoobs zeciuri saboZvariT: `gamovida taZrisa misgan kaci erTi Suenieri friad da samoseli misi iyo spetak viTarca Tovli, xolo TmaÁ Tavisa misisaÁ viTarca tevani yurZnisaÁ da Sezavebul iyo mxciTa... ...da Seiyvanes sakurTxevlad wmidaÁ svimeon da Seasues pirsa missa spetaki raime viTarca Tovli, msgavsi margalitisaÁ simrguliTa~... ègeviTari gemoÁ da sitkboebaÁ ver SesaZlebel ars povnad qveyanasa zeda. da saWmlisa misgan ganZlierda igi friad da mxiarul iqmna~ (kekeliZe 1918: 44). Sio mRvimelis `cxovrebaSi~ _ RvTismSobeli gamoecxada wmida Sios: àw SeWame ege, romeli ars Ãelsa Sensa da amieriTgan raÁ igi zeciT mogecemodis mas sWamdi da nuRara geSinis... Wama sazrdeli igi, romeli aqunda ÃelTa misTa msgavsi TovlisaÁ, romeli miuZRuna brwyinvaleman man dedakacman. datkba piri misi miuwvdomeliTa raiTame sitkboebiTa da sixaruliTa ganZlierda~ (Zeglebi 1971: 129). lomi, mgeli, veSapi... _ asurel mamaTa `cxovrebani~ erTi umTavresi aspeqtiT erTiandeba — wminda mamebs ZaluZT cxovelTa nebisamebr damorCileba, RvTisadmi aRvlenili locvis ZaliT, maT sityviT SeuZliaT gaanadguron gveleSapi, aukrZalon mxecebs garkveul adgilebSi cxovreba, cxovelebs esmiT wmida mamaTa saubari da morCilad asruleben maT survils... cxovelTadmi gansazRvrulad gamokveTili damokidebuleba _ adreqristianuli xanis damaxasiaTebelia da miTosuri azrovnebis gardasaxvas warmoadgens agiografiul mwerlobaSi. r. siraZis mosazrebiT, ioane zedaznelis da TiToeuli asureli mamis `cxovrebaSi~ TvalsaCinoa bibliuri paradigmebi (siraZe 1992: 78). vfiqrobT, asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebis~ es aspeqti antioqiuri saRvTismetyvelo skolis saxismetyveluri azrovnebis erTi umTavresi konceptia — asketi beri sulieri simaRlis iseT mwvervalze warmodgeba, rom mas ZaluZs RvTisadmi locviT daimorCilos cxovelebi, Tavisi survilisamebr gamoiyenos, amcnos maT RvTis neba, wmidani iqvemdebarebs bunebas (Tavisi oTxi elementiT — cecxls, wyals, miwas da haers), aRmoacenebs kverTxiT wyals, cecxli ar swvavs, haerSi aCerebs sagans da a.S. saswaulebad warmomdgari am epizodebis wyaro asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebSi~ umTavresad svimeon mesveteTa `cxovrebaa~ _ cxovelebis saxiT xSirad eSmaki moqmedebs, romelsac sZlevs wmindani: wmida svimeoni `Sevida quabsa mas da brZola sca eSmakman mas Sina brZoliTa didiTa da moiyvanna mis zeda mravalni mxecTaganni, guelni da veSapni, romelni hbervides da istuendes mis zeda da kualad moiyvanna mxecni mravalni msgavsi lomTani, romelni mZvinvarebiT zedamouvidodes. xolo wmidaÁ igi ara SeZrwunda da arca SeeSina maTgan, aramed juari oden daibeWdis Sublsa missa da mkerdsa da myis daSrtian ucnebani igi da ganibninian viTarca kuamli winaSe qarsa da naTeli didi brwinavda quabsa mas Sina~... (gariti 1957: 12). wmida svimeonma saSineli veSapi uCinarhyo, mZvinvare lomi Sehrisxa da ganaqarva, xucesma svimonis saxelis xsenebiT Tormeti qurciki Tavisi nebisamebr SeaCera, Seipyro ori maTgani da zardacemuli wmida svimeonTan mivida. àha esera mxecnica da pirutyuni damorCilebul arian

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sityuasa RmrTisasa, xolo kacni urC arian da winaaRmdgom~ - warmoTqva wmidanma (gariti 1957: 39). lomi emorCileba wmida svimeon mesvete umcrosis brZanebas, amarcxebs veSaps, alagmavs gveleSaps da a.S. gacocxlebulia saswaulebSi cxovelTa Zlevis, bunebis oTxi stiqiis damorCilebis saxarebiseuli mrwamsi. asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebi~ amgvari saswaulebiT mdidaria. g. feraZe miuTiTebs svimeon mesveteTa `cxovrebebis~ udavo zegavlenas asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebze~, gansakuTrebulad am epizodTa msgavsebas cxadyofs: irmebisa da veSapis epizodi `daviT garejelis cxovrebidan~, irmebis epizodi anton martyofelis `cxovrebaSi~, daTvis epizodi ìoane zedaznelis cxovrebidan~, virisa da mglis epizodi, `Sio mRvimelis cxovrebaSi~ da a.S. `cxovelebis motivi gadmoRebulia wm. svimeonis cxovrebidan. Sead. svimeon umcrosis cxovreba, monumenta, gv. 241, 48, 301, 302, 305, 306. Tavad saxeli berisa-_ konon — wm. svimeonis cxovrebidan aris gadmosuli (gv. 280) cxovelebis motivi isedac xSiria hagiografiul literaturaSi~ (feraZe 2002: 34). vfiqrobT, marTebulia mecnieris amgvari daskvna: `qarTuli ber-monazvnoba Tavis srulyofil ideals umkacres gandegilobaSi xedavda. svimeon umcrosis avtoritetis sasargeblod iTamaSa roli im faqtmac, rom mis cxovrebaSi moxseniebulni arian qarTvelebi. eWvs ar iwvevs, rom adgilebi, sadac laparakia mis urTierTobaze qarTvelebTan, namdvilia. swored amitom gaxda es cxovreba ukve adreve cnobili saqarTveloSi. didi siyvaruliT kiTxulobdnen mas da wm. svimeons saqarTveloSi ber-monazvnobis damaarseblad Tvlidnen (wm. svimeon ufrosic cnobilia qarTvel berebSi. qarTvelebi masTanac arian moxseniebulni~ (feraZe 2002: 36). `wm. Sios cxovrebis avtori icnobda wm. svimeonis cxovrebas da is Tavisi miznebisTvisac xSirad gamoiyena. garda im adgilebisa, romelic davimowmeT, SegviZlia moviyvanoT kidev ramdenime saintereso adgili. jer is adgili, romelic exeba sakmevels, Semdeg is, sadac avtori cdilobs daamyaros piradi nacnoboba Siosa da wm. svimeons Soris. avtori mamebs, sanam saqarTveloSi movidodnen, svimonTan gzavnis kurTxevis misaRebad. aq avtorma Tavisi miznebisaTvis gadaakeTa erTi istoriuli faqti, rac misTvis Zalian damaxasiaTebelia: im dros, roca mamebi svimeonTan mividnen, avtori mas TorneSi svams, raTa Semdeg wm. Sio erT-erT mRvimeSi cocxlad damarxos~ (feraZe 2002: 61). Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi dadgenilia, rom Torne niSnavs rkinis moajirs riTac SemosazRvruli iyo svimeon ufrosis sveti (jobaZe 1989: 57). davZenT, rom analogiuria warmomavloba svimeon mesveteTa `cxovrebebidan~ _ kverTxiT wyaros aRmocenebis, angelozTa kibis gamocxadebisa asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebSi~ (mosesa da elias xilva), ètlni cecxlisani da cxenni cecxlisani~, wmidanis mowinaaRmdegeTa xelis gaSeSeba da a.S. calkeuli motivebi pirdapir, saxismetyveluri sazrisis cxovelmyofelobiT gadmotanilia asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebSi~. calkeul paralelebs aRar ganvixilavT, vfiqrobT, isedac cxadia, rom svimeon mesveteTa `cxovrebebi~ erT-erTi upirvelesi wyaroa asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebisa~. zemo msjeloba da ganxiluli paralelebi imis naTelsayofad movixmeT, rom siRrmiseulad ganvsazRvroT svimeon sakvirvelmoqmedis Tayvaniscemis mravalsaukunovani tradicia da misi sazrisi daviT aRmaSeneblis `SiomRvimisadmi anderZSi~.

mefeTa goneba da guli asurel mamaTa Rvawli samonastro mSeneblobebsa da sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebasTan erTad gulisxmobda qarTlSi samefo xelisuflebis aRdgenas. Tu wmida ninos, andria pirvelwodebulis Semdgom, saqarTveloSi daxvda mnaTobTa da kerpTa Tayvaniscema, asurel mamebs _ gauqmebuli samefo taxti da damcrobili sarwmunoeba. wmida ninos qarTlSi mosvla agiografTa TvalsawierSi qarTveli eris axladmoqcevad gaiazreba, qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebeli _ mociqulTa sworad. saxismetyvelurad qristeSobis simbolika sacnauria: meTevzeebi, mwyemsni, sasTumlad qva (Sed. svimeon mesvete, wmida SuSaniki): ZilSi `kaci brwyinvale~ ganucxadebs: àRdeg da miarTÂ wigni ese mefesa warmarTTasa mcxeTas~. urbnisSi mociqulTaswori `Sevida baginsa huriaTasa~, armazis msaxurT mcxeTaSi Camohyva. mefe miriani da nana dedofali, eri kerpTa msaxurebas èbnebiTa da nestvebiT~ aRasrulebda (`mefe da yoveli eri erTbamad RmrTad aRiarebdes kerpTa usuloTa~) wmida nino `walkotsa mefisasa~, `mayvalTa Sina~... . saxarebiseuli (meTevze, mwyemsi) da bibliuri (ebraelTa kerpTmsaxureba, `Seuwveli mayvali~) saxismetyveleba wmidanis mier mefisa da eris qristianobaze moqcevas asuraTxatebs. mefe sTxovs wmida ninos `gamousaxos saxe eklesiisa~. ninom àxalma beselielma~ _ `saxe eklesiisaÁ dausaxa~. mefis kiTxvaze `sada uSeno saxli RmerTsa?~ wmida nino pasuxobs: `sadaca mefeTa gonebaÁ mtkice ars!~ _ es niSnavs, rom mefeSi unda gamocxaddes RvTis neba. mefis gonebis ganmtkiceba Rameuli CvenebiT dasturdeba: àmas brZanebs mefe sparsTaÁ xuara~... da

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ismis Zlieri grgvinva, mirian mefe Seipyreso... wmida ninos TqmiT, èse niSani maTi warwymedisaÁ ars da qarTlisa cxorebisaÁ da amis adgilisa didebisaÁ~ (`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ 1979: 344). wmida ninos sulieri ZalmosilebiT mefis mteri daiZlia. iriJraJa da mefem `moxeda samoTxesa mas dawyebulsa mas missa eklesiasa, rameTu mun mtkice igi gonebaÁ misi da ixila mun naTeli, viTarca elvaÁ zecadmde aRwevnuli samoTxesa mas Sina~ (`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ 1979: 345). mefis naTelRebuloba, sulieri naTlis xilva da svetis damyareba `xelSeuxeblad~ erTi mTlianobaa. mefis guli da goneba sarkea eris sulierebisa. mefis gonebis ganmtkiceba RvTis nebis masSi gacxadebiT ixateba. mefe Tavad gardaisaxa RvTis taZrad da Semdgom aigeba xiluli taZari. asurel mamaTa cxovrebebSi taZrebis mSenebloba amgvaradve gansaxovndeba: wmida Sios daemowafa evagre. igi aris mTavari cixedidisa da spaspeti mefisa (`cixedidi~ `wmida ninos cxovrebaSi~ eliozis saxlobas eboZa mefisgan). farsman mefe wmida SiosTan modis spaspetis gamo. mefesTan Sesagebeblad gamovida wmida Sio da dauloca mas gvirgvini, akurTxa misi mefoba. mefem Seswira SiomRvimes oTxi daba da a. S. mefes wmida Sio ase mimarTavs: `gulni mefeTani ÃelTa Sina RmrTisaTa arian~. Sio mRvimelis merve saswaulis Tanaxmad, qarTlis mTavarma stefanozma SiomRvimes `mostaca orni agarakni~, xolo Semdeg wmidanis ganswavliTa da gansacdeliT ori sofelic daabruna da sxva oric Seswira. Txroba gulisxmobs, rom mefis RvTiTganswavlas srulqmnian wmidanni. mefeTa guli da goneba aRivseba RvTis madliT. mefeTa xeldasxma RvTis nebisa da madlis gadmosvlaa maTze, rac taZarTa aRmSeneblobis, eris RvTivsulierebis dasabamia. amave sazriss gulisxmobs mefis sasuliero pirTagan dalocva `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~, rac ukve tradiciad moCans. SesaZloa davaskvnaT, rom asurel mamaTa Rvawlma erTgvarad safuZveli moumzada qarTvel bagration mefeTa taxts. am tradiciis kvalSi dgas mefis xelisuflebisa da sasuliero pirTa `mouklebeli~ locvis Tanxmieroba daviT aRmaSeneblis ànderZisa~ da `cxorebis~ mixedviT. omSi mimavali mefe moixilavs samefo taZars, wers anderZs, mas akurTxebs sulieri moZRvari. amasTan, TvalnaTelia agiografiul TxzulebaTa analizisas, mefe-RvTismsaxurTa erToba, mefeTa xeldasxma RvTisagan, bibliur tradicias ganasaxovnebs saqarTveloSi da `RvTisnebiTobis~ erovnuli xatmetyvelebaa. orive svimeon mesvetis `cxovrebaSi~ amgvari analogi ar aris.

`samisa dRisa mkudari aRmadgina svimon sakvirvelmoqmedma~ mas Semdgom, rac ganvixileT asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebis~ umTavresi wyaro — svimeon mesvete-halabieli ufrosi, da umcrosi mesvete sakvirvelmoqmedi, maTi `cxovrebebis~ analogiuri Txroba asureli mamebis `cxovrebebSi~ epizodebi da saxismetyveleba, naTeli xdeba, rom TiToeuli asureli mamis mier daarsebul savaneSi saukunidan saukunemde cocxali iyo tradicia _ svimon sakvirvelmoqmedisa da asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebis~ zepirgadmocemebi, arqetipuli Txroba da saswaulebi, sagaloblebi, maTi yovelwliuri xsenebis dRes mosaxseneblebi da vedrebani... Savi mTis saRvTismetyvelo skolasTan intensiuri urTierToba hqondaT qarTvel berebs, stumrobdnen Sav mTas da ganiswavlebodnen. arabobis Semdgom gansakuTrebulad gacxovelda Savi mTis saRvTismetyvelo skola. qarTvelTa siaxloves Sav mTasTan konkretul-istoriuli werilobiTi wyaroebi aqvs: giorgi dayudebuli (`Seyenebuli~) kargad cnobili qarTul xelnawerTa anderZebidan, romelzec mogviTxrobs `giorgi mTawmindelis cxovreba~. misi TaosnobiT safuZveli Caeyara Sav mTaze berZnulidan qarTulad Targmans zedmiwevniTi sisruliT, Tavisi filologiuri kvleviT _ sqolioebiT, ganmartebebiT da a.S. giorgi dayudebuli iyo moZRvari giorgi mTawmindelisa da misi zedamxedvelobiT moRvaweobda Sav mTaze (romanwmindaSi, svimeonwmindasa da kaliposSi), aq sxvadasxva dros ganiswavlnen da moRvaweobdnen giorgi mcire, romelmac dawera `cxorebaÁ da moqalaqobaÁ wmidisa da netarisa mamisa Cuenisa giorgi mTawmindelisaÁ~, efrem mcire, romelic mecnierTagan iwodeba `Savi mTis literaturuli skolis meTaurad da yvelaze saxelovan warmomadgenlad (menabde 1980: 162), `man Seqmna da gaaZliera Savi mTis filosofiur-Teologiuri skola~ (menabde 1980: 163), aq moRvaweobda saba Tuxareli, anton tbeli da gansakuTrebiT arsen iyalToeli, romelmac Sav mTaze Targmna `wamebaÁ wmidaTa samTa aRmsarebelTa: guria, samona da abibosi~, iambikoebiT Seamko `samociqulo~ da Sav mTaze moRvaweobis Semdgom daviT aRmaSeneblis sulieri moZRvari da misi saxelmwifoebrivi Rvawlis Tanamdgomia. samarTlianad wers d. meliqiSvili, rom Savi mTis saRvTismetyvelo-literaturuli skola da iq moRvawe qarTveli sasuliero pirebi iyvnen gelaTis sasuliero akademiis fuZemdebelni: `XI saukunidan Sav mTaze qarTvel moRvaweTagan iwyeba filosofiuri da Teologiuri literaturis aTviseba da Targmna-komentireba, rac Semdgom grZeldeba da Rrmavdeba gelaTis saRvTismetyvelo-literaturul skolaSi. (meliqiSvili, 2004, 9)

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rodesac vsaubrobT svimeon mesvete (halabielis) da svimeon sakvirvelmoqmedi (umcrosis) `cxovrebaTa~ kvalze asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebSi~, yuradReba mivaqcieT zedmiwevniT siaxloves rogorc saxismetyveluri TvalsazrisiT, aseve leqsikurgamomsaxvelobiT, sityvier qsovils daviT aRmaSeneblis `SiomRvimisadmi anderZTan~. cxadia, marTebulia g. feraZis mosazreba, romelic wers: `garda wm. svimeonis, daviT garejelis, ioane zedaznelis cxovrebisa, SeiZleba avtors hqonoda zepiri monastruli gadmocemebi, romlebsac is Tavisi survilisda mixedviT Teoriulad iyenebs. cxovrebis Seqmnis dro pirdapir xelSesaxebia. araerTxel aris masSi moxseniebuli didi eklesia, romelic daviT aRmaSenebelma (1089-1025) aagebina... advili SesaZlebelia, rom wm. Sios cxovrebis Seqmna am didi, axali eklesiis kurTxeviT iyos gamowveuli. SeiZleba avtori arsen beri iyos; mefe daviTis sulieri moZRvari~ (feraZe 2002: 38). vfiqrobT, es mosazreba, gasaziarebelia _ `wmida Sios cxovreba~ uTuod arsebobda uZvelesi saxiT, saswaulebi da zepirgadmocemebi mravlad hqondaT SiomRvimeSi moRvawe berebs, arsebobda Sio mRvimelis saxeliT cnobili qadageba _ `swavlani~ werilobiTi Zegli, e.w. `Sios anderZi~, romelsac ixseniebs daviT aRmaSenebeli `SiomRvimisadmi anderZSi~ da bevri sxva istoriuli sabuTi, romlis arseboba sruliad cxadia da mecnierTagan dadgenili (silogava 2003: 16). arsen beri kargad icnobs svimeon mesvete (halabielis) da svimeon mesvete umcrosis `cxovrebebs~, maT saRvTismetyvelo sazriss, Tavad aris warmomadgeneli Savi mTis saRvTismetyvelo-literaturuli skolisa. `SiomRvimisadmi anderZSi~ daviT aRmaSenebeli `yovlad Suenierad aRweril~ am Zeglebs ixseniebs _ (anderZi 1989: 13). arsen beri, ànderZis~ Tanaxmad, aris svimon sakvirvelmoqmedis soxasteris winamZRvari. mefe adgens: `me xudabuni Semiwiravs muxrans wmidisa svimon sakvirvelmoqmedisada~... (anderZi 1989: 12). es konkretul-istoriuli cnoba ànderZSi~ adasturebs, Tu raoden didi iyo svimeon sakvirvelmoqmedisadmi Tayvaniscema, misi saxelobis lavris `svimonwmindis~, wes-ganrigTa erTguleba, anu Savi mTis saRvTismetyvelo-literaturuli tradicia Tavad saqarTveloSi, ase rom sruliad realuria daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqaSi arsen beris mier axlad gardakazmva `Sio mRvimelis cxovrebisa~. Tavad mefe mSvenivrad icnobs am `cxovrebebs~, rasac adasturebs am teqstebis urTierTmimarTeba, sityvieri qsovili, leqsikuri msgavseba: Sed: `kadnier iqmna~, wm. svimons dausivda fexi da dauZlurda ise, rom `xatiTa da samSvinveliT~ ixilveba mxolod, `gankrZaluli iyo~, purobas teqstSi ewodeba `seri~. èfrem asuris cxovreba~, romelic arsen beris xelaxla naTargmni Cans `ganyofaÁ sulisa da xorcTa~-s igive sazrisiT moixseniebs, rogorc `SiomRvimisadmi anderZi~: ànderZSi~: `winaSe RmrTisa meoxad kadnier iyvnen~, romeli Semdgomad arsenissa gankrZaluli mRvdeli iyos~, `viTarca suliersa mamasa hSvenis sajdomeliTa da seriTa~, `ganyofasa misa xorcTagan, ganyav igi nawilisagan cxovnebulTaisa~. `cxorebaÁ mefeT mefisa daviTisi~, amgvarad mogviTxrobs: `nadirsa devnasa Sina odesme muxnars wareqca cxeni da esoden Seimusra, romel sam dRe yovlad usulod mdebare iyo

uZravad, samSÂnvelisagan oden sacnauri cocxlad da Semdgomad samisa dRisa namtknarsa sisxlisa aRmomyrelsa moeqca suli da sityuaÁ da ZliTRa aRdga cocxali~ (SaniZe 1992: 221). daviT aRmaSeneblis `SiomRvimisadmi anderZi~ mogviTxrobs: `soxasteri, viTa bersa ganmanaTlebelsa Cemsa arsenis gauwesebia da me xudabuni Semiwiravs muxrans wmidisa svimon sakvirvelmoqmedisada, romelman samisa dRisa mkvdari aRmadgina, igi viTarca TviT arseni ganawesis, egre iqmnas, garna Cem mier eseodeni, romeli Semdgomad arsenisa gankrZaluli mRvdeli iyos maxsenebuli Cemi Seucvaleblad~ (anderZi 1989: 18). orive teqstSi mefis erTsa da imave gansacdelzea saubari. es xazgasmulia samecniero literaturaSi (lolaSvili 1978: 97). am gansacdels mefis sulier cxovrebaSi udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda: `mkvdari iyo da aRdga, fexze wamodga cocxali, magram mefisTvis es gansacdeli rogorc Sinagani gamocdileba, ar SeiZleba SemTxveviTi yofiliyo da ukvalod Caevlo mis sulier cxovrebaSi. fizikuri gadarCena unda yofiliyo niSani imisa, rom mefis pirovnebaSi moxda sulieri gardatexa - badali meored Sobisa, Tu mkvdreTiT aRdginebisa, axal, ganaxlebul kacad, da TviT `sami dRis~ simbolizmi idumalebriv mniSvnelobas aniWebs am gansacdels, rac samudamod gamokveTa misma bageebma ànderZSi~ Casawerad (kiknaZe 1989: 72). z. kiknaZis es mosazreba pirveli ganmarteba iyo daviT aRmaSeneblis `SiomRvimisadmi anderZis~ RvTivsulieri Sinaarsisa, magram ar gamokvleula, Tu vin aris es svimon sakvirvelmoqmedi da ratom maincdamainc mas umadlis mefe gadarCenas? cxadia, svimeon sakvirvelmoqmedi ar aris daviT aRmaSeneblis Tanamedrove sasuliero piri, rogorc es zogierT istorikoss miaCnda mcdarad, aramed swored asurel mamaTa moZRvari da qarTlSi wamosvlis win gzis damlocveli, maTi Rvawlis sulierad Tanamdgomeli _ svimeon sakvirvelmoqmedi, mesvete (umcrosi), aseve sveimon mesvete (halabieli), TiTqmis gaigivebuli es ori didi asketi saswaulebiT, cxovrebebiTa da RvawliT. rac Seexeba konkretulad `sami dRis~ simbolikas, esec svimon sakvirvelmoqmedis `cxovrebaTa~ saxismetyveluri tradiciaa, sadac `sami dRe~ xazgasmulad macxovris darad

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mkvdreTiT aRdgomis sazrisiT cxaddeba: `STavida saflavad, sadac wmida gvamni sxenan, dayo saflavsa zeda sami dRe, SuaRames eCvena brwyinvalebaÁ naTlisaÁ da meyseulad ganeSora misgan vnebaÁ igi da moegnes Tvalni misni da aRmovida saflaviT~ (gariti 1957: 12). `da viTarca yo ese, meyseulad ivltoda seni igi misgan da raJams ganikurna igi daadgra mis Tana (wmida svimonTan) sam dRe~ (gariti 1957: 14). `daibane piri Seni da icxe gulsa Sensa saxeliTa uflisa Cuenisa iesu qristesiTa, da imarxe sam dRe da Sewire msxverpli uflisa mimarT... (gariti 1957: 39). svimon mesvete umcrosis `cxovrebaSi~ `sami dRe~ aseTive sazrisiT gaRrmavebulia: `samisa dRisa aRdgomisa SenisaTvis damifaren!~ svimon mesvete aRasrulebs kidec `sami dRis mkvdari~ adamianis gacocxlebis saswauls... (kekeliZe 1918: 203). `sami dRis mkvdris~ aRdgoma daviT aRmaSenebels orive svimeon mesvetis `cxovrebis~ saxismetyveluri analogiiT aqvs gaazrebuli `SiomRvimisadmi anderZSi~, Tavis gadarCenas mefe wmida svimeon sakvirvelmoqmeds umadlis, Sesawirs uZRvnis da gansacdels Rrmadsulieri sazrisiT mogviTxrobs. naTelia, mefis mier ori svimeon mesvetis `cxovrebaTa~ saxismetyveluri sazrisis gaTvaliswineba. misi analogiiT asrulebs mefe ànderZis~ Txrobas. sagulisxmoa, rom mxolod asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebi~ rodi aRniSnaven orive svimeon mesvetis gansakuTrebul mfarvelobas, sulier Rvawls qarTvelTaTvis. es xazgasmulia Tavad am ori wmidanis `cxovrebebSi~. z. gamsaxurdiam yuradReba gaamaxvila da didi roli mianiWa am cnobas: `kviprosis mTavarepiskoposis arkadis mier aRwerili `cxovrebaÁ svimeon mesvetisa~ mogviTxrobs, rom svimeon mesvetem `gankvirvebasa Sina ixila eri didZali friad mamaTa da dedaTa da yrmaTaÁ da aqunda xelTa maTTa jvrebi da movidodes igini aRmosavleTiT missa da suliwmidaÁ hfarvida maT~. Semdeg suliwmidam auwya mas, rom èse ars naTesavi qarTvelTaÁ~, meore dRes marTlac movidnen masTan qarTvelebi jvrebiT xelSi. uTuod am xilvam ganapiroba is, rom svimeon mesvete daumegobrda qarTvelebs, xolo SemdgomSi saqarTveloSi warmoagzavna aTcameti asureli mama qristianobis saqadageblad da gansamtkiceblad... ase rom, saqarTvelos wilxvdomilobis ideis gamoZaxils jer kidev svimeon mesvetis `cxovrebaSi~ vxvdebiT (Zegli VII saukunes ganekuTvneba) (gamsaxurdia 1990: 75). SesaZloa davaskvnaT, rom SiomRvime daviT aRmaSeneblis dros aris ara mxolod feodaluri senioria, aramed samefo sasuliero centri, romelsac mefem sruli damoukidebloba mianiWa. igi saRvTismetyvelo-saliteraturo keraa da Savi mTis saRvTismetyvelo skolis tradiciis kvalSi dgas, iTargmneba da iwereba sasuliero teqstebi, aq aris Sio mRvimelis tradicia aRorZinebuli himnografiis ganviTarebis mxrivac. Tavad `galobani sinanulisani~ da demetre mefis sagaloblebi (Sio mRvimelis sulieri xati cocxalia, sami iambiko eZRvneba mas) am didi tradiciis dadasturebaa, amasTan saxismetyveluri erTsaxovneba dasturdeba. amgvarad, SiomRvime moiazreba umTavres sulier centrad da, daviT mefis mcdelobiT, gelaTis saRvTismetyvelo tradiciis fuZemdeblad. dabolos, imis naTelsayofad, rom svimeon sakvirvelmoqmedi udidesi popularobiT sargeblobda saqarTveloSi, davimowmebT qarTul eklesia-monastrebSi farTod gavrcelebul ikonografiul da reliefur gamosaxulebebs. saqarTveloSi sami ikonografiuli versiaa dadasturebuli svimeon sakvirvelmoqmedis gamosaxvisa: a) makurTxebeli marjveniTa da wigniT xelSi. b) orantis pozaSi, xelebiT mkerdTan. g) xelebganpyrobili, romliTac jvarcmul macxovars emsgavseba (oSki). reliefebi svimon mesvetis gamosaxulebiT: oSki (X s.) dasavleTis Sesasvlelis Tavze, oSki (XI s.) samxreTis oqtagoni wm. svimeonis amaRleba (aladaSvili 1977: 78). zedaznis kankeli (XI s.) (Smerlingi 1976: 99). SiomRvimis kankeli (XI s.) (volskaia 1957: 89). aseve svimeon mesvetis laRamis Weduri xati (XI s.) (CubinaSvili 1940). svimeon mesvetis gamosaxulebani monumenturi kedlis mxatvrobaSi: daviT garejis, atenis (XI s.) orive svimeon mesvete, zemo krixi (raWa) XI s. orive svimeon mesvete sarkmlis WrilSi, ubisa (XIII-XV ss.) orive svimeon mesvete samxreTis Sesasvlelis orive mxares, varZia (XII s.) orive mesvete, samxreT Sesasvlelis sarkmeli, alaverdi (XI s.), Cukulis xis karebi (XI s.) (yaWeiSvili 2006, 45), SiomRvimis darbazis dasavleTi kedeli (XII s.). aq mocemulia `wm. svimeonis amaRleba~ angelozebis mier, aseve kacxis sveti, ori mesvetis gamosaxuleba gelaTSi da a. S. vfiqrobT, sruliad naTelia, ori svimeon mesvetis sulieri kvali asurel mamaTa cxovrebebSi da, saerTod, qarTul agiografiasa da ikonografiaSi, sazogadod, qarTul azrovnebaSi. damowmebani: abulaZe 1955: abulaZe i. (redaqtori). asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis wignTa Zveli redaqciebi. gamocemuli i. abulaZis mier. Tb.: 1955. aladaSvili 1977: Аладашвили . Монументальная Скульптура Грузии. М.: 1977. anderZi 1989: daviT aRmaSenebeli. anderZi Sio mRvimelisadmi. galobani sinanulsani. Tb.: 1989.

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gamsaxurdia 1990: gamsaxurdia z. saqarTvelos sulieri misia. Tb.: 1990. gariti 1957: gariti J. cxorebaÁ da gangebaÁ wmidisa sÂmon mesuetisaÁ da sakvirvelmoqmedisaÁ, romeli iyo damkvidrebuli mTasa zeda halabisasa, cxorebaÁ efrem asurisa (sinuri xelnaweri). gamocemuli Garitte G. Vies géorgíennes de s. Syméon Stylite I'Ancien at de s. Ephrem. CSCO, 171, Louvain: 1957. volskaia 1957: Вольская А. Рельефи Шио-Мгвиме и их место в развитии грузинской средневековой скульптуры. Тб.: 1957. kekeliZe 1918: kekeliZe k. qarTuli hagiografiuli Zeglebi. kimeni I. Tb.: 1918. kekeliZe 1956: kekeliZe k. sakiTxi siriel moRvaweTa qarTlSi mosvlis Sesaxeb. etiudebi... I, Tb.: 1956. kilaZe 2005: kilaZe c. SiomRvimis monastris jvarTamaRlebis taZris moxatuloba. disertaciis avtoreferati. Tb.: 2005. kiknaZe 1989: kiknaZe z. mZleveli sawuTroÁsa. daviT aRmaSenebeli. galobani sinanulisani. Tb.: 1989. lolaSvili 1978: lolaSvili i. arsen iyalToeli. Tb.: 1978. meliqiSvili 2004: meliqiSvili d. gelaTi _ sxua aTina da meore ierusalimi. gelaTis mecnierebaTa akademiis Jurnali, 12, 2004. menabde 1980: menabde l. Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi. t. II, Tb.: 1980. moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ 1979: moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ. Satberdis krebuli. gamosacemad moamzades b. gigineiSvilma da e. giunaSvilma. Tb.: 1979. silogava 2003: silogava v. daviT aRmaSeneblis anderZi. Tb.: 2003. siraZe 1992: siraZe r. vici, raÁsaTvis var. wignSi: qristianuli kultura da qarTuli mwerloba. I, Tb.: 1992. feraZe 2002: feraZe g. ber-monazvnobis dasawyisi saqarTveloSi. krebulSi: lmobierebis gzaze. goeTes institutis gamocema, Tb.: 2002. yaWeiSvili 2006: yaWeiSvili T. svimon sakvirvelmoqmedis ikonografia. sakandidato disertacia (xelnaweri). 2006. SaniZe 1992: SaniZe m. `cxorebaÁ mefeT-mefisa daviTisi~. Tb.: 1992. Smerlingi 1976: Шмерлинг Р. Малые форми в архитектуре средневековой Грузии. М.: 1976. CubinaSvili 1940: Чубинашвили Г. Грузинское чеканное искуство. 1940. Zeglebi 1971: Zveli qarTuli literaturis Zeglebi (metafrasuli). III, Tb.: 1971. wereTeli 2005: wereTeli l. ZaZa da antioqiis palekarti. literaturuli Ziebani, 2005. jobaZe 1986: Djobadze W. Archeological investigations in the Region West of Antioch on the Orontes. Stuttgart: 1986. jobaZe 1989: Djobadze W. Materials for the Study of Geprgian Monastiris in the Western Environs of Antioch of Antioch on the Orontes. Corpus Scriptorum Orientalium. 1989.

Lia Tsereteli "A Man Related to the Gedregeans" Summary In middle ages monks were very popular. It's one of the founder was St. Symeon stylite. The Cristian world showed special love towards him. He is recalled on the Ist of September according to Christian calendar. In the work is considered the Iconographic image of St. Symon and tropology aspects. The article investigates the tropology of "lives" of Assirian fathers. "Lives" are compared to those of two Svimeon Stilite. One tropological tradition is stated. It is the spiritual unity of Georgia and Antioch.

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qarTuli saero da sakaro literatura maia naWyebia moraluri gmiris Zieba qarTulი da evropulი barokos literaturaSi `filosofosebi da ritorebi daviwyebas miecnen; umetesobam arc ki uwyis imperatorTa da mxedarTmTavarTa saxelebi, magram martvilTa saxelebi yvelam Tavisi megobrebis saxelebze ukeT icis~ _ Teodorite kriteli. martvils yovelTvis gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia eris sulier cxovrebaSi. amas isic mowmobs, rom rogorc ki XVII saukuneSi garkveuli religiuri Tu politikuri kataklizmebis gamo gaCnda saWiroeba da aucilebloba sazogadoebaSi misabaZi adamianis nimuSi danergiliyo, martvilma da wmindanma sasuliero literaturidan mxatvrul literatraSi gadainacvla. *** Teimuraz pirvelis `wameba qeTevan dedoflisa~ 1628 wliT aris daTariRebuli. rogorc qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSia aRniSnuli, saistorio poemaTa rigi swored Teimurazis am TxzulebiT iwyeba, igi pirvelad iyenebs qarTul mwerlobaSi istoriul-nacionalur fabulas da e.w. istoriul-nacionaluri mimarTulebis damwyebi xdeba [baramiZe 1934: 217]. Teimurazis Txzulebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebi gansakuTrebuli siRrmiT gaioz imedaSvils aqvs Seswavlili. ikvlevs ra saistorio eposis warmoSobis safuZvlebs, mkvlevari miuTiTebs, rom àRorZinebis~ xanis wina periodis qarTuli literatura TiTqmis moklebuli iyo sakuTari sinamdvilis Secnobis unars da am periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo ZiriTadad ucxo sinamdvilidan aRebuli Tematikisadmi interesi. erovnuli katastrofiT gamowveulma socialur-politikurma viTarebam did gavlena iqonia sazogadoebriv ganwyobilebaze, romelic Seipyro yofierebis amaoebis gancdam da saero mwerlobaSi didxans ver poulobda adgils sakuTari sinamdvilidan aRebuli erovnuli gmiris saxe. mkvlevaris TvalsazrisiT, saero poeziaSi istoriuli Janris gaCena aixsneba agiografiaSi arsebuli istoriuli nakadis tradiciebis gadasvliT saero mwerlobaSi [imedaSvili 1964: 124]. igi am etaps msoflmxedvelobis TvalsazrisiT axal safexurad miiCnevs, romelic mwerlobaSi ayenebs realobis Secnobis princips da fantastikuri gmiris nacvlad mwerlobaSi Semohyavs sakuTari yofis adamiani. saero da sasuliero nakadebis urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT Teimurazis Txzulebas saintereso Zeglad miiCnevs, radganac masSi erTiandeba sasuliero mwerlobis Tematur-kompoziciuri tradiciebi saero mwerlobis stilsa da leqsikis SedarebiT ubraloebasTan” [imedaSvili 1964: 128]. mkvlevari miuTiTebs `qeTevanis wamebis~ ormag xasiaTze, rodesac wers, rom Teimurazis poema sasuliero da saero literaturuli tradiciebis urTierTobis is safexuria, romelic Tematurad da ideologiurad agiografiuli anu sasulieroa, formis mxriv ki saero. saero mwerlobas mkveTrad SemuSavebuli erovnuli ideali agiografiam uanderZa _ esaa mowame gmiri da `Teimurazs SeiZleba miekuTvnos misi nakadis mxolod saero poeziaSi Setanis prioriteti~ [imedaSvili 1964: 148]. XVII saukunis evropaSi wamebulis, rogorc moraluri gmirisadmi yuradRebis gamaxvilebis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa Semdegi paraleli: espaneTSi qronologiurad amave periodSi Seiqmna kalderonis drama _ `mtkice ufliswuli~ (1628-1629). nawarmoebi mogviTxrobs utexi portugalieli ufliswulis _ don fernandos gmirul cxovrebasa da mowamebriv sikvdilze, romelic tyved Cauvarda mavrebs da uari ganacxada megobris da samSoblos Ralatis fasad Tavisuflebis miRebaze. dramaturgi, xatavs ra don fernandos beds, warmosaxavs mas rogorc `wmindanis cxovrebas~ [istoria... 1987: 47-48]. zogierTi mkvlevari mas agiografiuli tipis nawarmoebad miiCnevs, zogierTi ki religiur-filosofiur dramad Tvlis. magaliTad, espanuri literaturis cnobili mkvlevari menendes-i-pelaio `mtkice ufliswuls~ agiografiuli tipis nawarmoebebs miakuTvnebda, xedavda ra masSi dramatizirebul `cxovrebas~ [tomaSevski 1969: 30]. qristianuli Tematikis da masTan dakavSirebuli gmiris _ martvilis, mebrZolis, mxedarTmTavris _ barokos literaturaSi asaxvasTan dakavSirebiT metad sainteresoa safrangeTis magaliTi. iq barokos epoqis miwuruls, 1654-1657 wlebSi gamoqveynda ramdenime `heroikuli poema~ anu epopea. maTTvis nimuSs homerosisa da virgiliusis poemebi

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warmoadgendnen, magram gadamwyveti da principuli iyo is, rom maTSi Tanamedroveobis xazgasma xdeboda wminda werilidan, wmindanTa cxovrebidan da saerTod qristianobis istoriidan aRebuli siuJetebis damuSavebiT. moxda warmarTuli siuJetebis Canacvleba erovnuli istoriidan aRebuli siuJetebiT, heroikuli poemis mTavari gmirebi iyvnen frangi eris Semqmneli gmirebi. sen sorlenis poemaSi `klovisi, anu gaqristianebuli safrageTi~ (1657) klovisi, safrangeTis pirveli qristiani mefe, warmodgenilia, rogorc misabaZi qristianuli gmiri, romelis moqmedebac erovnul TviTSegnebas emyareba. sagulisxmoa am nawarmoebis aRmzrdelobiTi daniSnuleba im epoqis konteqstSi, gamoxatuli Tanamedrovis mier: àxalgazrda ludoviko XIV-s unda miebaZa klovisis gmiruli saTnoebis nimuSisaTvis da unda eswavla siyvaruli deda eklesiisa. am Janris saukeTeso nimuSad ki Sapelenis `qalwuli~ miiCneoda. misi gmiri _ Jana d’arki is saerTo-erovnuli mniSvnelobis figura iyo, romelmac Tavisi simtkiciT mterze gaimarjva [Sevo 1997: 105]. maSasadame, saqarTvelosa da evropaSi msgavsi literaturuli procesebi mimdinareobda, moraluri gmiris literaturaSi warmoCenis aucilebloba maTSi erTdroulad, TiTqmis paralelurad gaCnda. evropaSic da saqarTveloSic msgavsi situacia iyo, Tu dasavleTSi religiuri omebi mZvinvaredda, saqarTvelos gareSe mtrebi esxmodnen Tavs, da am msgavsma mdgomareobam msgavsi asaxva hpova literaturaSi. saqarTvelosa da safrangeTSi mimdinare literaturuli procesebi Tavisi arsiT identuria, rac imaSi mJRavndeba, rom Tu manamde saqarTveloSi xdeboda ucxo sinamdvilidan aRebuli Tematikis damuSaveba da saero mwerlobaSi didxans ver poulobda adgils sakuTari sinamdvilidan aRebuli erovnuli gmiris saxe, Teimurazis Txzuleba pirvelia, sadac erovnuli gmiri _ qeTevan wamebulia gamoyvanili; safrangeTSi ki antikuri gmirebis adgili erovnuli istoriidan aRebulma gmirebma daikaves; maSasadame, orive qveyanaSi moxda ucxo gmirisa da Tematikis Canacvleba nacionaluri gmiriTa da Sesabamisad nacionaluri TematikiT. am paralelebis safuZvelze vxedavT, rom evropuli barokos literaturas Temisa da gmiris SerCevis TvalsazrisiT exmaureba imave periodis qarTuli literatura [naWyebia 2005: 82-83].

*** XVII saukuneSi gansakuTrebiT gamoCnda evropis didi daintereseba saqarTveloTi, rac dadasturebas poulobs rogorc evropel diplomatTa, misionerTa Tu mogzaurTa nawerebSi, ise mxatvrul literaturaSi. evropis mxatvrul literaturaSi qarTuli Temis SeWra, pirvel yovlisa, iseT did pirovnebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, rogorc qeTevan dedofalia. 1624 wels sparseTis Sahis karze qarTveli dedoflis mowamebrivi aRsasrulis istoriulma faqtma farTo gamoxmaureba hpova dasavleT evropis qveynebis rogorc saistorio xasiaTis, ise mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi. es qveynebia: portugalia, safrangeTi, espaneTi, italia, germania, inglisi da slovakeTi, romelic im dros avstria-ungreTis monarqiaSi Sedioda. qeTevanis saxe aisaxa germaneli dramaturgis _ andreas grifiusis tragediaSi _ `qeTevan (katerina) qarTveli, anu gautexeli simtkice~ (1647) [grifiusi 1975: 61-213], romlis saTauric ukve Seicavs im zneobriv potencials, romelic gamoxatavs mwerlis damokidebulebas mTavari gmiris mimarT. 1701 wels ki slovakeTis qalaq skalicaSi, romelic iezuitTa erT-erT centrs warmoadgenda, daidga anonimi skaliceli iezuitis piesa qeTevan dedoflis Sesaxeb saTauriT _ `katerina (qeTevani), qarTvelTa dedofali, Tavisive sisxliT Semkuli, scenaze warmodgenili~ ["Katerina, královná gurziánská vlastní krví ozdobená, na divadlo predstavená] [anTologia 1981: 605-610], romlis saTauric miuTiTebs imaze, rom nawarmoebis mTavari gmiri mowamea. es nawarmoebi e.w. saskolo piesaTa Janrs miekuTvneba, romelsac gansakuTrebuli zneobriv-aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia ekisrebaoda. bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxva, ratom airCia orma evropelma avtorma Tavisi nawarmoebis Temad qarTveli dedoflis tragikuli istoria. amaze pasuxs is mSfoTvare atmosfero iZleva, romelic XVII-XVIII ss evropaSi sufevda. es periodi aRbeWdili iyo Rrma krizisiT, rac gamoixateboda sisxlian religiur omebSi, Turqebis SemosevebSi, ocdaaTwlian omSi, epidemiebsa da sxva ubedurebebSi. religiuri da socialuri Seviwroeba, gauTavebeli saubari omze, didi gaWirveba, Savi Wiris epidemia da bunebrivi katastrofebi xalxSi pesimizms, uimedobasa da amqveyniuri cxovrebisadmi undoblobas iwvevda [minariki 1985: 196]. barokos adamiani icnobda sam meTods, romelsac misi Sinagani ganxeTqileba unda gaemTlianebina _ es iyo grZnobebis, nebisyofis da azrovnebis gza. erTianobis miRwevis am sam saSualebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli barokos adamianis sami tipi: mistikosi, moraluri gmiri da universaluri brZeni. mistikosi midioda grZnobis gziT (siyvaruli), moraluri gmiri _ nebisyofis gziT (moqmedeba) da universaluri brZeni _ azrovnebis gziT (sibrZne) [minariki 1985: 198-199]. Sesabamisad, barokos centralur gmirad wmindani, mowame, mxedarTmTavari, Tavgadasavlebis moyvaruli da dampyrobeli iqca da es imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom amgvari

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gmirebis saqcieli momdinareobda erTis mxriv mowinaaRmdegeze gamarjvebidan, meore mxriv ki _ TviTdaZlevidan [minariki 1985: 198]. is saerTo situacia da ganwyobileba, romelic evropaSi sufevda, naTels xdis qeTevan wamebulis mowamebrivi aRsasrulis mimarT im interess, romelic evropelebma gamoiCines qarTveli dedoflis pirovnebisadmi: qeTevanis patriotuli suliskveTeba da sarwmunoebisadmi erTguleba pasuxobda im ideals, romelic amxnevebda ganuwyvetel religiur omebSi Cabmul barokos adamians, ramac mis cnobierebaSi martvili-gmiris arqetipis xelaxali gaaqtiureba gamoiwvia. amitomac qarTveli wmindanis, qeTevan dedoflis saxeli XVII saukunis dasavleT evropaSi kargad iyo cnobili _ rwmenisaTvis Tavdadebuli dedoflis bediT daintereseba TviT epoqis suliskveTebam ganapiroba, rac zneobrivi idealis, moraluri gmiris ZiebiT iyo nakarnaxevi.

*** andreas grifiusis tragedia _ `qeTevan (katerina) qarTveli, anu gautexeli simtkice~, rjulisa da mamulisaTvis Tavganwiruli qarTveli dedoflis cxovrebas eZRvneba. igi istoriuli sinamdvilis amsaxvel wyaroTa safuZvelzea dawerili da istoriuli qronikis tipis dramatul nawarmoebs warmoadgens, romelSic zedmiwevniT aris warmodgenili saqarTvelos imdroindeli politikuri viTareba im wyaroTa Tanaxmad, riTac xelmZRvanelobda grifiusi, germanuli barokos es erT-erTi udidesi warmomadgeneli. gatanjuli saqarTvelos yofis daxatviT miniSnebebiT Tavisi samSoblos gaveranebul yofaze saubrobda. piesaSi naCvenebia sparseTis winaaRmdeg qarTveli xalxis brZolis erTi epizodi. qarTvelma dedofalma qeTevanma araerTxel daicva samSoblo da samefo taxti Sah-abazis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, xolo rodesac sparseTis Sahi xelaxla daesxa Tavs saqarTvelos, qeTevan dedofali Tavisi nebiT wavida SahTan, raTa exsna samSoblo. magram elCad misuli dedofali daatyveves da sparseTis qalaq SirazSi gagzavnes, ris Semdegac Sah-abasma qeTevans coloba da sparseTis dedofloba SesTavaza da mosTxova mas qristes rjuli daegdo da mahmadianobis mieRo. qarTvelma dedofalma uari ganacxada amgvar Seuracxmyofel winadadebaze. miuxedavad Sahis Txovnisa da muqarisa, qeTevanma Sahs ganucxada, rom igi mzadaa miiRos `cecxli da rkina~ da mrisxane da veragi Sahis survili amayad uaryo. Sahma daumorCilebeli dedofalis wameba brZana. mTeli tragediis manZilze qeTevani daxatulia, rogorc pirovneba, romelic mxolod mamulis Tavisuflebaze da rjulis siwmindeze fiqrobs da qeds ar uxris tirans, iranis uZlieres Sahs, romlis xelTaa misi sicocxlec da sikvdilic. gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad ixateba qeTevan dedoflis mtkice xasiaTi meoTxe moqmedebaSi, rodesac imamyulixani Sahis brZanebiT cdilobs aTasnairi amqveyniuri siamis dapirebiT acTunos dedofali, raTa man uaryos qriste, irwmunos mahmadi da sparseTis dedofali gaxdes. gvirgvini an wameba, bednieri sicocxle an tanjviT sikvdili _ aseTia alternativa, romelic Sahis brZanebaSia. dedofali maradiul ciur didebas arCevs amqveyniur warmaval didebas, romelic rwmenis Ralatis fasad moipoveba. sparseli tirani qarTvelma dedofalma Tavisi zneobrivi simtkiciT daamarcxa. mtkiced da udrtvinvelad gauZlo dedofalma gavarvarebuli marwuxebiT miyenebul saSinel tanjvas da cxovreba sazareli wamebiT daasrula. qeTevanma gmirulad arCia mowamebrivi sikvdili da ar uRalata Tavis sarwmunoebasa da ers. grifiusis tragediis centrSi mowamis saxea, romelic yovelTvis maradiul RirebulebaTa Sesabamisad moqmedebs. iseve, rogorc danarCen evropaSi, avstria-ungreTis monarqiaSic, romlis nawilsac slovakeTi Seadgenda, mwvave krizisi idga. religiur brZolaSi, romelic iq mimdinareobda, kontrreformacias mxars gansakuTrebiT iezuitebi uWerdnen. Tavisi mizandasaxulebisaTvis maT Teatraluri warmodgenebi gamoiyenes, romlis aRmzrdelobiTi mniSvneloba swrafad amoicnes da daafases. saskolo piesebis Tematika arsebiTad gansazRvruli iyo, igi zneobrivi aRzrdis saqmes emsaxureboda da Temebis SerCevac Sesabamisad xdeboda: piesebis masalas iRebdnen Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebidan, xSirad iyenebdnen epizodebs qristes cxovrebidan, aseve yuradRebiT sargeblobda piesebi RvTismSoblisa da ioane naTlismcemlis cxovrebidan, am nawarmoebTa wyaros wmindanTa cxovrebebic warmoadgenda, iyenebdnen epizodebs antikuri da aRmosavleTis qveynebis istoriidan. anonimi slovaki iezuitis saskolo piesa _ `katerina (qeTevani), qarTvelTa dedofali, Tavisive sisxliT Semkuli, scenaze warmodgenili~ _ sruli saxiT ar Semonaxula, arsebobs mxolod misi orenovani sinofsisi, dawerili laTinur da slovakizirebul Cexur enebze [minariki 1985: 281]. piesaSi qarTveli dedofali sarwmunoebisa da mamulis erTgulebis simbolos warmoadgens da mayureblisaTvis igi sarwmunoebisadmi erTgulebis misabaZi magaliTi unda gamxdariyo, rasac axalgazrdobis aRzrdis saqmeSi did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen [naWyebia 1991: 62-72; naWyebia 1992: 58-67]. slovakuri piesis Sinaarsi Semdegia: Sah-abasma daamarcxa qarTvelTa mefe Teimurazi, aaoxra qveyana da mravali qarTveli tyve ispahanSi gareka. tyveTa Soris iyo qarTvelTa

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dedofali qeTevani (katerina), metad keTilSobili da qristianuli sarwmunoebis erTguli. Sah-abazs ganzraxuli hqonda qeTevanis colad SerTva, magram qarTveli dedoflis wminda cxovrebis wesisa da qristianuli moZRvrebis erTgulebis gamo Sahma sawadels ver miaRwia, Tumc igi yovelgvar xerxs mimarTavda, raTa WeSmariti qristianis gonebidan qriste ganedevna da mahmadianobaze moeqcia. Sah-abazis yvela cda amao aRmoCnda, radganac dedoflis simtkice kldesaviT utexi iyo. Sahma ver SeZlo qarTveli dedoflis damorCileba verc muqariT, verc mzakvrobiT da verc pirmoTneobiT, raTa mas uareyo Tavisi mxsneli sarwmunoeba. uryevi Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi, qarTveli dedofali Tavad moiTxovs dasajon sikvdiliT, rasac amayad amcnobs Sahis mociquls [anTologia 1981: 605-610]. mTavari slovaki avtorisaTvis is iyo, rom eCvenebina, qeTevani qristianul sarwmunoebaze uaris Tqmas sikvdils amjobinebs, anu umTavres Rirebulebas qriatianuli sarwmunoebis erTguleba warmoadgens.

*** unda iTqvas ramdenime sityva Teimurazisa da grifiusis TxzulebaTa esTetikaze. barokos mxatvruli realizacia xdeboda emociur atmosferoSi, romelsac unda ganecvifrebina da aeRelvebina adamianis warmosaxva. barokos nawarmoebebSi xSiria jvarcmisa da mowamebrivi sikvdilis detaluri aRwerebi da fizikuri tanjvis sagangebo xazgasma. es savsebiT bunebrivia, radgan, rogorc cnobilia, barokos epoqaSi SemoqmedTa sagangebo yuradReba mipyrobili iyo pirovnebis cxovrebis yvelaze daZabuli, kulminaciuri momentisadmi: swored aseTia wamebis scena, romelsac barokos epoqaSi mTavari roli mieniWa. rogorc barokos literaturis mkvlevarni aRniSnaven, realistur konkretul detalTa dawvrilebiTi aRwera gansakuTrebiT izidavda dramaturgebs da piesebi savse iyo wamebaTa usastikesi scenebiT [sofronova 1982: 195-196]. Teimurazis poemaSi gansakuTrebuli gancdiTa da emociurobiT aris aRwerili qeTevanis wamebis momentebi: maqsimaluri efeqtis misaRwevad Teimurazi jer detalurad aRwers wamebis iaraRebs da ukve amiT winaswar axdens mkiTxvelze mZafr emociur zemoqmedebas da SiSis, SeZrwunebis grZnobas iwvevs: pirvelad cecxlT daagznes, maSig Cayares rkinani, maSin raRaca moexvnes sawvelni sisxlTa mdinani. uTxres, Tu: rjulzed moeqec, daagde igi winani Tvare sasjeli es aris, ra naxo, Senca inani (50). qveS daufines, daxures zeda lursmisa rkinani, qve waiares, gaapes broli, lali da minani (60).

an jiRad qvabi, yamCad bari, ambarCebad sajebia (69).

sainteresoa am striqonebis Sedareba grifiusis TxzulebasTan, sadac epoqis esTetikis Tanaxmad, grifiusic naturalisturad aRwers am scenebs: orsav TeZoze marwuxebi ekida axla, mZime SanTebi ZuZuebSi CasWides maRla. sisxli sdioda, cecxls aqrobda _ cecxlsa da rkinas; gaxsnes filtvebi, gza gauxsnes sikvdilis yinvas, mkerdSi rkinebis gayriT sulsac gauRes kari.

orive SemTxvevaSi avtorebs wamebis aRweris paralelurad mohyavT qristes jvarcmis ambavi: Teimurazi: ici xom, qristes ra uyves, am saswaulsa RvTisasa. lerwamni frCxilsa daavles damxsnelsa adamisasa, lursmniTa Zelsa miakres, hyofen nebasa misasa, rad ar iWirvi, eRirso saqmesa wamebisasa? (63)

grifiusi: xom iyo misi macxovaric ase jvarcmuli, xelfexSekruli da SiSveli, gana Cacmuli! jaWviT SeboWes da awames jvarze gakruli, ase ganSorda am glovis vels qristec Cagruli.

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maSasadame, garda moraluri gmiris problemis dayenebisa, Teimurazis poema evropul barokos Tavisi poetikiTac exmaureba. da bolos, Tu XVII saukunis evropaSi moraluri gmiris ZiebaSi mwerlebi warsulisaken mimarTavdnen mzeras da ideals warsulSi eZebdnen, an sxva qveynis istorias iSveliebdnen, saqarTveloSi amgvari pirovneba realurad arsebobda. sagangebo mniSvnelobis faqtia, rom qeTevanis pirovneba aisaxa germanul da slovakur literaturaSi da samudamod daimkvidra iq adgili, rogorc patriotma da sarwmunoebisaTvis Tavdadebulma pirovnebam, wamebulma, moraluri gmiris gansaxierebam. damowmebani: anTologia... 1981: Antológia Staršej Slovenskej Literatúry. Na vydanie pripravil a poznámky napísal J. Mišianik, SPN, Bratislava: 1981. baramiZe 1934: baramiZe al. Teimuraz pirveli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. teqsti, gamokvleva, leqsikoni al. baramiZisa da g. jakobias redaqciiT. tfilisi: 1934. grifiusi 1975: grifiusi andreas. qeTevan qarTveli anu gautexeli simtkice. germanulidan Targmna akaki gelovanma, redaqcia da narkvevi SoTa reviSvilisa. Tb.: 1975. imedaSvili 1964: imedaSvili g. Teimuraz pirvelis `wameba qeTevan dedoflisa~ da martvilologiuri Janri // Zveli qarTuli literaturis sakiTxebi. kr. II, Tb.: 1964. istoria... 1987: История зарубежной литературы XII века. М.: 1987. minariki 1985: Minárik, Jozef. Dejiny slovenskej literatúry. I, Staršia slovenská literatúra, (800-1780), SPN, 1985. naWyebia 1991: naWyebia m. anonimi slovaki iezuitis drama qeTevan dedoflis Sesaxeb. Teatri da cxovreba, 6, 1991. naWyebia 1992: naWyebia m. slovakuri piesa qeTevan dedoflis Sesaxeb. macne, enisa da literaturas seria, 1, 1992. naWyebia 2005: naWyebia m. moraluri gmiris problema barokos literaturaSi. II saerTaSoriso simpoziumi _ qristianoba: warsuli, awmyo, momavali. Tezisebi. Tbilisi, 2005. sofronova 1982: Софронова Л. А. Некотые черты художественнй природы польского и русского театров XVII-XVIII вв // Барокко в славянских культурах, Наука, М., 1982. tomaSevski 1997: Томашевский Н. Испанский театр золотого века // Испанский театр, М., 1969. Sevo 1997: Chauveau, Jan-Pieree. Lire le baroque. DUNOD, Paris: 1997.

Maia Nachkebia Search for Moral Hero in Georgian and European Baroque Literatures Summary Based on the research carried out on Georgian and European baroque literature it turned out that in both cases search for moral hero was focused on national dimension. While in previous period in Georgian literature were not dominating national themes and heroes, Theimuraz’s poem _ “Martyrdom of Queen Ketevan” is the first, that introduces national hero _ martyred Queen Ketevan. From this point of view is very interesting French literature of the 17th century when several “epopee heroique” were published. They are written under the influence of Homer and Vergilius although the most important and decisive is that they introduce national heroes: Clovis, Juan d’Arc. It shall be pointed out that the fact of Queen Ketevan’s martyrdom was spread all over the Europe and she became a hero of dramatical pieces. German writer Griphius depicted her in his play and anonymous Slovak Jesuit dedicated to Ketevan school play. Therefore, Georgian Queen who was tortured for her orthodox belief and was identified with moral hero of baroque epoch became an inseparable part of these literatures.

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rusTvelologiuri kvlevani boris darCia vis gamoeqca tarieli? am bolo dros yuradReba gamaxvilda da gansxvavebuli Sexedulebani gamoiTqva imaze, Tu `gaqceva~ zmnis romeli gramatikuli formaa rusTveluri `vefxistyaosnis~ im epizodSi, sadac tarieli ixsenebs da axalgacnobil avTandils uyveba, `wylis piras mtirali mjdomi~ rogor gamoeqca mis dasaWerad amxedrebul mefe rostevansa da mis amalas. poemis gamocemebis absolutur umravlesobaSi es zmna gamoveqec saxiT aris warmodgenili: movixeden, momewia ra patroni Seni, vnaxe, xelmwifobiT Semebralnes, amad xeli ar Sevaxe, TvalTa wina gamoveqec, meti ara Sevuzraxe. Cemi cxeni uCinosa hgavs da sxvasmca ras vasaxe!1 (294).

`vefxistyaosnis~ mecnierul-kritikuli teqstis damdgenelTagan erTaderTia pavle ingoroyva, romelmac poemis Tavis orive gamocemaSi gamoveqec-is nacvlad dabeWda wamouvel (ingoroyva 1953: str. 294; ingoroyva 1970: str. 254). meore erTaderT2 gamocemaSi, romelic 1966 wels akaki SaniZisa da aleqsandre baramiZis redaqciiT ganxorcielda, aRniSnuli zmnebi gamogeqec formiT aris Secvlili (SaniZe, baramiZe 1966: str. 296/294 ). am variantTagan romelime maTganis avtoriseulobis dasabuTeba aravis ucdia. pirvelad es dumili daarRvia mariam karbelaSvilma, romelmac 2000-2002 wlebSi gamoqveynebul Tavis mwvave kritikul-polemikuri werilebis seriaSi `rusTvelologia da profesionalizmi, sityva rusTvelis poeturi enis dasacavad~ sagangebod ganixila aRniSnuli sityvebi da formebi, gviCvena xelnawerTa monacemebi, mxari dauWira a. SaniZisa da al. baramiZis variants gamogeqec da mogvca misi Taviseburi gageba: rom wylis piras Sexvedridan tarieli da avTandili erTmaneTs icnoben. amitom tarieli avTandils eubneba, Sen gamogeqeci~ (karbelaSvili 2002: 8). 2003 wels amave sakiTxze aleqsi WinWaraulma dabeWda werili `vefxistyaosnis leqsikidan («gamoveqec» Tu «gamogeqec»)~, sadac exmianeba m. karbelaSvilis naSroms, icavs imave gamogeqec formas, magram mZafri toniT uaryofs m. karbelaSviliseul gagebas. misi TvalsazrisiT, gamogeqec gamoxatavs ara Tanamedrove qarTuli enis Sinaarss (rac gulisxmobs tarielis mier mxolod avTandilisagan garidebas), aramed Zveli qarTuli enis normas, rodesac pirveli da meore obieqturi piris niSnebi m da g gadmogvcems rogorc mxolobiT, ise mravlobiT ricxvsac. amdenad, misi SexedulebiT, gamogeqec aRniSnavs: tarieli gaeqca ara marto avTandils, aramed maT, rogorc avTandils, ise rostevansa da mis amalas (WinWarauli 2003: 243-249). male am naSroms mohyva guram kartozias didad mniSvnelovani wigni `teqstologiuri gamokvlevebi~, sadac avtori sagangebo werilSi `vis gaeqca tarieli?~ exeba aRniSnul sakiTxs, uaryofs m. karbelaSviliseul Tvalsazriss da rusTveliseulad miiCnevs tradiciul variants _ gamoveqec, rac niSnavs: `tarieli swored rostevans, mefes, gaerida~ (kartozia 2004: 245_248). rogor gvesaxeba Cven es sakiTxebi? erTi, rac yovelmxriv udavoa da razec samive mkvlevaric SeTanxmebulia, isaa, rom p. ingoroyvaseuli varianti wamouvel gviandeli sworebis Sedegia da miuRebeli. am wakiTxvas icavs poemis xelnawerTa qveredaqciuli jgufi3 K (XVII s-s meore naxevari), O (XVII s-is miwuruli), G' (XIX s.), R' (1802 w.) da agreTve Q-1075 (XIX s.), romlis kiTxva-sxvaobani ar asaxula `vefxistyaosnis~ xelnawerTa variantebis wignsa da poemis 1966 wlis a. SaniZisa da al. baramiZiseul variantebian gamocemaSi. es jgufi am SemTxvevaSi da, saerTodac, erT ZiriTad redaqciul jgufs qmnis xelnawerebTan _ J (XVII _ XVIII ss.) da T-sTan (XVII s. bolo). oriveSia wamogivel. p. ingoroyva ara marto aq, agreTve poemis mTeli teqstis dadgenisas ZiriTadad am 1

2

3

strofTa numeracias vuTiTebT poemis pirveli saiubileo (1937 w.) da misgan momdinare (1951, 1953, 1957 ww.) gamocemebis strofTa saTvalavis mixedviT, TviT teqsts qemoT vimowmebT a. SaniZisa da al. baramiZiseuli variantebiani gamocemidan, sadac aRniSnuli numeracia frCxilebSia moTavsebuli (SaniZe, baramiZe 1966). aq mxedvelobaSi miRebuli araa `vefxistyaosnis~ solomon yubaneiSviliseuli CanarT-danarTebiani gamocema (yubaneiSvili 1956) da `vefxistyaosnis~ xelnawerTa variantebis pirveli wigni (yubaneiSvili 1960), romlebsac safuZvlad uZevs ara dadgenili, aramed calkeul xelnawerTa teqstebi. xelnawerebi dasaxelebuli gvaqvs `vefxistyaosnis xelnawerTa variantebis~ wignebsa (yubaneiSvili 1960; kekeliZe 1961; guguSvili 1962; lolaSvili 1963) da poemis a. SaniZisa da al. baramiZis gamocemaSi (SaniZe, baramiZe 1966) miRebuli literebis mixedviT.

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redaqciis xelnawerebs, sxva SemTxvevebSi ufro J-s, eyrdnoba, rac erTi umTavresi naklia `vefxistyaosnis~ miseuli gamocemebisa. maSasadame, davis sagnad rCeba formebi _ gamoveqec Tu gamogeqec. winaswar da pirdapir unda vTqvaT, poemis xelnawerTa da qveteqstebis monacemebi imgvaria, gadaWriT da dabejiTebiT romelimesadmi upiratesobis micema sakmaod Znelia. daviwyoT gamoveqec formiT. aqvs Tu ara mas arsebobis ufleba? ramdenime monacemiT aqvs! gansaxilvel strofSi tarieli laparakobs mxolod rostevanze: `movixeden, momewia ra patroni Seni, vnaxe~. asevea meore striqonSic: `xelmwifobiT Semebralnes, amad xeli ar Sevaxe~. aqedan gamomdinare, Tavisuflad SeiZleba, mwerals mesame striqonSiac kvlav marto rostevanze eTqva: `TvalTa wina gamoveqec...~ aseTi gageba Tavisuflad Seesabameba wina epizods, sadac wylis piras momxdari incidentia aRwerili. iqac ZiriTadi aqcenti rostevanzea gadatanili, Tumca jer avTandilzedacaa naTqvami: `Sesxdes m e f e da a v T a n d i l mis ymisa misawevelad~, magram tarielisaTvis upirvelesi da umTavresi mainc rostevania: `Seigna m i s l v a m e f i s a misad ukanad mdevnelad~ (96. 1,4) da `ra cna, m e f e m o v i d a o, hkra maTraxi missa cxensa~ (97. 1). TviT rostevani ambobs: `m e ra mnaxa, cxensa Sejda, TvalTa cremlni moixocna, ... viTa eSma d a m e k a r g a, ar kacurad g a r d a m k o c n a~ (110. 1-3). avTandili fridons uambobs: `ra t a r i e l m e f e icna, ... cxensa miscna sadaveni, dagvekarga wina TvalTa~ (995. 3-4). ra Tqma unda, maSin tarieli avTandilsac da rostevanis sxva mxleblebsac gamoeqca, magram misTvis gadamwyveti mainc mefea, isaa mosaridebeli! rogoria gamoveqec formis damcvel xelnawerTa siZvele da redaqciuli raoba? a. WinWarauli gamogeqec-is miRebisaTvis erT-erT sabuTad xelnawerTa raodenobasa da maT siZvele-siaxles iSveliebs. misi sityvebia: àm zmnis sadavo formebidan gamoveqec dasturdeba FGJUVWZ (7) xelnawersa da TerTmet (11) ZiriTad gamocemaSi. xelnawerTa siZvele-

siaxlis TvalsazrisiT aseTi viTarebaa: gamoveqec-s mxars uWers ori (2) me-17 saukunisa da xuTi (5) me-18 saukunis xelnaweri, gamogeqec-s rva (8) me-17 saukunisa da eqvsi (6) me-18 saukunisa. rogorc am Sedarebidan Cans, gamogeqec-s samjer meti xelnaweri uWers mxars, rac teqstologiis praqtikuli gamocdilebiT soliduri upiratesobaa uavtografo Txzulebis kvlevisas~ (WinWarauli 2003: 244). namdvilad ki es ase ar aris. gamoveqec-s, marTlac, Svidi nusxa adasturebs, magram ara yvela is, romelsac avtori asaxelebs. saTvalavSi arc Cven Semogvaqvs vaxtangiseul gamocemaze dafuZnebuli F'L'Q' da sxva prim nusxebi. arafers vambobT, koreqturul Secdomaze, I-s magivrad J-ia dabeWdili. siidan viRebT W-s, radgan igi xelnaweri ki ara, vaxtangiseuli gamocemaa da Tanac, ukve dadgenilia, _ kritikuli. siidan viRebT U-sac, radgan igi am nawilSi vaxtangiseuli gamocemidan momdinareobs. ufro sayuradRebo isaa, rom gamorCenilia yvelaze Zveli TariRiani E nusxa da angariSi ar eweva gamoviqec variants, romelic gamoveqec-is wisqvilze asxams wyals. maSasadame, gamoveqec-s iZleva Semdegi nusxebi: E (1646 w.), F (1688 w.), G da I (orive XVII s-is miwuruli), V (XVIII s.), Z (XVII s.) da I' (XIX s-is dasawyisi). gamogeqec-s icavs ara 14, rogorc a. WinWarauli iuwyeba, magram ar asaxelebs, aramed bevrad naklebi, 6 xelnaweri: A (1671 w.), B (1680), C (XVII-is 20-iani wlebi), M (XVII s.), X (1702 w.) da Q-1335 (XIX s.). arc am ukanasknelis variantebi asaxula `vefxistyaosnis~ xelnawerTa variantebis wignsa da poemis 1966 wlis variantebian gamocemaSi. rogorc vxedavT, nusxaTa raodenobisa da siZvelis mxriv sadavo variantebi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad ar gansxvavdeba. piriqiT: gamoveqec-s cota met upiratesobas aZlevs is, rom, rogorc zemore vTqviT, masTan axloa H-isa (XVII s-is miwuruli Tu XVIII s-s dasawyisi) da D'-is (XIX s.) varianti _ gamoviqec. gamoveqec win dgas agreTve redaqciaTa raodenobis mxrivac. misi damcveli nusxebi or ZiriTad redaqciul jgufs Seadgens. EFIZ... erTi redaqciuli jgufia, romelTanac dgas R da sxva nusxebi, romlebic aq dazianebulia. GH da V sxva redaqciul jgufSi erTiandeba, romelSic Sedis DQ da sxva nusxebi, romlebsac agreTve dazianebis gamo es strofi ar moepoveba. gamogeqec-s ki erTaderTi redaqcia iZleva _ ABCMX. gamoveqec-is sasargeblod isic SeiZleboda gamogveyenebina, rom wina strofSi tarieli yvelgan exeba meore pirs _ Tqven: ras maqnevdiT, rad gindodiT, erTmanerTsa raTa vhgvandiT? Tqven morWmulni sTamaSobdiT, Cven mtiralni RawvTa vhbandiT. ra monani Sesapyroblad momwieniT, gahgulvandiT, aw veWv, rome Cemad nacvlad Tana mkvdarTa miitandiT.

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da gveTqva, radgan am strofSi yvelgan saubaria meore pirze, Tqvenze, aman gamoiwvia momdevno strofSi imave meore piris, gamogeqec-is, gaCenao. ase rom, gamoveqec formis mxardaWerisTvis garkveuli safuZvlebi namdvilad arsebobs. miuxedavad amisa, Cven mainc gvgonia, pirveladia gamogeqec, oRond ara im SinaarsiT, rom masSi meore pirad marto Sen, avTandili, igulisxmebodes. amgvari gagebis mxardasaWerad TxzulebaSi araferi moipoveba, maT Soris ar gamodgeba striqoni: àvTandil axlos kvla naxa saxe misive kacisa~ (227.1). rogorc g. kartozia SeniSnavs, aq naTqvamia, `rom avTandilma sami

wlis win axlos nanaxi ucxo moyme ki ar naxa, aramed wina saRamos am xeze mjdomi rom uWvretda, is kaci naxa kvlav~ (kartozia 2004: 247). kacma rom Tqvas, Tu ganyenebulad vimsjelebT, gamoricxuli araa, avTandils adrindeli Sexvedridan tarielis saxe daemaxsovrebina da sami (ase weren, sinamdvileSia oTxi) wlis Semdeg meored Sexvedrisas is ecno, ise rogorc tarielsac aRbeWdoda da ar daviwyeboda avTandilis saxe. magram, isev vityviT, nawarmoebSi amaze raime miniSnebac ara gvaqvs. Tanac, erTi (avTandilis mier tarielis damaxsovreba) aucileblad ar niSnavs meores (SeWirvebul tarielsac daexsomebia avTandili) da orive erTad kidev _ imas, gamogeqec marto avTandils exebodes. TavisTavad isic SesaZlebelia, tariels, raki avTandili ukve gaicno da maSindeli incidenti moagones, erTmaneTis saxis daumaxsovrebladac misTvis eTqva, Sen gamogeqecio. magram, kvlav vimeorebT, poemaSi orive Sexvedris aRwerisas win wamoweulia mefis, rostevanis, persona da gamogeqec-Si Sinaarsobrivad igi aucileblad unda igulisxmebodes. Cvenc vfiqrobT, dasmuli sakiTxis gadasaWrelad udidesi da gadamwyveti mniSvnelobisaa is garemoeba, rom, rogorc a. WinWaraulsa da g. kartozias miaCniaT, gamogeqec SeiZleba gavigoT ZvelqarTuli unikaluri gramatikuli SinaarsiT, _ meore obieqturi piris mravlobiTis gamomxatvelad (SaniZe 1976: 64; imnaiSvilebi 1996: 32-36): gamogeqeciT me Tqven, anu Sen _ avTandils, mas _ rostevans da mis sxva mxleblebs. Tumca, ramdenadac CvenTvis cnobilia, am gramatikuli movlenis qronologia dadgenili ar aris, mainc Tavisuflad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom gamogeqec aRniSnuli gagebiT XVII da momdevno saukuneTaTvis, romlebsac ganekuTvneba `vefxistyaosnis~ nusxebi, rTuli wakiTxvaa, rac zogadi teqstologiuri kanoniT Cveulebriv martiviT icvleba. a. WinWarauli savsebiT sworad afasebs: ìsic xom faqtia, rom gadamwerebi gaugebars gasagebiT cvlian da ara piruku~ (WinWarauli: 244). didad sagulisxmoa isic, rom gamogeqec-s erTxmad iZleva is redaqciuli jgufi (ACMX), romelic sxvebTan SedarebiT mTeli `vefxistyaosnis~ manZilze, CanarT-danarTebianad, ukeT icavs arqaul enobriv normebs (SaniZe, baramiZe 1966: 014; karbelaSvili 1977; darCia 1975). am wakiTxvas mxars uWers T' (XIX s.), sadac saZiebeli sityva boloasonaklulad meore piris formiT weria _ gamogeqe. sargis caiSvilis daxasiaTebiT, es nusxa vaxtangiseuli gamocemidan momdinareobs, magram `me-19 saukunis sxva xelnawerTa msgavsad, aq vaxtangiseuli redaqciis garda wyarod gamouyenebiaT vrceli xelnawerebi (A da B tipisa) da iqidan SemoutaniaT ramdenime CanarTi~ (caiSvili 1984: 436). SesaZlebelia, es wakiTxvac saTaves am redaqciidan iRebdes. arafers vambobT JT-s wamogivel variantze, meore pirs rom gamoxatavs, radgan misi redaqciis ufro Zveli nusxebi amave sityvas pirveli piriT (wamouvel) warmogvidgenen da wamogivel romelime sxva wyaros gareSe, konteqstis zegavleniT damoukideblad SeiZleboda gaCeniliyo. rac Seexeba konteqsts, am mxrivac raime dabrkoleba ar arsebobs. rogorc zemoT davimowmeT, win, pirveli Sexvedrisas, avtori bolo mdevarTa Soris rostevanTan erTad avTandilsac gamoyofs: `Sesxdes m e f e da a v T a n d i l mis ymisa misawevelad~. meore Sexvedrisas avTandilic pirveli Sexvedris aqtiur monawileebSi Tavis Tavsac asaxelebs: Sen mindors gnaxeT gaWrili, Cven zeda gardgekideniT, patroni Cemi gagiwyra, Cven xafad wagekideniT, gixmeT, ar moxve, laSqarni ukana gamogkideniT, Sen velni wiTlad SehReben srulad sisxlisa ki deniT. yvelakasa maTraxiTa Tavi uxrmlod gardahkveTeT. mefe Sejda, dagvekarge, kvali Seni ver movkveTeT, viTa qaji dagvemale, monebica davafeTeT, aman ufro dagvaSmagna, Tavi srulad gavaSeTeT (287-288).

amgvaradve uambobs avTandili fridons: vZebneT da kvali ver vpovneT, davswameT eSmauroba (996.1).

aseve, tarielsac maSindeli ambis mogonebisas avTandili yvelgan mis monawiled hyavs gamoyvanili da mas `TqvenobiT~ (Sen, rostevani da amala) mimarTavs:

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erTgan gnaxen nadirobas Sen da Seni me gamzrdeli (292. 3). da mTeli momdevno, zemore damowmebuli strofi: `maqmnevdiT~, `gindodi~, `Tqven...TamaSobdiT~, `momwieniT~, `miitandiT~. zemoT amis gamo es ukanaskneli strofi imis damamtkiceblad movixmeT, rom SeiZleboda, misi zegavleniT gamoveqec (pirveli piri) meore pirad, gamogeqec-ad, gadakeTebuliyo. magram upirvelesad da ufro warmatebiT igi imis maCveneblad gamodgeba, rom, radgan tarieli yvelgan avTandils Sexla-Semoxlis monawiled miiCnevs, aseve moqceuliyo mesame striqonis aRniSvnaSic, _ eTqva gamogeqec. gamogeqec-s mxars dauWers isic, Tu, rogorc a. WinWarauli miiCnevs, amgvarive Sinaarsisaa wina strofis sityva gindodi (`ras maqmnevdiT, rad g i n d o d i, erTmanerTsa raTa vhgvandiT~). saTuod mas imitom vxdiT, rom es forma, gindodi, mxolod or nusxaSi _ F-sa da JSia, romlebic gamoveqec-s uWeren mxars, xolo sxva xelnawerebi, maT Soris, isini, romlebic gamogeqec-s iZlevian da, sazogadod, arqaulobis damcvelebadaa miCneuli, da isinic, romlebic gamoqceva zmnaSi FI-is emTxvevian, amjerad gverdze dganan. ai, maTi wakiTxvebi: gindoda ABCEHRMOX, gindodaT GLYI'R', gindodiT JT. es magaliTebi imis maCvenebelia, rom sagangebod aris Sesaswavli `vefxistyaosani~ da misi epoqis werilobiTi Zeglebi, sad da ramdenad icaven isini saZiebel enobriv movlenas. amrigad: TavisTavad konteqsts Tavisuflad esadageba da, amdenad, avtoriseulad SeiZleboda migveRo gamoveqec forma, magram, radgan mis gverdiT mogvepoveba gamogeqec formac, romelic arqauli SinaarsiT SeiZleba moviazroT, romelsac iZleva arqaulobis SedarebiT ukeT damcveli redaqcia, am gagebiT is konteqsts ufro Seesabameba, meoredan (gamogeqec) pirveli (gamoveqec) advilad miiReba. xolo piriqiT _ Znelad. yovelive amis gamo Cvenc migvaCnia, rom rusTveliseulad miviRoT a. SaniZisa da al. baramiZiseuli gamocemis mier aRdgenili wakiTxva _ gamogeqec, rac niSnavs: tarieli avTandils eubneba, rom me gamogeqeciT

Tqven _ Sen (avTandils) da maT (rostevansa da mis amalas). damowmebani: guguSvili 1962: vefxistyaosnis xelnawerTa variantebi. III. gamosacemad moamzada meri guguSvilma. Tb.: saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1962. darCia 1975: darCia b. vefxistyaosnis xelnawerTa redaqciebi gagrZelebebis mixedviT. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1975. imnaiSvilebi 1996: imnaiSvili ivane, imnaiSvili vaxtang. zmna Zvel qarTulSi I, mainis frankfurti: 1996. ingoroyva 1953: SoTa rusTaveli. vefxitstyaosani. p. ingoroyvas redaqciiTa da SeniSvnebiT. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa mwerali~, 1953. ingoroyva 1970: SoTa rusTaveli. vefxis-tyaosani. teqsti p. ingoroyvas redaqciiTa da istoriulliteraturuli da teqstologiuri gamokvlevebis darTviT, or wignad. wigni pirveli. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1970. karbelaSvili 1977: karbelaSvili m. vefxistyaosnis xelnawerTa klasifikaciisaTvis. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1977. karbelaSvili 2002: karbelaSvili m. rusTvelologia da profesionalizmi, sityva rusTvelis poeturi enis dasacavad. gaz. `kalmasoba~, maisi, 2002, # 5. kartozia 2004: kartozia g. teqstologiuri gamokvlevebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `nekeri~, 2004. kekeliZe 1961: kekeliZem l. vefxistyaosnis xelnawerTa variantebi, II, gamosacemad moamzada liana kekeliZem. Tb.: saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1961. lolaSvili 1963: vefxistyaosnis xelnawerTa variantebi. IV, gamosacemad moamzada ivane lolaSvilma. Tb.: saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1963. yubaneiSvili 1956: vefxistyaosani, CanarTi da danarTi teqstebi. teqsti gamosacemad daamzada, winasityvaoba da saZieblebi daurTo sol. yubaneiSvilma. Tb.: saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1956. yubaneiSvili 1960: vefxistyaosnis xelnawerTa variantebi. I, gamosacemad moamzada solomon yubaneiSvilma. Tb.: saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1960. SaniZe... 1966: SaniZe ak., baramiZe al. SoTa rusTveli. vefxis tyaosani. teqsti ZiriTadi variantebiT, komentarebiTa da leqsikoniTurT or tomad a. SaniZisa da a. baramiZis redaqciiT, I, teqsti da variantebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1966. SaniZe 1976: SaniZe a. Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika. Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1976. WinWarauli 2003: WinWarauli a. vefxistyaosnis leqsikidan (`gamoveqec~ Tu `gamogeqec~). kreb. `literaturuli Ziebani~, XXIV, Tb.: 2003.

Boris Darchia From Whom Tariel Has Escaped? Summary

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Given article discusses the following line of the Shota Rustaveli's Poem "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" –"I fled before your //his eyes, I said nothing". This veriational difference, represented in the manuscript and edition of the poem, gives different interpretation of this passage: Whom has Tariel escaped from- Avtandil? Rostevan? or from both of them and their accompanying people? The author concludes: A. Shanidze's and Al. Baramidze's edition should be regarded as closest to the original where – "fled before your eyes " means: Tariel tells Avtandil: "I have escaped from You" – You means Avtandil ,Rostevan and his slaves.

nana gonjilaSvili àmas hgvandes, odes erTgan muSTar, zual Seiyarnes...~ `vefxistyaosnis~ astraluri samyaros Seswavlas da masTan dakavSirebuli mxatvruli saxeebis analizs samecniero literaturaSi araerTi naSromi mieZRvna (v. nozaZe, z. avaliSvili, a. baramiZe, e.xinTibiZe, m. mamacaSvili, d. qumsiSvili, z. kiknaZe da a.S). aRniSnulia, rom rusTaveli astrologiuri samyaros zedmiwevniT codnas amJRavnebs da am sferosTan dakavSirebuli yoveli niuansi Tu Strixi poemaSi mizanmimarTuladaa moxmobili. `vefxistyaosnis~ astraluri samyarodan yuradRebas ipyrobs ori planeta _ muSTari da zuali. winamdebare naSromis mizania, am mnaTobTa funqciuri datvirTvis warmoCena da saxismetyvelebis Seswavla, rac astrologiur SexedulebebTan erTad mxatvruli gansaxovnebis plastebs iTavsebs. poemaSi mnaTobTa Soris upiratesad mze da mTvare moixseneba rogorc astrologiuri, ise esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT. danarCen planetaTagan, zuali da muSTari oTxjeraa moxmobili, otaridi _ orjer, marixi da aspirozi _ sam-samjer. poemaSi araerTxelaa naxsenebi mnaTobTa Seyra-moSorebis movlena, romelic astrologiur Sexedulebas emyareba, poemis mTavar gmirebs miemarTeba da simboluri datvirTva aqvs. aseTive suraTia Seqmnili mTvarisa da ciskris varskvlavis, muSTarisa da zualis SemTxvevaSic. rusTaveli mniSvnelovani movlenis dasasuraTxateblad, mzisa da mTvaris Semdeg, planetaTagan muSTar-zuals gamoarCevs da maT tariel-nestanis saxeebTan dakavSirebiT moixsenebs. poemis mixedviT, qajeTis cixis aRebisas erTad Seyrilma avTandil-fridonma tarieli moikiTxes, `cixisa karni ganxmulni, karTa nalewi sreuli~ (1413)∗ da daxocilni mcvelni tarielis naqmrad miiCnies; maTi gumani, marTlac, gamarTlda da gvirabSi gasvlis Semdeg gmirebma naxes, mzisa Sesayrelad gamoeSva mTvare gvelsa (1414).

rusTaveli mijnurTa Sexvedras miTosur-astrologiuri suraTiT warmogvidgens, sadac mze-tarielisa da mTvare-nestanis SeyriT borotebis uarsobas, simokles da sikeTe — siyvarulis `xan-grZlad gakvladebas~ sabolood amowmebs. boroteba-gvelis damarcxebisa da mze-mTvaris _ nestan-tarielis Seyris metaforuli suraTi araerTgzisaa yuradRebuli samecniero literaturaSi. aRniSnulia misi mxatvruli da astrologiur-miTosuri datvirTva (v. nozaZe, a. baramiZe, e.xinTibiZe, r. siraZe, m. mamacaSvili). m. mamacaSvili aRniSnavs, rom es mxatvruli suraTi mTlianad astraluri miTologiiTaa gaJRenTili, `brZola gvelTan unda gavigoT, rogorc mzis (logosis) mier gvelis (qaosis) daZleva.... mTvare uZvelesi droidan aris sulis simbolo, miTologiurad ki mzis sasZlo. mTvare antiTezaa mzisa. mze aris sicocxlis warmmarTveli Zala mamrSi da siyvarulisa mdedrSi, mTvare ki sicocxlis warmmarTvelia mdedrSi da siyvarulisa _ mamrSi. es ori mnaTobi avsebs erTmaneTs... ~ (mamacaSvili 1972: 81). rusTavelis mier taepis _ “naxes, mzisa Sesayrelad gamoeSva mTvare gvelsa” _ moxmoba damagvirgvinebeli akordia, Tavmoyra da, imavdroulad, gacxadebaa winare epizodebSi fiqsirebuli mxatvruli saxe-metaforebisa. meliq-surxavis sasaxlidan Tavdaxsnis Semdeg nestanTan mimarTebiT rusTaveli dasZens: darCa mTvare gvelisagan gavsebuli, CaunTqmeli (1194).

msgavsi Sedareba kidev erTxel meordeba nestanis qajTa molaSqreTagan datyvevebisas:

∗

vuTiTebT `vefxistyaosans~ al. baramiZis , g. wereTlisa, s. caiSvilis red., Tb.,1988, SemdgomSi citatebi moyvanili iqneba amave redaqciidan.

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ra sabraloa gavsili mTvare, CanTqmuli gvelisa! (1226)

poeti nestanis bedsa Tu ubedobas `gavsebuli mTvaris~ gvelisagan CanTqmaCaunTqmelobiT warmoaCens. am metaforuli saxe-ideis xazgasma da ganmeoreba araa SemTxveviTi. igi erTgvarad gvamzadebs am mxatvruli suraTis axali Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis warmosaCenad, sadac udidesi mwuxareba-tragizmi Seudarebel sixarulad iqceva, rac borotebaze sikeTisa da siyvarulis gamarjvebis mauwyebelia. amdenad, sruliad bunebrivad aRiqmeba rusTavelis mier qajeTis damxobis Semdeg mze-tarielTan gvelisagan gamoSvebuli mTvare-nestanis miaxlebis amgvari dasuraTeba. rusTaveli aRniSnuliT ar amowuravs gmirTa sanukvari da saocnebo miznis asrulebas, dauokebeli swrafvis, cdisa da SemarTebis, SeWirvebis, siyvarulis gausaZlisi tkivilisa da usasrulo Ziebis Sedegs. poetisaTvis mzisa da mTvaris simbolika, TiTqos, araa sakmarisi am udidesi movlenis gadmosacemad, raRac gansakuTrebulia saWiro, araCveulebrivi, sxvaTagan gamorCeuli. da marTlac, rusTaveli Cveuli ostatobiT, faqizad arCevs da irCevs gansaxovnebisTvis Sesatyvis saxe-ideas; man am SemTxvevisTvis saocari da uCveuli Sedareba moiSvelia: nestan-tarielis Seyra muSTarzualis Sexvedras miamsgavsa: exveodnes erTmanerTsa, akoces da cremlni Rvarnes; amas hgvandes, odes erTgan muSTar, zual Seiyarnes (1415).

Tu qajeTis damarcxebisa da gmirTa Seyris mxatvrul suraTSi _ `naxes, mzisa Sesayrelad gamoeSva mTvare gvelsa~ _ metaforaTa Sinaarsi gaxsnilia da personaJTa saxe-xatebic gacxadebuli, am TvalsazrisiT, TiTqos bundovania amave epizodTan dakavSirebiT rusTvelisagan gmirTa Sexvedris muSTar-zualis SeyrasTan Sedareba( àmas hgvandes, odes erTgan muSTar, zual Seiyarnes~) da erTob Wirs tariel-nestanis saxeTa mnaTobebTan mimarTebis amocnoba. interesmoklebuli ar aris garkveva imisa, Tu romel maTgans ukavSirdeba mijnurTa saxeebi, miT ufro, rom rusTaveli poemaSi yovel niuanssa da detals garkveul mniSvnelobas aniWebs da mizanmimarTulad moixmobs. vfiqrobT, rom muSTar-zualis warmoCena araa SemTxveviTi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT epoqas, poemaSi personaJ qalTa mdgomareobasa da rusTavelis damokidebulebas maT mimarT, usazRvro Tayvaniscemasa da mowiwebas, SesaZloa vifiqroT, rom planetaTa aRniSnul konteqstSi pirvelad naxsenebi muSTari _ nestans, zuali ki tariels ukavSirdeba. miT ufro, rom planeta zualis qaldeuri sinonimi _ ninigu mamrobiTi sqesis RvTaebas warmoadgens. poemis ganxilvidan irkveva, rom personaJTa moxsenebis etiketi rusTavelTan garkveul wessa da rigs mihyveba, gaTvaliswinebulia asaki, wodeba da sqesi. pirvel rigSi saxeldeba maRal ierarqiul safexurze mdgomi pirovneba (3, 57, 71, 95, 285, 315, 316, 322, 325, 326, 343, 940, 1437, 1512, 1500, 1531, 1552); aris ramdenime SemTxveva, roca maRal ierarqiul safexurze mdgomi, mefe, moyme-raindis Semdeg ixseneba (289, 338, 1523, 1571). poemaSi qalisa da mamakacis adgilTa gansazRvrisas rusTaveli Tanasworobis princips icavs: mamakaci pirvel adgilze moixseneba daaxloebiT 11jer (220, 263, 322, 1422, 1425, 1428, 1432, 1536, 1549, 1550, 1636), aseve _ qali (260, 325, 507, 512, 517, 535, 682, 1321, 1433, 1457, 1517); rusTaveli am princips maSinac icavs, roca taepSi gmirTa saxeebi Tu grZnobebi metaforaTa wyebiT gansaxovndeba (mamakaci pirvel adgilzea moxsenebuli _ 131, 178, 403, 405, 676, 682, 714, 883, 1277, 1405, 1414, 1430, 1453, 1498, 1508, 1527, 1537, 1581, 1653 ; qali — 39, 126, 0139, 0295, 374, 379, 402, 404, 409, 492, 501, 528, 625, 629, 706, 715, 941, 960, 1181, 1314, 1489, 1559). amdenad, sakvlev strofSi rusTaveli mTavar personaJTa mnaTobebTan mimarTebas raRac sxva kriteriumiT sazRvravs. muSTar-zualis kosmiur SexvedrasTan gmirTa Seyris Sedareba astrologiur Sexedulebas emyareba da mnaTobTa astrologiuri bunebis Seswavla garkveul safuZvels qmnis nestan-tarielis saxeebTan maTi mimarTebis dasadgenad. muSTari iupiteris arabuli saxelia da `didi bedis varskvlavad~ miiCneva (Tavis mxriv, iupiteri zevsis Sesatyvisi romauli RvTaebaa da qaris, wvimisa da elvis mexTamtexeli RmerTia). `Teologiis RmerTi~ muSTari mnaTobTa rigSi meeqvse adgilzea da meeqvse ca uWiravs. igi qveynis Semoqmed da mkvdreTiT aRmadgenel RmerTad iTvleboda. astrologiurad, muSTari samarTliani, yovlismcodne, miudgomeli, umwikvlo msajulia; igi kargi bedis mwyalobeli, sicocxleze sasikeTo gavlenis mqone mefuri varskvlavia. v. nozaZe (nozaZe 1957: 92-96) qaranelTa anu sabianTa swavlis mixedviT gvawvdis varskvlavTa daxasiaTebas. iupiterTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnulia, rom mis gamgeblobaSia: sicocxle, simravle, samarTlianoba, zneobaTa siwminde, keTilmowyaleba, RvTis SiSi, daTmena, sibrZne, mSvidoba gamarjveba, mTavroba, erTguleba. `vefxistyaosanSi~, rogorc samecniero literaturaSia aRniSnuli, avTandilis mnaTobTadmi vedreba astrologiur Sexedulebas mihyveba. arabTa spaspeti muSTars samarTlian mosamarTles _ `marTalsa brWesa RmrTulsa~ _ uwodebs da swored am niSniT iTxovs misgan `marTal samarTals~ misi da TinaTinis gulTa `gabrWobisas~; evedreba mnaTobs, rom misi siwrfele, erTguleba, siyvaruli ar gaamrudos, radgan `marTalia~. amitomac, avTandili samarTliani muSTarisagan gankiTxvas da wylulTa Semsubuqebas elis:

57

he muSTaro, geajebi Sen, marTalsa, brWesa RmrTulsa, mo da uyav samarTali, gaebrWobis guli gulsa; nu amrudeb umarTlesa, nu waiwymed amiT sulsa! marTali var, gamikiTxe! rad mawyluleb misTvis wylulsa? (956)

àmgvarad, muSTaris mniSvneloba astrologiuria da misi Tvisebani erTi xazis mosmiT gamoxatuli da Zlieri xelovnebiT Sesrulebuli~, _ askvnis v. nozaZe am epizodis ganxilvisas (nozaZe 1957: 86) . nizami ganjelis `leili da majnunis~ mTeli erTi Tavi varskvlaviani Ramis aRweras eZRvneba. aq muSTar _ iupiteri `borjis~ saxelwodebiTaa moxmobili, Sahis siyvaruliTaa damowmebuli da bednierebis gamgea: borjis Sahis siyvaruliTaa beWeddasmuli, romelsac qveynis bedniereba upyria xelT (nizami 1972: 67).

majnuni, avTandilisagan gansxvavebiT, Svid mnaTobTagan mxolod zuhrasa (ciskris varskvlavs) da muSTars evedreba, siyvarulSi Semweobas sTxovs. majnunisaTvis `didi bedis varskvlavi~ _ muSTari bednierebis, samarTlianobis, omisa da gamarjvebis gamgea; masTan Sexvedrisas maRldeba misi suli. amitomac muSTars, rogorc `qveynis samarTliani saqmeebisadmi erTguls~, `wyalobis werilTa mwerals~ da mTeli samyaros damtevnels (`Sen saxeSia gaSlili mTeli samyaro~ _ nizami 1972: 73) mijnuri vedrebiT mimarTavs: Cemi bedi Senganaa amaRlebuli, guli Cemi Senganaa Zalmosili. Semomxede wyalobis TvaliT, Tu ici wamali, marge ra. ganmaride ubedureba, gaakeTe is, rogorc SeSvenis gmirs. mijnurisagan rame niSani momitane, mipove vardnaridan gadakarguli vardi (nizami 1972: 73).

mnaTobebisadmi vedrebaSi nizami ganjelisa da rusTavelis gmirebi siyvarulSi Semweobas, mijnurebTan mociqulobas iTxoven, maTi bunebis Sesatyvis qmedebas elian da, am SemTxvevaSi, muSTar-borjis (astrologiuri Sexedulebis kvalobaze) msgavsi saxasiaTo StrixebiT ixsenieben (samarTliani, brWe, miudgomeli, marTlad gamkiTxavi), Tumca majnunis vedrebaSi borjis gavlenis sfero ufro masStaburia; Sesatyvisad, misdami Txovnac _ mravalmxrivi, vidre avTandilis `galobaSi~, rogorc mas v. nozaZe uwodebs. Sua saukuneebis ebraeli poeti Samuel hanagidi Svilisadmi, iosebisadmi, miZRvnil leqsSi `gamarjvebis sagalobeli~ `cis darbazebs~ SehRaRadebs da ustars andobs sakuTar ganzraxvas: _ gaswi, gafrindi, Cemo ustaro, Cemo kuSto da Cemo uStaro, rom zenaaris saufloebSi amamzevo da amamuSTaro (hanagidi 1994:24).

Samuel hanagidisaTvis zenaaris saufloSi miwevnili gamarjvebis sagalobeli misi àmuSTarebis~, `bednierebis did varskvlavad~ gadaqcevis sawindaria. am mimarTebiT, avTandilisTvisac wylulTa gankurneba, mijnur gulTa Soris simarTlis gabrWoba da ùmarTlesis~ aRiarebac xom misi Txovnis damowmeba _ àmuSTarebaa~. `vefxistyaosanSi~ muSTari oTxjeraa naxsenebi, orjer _ avTandilis mnaTobTadmi vedrebaSi, nestan-tarielis Seyrisas da, bolos, `mterTagan Seviwroebul~ indoeTSi dabrunebuli tarielisa da moRalate ramaz mefis Sexvedrisas. am ukanasknelze SevaCerebT yuradRebas. `mebrZolTa memajan~ tariels, arabTa mefisa da `mze moyme~ fridonis winaSe muxlmoyrili, `SmagTaganca ufro Smagi~ ramaz mefe maTgan sikvdils da laSqris Sewyalebas iTxovs, tirs àmad, gul-mduRaria~. rusTaveli dasZens, rom `kaci cremliTa Seindobs, Tu codva mas Tanac arsa... ~ (1612) da tarielmac `mrudi~ saqme gamarTa (`naqmari mrudi yvelai aw Cemgan gamarTulia~ _ 1614) da Seiwyala Secodebuli. swored am epizodSi ukanasknelad gamoCndeba muSTari: tarias Wvretad mosruli muSTari axlos mWvretia. risxvisa cecxli tariels sitkboTi dauSretia; movides, naxes: ramazis laSqari ZlivRa etia, indoeTs zeciT sinaTle Cadga, marT viTa svetia (1616).

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`RmerTisve msgavsad waRrmTuli~ tarieli `motkba~, `risxvis cecxli~ RvTis nebiTa da `didi bedis varskvlavis~, muSTaris, TanadgomiT sitkboTi daSrita, rac rusTavelis mier bibliur saxismetyvelebaSi damkvidrebuli naTlis svetis saxe-xatad aRiqmeba. mrisxaneba, qristianuli moZRvrebiT, momakvdinebeli codvaa. igi sikeTe-sitkboebiT unda Seicvalos da rusTavelma RvTis nebis aRsruleba samarTlian, mowyale muSTars miando da misi astrologiuri buneba moiSvelia. misi àxlo mWvreteloba~ axlomyofobis maCvenebelia da (Tavisi astrologiuri bunebiT) tariels miemarTeba. WeSmariti mijnuris zneobis yvela niSanTvisebiT Semkuli tarieli, samyarodan mowyvetisa da adamianur siameTa daTmobis fasad, miwyiv eZiebs dakargul satrfos. RvTiT dawesebuli siyvarulis mopovebisaTvis Tavs wiravs da imedgadawuruli sikvdils mieaxleba (àxlos myofi sikvdilisa jda... ~ _ 865; `...sofliT gaRma gaebija~ _ 865). tarielis amgvar mijnurobas rusTavelis prologiseuli taepi miemarTeba _ `kargi mijnuri igia, vin iqs soflisa Tmobasa~ (26). swored amitomaa igi `marTali~ da RvTaebrivi mosamarTlis, muSTaris, Tanadgoma-mfarvelobis Rirsi. mijnurobisTvis `martviloba~ da sikvdilisaTvis mudmivi mzaoba, gamorCeuli mxedruli SemarTeba, tariels marTali adamianis niSniT aRbeWdavs. vfiqrobT, swored aqedan iRebs saTaves rusTavelis Canafiqri _ tarielis saxis Sedarebisa muSTarTan, marTlisa-marTalTan. muSTari, rogorc zemoaRniSnuli strofidan irkveva, gmirTa bedis mosarCle, maTi Tanamdgomi da keTilismyofeli planetaa. am SemTxvevaSi mas, rogorc `marTalsa brWesa RmrTulsa~, RvTaebrivi samarTlis, ùmarTlesis~ gankiTxvisa da ganmkiTxvelis, dammowmeblis funqcia akisria. poemaSi muSTari marTali adamianebis qomagia rogorc WeSmariti siyvarulisa da mSvidobis, ise omianobis dros. muSTarisa da tarielis saxeTa urTierTmimarTebis arsebobas safuZvels umyarebs z. gamsaxurdias Tvalsazrisi: `fuZe Tar paleomediteranuli, paleo-kavkasiuri da mcireaziuli enobrivi samyarodan modis da warmoadgens misteriaTa sakralur sityvas, RvTaebis saxels, kerZod, mcireaziuli tarhus, Weqa-quxilis da amindis RvTaebis saxelwodebas, romelsac vefxistyaosnad gamosaxavdnen uZveles mcireaziur anu protoqarTul misteriebSi da sakulto mRvimeebSi~ (gamsaxurdia 1991: 245). aRniSnuli gvafiqrebinebs, rom tarielis saxeldebaSi Tar-fuZis arseboba da misi vefxistyaosnoba kidev erTi aspeqtia muSTarTan msgavsebisa. muSTar-zualis Seyris metaforul suraTSi tarielis saxis muSTarTan mimarTebas Tu davuSvebT, maSin nestanis saxe-xatad zuali unda miviCnioT. muSTaris zemoT, meSvide caze, rigiT meSvide mnaTobi zualia, igive saturni-kronosi. igi uSoreulesi da umaRlesi Savi mnaTobia, astrologiurad, Zalmomreobis da dacemis ufalia, Wir-varamis, mwuxarebis mimniWebeli. ganadgureba, damxoba, aRmofxvra mas miewereba. arabuli astrologia saturnsa da marss erTad ùbedurebis Sav varskvlavs~ uwodebs da maT upirispirebs or bednier varskvlavs — venerasa da iupiters. zual-saturnis sinaTle bundovania, misi moZraoba yvela planetaze metad, Senelebuli, rac, ZvelTa warmodgeniT, mis simZimesa da sitlanqeze mianiSnebda; imavdroulad simsubuqesa da saTnoebasac miawerdnen, radgan samyaros umaRles sferoSi iyo moTavsebuli. `...saturns saxavdnen gonier, frTxil, uxeS da mowyenil moxucad, romelSiac inteleqtualuri monacemebi batonobda fizikur SesaZleblobaze da mas planetaruli samyaros tvinad Tvlidnen... ~ (xinTibiZe 1975: 81). mzis Semdeg avTandili zuals mimarTavs. gmiris Txovna am mnaTobis astrologiuri bunebis codnas emyareba. igi `xSiri sibneliT~, mwuxareba-kaeSniT damtvirTveli, damamZimebelia; Tavad Savi varskvlavi, adamianis `gulis Savad SemRebavi~ da sibnele-wyvdiadis momgvrelia. amgvari konteqstiT xmiandeba avTandilis locva zualisadmi. spaspeti cremlis, Wiris momatebas, tvirTmZime `kaeSnis Seyras~ evedreba da, rogorc yvela mnaTobs, zualsac siyvarulSi mociqulobas sTxovs: mo, zualo, momimate cremli cremlsa, Wiri Wirsa, guli Savad SemiRebe, sibnelesa mimec xSirsa, Semomyare kaeSnisa, tvirTi mZime, viTa-virsa, mas uTxar, Tu: “nu gaswirav, Senia da SenTvis tirsa (955).

g. imedaSvili am strofTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs, rom `zuali aranakleb iqcevda yuradRebas Tavisi uZraobiT, sizarmaciT, e. i. iseTi TvisebebiT, romlebic ZvelTaganve SemuSavebuli wamodgenebiT virs ukavSirdeboda. aq viri zualis zodiaqaluri niSania. avTandili axsenebs virs, zualis am RvTaebis simbolos, romelTanac dakavSirebulia simZime, tvirTis zidva, gaWirveba-daRla, uZraoba-sizarmace~ (imedaSvili 1968: 398). mecnieris azriT, am taepSi sityva `viris~ Secvla an gamotoveba (rogorc es zogierT mTargmnels aqvs) strofs azrs daukargavs. am strofis axsnisas, z. avaliSvili (avaliSvili 1931: 9) gamoyofs or moments, romliTac rusTaveli astrologiur gagebas misdevs. es aris siSave, sibnele da zualis borot RvTaebad gamoxatva.

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qaranelTa swavlis mixedviT (nozaZe 1957: 96), saturni boroti, matyuara da metad saSiSia. igi mianiSnebs yvelaferze, rac borotebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. mZime gancda, mrisxaneba, usiamovneba, sicrue, eWvi _ misi Tvisebebia. qaranelTa swavleba zualisadmi Sesasrulebeli vedrebis wessac iTvaliswinebs _ `Seasrule es vedreba, rodesac xar Sen mowyenili, an rodesac gtkiva Sen Svi naRveli. moTxove mas saturnuss yvelaferi is, rac mis bunebas Seefereba, da moiwvie merme amave dros iupiteri, romelic imas, rasac saturnus afuWebs, mas gamoasworebs, xolme~ (nozaZe 1982: 96). zualis astrologiuri mniSvneloba da niSan-Tvisebani rusTavels, mxatvruli gansaxovnebis kvalobaze, TiTqmis ucvlelad gadmoaqvs. `vefxistyaosanSic~ avTandilis zualisadmi vedreba exmianeba qaranelTa swavlebas _ avTandili, udidesi sulieri tkivilis Jams, zuals misi bunebis Sesatyvisi TxovniT mimarTavs da Semdeg ki muSTars, `didi bedis varskvlavs~, moixmobs da Svelas misgan elis, miT ufro, rom igi keTilismyofel gavlenas axdens ùbedurebis Sav varskvlavze~. nizami ganjelis `leili da majnunSi~ qeivani-zuali Sahis erTgul da siyvaruliT gamsWvalul planetadaa warmodgenili, romelic mudmiv saomar mzadyofnaSia: qeivani Sahisadmi didi siyvaruliT ganmsWvaluli maxvils lesavs (nizami 1972: 68).

`vefxistyaosnis~ zual-kronosic xom (romelzec qvemoT visaubrebT) omis, damangreveli Zalis mpyrobeli, xmalSemarTuli meomaria. Samuel hanagidis leqsSi _ ìosebisadmi~ `bnel varskvlavad~ wodebul mnaTobSi, SesaZloa, zuali igulisxmebodes, radgan ùbedurebis Savi varskvlavi~ aqac sisxlTan, ubedurebasTan da adamianur SiSTanaa dakavSirebuli: camde aRzevda sisxlis Rreoba, bneli varskvlavi aRCnda saniSnod... deda Svilisken miiqceoda, Zrwoda ugzod da uangariSod (hanagidi 1994:28).

Samuel hanagidis `bneli varskvlavisagan~ gansxvavebiT, zuali avTandilSi SiSsa da Zrwolas ar aRZravs, piriqiT, Tavad `sevdisa mufaraxi~, `cnobierTa dastaqari~, `buneba-zeari~ spaspeti guluSiSrad iTxovs WirTa gamravlebas, kaeSniT damZimebas da daTmenis rwmeniT aRvsili, gansacdels siyvaruliT savse guliT, sulieri mzaobiT dauxvdeba. avTandili Tavisi bunebis ama Tu im speqtriT msgavsobs da iTavsebs planetaTa astrologiur bunebas, Sinaganad masSia mTeli cis samyaro ganfenili.es misi sulis tkiviliani simReraa, miwidan zecisaken da zecidan miwisaken amusikebuli, samyarosTan Tanaziarobis, masTan harmoniuli Serwymis `damowmebaa~. yovelive es ki miwidan amozrdili da zeciurobisken mswrafi avTandilis sulieri simaRlis cxadyofaa. amirbari vedrebis dasrulebis Semdeg mnaTobTa keTilismyofel gavlenasa da Tanadgomas imowmebs: aha, mmowmoben varskvlavni, Svidnive memowmebian: mze, otaridi, muSTari da zual CemTvis bndebian... (961).

planetaTa wessa da rigs, maT zemoqmedebis Zalasa da moqmedebas `vefxistyaosanSi~ RmerTi ganagebs. mijnuri avTandilis gancdaTa mnaTobTagan `damowmebisa~ da maTi `dabnedis~ miRma uzenaesis neba vlindeba ise, viT majnunis vedrebaSi. `rusTaveli nizamis msgavsad varskvlauri cis aRwerisas farTod da laRad iyenebs astronomiul-astrologiur codnas. misi saSualebiT qmnis igi rTul poetur metaforebs, romelTa sruli gaxsnisaTvis sami plania gasaTvaliswinebeli: poeturi, astronomiuli da astrologiuri~ (mamacaSvili 1972: 77). poemaSi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, zuali oTxjeraa naxsenebi: orjer -avTandilis mnaTobTadmi vedrebaSi, `kronosis~ saxeldebiT qajeTis cixis damxobisas da tariel-nestanis Sexvedris epizodSi. z. kiknaZesa (kiknaZe 1969: 121-22) da d. qumsiSvilis (qumsiSvili 1970: 144-146) SexedulebiT, poemiseuli kronosi berZnuli miTologiis RmerT kronoss unda gulisxmobdes. aRniSnul mosazrebas e.xinTibiZe (xinTibiZe 1975: 80-86) ar eTanxmeba da am epizodis detaluri ganxilvis safuZvelze kvlavac asabuTebs rusTvelologiur literaturaSi kronosis planetad miCnevis tradiciul faqts. avTandilis mnaTobTadmi vedrebaSi zualis astrologiuri bunebis moxmoba `miwyiv brunav caze~ misi Semdgomi gamoCenis mniSvnelobas warmoaCens. zualis, ùbedurebis Savi varskvlavis~, damangreveli da gamandgurebeli energia rusTavelma sam gmirTa mier qajeTis cixis aRebisas warmoaCia: maSin qajeTs moiwia usazomo risxva RmrTisa: kronos, wyromiT Semxedvelman, moiSorva sitkbo mzisa;

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maTve risxviT gardubrunda borbali da simgrgvle cisa velni mkvdarTa ver itevdes, gadiadda jari mkvdrisa (1423). am epizodSi sikvdilis mTesveli zual-kronosis funqcia omis Temas ukavSirdeba. igi Tavis Zalmosilebas `grZnebisa mcodnel~, `vervisgan vnebul~, `yovelTa kacTa mavne~ qajTa samflobels atydeba Tavs. p. ingoroyvam (ingoroyva 1963: 153) Zveli xelnaweris mixedviT Seaswora aRniSnuli taepi _ `kronos, wyromiT Semxedvelman, moaSora sitkbo mzisa~. v. nozaZe eTanxmeba am cvlilebas da aRniSnavs: `...radgan RmerTisgan iyo ganwiruli qajeTis cixe, kronosi mas mzis sitkbos aSorebs, mzes scildeba, Sordeba da Tavis sakuTars, mrisxane bunebas Tavisuflad xmarobs, Tavis Sav saqmes asrulebs. saturnus-zual-kronos xom Savi bedis Savi varskvlavia! ~ (nozaZe 1982: 84). astrologiurad kronosi `wyromiT Semxedvelia~, magram zecaze keTili varskvlavis gavleniT misi boroteba iTrguneba; magram, am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc e. xinTibiZe SeniSnavs (xinTibiZe 1975: 83-85), masTan erTad mzec mrisxanebs da amitomac ambobs rusTaveli: `maTve risxviT gardubrunda... ~ RvTis risxva, zual-kronosisagan mzis keTilismyofeli gavlenis moSoreba da wyroma, cargvalis gadabruneba sikeTis, siyvarulisa da samarTlianobis aRdgenis da, Sesabamisad, borotebis daTrgunvis momaswavebelia. amdenad, zual-kronoss am epizodSi ormagi funqciuri datvirTva aqvs: borotia qajeTis mimarT, samTa gmirTaTvis ki mowyale da samarTliania. poemis gmirebi zeciur ZalTa TanadgomiT aRweven mizans. e. xinTibiZe am movlenas Semdegnair axsnas uZebnis: èrTi mxriv, astrologiuri mnaTobebi sam rainds gamarjvebas uwinaswarmetyvelebdnen, ifaravdnen: `maT samTa Svidni mnaTobni hfarven naTlisa svetiTa~. meore mxriv ki, imave astrologiurma mnaTobebma qajeTs gardubrunes `borbali da simrgvle cisa~ (xinTibiZe 1975: 93-94). marTalia, gmirebs Svidive mnaTobi mfarvelobs, magram, astrologiuri SexedulebiT, gamoricxulia zualis sikeTismfeneli da damangreveli bunebis erTdroulad gamovlena. safiqrebelia, rom rusTaveli astrologiur monacemebs mxatvruli SinaarsiT tvirTavs da mizanmimarTulad moixmobs kronosis urTierTsawinaaRmdego Tvisebebs. rusTavelis kosmologiuri TvalsazrisiT, RmerTia mnaTobTa mamoZravebeli da amqveyniuri sinamdvilisken warmmarTveli. amdenad, am SemTxvevaSic, RmerTis nebaa zualis ormagi bunebis gamJRavneba, radgan unda aRsruldes debuleba: `borotsa sZlia keTilman, arseba misi grZelia~, rac nestanis gaTavisuflebas, gveleSapisagan daxsnasa da darRveuli harmoniis aRdgenas, gayrili siyvarulis sabolood Seyras, gulisxmobs. qajeTis ganadgurebis, damxobis pirvelmizezi nestania da vfiqrobT, rom mefe-qalis zualTan mimarTebis amosavalic aq unda moinaxos. poemaSi am urTierTkavSirs garkveuli wanamZRvrebi eZebneba. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, zuali Savi varskvlavia (misi feria Savi) da ZvelTa warmodgeniT, ùbedurebis didi varskvlavia~; yvela didi ubedureba: cremli, Wiri, sapyrobile, kronosisagan momdinared iTvleboda. `saturni yvela sxva niSniT damxobil RmerTs miagavda, romelic TiTqosda tyveobaSi imyofeboda. es STabeWdileba imdenad sarwmuno iyo, rom astronomiis sistematuri kursis erT-erT fuZemdeblis k. flamarionis cnobiT, viqtor hiugos 1879 wels masTan pirad saubarSi dawmunebiT uTqvams, rom saturni sxva araferi SeiZleba iyos Tu ara saprobile, an qvesknelio~ ( xinTibiZe 1975: 81-82). zemoaRniSnulis safuZvelze, zual-kronosis bunebas (mxsnelsa da damamxobels), simbolurad, nestanis saxe esadageba da msgavsebac TvalnaTelia. misi siyvaruli amamaRlebeli da, imavdroulad, yovlisdamamxobeli, `sikvdils mimaaxlebeli~ grZnoba aRmoCnda (zualimxsneli da damamxobeli). mebrZoli bunebis, vefxvisdari nestani Tavisi qmedebiT garesamyaros daupirispirda; win aRudga farsadanis gadawyvetilebas, xvarazmSas qmrobas da davaris TviTmkvlelobis uneblie mizezic gaxda. nestanis fatmanTan naTqvami sityvebi srulad gamoxatavs mis beds: bedi ubedo Cemzeda miwyiv avisa mqmnelia. kargi ra mWirdes, gikvirdes, avi ra sakvirvelia! sxvadasxva Wiri Cemzeda ar axalia, Zvelia (1171).

ùbedo bedis~ nestani qajeTis tyvea, tyveoba xom zuals miewereba da mefe-qalic tragikuli siyvarulis tyvea, mudmivi Wirisa da cremlis Tanaziari, gveleSapis mier CanTqmuli da sibneleSi myofi. misTvis sikvdili lxenaa da imedi `mun Seyrisa~. amdenad, nestani zualis astrologiuri bunebis Tanaziaria. `gulis Savad SemRebavi~ zualis Savi feri nestanis bedis msgavsi Savi ridis simbolikaSic ixilveba (`Tuca Tu ferad bedisa Cemisa msgavsad Savnia~, 1286) , siTxeebidan ki am varskvlavis kuTvnilebas, Sav naRvels, qajeTis tyveobidan nestanis gamogzavnili werili exmianeba: tani kalmad maqvs, kalami — navRelsa amonawebi (1288).

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zualis astrologiur bunebaSi gaerTianebulia simsubuqe-saTnoeba da simZimemrisxaneba; nestanis rTuli sulieri samyaro, emociaTa da gancdaTa speqtric mSvenierebasaTnoebasTan erTad `pirgamexebuli vefxis~ saxesac itevs. `ptolomem ori TvisebiT moiazra saturnis mTeli astrologiuri buneba: siciviTa da simSraliT. misi azriT, `saturni civi iyo, ramdenadac daSorebuli iyo mzisgan da mSrali, ramdenadac _ dedamiwisagan~ (xinTibiZe 1975: 81). simbolurad, mze-tariels moSorebuli nestani siTbos aRar asxivebs da siciviTaa Sesudruli, damSralia, daSretilia (`dRe da Rame gauwyvedlad tirili da cremlTa frqveva! ~ -1141) da moSorebulia adamianur samyaros.zualkronosTan nestanis saxis mimarTebis safuZvels iZleva poemis kidev erTi pasaJi, kerZod, fridonisagan tarielisTvis naambobi èrTi rame sakvirvelis~ naxvis Sesaxeb, romelic qajTagan datyvevebuli nestanis xilvis ambavs ukavSirdeba. nestanis TvalSeudgami silamaziT aRfrTovanebuli fridoni ambobs: mTvare ujda kidobansa, ca meSvide masmca veci (623).

am taepTan dakavSirebiT samecniero literaturaSi sxadasxvagvari mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom saturni, romelic samyaros umaRles nawilSi iyo moTavsebuli, nela moZraobda. amasTanave masSi simsubuqes, saTnoebasa da cecxlis bunebasac xedavdnen. àmitomac Zveli adamianebi saturns daberebul, gacivebul, da Senelebul mzed miiCnevdnen da xiluli samyaros am sakvirvelebas, zogjer Ramis mzes uwodebdnen~ ( xinTibiZe 1975: 81-82). cnobilia, rom saturns sxva varskvlavTagan gansxvavebiT, sferos irgvliv ori veberTela mokaSkaSe brtyeli rgoli aqvs Semokruli. v. nozaZis ganmartebiT, fridonma ixila ìgi mTvare-nestani; da am mTvares meSvide cas mivcemdio. mTvares ekuTvnis pirveli ca; meSvide ca ekuTvnis kronoss (saturnus, zuali). Svidi cis moZRvrebiT, meSvide ca aris umalesi ca-kronosisa, romelic astrologiaSi Ramis mzed iTvleba. amgvarad fridoni ambobs _ kidobanSi mjdomi qali-mTvare Tavisi silamaziT meSvide cis mnaTobi saturnusi (kronosi, zuali) iyoo. maSasadame nestani iyo Ramis mzesaturnusi~ (nozaZe 1982: 48). s. caiSvilis (caiSvili 1974: 328) varaudiT am taepSi, fridoni nestanisaTvis meSvide cis Cuqebaze, ardaSurebaze saubrobs. e. xinTibiZe (xinTibiZe 1975: 83-84) konteqstis mixedviT, meSvide casTan msgavsebas Tvlis mizanSewonilad da ara - meSvide cis Cuqebas. mas Zalze ucnaurad miaCnia navSi Casvenebuli mTvare _ nestanis saturnTan mimsgavseba. e. xinTibiZisve ganmartebiT (xinTibiZe 1975: 83-84), roca saturnis ori manaTobeli rgoli mTeli sibrtyiT Cans, es mnaTobi saswaulebrivad hgavs navSi CaSvebul savse mTvares. amasTanave, rogorc e. xinTibiZe SeniSnavs, saturni idumali mnaTobia, fridonic gakvirvebuli iyo sanaxaobiT da uSores planetad aRiqva Sors, usazRvro zRvaSi manaTobeli nestani. zual-saturnis meSvide cis nestanisadmi mikuTvnebiT, rusTaveli mefe-qalis am mnaTobTan nawilianobas cxadyofs, xolo Ramis mzed mis aRqmas poemis sxva epizodiT migvaniSnebs. samekobreod gasuli roSaqi da misi amala gansacvifrebelma sanaxaobam daabnia da `gonebasa msjelsa~ Caagdo: mindor-mindor movdiodiT Cven Ramesa dia bnelsa, didni rame sinaTleni gamogviCndes Sua velsa; vTqviT, Tu: Tu mzea nuTu zeciT CamoWrili zeda xmelsa! (1221); da kvlav vhkiTxeT: `gviTxar marTali, saqme Sen mzebr naTelisa, visi xar, vin xar, siT moxval manaTobeli bnelisa?” (1226).

am taepTa mixedviTac, nestani `Ramesa dia bnelsa~ udidesi sinaTlis mfenel mnaTobad, `manaToblad zecisa~, Sua Ramis mzed ganicdeba, rac astrologiaSi zualis saxeldebadaa miCneuli. samecniero literaturaSi erTmniSvnelovnadaa aRiarebuli mosazreba, rom nestanTinaTinis mxatvrul saxeTa arqetips Tamaris saxe-xati warmoadgens. poemaSi msgavsebis araerTi pasaJi, niuansi da Strixia cxadad Tu `SefarviT~ warmoCenili, razedac rusTaveli prologSive migvaniSnebs: `misi saxeli SefarviT qvemore miTqvams, miqia~ (19). qal-personaJTa Tamaris arqetipul saxesTan msgavseba `vefxistyaosnisa~ da `Tamarianis~ astraluri samyaros suraTSic ixilveba, kerZod, nestan-zualis saxeTa mimarTeba `TamarianSi~ Tamar-zualis saxexatTan reminiscirdeba. aq zuali Tamaris mSvenierebis, brwyinvalebis, Zlevamisilebis maCvenebelia: Rawvi mwyazari - a, mulRazari ugavs eloba kronos ciersa (CaxruxaZe 1957:183); radgan ca daxval, radgan cad axval

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zuali, etli, mTvare mcnebari (iqve, 191); a, rea! kronos, ena gardmkonos, vardTa gidarne naSvenebani ( iqve, 209). Suqni krTebian, emuqfebian, zual iCinebs daqadebulad (iqve, 184).

`TamarianSi~ Tamaris saxe-xati Ramis mzeebr manaTobeladac saxeldeba: romelman Rame-dRe yo, Tqva: `Rame hfens Suqsa mzeebr ganaTebulad~ (iqve, 208).

`TamarianSi~ Tamaris sidiadis warmomCen astralur samyaros Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, ukanaskneli taepis qristologiur datvirTvaSi, SesaZloa, astrologiuri Tvalsawieri gaerTiandes da masSi zual-kronosi, SuaRamis mze, moviazroT. amdenad, `vefxistyaosanSi~ nestanis gansaxovneba _ zeciT xmeleTze `CamoWrili~ SuaRamis mze _ Tamaris arqetipul saxesTan msgavsebis kidev erT Strixs warmoaCens da nestanis zualismierobas mowmobs, rac muSTarze ar iTqmis; `TamarianSi~ Tamaris saxe-xatTan axlos igi ar ixilveba. amgvarad, rusTavelis mier tariel-nestanis saxeTa muSTar-zualTan Tanaziarobis `SefarviT~ warmoCena SemTxveviTobas ar warmoadgens. es planetebi, iseve rogorc `vefxistyaosnis~ astraluri samyaros sxva mnaTobebi, gmirTa oden brwyinvalebis, mSvenierebisa da mefuri sidiadis Cvenebas rodi emsaxureba, maTi Sinagani emociis, gancdis, rTuli fsiqologiuri samyaros gamomxatavi modusebia. rusTaveli miwiers zeciurobiT tvirTavs da zeciurobas miwierebaSi ganasaxovnebs. gmirTa Sexvedris muSTar-zualis SeyrasTan Sedareba mxolod tariel-nestanis Sinagani samyaros am planetebTan msgavsebiT ar aixsneba. misi saxismetyvelebiTi Sinaarsis da rusTavelis `xelovanebis~ amocnoba am mnaTobTa astrologiuri urTierTmimarTebiT, maTi bunebis niSnebis simboluri datvirTvis CvenebiTaa SesaZlebeli. astrologiuri swavlebidan cnobilia, rom ama Tu im mnaTobis zemoqmedebis unari caze sxva planetis Sexedvis kuTxiT, Zalis siWarbiTa da gavlenis upiratesobiT ganisazRvreba. amitom SesaZlebelia ama Tu im mnaTobis Zalis Sesustebaca da uaryofiTi muxtis gabaTilebac. aqedan gamomdinare, zualis uaryofiTi energia, ubedurebisa da yovelgvari Wiris momavlineblis qmedeba daiTrguneba didi bedis varskvlavis, muSTaris, Zlieri poziciiT, rac sikeTis mauwyebelia; qaranelTa swavlebac (nozaZe 1957: 95-96) xom amas mowmobs _ zualisadmi vedrebis Semdeg adamianma muSTars unda mouxmos, raTa am ukanasknelma keTili gavlena moaxdinos “ubedurebis Sav varskvlavze” da mTxovnels survili ausrulos. aqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom dRiuri varskvlavebi _ mze, muSTari da zuali, Tavis saukeTeso gavlenas dRisiT axdenen, rac qajTa samefoze gamarjvebis suraTSi aisaxa. avTandilis mnaTobTadmi vedrebaSic asevea warmodgenili dRiur varskvlavTa es rigi, viTarca sikeTisa da bednierebis sawindari. Svidive planeta emowmeba avTandils siyvarulSi da Svidive mnaTobi `naTlis svetiT faravs~ sam gmirs borotebasTan brZolaSi da am Svidi mnaTobidan rusTavelma muSTar-zuali airCia tarielnestanis Sexvedris dasasuraTxateblad. astrologiurad, muSTar-zualis erTad dgoma iSviaTi movlenaa da didi bednierebis momaswavlebelia. samecniero literaturaSi am epizodis Sesaxeb araerTi mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli. v. nozaZis SexedulebiT (nozaZe 1957:82), `vefxistyaosanSi~ muSTar-zualis SexvedrasTan gmirTa Seyris Sedareba garkveuli mizniTaa naxmari da ori monatrebuli Seyvarebulis bednier Sexvedras aRniSnavs. v. beriZe (beriZe 1961 :145-147) simbolur axsnas uZebnis aRniSnul taepSi muSTarisa da zualis Seyras, rogorc ori didi da brwyinvale adamianis, ori maxlobeli arsebis Sexvedras, romelic araCveulebriv sanaxaobas warmoadgenda da iyo xangrZlivi. z. avaliSvili am epizodTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs: àm cdomilTa: iupiteris da saturnis èrTgan Seyra~, koniunkcio, astrologiaSi didi ramea, didi bednierebis momaswavebeli. imdenad, rom pirvelad kepleris mier gamoTqmuli azriT, TviT qristes Sobis is varskvlavi, saxarebaSi rom ixsenieba (maTe, 2), erTi varskvlavi ki ara, aramed saturnis da iupiteris araCveulebrivi èrTgan Seyra~ unda yofiliyo; ebraelTa astrologiiTac am ori planetis TevzTa etlSi Seyra mesiis niSnad iTvleboda~ (avaliSvili 1931: 100). i. fancxavas ganmartebiT(fancxava 1941: 187), muSTari iupiteria, zuali-venera (afrodite, aspirozi), radgan mxolod maT SeuZliaT erTad Seyra. muSTarisa da zualis erT sibrtyeSi moqceva da maT sxivTa gaerTianeba ki, romelic 300 weliwadSi erTxel xdeba, mTeli samefos an mefis sikvdilis mauwyebeli iyo. amitom, mecnieris azriT, teqstSi zuali SecdomiT aris Setanili aspirozis nacvlad, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi rusTavelis gamoTqmas azri daekargeboda.

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mecnier-mkvlevarTa umravlesoba muSTar-zualis Seyris epizods yovelgvari Sesworebis gareSe ganixilavs da swored planetaTa am mimarTebas rusTavelis mxatvrul Canafiqrad miiCnevs. aRniSnuls, Cveni dakvirvebidan gamomdinare, davZenT, rom nestantarielis Sinagani samyaros erTgvari kavSiri da msgavseba muSTar-zualis astrologiur bunebasTan samecniero literaturaSi damkvidrebul tradiciul mosazrebas kidev ufro amyarebs. yovelive zemoaRniSnuli muSTar-zualis astraluri samyarodan gamorCevis safuZveli da RvTaebriobisken mimswrafi siyvarulis damowmebis simbolo SeiZleba gamxdariyo. muSTar-zualis Seyra poemaSi simboloa ara marto maTi bunebis Tanaziar mijnurTa sanukvari Sexvedrisa, aramed nestan-tarielis ùbedo bedisa~ da RvTivmimadlebuli bednierebis damtevneli mxatvruli saxea. amasve warmoaCens `vefxistyaosnis~ ferTa simbolikaze Tvalis gadevnebac. zuali erTaderTi planetaa, romelic sferosebur garss ar warmoadgens. mas, `Sav varskvlavs~, irgvliv ori mokaSkaSe rgoli aqvs Semovlebuli. elvis mpyrobeli, udidesi naTlis mfeneli, `bednierebis varskvlavi~ _ muSTari ki oqrosfrad brwyinavs. amdenad, muSTar-zualis ferebic Sav-yviTeli vefxvis tyavisa da nestanis `piroqro~ Savi ridis simbolikas miemarTeba, rac am planetaTa Sesatyvisad, bednierebaubedurebis gamaerTianebeli saxe-ideaa. astrologiaSi zuals siTxeebidan naRveli ekuTvnis, muSTars - sisxli, rasac nestan-tarielis gulis sisxlTa da `sisxlis cremlTa~, naRvelisa da `sikvdimde gasatani~, sisxlsavse mijnurobis arsi miemarTeba. muSTar-zualis Seyris mxatvrul suraTSi, maTi astrologiuri bunebis Sesatyvisad, ikveTeba principi: bedniereba tanjvis gziT, rac `vefxistyaosanSi~ araerTxelaa damowmebuli: ... vardni ueklod aravis moukrebian! (886); margaliti arvis mihxvdes usasyidlod, uvaWrelad (167) da a.S.

rusTaveli, rogorc vxedavT, antinomiis princips iyenebs: naTeli _ bneli, sixaruli _ mwuxareba, sisxli _ naRveli, sicocxle _ sikvdili. amas astrologiurad muSTaris pasiuri da zualis aqtiuri buneba da kontrastuli Tvisebebic emateba: zualis sicive da gvalva, muSTaris-sicxe da zomieri notiooba; Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom muSTari cecxlisa da wylis stiqiis planetaa, zuali - miwisa da haeris, maTi SeerTebiT samyaros Semadgeneli oTxive elementis kavSiri xorcieldeba, e.i. myardeba harmonia, xdeba darRveuli kavSirisa da mTlianobis aRdgena, im darRveuli kavSirisa, romelsac Tavad tarieli aRiarebs avTandilis winaSe: `damSlian Cemni kavSirni, SevrTivar sulTa sirasa~ (881); nestani ki qajeTis cixidan mijnurTan gagzavnil ustarSi tariels sTxovs: RmerTsa Semvedre, nuTu kvla damxsnas soflisa Sromasa, cecxlsa, wyalsa da miwasa, haerTa Tana Zromasa... (1299).

amdenad, muSTar-zualis SeyriT da samyaros Semadgeneli oTxi elementis SeerTebiT, simbolurad, nestan-tarielis èrT sul da erT xorc myofoba~, suliT xorcamde aRdgena da gamTlianeba xorcieldeba. am mnaTobTa SexvedriT, TiTqos, damTavrda tarielsa da nestanze maTi damoukidebeli qmedebis xana da asparezi. muSTar-zualis Seyra warsulisa da awmyos dro — sivrculi gadakveTis wertilia, gmirTa bedis waRma trialis, gamarjvebuli siyvarulis, harmoniis winaswarmetyveluri niSania, romelSic `momavlis xati~ ixilveba. poemis dasasruls es harmonia mTavar gmirTa `sabrZanisSi~, saxelmwifoTa cxovrebis suraTSi ixilveba: Sigan maTTa sabrZanisTa Txa da mgeli erTgan sZovdes (1661).

muSTar-zualis SeyriT warmodgenil gmirTa Sexvedris mxatvrul suraTSi, SesaZloa, rusTavelis kidev erTi `SefarviT~ naTqvami amovicnoT. astrologiurad, am mnaTobTa Sexvedra iSviaTi movlenaa, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, oc weliwadSi erTxel xdeba da umSvenieres sanaxaobas warmoadgens. poemaSi nestan-tarielis cxovreba: Sexvedra, Semdeg daSoreba, rac kvlavmibrunebis momaswavebelia, caze muSTar-zualis dausrulebeli SeyraganSorebis suraTs imeorebs; gamarjvebul mijnurT mxolod sikvdili gayriT da kvlav `munamca Seiyrebian~. mnaTobTa da gmirTa am saerTo dro-sivrcul xazs v. nozaZis Sexedulebac esadageba: `...mnaTobni aq arian msoflio mefeni an mefis wulni da arc erTi sxva vinme...mnaTobni aristokratul wres ekuTvnian, viT mefeni~ (nozaZe 1982: 58). yovelive zemoaRniSnuli safuZvels gvaZlevs vivaraudoT, rom `vefxistyaosanSi~ astraluri samyaro mxolod astrologiuri da esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT ar aris moxmobili. Cveni azriT, rusTaveli zualisa da muSTaris astrologiur bunebas da maT Seyras gmirTa Sinagani samyaros, xasiaTis, emociaTa da gancdaTa gansaxovnebis, sulieri mimoxris, maTi cvalebadi bedis, gamarjvebuli siyvarulisa da sikeTis, harmoniuli kavSiris, darRveuli mTlianobis aRdgenis simbolod warmosaxavs. rusTaveli gmirTa rTul fsiqologiur bunebas, sulis mravalferovan da uRrmes plastebs warmoaCens. mTeli garemomcveli sivrcea CarTuli maTi siyvarulis damowmebisa da gansaxovnebisaTvis. poemaSi zeciuri samyaro adamianTan

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mimarTebiT iZens mniSvnelobas. amgvari `xelovanebiT~ siyvarulis `mzian Crdiliani~ arsis, dautevnelobisa da usazRvroebis, Zlevamosilebis Cveneba masStabur iers sZens gmirTa saxexasiaTebs da axleburad ametyvelebs `qarTulad naTargmaneb~ `leqsad gardaTqmul~ òbol margalitSi~. damowmebani: avaliSvili 1931: avaliSvili z. vefxistyaosnis sakiTxebi. pariz : 1931. baramiZe 1966: baramiZe al. SoTa rusTaveli da misi poema. Tb.: gamomcemloba ~mecniereba~, 1966. beriZe 1961: beriZe v. rusTvelologiuri etiudebi. Tb.: 1961. gamsaxurdia1991: gamsaxurdia z. vefxistyaosnis saxismetyveleba. Tb.: gamomcemloba ~mecniereba~, 1991. imedaSvili 1968: imedaSvili g. vefxistyaosani da qarTuli kultura. Tb.: gamomcemloba ~mecniereba~, 1968. ingoroyva 1963: ingoroyva p. Txz. krebuli. t. I, Tb.: gamomcemloba ~sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,1963. kiknaZe 1969: kiknaZe z. dionisesa da kronosis gamo `vefxistyaosanSi~. ciskari, 11, 1969. nizami 1972: nizami ganjeli. leili da majnuni. m. mamacaSvilis Targmani. werilSi - galoba SvidTa mnaTobTaTvis nizamis “leili da majnunsa” da `vefxistyaosanSi~. macne (els), 1972. mamacaSvili 1972: mamacaSvili m. galoba SvidTa mnaTobTaTvis nizamis “leili da majnunsa” da `vefxistyaosanSi~. macne (els), 3, 1972. nozaZe 1957: nozaZe v. vefxistyaosnis varskvlavTmetyveleba. santiago de Cile: 1957. siraZe 1982: siraZe r. saxismetyveleba. Tb.: gamomcemloba ~nakaduli~, 1982. fancxava 1941: fancxava i. `vefxis-tyaosnis~ avtoris sakiTxis Sesaxeb. saq. saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, XI, 1941. qumsiSvili 1970: qumsiSvili d. SeniSvnebi z. kiknaZis werilis gamo. ciskari, 2,1970. rusTaveli 1988: SoTa rusTaveli . vefxistyaosani. al.baramiZis, g.wereTlis, s.caiSvilis redaqciiT. Tb.: gamomcemloba ~mecniereba~, 1988. CaxruxaZe 1957: CaxruxaZe, `qeba mefisa Tamarisi~. Zv. qarTveli mexotbeni. I, iv. lolaSvilis redaqciiT. Tb.: saq.ssr.mecn.akademiis gamomcemloba ,1957. caiSvili 1974: caiSvili s. SoTa rusTaveli — daviT guramiSvili. Tb.: gamomcemloba ~mecniereba~, 1974. xinTibiZe 1975: xinTibiZe e. msoflmxedvelobiTi problemebi vefxistyaosanSi. Tb.: Tsu-s gamomcemloba, 1975. hanagidi 1994: hanagidi Samuel, SroSani ReleTa. Sua saukuneebis ebraeli poetebi. ebraulidan Targmna j. ajiaSvilma. Tb.: saq.mecn.akademiis stamba, 1994.

Nana Gonjilashvili "They were indeed like the planets Jupiter and Saturn united…" Summary The study of the astral world of The Knight in the Panther's Skin and the analysis of the images linked with it have been the object of numerous papers in the specialist literature. In the poem the meeting of Jupiter (Mushtar) and Saturn (Zual) is based on the astrological view, it is related to the main characters of the work and carries a symbolic meaning. Rustaveli compares the meeting of Tariel and Nestan, liberated from the captivity of demons (the Kajis), the victory of good over evil, and the triumph of love to the meeting of the sun and the moon ("The moon was freed from the serpent and her lover, the sun had found her") as well as the meeting of Jupiter and Saturn: "They were indeed like the planets Jupiter and Saturn united". Astrologically, Jupiter is the sixth planet and belongs to the sixth heaven. It is the "great fate star", divine judge, the lover of the truth, the merciful, kind, and wise planet. Saturn is the black star of misfortune, the most distant planet, belonging to the seventh heaven, bringing sorrow, destruction and violence. The astrological nature of these two stars is reflected in Avtandil's prayer to the planets. Each of them is mentioned four times in the poem. Why did Rustaveli compare the meeting of Tariel and Nestan to the meeting of Jupiter and Saturn? From the astrological viewpoint, the closeness of these two planets is a rare phenomenon, which augurs great happiness. There is a view that the star which appeared at the time of the birth of Jesus Christ might have been the meeting of Saturn and Jupiter. According to the Jewish astrology too, the meeting of these two planets in the zodiac of Pisces was regarded as the sign of the Messiah. All the above-mentioned might have become the basis for the particular attitude towards Jupiter-Saturn as a symbol of the expression of love having aspiration towards the divinity. The analysis of the text leads the author to assume that Jupiter is related to Tariel, and Saturn to Nestan. Jupiter regards Tariel with favour in one passage of the poem: Tariel on his return to India together with Nestan extinguishes "the fire of anger" towards unfaithful King Ramaz with the aid of the just and merciful Jupiter, as mercy of "a just judge" towards a true lover. It is noted in the specialist literature that the stem tar in the name Mushtar comes from the palaeo-Caucasian and Asia Minor linguistic world - the name of Tarhu, a panther skin god of thunderstorm. In this regard, the fact that Tariel is attired in a panther's skin is the symbol of

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his resemblance to Jupiter as just. Nestan of "the unfortunate fate" is linked to Saturn, a captive of tragic love in the captivity of evil. If we recall the episode when Pridon saw Nestan ("In it was sitting a maiden, a beautiful moon in her glory, so splendid was she that her home should have been the seven bright heavens"), and regard the seventh heaven as the domain of Saturn, the relation of Nestan-Jupiter will become more convincing. The colours of Jupiter-Saturn (black Saturn with two shining rings and golden Jupiter) are also linked with the symbolics of the black and yellow panther skin and Nestan's black veil with a golden lining, which is the imageidea unifying happiness and misfortune, similar to these planets. The astrologically passive nature of Jupiter and the active nature of Saturn (unity of the extremes) are noteworthy too. It should also be taken into account that Jupiter is the planet of fire and water and Saturn - that of earth and air, so their unity combines the four elements of the world, i.e. harmony is established, and the broken unity is restored, which is symbolically viewed as the meeting of Tariel and Nestan. Thus, the author thinks that Rustaveli represents the astrological nature of Saturn and Jupiter and their meeting as the symbol of the characters' changeable fate, their qualities, triumphant love and kindness, re-establishment of harmony and unity.

lia gugunava qristianuli mrwamsi `hamletsa~ da `vefxistyaosanSi~ Seqspiri Tavis mrwamss `hamletSi~, umTavresad, hamletis piriT gamoTqvams. hamlets swams, rom RmerTi keTili, mwalobeli da adamianis xelisSemwyobia yovelgvar sasikeTo saqmeSi, rasac qveviT magaliTebiT davasabuTebT. amave dros icis, rom RmerTma adamians Tavisufali arCevanis neba misca, radgan adamiani RmerTis xatia, TviTonac RvTiuri TvisebebiT aris dajildovebuli da farTo asparezi aqvs damoukideblad imoqmedos. radganac `hamletidan~ citatebi mecnieruli TvalszrisiT momyavs da filosofiurreligiur sakiTxebze Seqspiris tragediasa da rusTavelis poemas Soris paralelebs vavlebT, hamletis mxatvrul Targmans ver daveyrdnobiT. garda amisa, maCablis mier adeqvaturi da mxatvruli Sesatyvisebi originalis fonze ufro TvalsaCinod ikveTeba. hamletis daxasiaTebiT: `mSvenieri xelovnebaa adamiani: WkuiT didebuli, sruli niWierebiT, agebulebiT axovani, mixvra-moxvriT saocari, saqmiT swori angelozisa, gonierebiT RvTisa — da es Tvali qveynisa...~ (Seqspiri 1954: II, 2; 89-90). aseTia adamiani renesansuli TvalsazrisiT. ìn action how like an angel, in apprehension how like a god" (Shakespeare, 1978) (II, 2) p. 121

e. i. adamiani moqmedebiT angelozis sworia, xolo swavliT, gagebiT, aTvisebis unariT (in apprehension) RmerTis daria. samebis meore pirze (`Zali~) qristeze rusTavelis `vefxistyaosnis~ 792 strofSi naTqvamia: `vin ars Zali uxilavi Semwed yovlTa miwierTad~. rogorc viciT, qristea Suamavali mama-RmerTsa da miwier samyaros Soris. mas miwiereba mokvdavTa Semweoba. amgvarad mamaRmerTi Zis saSualebiT axorcielebs adamianTa Semweobas. korneli kekeliZe RmerTis atributebs Soris gamoyofs RvTaebis iseT Tvisebebs, romlebic marto qristianobisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli: `zogi atributTagani zogadi xasiaTisaa, damaxasiaTebeli sxvadasxva religiuri sistemisa, magram aris iseTi, romelic qristianizmis specifikas Seadgens da sxva religiisaTvis ucxoa. aseTia idea RvTis saxierebisa, romelic gamoixateba imaSi, rom RmerTi aris `yovlisaTvis tkbilad mxedi~ da `tkbilad mwyalobeli~, keTili da siyvaruliT aRsavse iqamde, rom mudam mzadaa mis winaSe damnaSavesa da Secodebuls Seundos... es idea aris kuTvnileba qristianobisa, romelmac aseTi lozungi wamoayena `RmerTi siyvarul ars (I ioane, IV, 8,10)~ (kekeliZe 1979). hamletis TvalsazrisiT, mravalmxrivi niWiT dajildovebuli adamiani valdebulia Tavisi niWi gamoiyenos praqtikul saqmianobaSi. hamleti laparakobs adamianis did misiaze, moralur pasuxismgeblobaze, rac renesansuli humanizmis mixedviT RmerTma daakisra mas da xelsac uwyobs keTili zraxvebis aRsrulebaSi. What is a man, If the chief good and market of his time But to sleep and feed? A beast, no more. Sure he that made us with such large discourse, Looking before and after, gave us not That capability and godlike reason

To fust in us unused (IV, 4) p. 213.

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qarTul TargmanSi vkiTxulobT: ra aris kaci, Tu igi Tavis kmayofilebas Wamas da ZilSi hpoobs mxolod? mxecia sxva ra? vinc mogvaniWa Wkva-gonebis Sorsmxedveloba, Cagvaxedvina Cvens warsulsa da momavalSi, is ar mogvcemda am RvTaebrivs niWierebas, Tu sasargeblod moxmarebas ver SeviZlebdiT (IV,4) gv. 178.

maCabels zedmiwevniT zustad aqvs gadmocemuli originalis azri, raSic ramdenime magaliTiT SegviZlia davrwmundeT. originalSi: Sure he that made us with such large discourse.

discourse - msjeloba, didi gaqaneba, gagebis unari. large discourse maCabelTan aris: Wkva-gonebis Sors-mxedveloba. godlike reason RmerTis msgavsi goniereba maCabelTan asea gadmotanili: RvTaebrivi niWiereba. Seqspiri hamletis piriT kiTxulobs: gana SeiZleboda aseTi RvTaebrivi niWi, udidesi gaqaneba, RmerTis mier boZebuli, dagveobebina gamouyeneblobiT? (to fust in us unused). maCabelTan: Tu sasargeblod moxmarebas ver SeviZlebdiT. adamiani dramaturgs renesansuli gagebiT rom aqvs warmodgenili, amaSi inglisuri teqstis komentarebic SegviZlia davimowmoT. tragediis redaqtori aseT ganmartebas gvTavazobs: `The description insists that man is excellent both in power of his reason and his ability to act. Both his mind and his body are therefore involved to make him the model and touchstone of perfection for the animal Kingdom. For Hamlet the intelect alone is not enough~ (p. 120). mocemuli teqstis qarTuli Targmania: ès aRwera daJinebiT amtkicebs, rom adamiani SesaniSnavia rogorc gonebrivi ZaliT, ise moqmedebis unariT. adamiani Tavisi gonebrivi da fizikuri monacemebiT, aris nimuSi da kriteriumi cxovelTa samyarosi. hamletisaTvis mxolod inteleqti sakmarisi ar aris~. hamleti Tvlis, rom RmerTma adamians RvTaebrivi goniereba da gansjis unari imitom misca, rom sasargeblo saqmes moaxmaros. es ki imas niSnavs, RmerTi moqmedebisaken ubiZgebs adamians da farulad xelsac umarTavs. igive azria gatarebuli `vefxistyaosnis~ 792-e strofSi, sadac avTandili Tavis rwmenas gamoxatavs.

vin dambada, SeZlebaca manve momca Zlevad mterTad, vin ars Zali uxilavi Semwed yovlTa miwierTad. am strofSi `vin~ nacvalsaxelSi RmerTia nagulisxmevi. SevadaroT hamletis sityvebi: Sure he that made us with such large discourse... gave us not that capability and godlike reason.

he - RmerTia, Semqmneli. zviad gamsaxurdiam yuradReba miaqcia im faqts, rom vefxistyaosanSi~ (str. 792) samebaa moxseniebuli. `TvalsaCinoa, rom saubaria pirovnul RmerTze (`vin~). am pirovnuli RmerTis Sesaxeb sami ram aris naTqvami: 1. igi aris `dambadebeli~, 2. igi aris Zali uxilavi, Semwe yovlTa miwierTad~. 3. igi sazRvars dausazRvrebs~...RvTis pirveli hipostasi anu mama... rogorc dambadebeli, dasabami, arsTa mizezi~. zviad gamsaxurdia imowmebs petre iberis da maqsime aRmsareblis gansazRvrebebs. maqsime aRmsareblis `WeSmarit aRsarebaSi~ mama-RmerTze naTqvamia: `cisa da qveynisa da zRvisa da yovelTa xilulTa da uxilavTa... Semoqmedsa da dambadebelsa, romelman dabadna piruelad zecisa Zalni da mxedrobani beureulni auracxelni, sityviT dabadna da suliTa wmidiTa srul hyvna~. qristeze anu Zeze mkvlevari Semdegnair cnobebs gvawvdis: `rac Seexeba Zes. samebis meore pirs... RvTismetyvelebaSi misi saxelia `Zali uxilavi~. ase uwodebs mas mTeli qristianuli literatura pavle mociqulidan rusTvelamde... vinaidan meore hipostasi, Ze, is aspeqtia, romliTac RmerTi uSualod ukavSirdeba qmnadobas, istoriul process da monawileobs mis ganviTarebaSi~ (gamsaxurdia 1984: 49-50). qarTul qristianul literaturaSi xSiria RmerTis moxsenieba nacvalsaxeliT `romelman~. `vefxistyaosnis~ pirvel strofSi vkiTxulobT:

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romelman Seqmna samyaro ZaliTa miT ZlieriTa, zegardmo arsni suliTa yvna zeciT monaberiTa, Cven, kacTa, mogvca qveyana, gvaqvs uTvalavi feriTa, misgan ars yovli xelmwife saxiTa mis mieriTa.

rusTvelologiaSi es strofi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens: `romelman~ samyaros Semqmneli qristianuli RmerTia, is èrTi~ RmerTi, romelSic winaswar igulisxmeba misi sameba... es erTi sameba igive ùxilavi Zalia~, sampirovani, romlis erTi wevric (meore piri) qristea. es RmerTi mnaTobTa miRma, empireumSi `zegardmo arsTa~ anu angelozebs maRla `zis~ da igi `sazRvrebs dausazRvrebs~ am ukanasknelT~ (gawerelia 1970: 7-8). zviad gamsaxurdias mtkicebiT `romelman~ mama RmerTis aRmniSvneli nacvalsaxelia. igi qristianuli literaturiT asabuTebs Tavis mosazrebas: `romelman~ xsenebul konteqstSic da rusTavelTanac upiratesad niSnavs mama RmerTs, pirvel pirs qristianuli samebisas... qristianul Tvalsazriss Sesaqmis procesi warmoudgenia mTliani samebis namoqmedarad, romelic, marTalia, erTi arsiT, erTi nebiT, erTi ganzraxviT qmnis samyaros, magram calkeul pirTa roli amave dros sxvadasxvanairia... eWvs ar iwvevs, rom saRmrTo werilSi, himnografiaSi moxseniebuli RmerTi `romelman sibrZniT dahbadna cani da Seqmna qveyana~, `romelman dasabamsa dahbadna saRmrToTa ZaliTa, sibrZniT wamisyofiTa araraisgan arsad...~ `romelman dasabamsa qmna caÁ da qveyanaÁ~ da a.S. mama RmerTia... sityva `Zali~ ki aq niSnavs Ze RmerTs... es aris mamis samoqmedo iaraRi SesaqmeSi... hromaelTa mimarT epistoleSi pavle mociquli miuTiTebs, rom ... es Zali maradiulia, vinaidan igi Tavad RvTaebaa~ (gamsaxurdia 1984: 25-27). humanisturi azrovneba Tvlis, rom RmerTi mowyalec aris da sastikic. borotebis mimarT daundobelia. saRvTo werilSi naTqvamia, rom `Surs miagebs ufali Tavis mowinaaRmdegeT da javrs ar SearCens Tavis mtrebs... sulgrZelia ufali da didZalovani, dausjels aravis gauSvebs... keTilia ufali _ cixe-simagre gasaWirSi da cnobs Tavis moimedeT. movardnil niaRvariviT walekavs mis adgils da Tavis mtrebs Carekavs wyvdiadSi~ (naumi 1,2-6). rodesac hamlets SemTxveviT poloniusi Semoakvdeba, amaSi is zecis Carevas xedavs. vwuxvar, rom me es Semomakvda, magram etyoba, ase ganages zecis ZalTa, me aRmirCies Tavis bWed da ganzraxvisa aRmasruleblad, am kaciT msajes da mec igiv damasjevines (III, 4, gv. 161).

hamleti, renesansis epoqis humanisti, drois adeqvaturad gamoirCeva inteleqtiTa da maRali moraliT. mwerlis Sexedulebebi samyaroze, adamianze, mis valze mTlianad qristianul zneobazea damyarebuli, rac ixateba srulyofilebisaken swrafvis, borotebis daTrgunvis qadagebaSi. hamleti sxvadasxva SemTxvevebTan kavSirSi exeba sulis ganwmendis sakiTxs da yvelgan srul SesabamisobaSia bibliur gagebasTan. magaliTad, bibliaSi vkiTxulobT: `Tu vityviT, rom ara gvaqvs codva, Cvens Tavs vacdunebT, da WeSmariteba es aris CvenSi Tu vaRiarebT Cvens codvebs, sarwmunoa da marTali, raTa mogvitevos codvebi da yovelgvari usamarTlobisgan gagvwmindos Cven~. (pirveli ioanesi, 1,8-9). dedasTan scenaSi hamleti Rrma rwmenas gamoxatavs, rom adamiani Tavis codvas Tu moinaniebs, RmerTi mas miutevebs. igi dedas eubneba: And when you are desirous to be blest, I' II blessing beg of you (III, 4) p. 197.

desirous to be blest aseTi komentari aqvs darTuli: anxious to obtain God's blessing through repentance didi survili RvTis wyalobas miaRwio monaniebis gziT.

maCablis TargmanSi: da Tu survili guls aRgeZra daglocos vinmem, me TviT moviTxov, dedaCemo, Sengan dalocvas (III, 4, gv. 101).

rodesac dedofali ekiTxeba hamlets, veRara mcnobo, is pasuxobs: kargad gicnob, jvars geficebi (gv. 152).

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originalSia:

No, by the rood, not so. p. 185

`rood~ niSnavs jvars, jvarcmas. SeniSvnebSi axsnilia `cross of Christ qristes jvari~. e.i. hamlets qristes jvari aqvs saficavad. hamleti Tavis megobrebs, romlebic aCrdilis gamoCenis mowmeni gaxdnen, jvarze aficebs. Hamlet _ Never to speak of this that you have seen, Swear by my sword. p. 87. hamlet _ daificeT, rom aravis uTxraT, raca naxeT. xmalze ificeT. (I, 5) gv.52-59.

originalSi xmals (sword) aseTi komentari aqvs darTuli: `The hilt of the sword forms a cross and can therefore bind the conscience of men who are soldiers and christians. Hamlet does not rely merely on their word but insists on a formal oath. An oath to bind the conscience migth be invalid if sworn with the delil a party to it~. p. 86. qarTulad iqneba: xmlis tari qmnis jvars da SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos imaSi, rom qristianma jariskacebma fici ar gatexon. hamleti sityvaze ar endoba da maTgan moiTxovs formalur daficebas. jvarze daficeba eSmakis cdunebisgan ixsnis maT, Tuki eSmakia Careuli. wmida efrem asuri ase warmogvisaxavs jvaris mniSvnelobas: `juari sacoÁ ars qristeaneTaÁ... juari mcveli ars megobarTaÁ... juari sinaTle ars bnelsa Sina msxdomareTaÁ... juari sibrZne ars RmrTis moSiSebisaÁ... juariTa mZle veqmeniT eSmaksa... juari ars Zal da macxovar da naTel Cuenda~ (swavlani 2002: 283,284). jvars swored amgvari qristianuli gageba udevs safuZvlad hamletis warmosaxvaSi, rodesac is megobrebs daJinebiT sTxovda jvarze daeficaT. `vefxistyaosanSi~ jvari metonimiurad (erTi sityvis meoreTi Secvla) aris moxseniebuli, romelsac azrobrivi datvirTva akisria. avTandilis vedrebas RmerTisadmi `zRvis Relva ganmarideo~ rusTvelologi nestan sulava aseT axsnas urTavs: `literaturaSi zRva Cveulebrivi metaforaa. igi cxovrebas, `cxovrebiseul zRvas~ gulisxmobs... SeiZleba ivaraudo, rom zRva unda gadasero xomaldiT, romelic simbolurad eklesias da qristes jvars niSnavs~ (sulava 1999: 112). mkvlevari siRrmiseulad ganixilavs avTandilis Txovnas da Sig gmiris saSvelad eklesiisa da qristes jvaris Zalas ganWvritavs. amdenad aris zRva qristes jvaris aRmniSvneli sityva, razedac gmiri imedebs amyarebs. hamleti aramarto jvris mniSvnelobas afasebs, aramed saerTod, sarwmunoebas scems Tayvans. did rols aniWebs mas adamianis zneobrivi simtkicis mosapoveblad. hamleti dedas bralsa debs qmris sikvdilSi monawileobisaTvis: hamlet _ es TiTqmis igiv codvaa, viT mefis mokvla da qmrad imis Zmis SerTva. (III, 4, gv.152).

mas unda hertrudaSi sindisi gamoaRviZos, im SemTxvevaSi Tu borotebam SeCveulma, zeciT gmobilma eg ar gardahqmna miudgomel, ugrZnobel zRuded! (gv.152).

da Semdeg Tvalwin uxatavs borotebiT gamowveul dakninebis suraTs: egeTi saqme Cirqsa scxebs TviT umankoebas, uspobs morcxvobis siwiTlesa, Svenebas uspobs; farisevlobis saxelsa sdebs saTnoebasa... col-qmarT pirobas moTamaSeT cru fics amsgavsebs, auqmebs srulad qorwinebis wmida uRelsa, sarwmunoebas, sasos da tkbils fuye sityvad hxdis. oh, magvar saqmiT zecis saxe risxviT elvarebs da ese myari deda-miwac SeWmuxvnilia da naRvliani, TiTqos iyos dRe gankiTxvisa. (gv.154).

hamletis es sityvebi mravalmxriv ipyrobs Cvens yuradRebas. jer es erTi, aq Cans hamletis damokidebuleba qristianuli zneobisadmi, meorec, exmianeba renesansis filosofiur gagebas zena da qvena samyaros erTianobaze, amasTan erTad gamoyenebulia qristianuli terminebi `gankiTxvis dRe~ against the doom. 188, rac SeniSvnebSi axsnilia before the day of judgement gankiTxvis wina dRe.

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`zecis saxe~ `Haven's face~ aseTi komentari aqvs darTuli: `the sun~ `mze~. rogorc cnobilia ezoterul qristianobaSi mze miCneulia qristes xatad. aseTi miniSneba ramdenime adgilas gvxvdeba `hamletSi~. mamis portretis daxatvisas, hamleti mis Tmas adarebs `hiperionis kululebs~. romelsac aseTi axsna erTvis: `hair like the sun's~ Tma waagavs mzes. (III,4, gv. 188). sxva adgilas hiperionTan dakavSirebiT wignis redaqtori aleqsanderi aRniSnavs: `the name is freguently use it as a title for the sun" (am saxels Seqspiri xSirad iyenebs mzis aRsaniSnavad) mze qristes epiTetad aris miCneuli rogorc dasavleTis, ise aRmosavleTis RvTismetyvelebaSi. `hamleti~ `zecis saxe~ anu `mze~, RmerTze migviTiTvebs. mocemul konteqstSi hamlets `mzeSi~ warmoudgenelia mnaTobi egulisxma, radganac is cdilobs dedas Tvali auxilos, rac misi sulieri aRdgenis dasawyisi iqneboda. amisaTvis mamas adarebs biZas. mamas warmosaxavs hiperionis (mzis, xelovnebis da silamazis RvTaeba) didebuli aRnagobiTa da TvisebebiT, xolo biZas avxorc satirs adarebs, metaforulad ki `myral Waobad~ saxavs. mzis simbolo ratom dasWirdeboda mwerals, azris matarebeli rom ar yofiliyo. mzeSi Seqspirma ganWvrita qriste da amiT gagvagebina, rom yofili mefe RvTaebrivi srulyofilebiT RmerTTan iyo miaxlovebuli. Seqspiri am azrs tragediaSi egzoteruladac gamoxatavs, xolo `mzes~-Tan dakavSirebiT azris gamosaTqmelad farul simbolur gzas irCevs. radganac mze, rogorc qristes xateba, saidumloebad iyo miCneuli. rusTavelTan meti saSualeba gveZleva qristes mzesTan kavSiri ufro srulad gavarkvioT. rusTvelologiaSi mecnierTa Soris erT-erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxad aris miCneuli da amis irgvliv kvleva didi xania mimdinareobs. èzoteruli qristianobis erT-erTi umTavresi debulebaa Ze RmerTis, logosis, qristes kavSiri mze-mnaTobTan, ramdenadac qriste aris mzis suli... qristesTan ki uSualod aris dakavSirebuli gangeba... am mzes `xatad RmrTisad ityvian filosofosni winani~, vinaidan Ze RmerTi, erTi mxriv identuria Tavisi bunebiT mzianisa Ramisa, erT-arsebisa, erTisa, mis uJamosa Jamisa, xolo Tavisi piriseuli aspeqtiT, hipostasiT, ganmzevebiT da gankacebiT gansxvavdeba sxva pirebisagan da aris `xati RmrTisa uxilavisa~, rogorc mas uwodebs pavle mociquli~ (gamsaxurdia 1984: 134). zviad gamsaxurdias mohyavs wmida mamebis gamonaTqvami saidumloebebis Sesaxeb. moviyvan zogierT mosazrebas, rac amJamad CvenTvis saWiroa. basili didi: èklesiaSi arsebuli dogmatebidan da qadagebebidan zogierTi gvaqvs saRvTo werilis moZRvrebebSi, xolo zogierTi gadmocemuli gvaqvs saidumlod, miciqulTa tradiciiT~. wmida kirile ierusalimeli: `saxarebis mosmenis ufleba yvelas aqvs, magram maxaroblobis dideba mxolod qristes mociqulebs... warmarTebs ar uqadageben saidumlo moZRvrebas mamaze, Zeze da suliwmindaze... saidumloebebze vsaubrobT bundovnad, bevr rameze gadataniT mivaniSnebT~. grigol RvTismetyveli: èrT-erTi saidumlo iyo is, rom qriste aris `mze-mnaTobis suli~ (135) zviad gamsaxurdia: `rac Seexeba qristes, igi yvelgan ixsenieba rogorc mze, magram arsad rogorc mziani Rame. piriqiT, xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli, rom igi ubindo mzea~ (gamsaxurdia 1984: 145). `vefxistyaosnis~ 836-e strofSi vkiTxulobT: he, mzeo, vin xatad gTqves mzianisa Ramisad, erT-arsebisa erTisa, mis uJamosa Jamisad.

rusTvelologiaSi am strofma azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia. gansakuTrebiT sadao gaxda oqsimoronebi: `mziani Ramisa~ da ùJamo Jamis~gageba. zurab kiknaZe eyrdnoba ioane maxaroblis sityvebs da am strofs Semdegnairad xsnis: `da naTeli igi bnelsa Sina naTobs da bneli igi mas ver ewia~. asea gadmocemuli ioanes mier qristes movlinebis faqti, xolo rusTavelis enaze igi amgvarad gamoiTqmoda: `da mze igi Ramisa Sina~ naTobs da Rame igi mas ver ewia~. mociqulisa da Cveni poetis simbolikaSi naTeli da mze qristes simboloebia, xolo bneli da Rame _ soflis, wuTi-soflisa... rusTaveli ambobs, rom mze xatia mzianisa Ramisa, anu soflad movlinebuli qristes xati. asea gadmocemuli rusTavelis poetur TqmaSi qristes saxeli~ (kiknaZe 1967). zurab kiknaZis TvalsazrisiT, rusTaveli qristes simboloebiT warmosaxavs èzoTerul qristianizmSi mze qristes realur simbolod iTvleba... 836-e strofSi qristes Sesaxeb naTqvamia: 1. igia naTeli bnelSi (soflad: `sofelsa Sina iyo~) movlinebuli (`mziani Rame~). 2. igia erTarseba erTisa (RmerTisa). misi bunebis ziari. 3. igia gankacebuli RmerTi, orbunebovani (ùJamo Jamieri~). aq uaRresi lakoniurobiT aris gadmocemuli qristianuli rwmenis sami umniSvnelovanesi momenti (kiknaZe, 1967). akaki gawerelia `mzis~ gagebas ukavSirebs 836-e strofSi naxseneb oqsimoronebs `mzian Ramesa~ da ùJamo Jams~. àvTandili Tavis anderZSi mimarTavs mzes, rogorc `mziani Ramis~anu qristes xats, im qristes, romelic samebis (erT-arsebis) erTi wevria (rogorc ùJamo Jamis~anu

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dausabamo saRmrTo sityva, moqceuli `JamSi~, e. i. droebiT gankacebuli àRvsebis~ dros rom isev daubrunda Tavis ipostass)~ (gawerelia 1970: 7-8). zurab kiknaZisa da akaki gawerelias TvalsazrisiT, `mziani Rame~ da ùJamo Jami~ saRvTismetyvelo literaturidan gamomdinare SinaarsiT qristes gulisxmoben. agreTve maT erTarsebis erTSi qriste ganWvrites. aseT gagebas safuZveli daudo vaxtang meeqvsem. èrTarsebisagan erTi xom qriste aris da qristes exveweba da aqebs visac cierni erTis wamis yofiT gmorCilebso. me beds nu miqceo da Cems cols Semyareo... RmrTis xatad winaswarmetyvelni da filosofosni qristes ityvian. imas axvewebs avTandili miSvele rameo da TinaTinisa da imis moSorebas SesCivis~ (vasxtang meeqvse 1937). maia rafava iziarebs vaxtang meeqvsis ganmartebas da Tavis Sexedulebas asabuTebs qristes orbunebovnebaze dayrdnobiT, risTvisac igi iSveliebs `wyaroÁ codnisaÁs~. èrT-arsebis erTis~ qveS igulisxmeba qriste, Ze RmrTisa, samebidan erTi. am cnebis aseTi gageba SeiZleba gasagebi iyos amave taepSi momdevno cnebis — ùJamo Jamis~ ganmartebisaTvis... ùJamo Jami~ gamarTlebuli iqneba, Tu am RmerTis qveS vigulisxmebT qristes, romelSic ori buneba iyo SeerTebuli, romelic ori SobiT iSva. erTi Soba misi iyo mamisagan, mama RmerTisagan uJamod, droze adre, igi iSva, viTarca RmerTi. meore Soba ki iyo dedisagan. igi iSva viTarca kaci da es meore Soba moxda droSi. es faqti eWvmiutaneli qristianuli dogmaa. mivmarToT `wyaroÁ codnisaÁs~... ùJamo Jami~ aris qristeze miTiTeba~. amrigad, maia rafava miiCnevs, rom èrTarseba erTi~ niSnavs samebidan erTs~ anu qristes da ùJamo Jamic~ qristezea miTiTeba. igi gamoricxavs am cnebaSi samebis gagebas. ùJamo Jami~ sapirispiro cnebebs moicavs: zedrouls da drouls. magram, es predikatebi SeuZlebelia erTbunebovan da samgvarovan RmerTs anu samebas mieweros. igi aris samebis erTi wevris, kerZod Ze RmerTis, qristes daxasiaTeba~ (rafava 1966: 116-117). zurab kiknaZe eTanxmeba mkvlevars Tavisi mosazrebis dasabuTebaSi, mxolod misTvis gaugebaria ratom dasWirda mas damaskelis damowmeba. `rafavam SoTa rusTavelis gamoTqmaSi èrTarsebisa erTisa~ qristes saxeli amoikiTxa da amis safuZvelze axsna meore bundovani Tqma e.w. oqsimoroni ùJamo Jami~. ùJamo Jamis~ axsnisas m. rafava ZiriTadad eyrdnoba ioane damaskelis `codnis wyaros~. ...zedmeti Cans neoplatonuri an areopagituli mistikis damowmeba, rodesac `mziani Ramis~ amosavali TviT qristianizmis pirvelwyaroSi SeiZleba amovikiTxoT~ (kiknaZe 1967). kalistrate cincaZe dasaxelebuli strofebis Semdegnair axsnas gvTavazobs: `Rame mziani erTarsebaa. aq SoTas SevyavarT Rame mzianis (RvTaebis) Sinagani arsebis SecnobaSi, ramdenadac es debuleba gamomuSavebuli iyo saqristiano literaturaSi. erTarseba ukve gulisxmobs RvTaebis sampirovnebas, samgvamovnebas... dausabamo da uJamo mziani Ramis erTerTi piri moevlina qveyanas, rusTavelis sityviT Jamisad. ras niSnavs es? imas, rasac aRniSnavs pirvelmowame stefane Semdegi sityvebiT: da viTarca moeaxla Jami im aRTqumisa (saq. moc. 7,17) an mociquli pavle: odes moiwia aRsasruli Jamisa, moavlina RmerTman Ze Tvisi (gal. 4,4), e.i. meore piri RvTaebisa ganxorcielda gansazRvrul drosa da Jamsa~ (ekaSvili 1966: 236). 836-837-e strofebSi rusTavelis gamoTqmuli azri ase esmis mkvlevars: ùfalo ieso qriste (mzeo), romeli filosofosTa, mociqulTa, msoflioTa mamaTa da RvTismetyvelTa dagsaxes (gTqves) gansazRvrul dros (Jamierad) movlinebul xatad erTisa, erTarsebisa da dausabamoÁsa (uJamosa) samebisad (mzianisa Ramisad), bedsa nu miqcevo...~ (ekaSvili 1966: 237). rogorc vxedavT, mkvlevari `mzian Ramesa~ da ùJamo JamSi~ Wvrets samebas. qriste, rogorc samebis erT-erT wevri, gansazRvrul dros qveynad movlenili erTis xatia. rogorc moyvanilma citatebma dagvarwmuna zogierTi mecnieri `mzian Ramesa~, ùJamo JamSi~, èrTarseba erTSi~ qristes amoicnobs, zogierTi samebas. TiTqos amaSi winaaRmdegoba iqmneba im dros, rodesac yoveli maTgani isabuTebs wmida werilidan amonawerebs. kargad Tu CavukvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom aq winaaRmdegoba ki ar aris, aramed sakiTxisadmi midgomaa gansxvavebuli. Tavisi mxridan yvela marTalia, qristes orbunebovneba iwvevs sxvadasxvagvar axsnas. wmida maqsime aRmsarebeli qristes orbunebovnebaze saubrisas metad sayuradRebo miniSnebebs akeTebs. `mrwams erTi RmerTi mama uSobeli, da erTi Ze sityva RmrTisa, mamisagan Sobili; erTi suli wmida, mamisagan gamomavali, samgvamovani da RmrTeebiT ganuyofeli amisTvis vityviT samgvamovnebas da erTarsebas. RmrTeebis erT bunebas, rameTu zogadi ars samTave RmrTeeba da saRmrTo bunebis saxeni... ara samni RmerTni, rameTu erT ars RmerTi, erTi RmrTeeba sami Tanaarsi guamiT (CxeiZe 2004: 58)... Tavdapirvelad ufalma erTi nebiT, yovelive araraisgan dabada da ganagebs yovel arsebas da maT cxovrebas. gankacebis Semdeg ki saWiroebda sazrdelis da sasmelis miRebas... RvTaebrivi nebiT dabada yovelive araraisgan da ganagebs yoveli dabadebulis cxovrebas, xolo kacobrivi nebiT ki kacobriv saqmeebs aRasrulebda, radgan hqonda ori buneba da ori neba. wmida saxarebaSic xom weria: `xvalisa dRe unda galilead gansvlad~ (ioan. 4,3), sacnauria, rom galileaSi ar imyofeba da daapirebda iq Casvlas. es, ra Tqma unda, kacobrivi bunebiT da nebiT, RvTaebriviT ki yovelganmyofia (CxeiZe 2004: 62-63)... mociqulis sityvebiT Tu vimsjelebT, ufalma Tavad daadgina eklesiaSi:

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`pirvelad mociqulni, meored _ winaswar-metyvelni, mesamed _ moZRvarni~ (kor. 12,28). aSkaraa, rom maTi piriT saubrobs ufali. wmida werilis, wmida moRvaweTa cxovrebisa da saeklesio ganCinebis mixedviT vigebT, rom ufals ZaluZs imoqmedos, rogorc surs, RvTaebrivi an kacobrivi bunebiT (CxeiZe 2004: 73). maqsime aRmsareblis naazrevidan, aSkaraa, rom qriste RvTaebrivi bunebiT igive Tvisebebis da nebis mqonea, rogorc sameba, xolo kacobrivi bunebiT da nebiT soflis cxovrebas ganagebs. ise rom, is rac samebas exeba, qristesac ekuTvnis. rusTvelologiaSi aRniSnulia is faqti, rom qristes orgvari bunebis gamo samebasTan msgavsebac aqvs, gansxvavebac. `Ze RmerTi, erTi mxriv, identuria Tavisi bunebiT mzianisa Ramisa, erTarsebisa erTisa, mis uJamosa Jamisa, xolo Tavisi piriseuli aspeqtiT, hipostasiT, ganmzevebiT da gankacebiT gansxvavdeba sxva pirebisagan da aris `xati RmrTisa uxilavisa~, rogorc mas uwodebs pavle mociquli~ (gamsaxurdia 1984: 134). manana gigineiSvili 836 strofis gamo davas aseT axsnas aZlevs: èrTarsebas erTi samebis Tvisebaze miuTiTebs da amdenad qristezec. radgan konteqstSi èrTarseba erTis~ paralelurad warmodgenili `mziani Rame~ da ùJamo Jami~ samebis meore pirs, Zes gamoxatavs am konteqstSi. èrTarseba erTi~ SeiZleba gagebul iqnas uSualod qristeze miTiTebad, Tumca èrTarseba erTi~ aseve moicavs samebis danarCen pirTac~ (gigineiSvili 1968: 60). mkvlevari igive gagebiT ganixilavs vaxtang meeqvsis Tvalsazriss: `rac Seexeba vaxtang meeqvsis ganmartebas, romlis mixedviT èrTarseba erTi~ niSnavs samebis wevrTagan erTs _ ieso qristes. aq unda SevniSnoT Semdegi: vaxtang meeqvsis ganmarteba ar ewinaaRmdegeba meore Tvalsazriss, romlis mixedviTac erTarseba erTSi, sameba esmiT~. nestan sulava yuradRebas aqcevs saRvTo saxelebis sakiTxs da amasTan kavSirSi ganixilavs ~avTandilis locvaSi~ gmiris locvis mixedviT rogori RmerTia nagulisxmebi. `fsevdo dionise areopageli saRvTo saxelebSi or rigs gamoyofs: 1. arsobrivsa da 2. hipostasurs. arsobrivSi (`SeerTebulisa~) gulisxmobs im saxelebs, romlebiTac sameba erTarseba gamoixateba. hipostasurSi (`ganyofilisa~) ki TiToeuli hipostasis _ mama RmerTis, Ze RmerTisa da suli wmida RmerTis _ calke aRebul saxels. avTandilis locvaSi dasturdeba rogorc arsobrivi, ise hipostasuri saxelebi RmerTisa... avTandili locviT mimarTavs rogorc sameba erTarsebas, ... ise mama RmerTs, Ze RmerTs da suli wmidas... `RmerTi xmelTa da caTa~ arsobrivi saxelicaa da hipostasuric~ (sulava 1999: 107-108). `hamletSi~ Seqspiris qristianul TvalTaxedvas tragediis mTavari gmiris irgvliv myofi personaJebis gamonaTqvamebic adastureben. tragediis dasawyisSive laparakia aCrdilis gamoCenaze. horaciom aCrdilis movlineba CaTvala cudis mauwyeblad. gadmocemiT man icoda, rom keisris sikvdilis win mkvdrebi amovidnen Sesudrulebi, sisxlis wvima modioda da mze dabnelda, TiTqos samsjavros dRe damdgariyo. `dabnelda ise, TiTqos warRvnis dRe yofiliyo! exlac saSinel movlenaTa niSnebi moCans: cama da miwam piri misca dRes erTmaneTsa, rom gvauwyos Cven, rac moelis xalxs da qveyanas~ (Seqspiri 1954: I, 1, gv. 17). aq gamoTqmuli azri SeniSvnebSi Semdegnairad aris axsnili: Èclipses of the sun or moon were considered especially bad omens. Doomsday is the christian day of judgement when Christ is said to come again to judge the living and the dead. Mathew (24,29) associated this with darkness in the sun and moon~. qarTuli Targmani: `mzis an mTvaris dabneleba iTvleboda gansakuTrebulad cudis momaswaveblad. samsjavros dRe (doomsday) aris qristianuli dRe gasamarTlebis, rodesac qriste meored modis cocxlebisa da mkvdrebis gasamarTleblad~. maTe 24,29 exmianeba amas imis gamo, rom aq naxsenebia mzisa da mTvaris dabneleba~. maTes saxarebaSi naTqvamia: `xolo meyseulad Semdgomad Wirisa mis maT dReTaÁsa mze dabneldes, da mTovareman ara gamosces naTeli TÂsi, da varskulavni damocÂen zeciT, da Zalni caTani SeiZrnen~ (maTe 24,29). exmianeba agreTve lukas sityvebs: `da dabnelda mze, da ganipo kretsabmeli taZrisaÁ mis Soris~ (luka 23,45). tragediaSi aCrdili Tumc mistikur xasiaTs ar atarebs, pirobiTia, misi funqciaa hamlets Seatyobinos borotmoqmedebis faqti da misgan moiTxovos SurisZieba; magram aCrdilTan dakavSirebiT mravali religiuri azria gamoTqmuli, religiuri saidumloebebi, gvacnobs mTavari gmiris garemos _ ra rwmeniT aris xalxi gamsWvaluli. mwerali, rogorc mravali magaliTiT davrwmundiT, xSirad iyenebs bibliur TxzulebebSi gatarebul qristianul gagebas. mravaljer asaxelebs mzes, romelSic qristes gulisxmobs. marcelusi axsenebs kviradRes `sunday~, romelsac aseTi komentari erTvis: `the Cristianday of rest~ (dasvenebis qristianuli dRe). wmida mama efrem asuri kvira dRes mraval mniSvnelovan movlenasTan akavSirebs, romelTagan gansakuTrebul adgils uTmobs qristes movlinebas: `dResa kviriakesa kaci RmerT iqmna, dResa kviriakesa kaci iqmna Ze RmrTisa... dRe kÂriake dRe RmrTisaÁ ars, romelsa Sina momaval ars qriste mjdomare RrubelTa zeda cisaTa da beWTa zeda angelozTasa da niSi misi winaSe missa, romel ars juari patiosani~ (swavlani 2002: 282-283).

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horacio ambobs,rom roca ganTiadzed mamali yivis, iRviZebs `dRis RmerTi~ (god of day), marcelusi ki amtkicebs, rom rodesac macxovris dabadebis dRe dgeba, mamali mTeli Rame yiviso. horacios sityvebidan CvenTvis sainteresoa gamoTqma `dRis RmerTi~ (`god of day~), romelic SeniSvnebSi asea axsnili: `god of day apollo, the sun god~. `dRis RmerTi~ da `mzis dRe~ orive migvaniSnebs qristeze. rogorc ukve gavarkvieT, rusTvelologiaSi safuZvlianad aris dasabuTebuli mze RmerTis xati, qriste mzis suli da a.S. zviad gamsaxurdias mtkicebiT `836-837-e strofebis konteqstSi sulieri xati igulisxmeba, vinaidan bedis Secvla, moajeoba, qristiani avtoris TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba mxolod aseT xatze iyos damokidebuli... specialistebis azriT, saxarebaSi qristes da misi 12 mociqulis moqmedebebi Seesabamebian mzis gzas 12 zodiaqoSi, ramdenadac qriste aris mzis suli, xolo mociqulebi zodiaqur sulebs ganasaxiereben. SemTxveviTi rodia, rom aRdgomis dRed kviraa miCneuli, rogorc `mzis dRe~ (gamsaxurdia 1984: 139-140). es adgili imisaTvis moviyvaneT, rom kidev erTxel gaesvas xazi qrsitianuli gagebebis msgavs miniSnebebs. aseTive sayuradRebo aluziebia gamoTqmuli marcelusis sityvebSi qristes misaniSneblad. redaqtori aleqsanderi tyuilad ar SeniSnavs, rom horacio rogorc swavluli klasikur yaidaze msjelobs, marcelusi ki jariskaci qristianul interpretacias iZleva. marcelusis gamonaTqvams mTlianad moviyvan. some say that ever 'gainst that season comes Wherein our Saviour's birth is celebrated This bird of dawning singeth all night long, And then, they say, no spirit dare stir abroad, The nights are wholesome, then no planets strike, No fairy takes, nor witch hath power to charm, So hallowed and so gracious is that time. (I, 1, p. 41, 43).

maCablis Targmani: zogni amboben, rom mamali mTel Rames hyivis, roca dgebao dRe macxovris dabadebisa. verc erTi suli maSin gareT ver ivlis Turme; mTeli Ramea uSiSari da dalocvili, aRarc kudians aqvs ram Zala, arc jadosnobas (I, 1, gv.19). originalSi `season~ niSnavs Sobis Tormet dRes. komentarebSi axsnilia: The twelve days of Christinas. `saviour~ qarTulad aris macxovari anu qriste. `saxeli ìeso~ berZnuli ar aris, aramed ebraulia da TargmanSi `macxovars~ niSnavs, rameTu sityviT ìao~ (iaw) ebraelebi xsnas, cxovrebas gamoxataven~ (saxareba 2003: 3). amgvarad, `hamletsa~ da `vefxistyaosanSi~ gmirTa mrwamsi imaSi gamoixateba, rom maT swamT RmerTis sikeTe, mwyalobloba, rac qristianobisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. sjeraT, rom RmerTi xels umarTavs Rirseul adamianebs saqmeSi da samarTlian brZolaSi amarjvebinebs. hamletma rom moRalate amxanagebi daamarcxa, darwmunebulia, rom amaSi mas RmerTi daexmara. avTandilma mekobreebTan brZolaSi gamarjveba rom moipova, amaSi man gangebis Semweoba ganWvrita. gmirTa mrwamsi simboluradac aris gamoxatuli. mze `hamletSi~ qristes simbolod aris miCneuli da azrobrivi datvirTva akisria. `vefxistyaosanSi~ mzis qristesTan kavSiri ufro rTuli da mravalferovania da azrTa sxvadasxvaobis gamomwvevia. damowmebani: gamsaxurdia 1984: gamsaxurdia z. `vefxistxyaosani~ inglisur enaze. Tb.: 1984. gawerelia 1970: gawerelia a. rusTavelis mxatvrul-filosofiuri azrovnebis zogierTi sakiTxi. Jurnali ciskari, Tb.: 1970. gigineiSvili 1968: gigineiSvili m. mziani Rame. vefxistyaosnisa da qristianuli msoflxedvelobis zogi sakiTxi. wignSi: Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis sakiTxebi. III, Tb.: 1968. ekaSvili 1966: ekaSvili k. (kalistrate cincaZe). `vefxistyaosnis~ avtoris msoflmxedvelobisaTvis. SoTa rusTaveli. Tb.: 1966. vaxtang meeqvse 1937: vaxtang meeqvse `vefistyaosnis~ ganmarteba. vaxtangiseuli gamocema. 1712. aRdgenilia akaki SaniZis mier. Tb.: 1937. kekeliZe 1979: kekeliZe k. SoTa rusTaveli da misi `vefxistyaosani~ Tb.: 1979. kiknaZe 1967: kiknaZe z. Sesaxeb `mzianisa Ramisa~. gaz. literaturuli saqarTvelo, 36, Tb.: 1967. rafava 1966: rafava m. vefxistyaosnis zogi adgilis gagebisaTvis. SoTa rusTaveli. wignSi: istoriulfilosofiuri Ziebani. Tb.: 1966. rusTaveli 1951: rusTaveli S. vefxistyaosani. al. baramiZis, k. kekeliZis, a. SaniZis redaqciiT. Tb.: 1951.

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saxareba 2003: netar Teofilaqte bulgareli. maTes saxarebis ganmarteba. Tb.: 2003. sulava 1999: sulava n. locva avTandilisa. literaturuli Ziebani. XX, Tb.: 1999. swavlani 2002: wmida mamaTa swavlani. moskovis wmida giorgis qarTuli eklesia. 2002. Seqspiri 1954: Seqspiri u. tragediebi. II. inglisuridan Targmna ivane maCabelma. redaqtori givi gaCeCilaZe. Tb.: 1954. Seqspiri 1978: Shakespeare, Hamlet, Edited by Nigel Alexander Senior Lecturer in English, University of Nottinham, Macmilian Edication, 1978. CxeiZe 2004: CxeiZe a. (redaqtori). wmida maqsime aRmsareblis cxovreba. gamosacemad moamzada ana CxeiZem. cagerisa da lentexis eparqia. 2004.

Lia Gugunava Christian Belief in `Hamlet~ and `Vepkhistkaosani~ Summary In Hamlet and Vepkhistkaosani the christian belief of heroes is expressed from their comprehension of God. They are sure thet the God is favourable, gracious and kind. Such point of view about God and his will proves their christian understanding of God. They are sure God's providence helps worthy men in their deeds and in the just struggle. Hamlet defeating his traitor friends, was sure God helped him. When Avthandil fought off pirates, in his win he considered that the omnipotent God protected him. In Hamlet the sun is the Simbol of Christ and has the semantic load. In Vepkhistkaosani the sun is in connection with Christ is more significant, manysideded, various and is axplained variously.

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XIX saukune _ epoqa da piteratura julieta gaboZe qarTveli mecenatebi da akakis sicocxlis bolodroindeli gamocemebi àm naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi ori patara tomis meti ar gamosula maSin, roca ramdenime aTeuli mainc unda gamocemuliyo~ _ werda gulnakluli akaki wereTeli 1902 wels. rogorc Cans, sicocxlis miwurulsac ver aixdina sanukvari ocneba: erTad Seekriba da gamoeqveynebina Tavisi nawerebis mravaltomeuli. akakis es sityvebi zustad SegviZlia gavimeoroT dResac, erTi saukunis Semdeg. akakis TxzulebaTa TxuTmettomeulis gamocemidan (1963 w) TiTqmis naxevari saukune gavida, da poetis nawerebis axali akademiuri gamocemis mxolod erTi tomi ixila mkiTxvelma 1991 wels. TxzulebaTa danarCeni tomebi, maT Soris bevri sruliad ucnobi masala, dResac moTminebiT elian aleqsandre sarajiSvilis, mitrofane laRiZis, ioseb merkvilaZis, iakob mansvetaSvilisa da sxvaTa msgavs mecenat mamuliSvilebsa da dRis sinaTles. erTi saukunis win ki imedgadawurulma mgosanma Tavad ganizraxa `krebulis~ gamocema. ai. ras auwyebda mkiTxvels gaz. àxali sxivi~: `rogorc gadmogvces, poeti akaki am mokle xanSi gamoscems Jurnal `krebuls~. krebulSi daibeWdeba akakis axali poemebi: `gorgaslani~, `voroncovi~, komedia _ `reaqcia~. leqsebi da igav-arakebi. krebulSi monawileobas miiReben sxva Cveni cnobili mwerlebic~ (àxali sxivi~ 1910: 7): Semdeg ki ukve TviTon gamoaqveyna gancxadeba Jurnal `Teatrsa da cxovrebaSi~: `me TviTon ganvizraxe sruli Cemi nawerebis gamocema amgvarad, gamova krebuli yovel Tviurad, weliwadSi Tormeti wigni, oras furcliani. pirvel as furcelze iqneba dabeWdili Cemi axali nawerebi jer sruliad arsad dabeWdili da meore asze ki Zveli, ukve sxvadasxva Jurnal-gazeTebSi dabeWdili aqa-iq, magram gasworebuli da SeniSvnebiT, Tu ra drom da viTarebam gamoiwvia es anu is Txzuleba~ (masalebi mTeli wlis, e. i. 12 wigni mzadaa) (`Teatri da cxovreba~: 1910 2 maisi). rogorc Cans, akakis Tavdapirvelad `krebulis~ gamocema hqonda ganzraxuli, rasac atyobinebda kidec Tavis megobrebs, romelTaganac zogi finansur Semweobas aRuTqvamda poets da zogic moralurad exmareboda. akakis Semoqmedebas imjerad kvlav gamouCnda gulSematkivari cnobili gamomcemeli iakob mansvetaSvili, romelic materialurad exmareboda akakis nawerebis gamocemaSi. ai, ras swers cnobili eqimi ivane eliaSvili akakis: `Tu Cems nawerebze vbedav SenTan baass, icode, rom es Seni bralia, Torem ra dros esaa, roca Seni nawerebi daustambavia jer-jerobiT da ar vici ras apireb. gTxov, aucileblad macnobo, ras upirob `gorgaslans~ da sxva Sens axal Txzulebebs. mansvetovi ukve dabrunda da mzad aris, saWiro Tanxa gamoiRos, Tu calke gamocemas daapireb, Tu ara da rogor apireb, macnobe~. (akakis fondi: xelnaweri 471-379). akakic xSirad axsenebs iakob mansvetaSvils da mokiTxvas uTvlis ivanes piriT. `mansvetovi Tu mand ar iyo, mainc unda Segetyobinebina~. (wereTeli 1963: 206-207). ivane eliaSvilma vrceli werili gaugzavna akakis da Seatyobina iakob mansvetaSvilis piroba akakis nawerebis gamocemis Taobaze: `Seni werili miviRe - ager ramodenime dRea da dRemde pasuxi ver gageci, radgan mansvetovi ver vnaxe. is balaxanSi cxovrobs. dRes viyavi masTan, movelaparake, ai, ra pasuxi momca. krebulis gamocemas me ver viTavebo da rac Seexeba Cems dapirebas axali nawarmoebis gamocemas, 300 maneTamde xarjs gamoviRebo. mxolod gamocemidan Semosuli fuli akakis sakuTrebad iyoso. krebulSi iqneba moTavsebuli axali nawarmoebi Tu calke gamocemaSi, CemTvis sul erTiao. mxolod amaze mets xarjs ver vivalebo, raodenadac me Seni werilidan gavige, Sen am TavaT dagWirdeba ara meti im Tanxisa, rasac mansvetovi gpirdeba, rasakvirvelia, Tu xelismowera rigianad gaimarTeba da am SemTxvevaSi Tu ginda Sen miswere mansvetovs. Tu ara da momwere da gadavscem. marTali giTxra, me metis molodinSi viyavi, magram es pasuxi miviRe. Sen rom miswerde oriod sityvas piradad imas, kargi iqneba. Cemis azriT, jer-jerobiT xelismowera unda gaimarTos da saWiro Tanxa Seikribos. saWiroa saimedo agentebis gaCena. baqo-balaxanis raionSi agentobas me vivaleb da imedica maqvs, rom karg xelismomwers viSovi. rogorc Sen hfiqrob saaRdgomod pirveli wignis gamocemas, es mouxerxeblad mimaCnia, radgan zafxulSi muSaobas Sen ver SesZleb da isev ajobebs, Semodgomaze Seudge saqmes. manamde xelismowerac rigiani gaimarTeba. am zafxulSi me oris TviT gavTavisufldebi da maSin piradad mogelaparkebi. SemeZleba koreqturaSic dagexmaro pirvelis noembrisaTvis~ (akakis fondi: xelnaweri 475-379). aRniSnuli werili ramdenime saintereso cnobas Seicavs. rogorc Cans, akakis Tavdapirvelad ganzraxuli hqonda, Tavisi nawerebi `krebulSi~ gamoeqveynebina, saamisod masalac mzad hqonda da iakob mansvetaSvilisganac eloda finansur daxmarebas. amitomac acnobebs iv.

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eliaSvils erT werilSi: `Cemi krebuli mzad aris da 1 marts gamovao (wereTeli 1963: .205). aRniSnuli werili daTariRebuli araa, mxolod miTiTebulia, rom saubaria àkakis krebulis~ Sesaxeb. am varauds Tu gaviziarebT, maSin gamodis, rom werili gacilebiT adre, kerZod, 1898 wlis TebervalSia dawerili, radgan àkakis krebulis~ erT-erTi nomeri swored 1898 wlis martSi gamovida. (gaboZe 2000: 1-4). magram arsebobs meore mosazrebac, romelsac gamoTqvams j. qorCilava: `1910 wels avadmyofi ivane moskovs gaemgzavra samkurnalod. swored misi kargad dabrunebiT gamowveul sixaruls gamoxatavs poeti am werilSi~ (qorCilava 1992:) ufro sarwmunoa, rom `Cem krebulSi~ igulisxmeba iakob mansvetaSvilis mier dafinansebuli `Cemi nawerebi~, romlis gamosvlam 1912 wlamde (I wigni) daigviana~. amdenad, werilic 1910 wliT TariRdeba. iv. eliaSvilis werilidanve vigebT, rom mansvetaSvils uari SemouTvlia akakisaTvis `krebulis~ gamocemaSi daxmarebaze. rogorc Cans, mis gamocemas gacilebiT meti xarjebi esaWiroeboda, rac iakob mansvetaSvils ar gaaCnda. man mxolod gansazRvruli Tanxa, 300 maneTi, gaiRo akakis nawerebis gamosacemad, isic im pirobiT, rom mogeba avtoris yofiliyo. albaT, amitomac Secvala poetma Tavisi pirvandeli ganzraxva da `krebulis~ nacvlad Tavisi nawerebis tomebad gamocema gadawyvita. sxvaTa Soris, 1910 wels akakim mimarTa qalaqis gamgeobas da sTxova erTi saJeni adgilis gamoyofa golovinis prospeqtze kioskisaTvis, romelSic mxolod misi nawerebi gaiyideboda, rogorc vxedavT, survili sakuTari nawerebis mraval tomad gamocemis Sesaxeb imdenad didi iyo, rom akakis misi ganxorcieleba gadaudeblad miaCnda da ukve wignebis gasaRebazec fiqrobda. sabolood, akakim gadawyvita Tavisi nawarmoebebi gamoeca tomebad saTauriT `Cemi nawerebi~. ai, ras swers amis Sesaxeb cnobili eqimi da moRvawe vaxtang RambaSiZe didebul mgosans 1912 wlis 30 aprils: `Zvirfaso akaki, velodebodi mouTmenlad Tqvens gankargulebas. mansvetovma mogcaT pasuxi Tu ara? rogor davbeWdoT, SemomiTvaleT? davabeWdoT wigns misi gamocema Tu ara? Tu davabeWdoT, vai, Tu sityva SegiSalosT da Tu ar davabeWdoT _ vai, Tu mere sTqvas: mogcemdiT, rom dagebeWdaTo” erTis sityviT rac SeiZleba saCqarod gvacnobeT Tqveni saboloo gadawyvetileba. yvelaferi mzad aris, marto amas vucdiT, Torem isedac daagvianda wigns. garda amisa, versad — verc erT JurnalSi vera vnaxeT Tqveni winasityvaoba gancxadebasaviT rom dahbeWdeT. xom ar gaxsovT, sad iyo dabeWdili? an egeb moigonoT da imis magier dasweroT _ didad dagvavalebT Tu am werilis pasuxTan amasac mogvawvdiT~ (akakis fondi: xelnaweri 657). 1912 wels gaz. `Temi~ # 57-Si mkiTxvels auwyebda: ìbeWdeba da male gamova akakis TxzulebaTa pirveli wigni, romelSic moTavsebuli iqneba axali nawarmoebebi jer daubeWdavi da agreTve Zvelic, zogierTis SeniSvnebiT da ganmartebiT~. pirveli wigni moicavda 242 gverds. wigns axlda akaki wereTlisa da marjori uordropis suraTi. winasityvaobaSi akaki werda: `qarTuli mwerloba sazogadod vera sdgas karg niadagze, magram yvelaze ufro meti ubeduroba ki Cem nawerebs ewvia: am naxevar saukunis ganmavlobaSi ori patara tomis meti ar gamosula, maSin, rodesac ramdenime aTeuli mainc unda gamocemuliyo. amis mizezi xelmokleoba da daudevroba iyo. radganac es orive mizezi dRes Tavidan acilebulia, me TviTon ganvizraxe sruli Cemi nawerebis gamocema amgvarad. gamova TviTeuli wigni or nawilad. pirvel nawilSi dabeWdili iqneba Cemi axali nawerebi, jer srulad arsad dabeWdili da meore nawilSi ki Zveli, ukve sxvadasxva Jurnal-gazeTebSi dabeWdili aqaiq, magram gasworebuli da SeniSvnebiT, Tu ra drom da viTarebam gamoiwvia es anu is Txzuleba~. 1912 wlis 9 agvistos gamomcemeli iakob mansvetaSvili `saxalxo gazeTSi~ (# 670) xelismomwerTa sayuradRebod beWdavs gancxadebas: àkakis Txzulebebis pirveli wignis pirvel 96 gverdSi (romelic spiridon losaberiZis stambaSi daibeWda) pirveli 32 gverdi Seuferebeli gamodga, amisaTvis iZulebuli gavxdiT es gverdebi xelmeored dagvebeWda, ramac zogierT xelismomwerT wignis miReba daugviana~. `Cemi nawerebis~ meore tomis Sesaxeb gaz. `Temi~ 1912 wlis # 95-Si mkiTxvels acnobebs: `Jurnal-gazeTebis kantora ìmereTi~ quTaisSi amiT acxadebs, qarTvel mkiTxvelTa sayuradRebod, rom igi Seudga gamocemas b. iakob mansvetaSvilis safasiT mgosan akakis nawerebis meore wignisas. Zveli da axali leqsebi da poemebi avtorisave drois Sesafer ganmartebebiT. sxvaTa Soris am wignSi daistambeba akakis axali istoriuli poema `voroncovi da misi dro~. swored es poema gaxda wignis akrZalvis mizezi. `Cemi nawerebis II wigni 1912 wlis 28 dekembers ukve awyobili iyo da mestambe ivane kilaZes gamocemisaTvis nebarTvis asaRebad, sacenzuro kanonis Tanaxmad, gaugzavnia sacenzuro komitetisaTvis 15 cali am wignisa. meore dRes quTaisis policias mosvlia gankarguleba wignis daWeris Sesaxeb. am dResve, saRamos 6 saaTze policiis boqaulma moiTxova kilaZis stambaSi wignebi~ (`mercxali~ 1913: 1). manamde ki Jurnal gazeTebis kantora ìmereTis~ ufrosi, mwignobari isidore kvicariZe 1912 wlis gaz. `mercxalSi~ beWdavs werilebis serias saTauriT: `mwignobris SeniSvnebi: (`mercxali~ 1912: 16) àkakis nawerebis gamocemis gamo~ _ `...moxuc akakis nawerebsac gauRima bedma. mis nawerebsac aRmouCnda gulmodgine da gulwrfeli gamomcemeli. es gaxlavT Cveni uxvi qvelmoqmedi b.iakob mansvetaSvili, romelmac ikisra akakis nawerebis gamocemis nivTieri mxaris uzrunvelyofa. axla ki akaki TviTon agrovebs Tavis nawerebs, ukeTebs drois Sesaferis

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SeniSvnebs, xolo gamocemisa da misi gavrcelebis xelmZRvaneloba momando me meore wignidan. gadmomca Tu ara akakim meore wignis masala, me Sevudeqi maSinve wignis beWdvas~. 1913 wlis 9 ianvars quTaisis policmeisteri antonovi beWdviT saqmeTa komitets upatakebs akakis meore tomis 2800 calis dakavebis Sesaxeb (`saistorio moambe~ 1953: 428). imave wlis 15 marts gaz. `dila~ (# 10) mkiTxvels auwyebs, rom akaki quTaisidan tfiliss dabrunda. iq unda inaxulos mefis moadgile, sacenzuro komitetis mier Tavisi nawerebis meore wignis SeCerebis gamo. Sewuxebuli akaki 1913 wlis aprilSi werils ugzavnis iv.eliaSvils: `Cemi meore tomi jerac daWerilia, magram imedi maqvs male axsnian akrZalvas~ (wereTeli 1963: 210). 9 maiss beWdviTi saqmis Tbilisis komiteti quTaisis policmeisters atyobinebs dadgenilebas akakis nawerebis meore wignidan poemis _ `voroncovi da misi dro~ 3-58 gverdebis amoWras 2800 egzemplaridan da mis ganadgurebas aqtis SedgeniT~ (`saistorio moambe~ 1953: 425). maisis TveSive isidore kvicariZe axarebs mkiTxvels, rom am mokle xanSi daurigebs xelis momwerlebs akakis Txzulebebis meore toms, romelSic poemis `voroncovi da misi dro” magier CarTuli iqneba akakis sxva nawarmoebebi~ (Temi 1913: 214). sabolood, akakis `Cemi nawerebis~ meore wigni gamovida. `dRes rogorc iqna am gacodvilebul gamocemas eRirsa mzis sinaTle da igi cenzuraSi mesame dRea gavgzavne. xval es wigni gasayidad gamova... ~ (Temi 1913: 138). samwuxarod, isev meore tomze Sewyda akakis nawerebis gamocema. rogorc Cans, akakis sanukvar ocnebas axdena ar ewera. ùbedur kacs qva aRmarTSi miewiao~ _ naTqvamia: `mansvetovis wasvlam weli momwyvita! peterburgidan macnobes, rom aq ar aris~ (wereTeli 1963: 209). iakob mansvetaSvilma veRar SeZlo am gamocemis xelSewyoba da isic SeCerda. amgvarad, 1913 wlis meore naxevarSi gamovida akakis `Cemi nawerebis~ meore da ukanaskneli tomi. am gamocemebs metad didi mniSvneloba aqvs akaki wereTlis Semoqmedebis Seswavlisas. jer erTi, rom is aris poetis sicocxleSi ganxorcielebuli erT-erTi bolo gamocema. garda amisa, es tomebi Sedgenili da nasworebia avtoris mier, anu avtorizebuli wyaroebia, romelsac mwerlis TxzulebaTa akademiuri gamocemis momzadebisas sagangebo yuradReba eTmoba. amitomac akaki wereTlis TxzulebaTa TxuTmettomeulSic da poetis TxzulebaTa axal akademiur gamocemaSic isini ZiriTad wyarodaa miCneuli. Tumca, iseTi SemTxvevebicaa, roca `Cemi nawerebis~ wignebi zustad imeoreben ama Tu im nawarmoebis adrindel publikaciebs. ufro metic, koniunqturis an cenzuris gamo, zogierTi nawarmoebi am gamocemaSi kupiurebiTaa warmodgenili. aseT SemTxvevaSi gamomcemeli valdebulia, nawarmoebis sxva ufro srulyofili da avtorizebuli teqsti SesTavazos mkiTxvels. `Cemi nawerebi~ (I da II wigni) akaki wereTlis nimuSTa Tavmoyris erT-erTi ukanaskneli mcdeloba iyo. es gamocema uaRresad mniSvnelovania akakis gamocemis ZiriTadi teqstis dasadgenad. igi zogjer azustebs ama Tu im nawarmoebis Seqmnis istorias. amis Sesaxeb Tavad poeti werda gamocemis winasityvaobaSi. yovelive es safuZvels gvaZlevs, akakis orive wigni poetis axal akademiur gamocemaSi ZiriTad wyarod vaRiaroT. `Cemi nawerebi~ umetes SemTxvevaSi gamoxatavs poetis bolo nebas, Seicavs avtoriseul komentarebsa da SeniSvnebs, es principi ucvleladaa ganxorcielemuli akakis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis pirvel tomSi. mwerlis TxzulebaTa akademiuri gamocemis dros gamomcemeli valdebulia ZiriTadi teqstis wyaros SerCevisas upiratesoba mianiWos avtoris bolo nebas. am TvalsazrisiT, `Cemi nawerebis~ I da II wigni swored rom angariSgasawevi gamocemaa. Tumca aqve SevniSnavT, rom am principis TviTmiznad gamocxadebac ar ivargebs. radgan SesaZloa, imave dros arsebobdes sxva gamocemebic, romlebic aseve avtoris nebas gamoxatavdes. aseT SemTxvevaSi upirveles yovlisa mecnierulad dasadgenia is, Tu romelia poetis bolo SemoqmedebiTi namuSevari. amis nimuSad davasaxelebT im nawarmoebebs, romlebic ioseb merkvilaZem gamosca aseve poetis sicocxlis bolo wlebSi. cxovrebis manZilze akaki wereTels bevr moRvawesTan hqonda urTierToba. maT Soris iyvnen isini, visTanac poets mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi ar gauwyvetia kavSiri. imaT Soris, vinc akakis erTgulni darCnen sicocxlis bolomde, erT-erTi iyo ioseb merkvilaZe, wignis maRazia `codnas~ mepatrone da gamomcemeli. maTi urTierToba jer kidev adre daiwyo. niSandoblivia, rom didma akakim swored sosiko merkvilaZes gadasca samudamo ufleba Tavisi saukeTeso Txzulebebis gamocema-gayidvisa. es arCevani mxcovanma poetma Tavisi sicocxlis miwuruls _ 1913 wels gaakeTa. 9 aprils dadebul xelSekrulebaSi ewera: `Из нас я Князь Церетели, продал в полную и исключительную собственность Иосифу Мерквиладзе право издания и продажи следующих моих сочинений на грузинском языке: 1. Исторический роман «БашиАчуки». 2. Исторические поэмы: «Натела». 3. «Киколас наамбоби». 4. «Баграт Диди»... К нему Иосифу Мерквиладзе и приемникам его переходит право издания и продажи сказанных произведений навсегда» (akakis fondi; xelnaweri 17791_ x/235). dasaxelebul TxzulebaTagan 1911 wels sosiko merkvilaZem gamosca: `bagrat didi da sxva leqsebi akakisa~ (wereTeli 1911) `naTela~ (wereTeli 1911) da agreTve òri qarTvelioTia mesxi da adam beburiSvili”(wereTeli 1911). 1913 wels ki ganaxorciela Semdegi

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gamocemebi: 1) `baSi-aCuki~ _ istoriuli moTxroba (wereTeli 1913); 2) `kikolas naambobi~ (wereTeli 1913) da `gamzrdeli~ (wereTeli 1913). rogorc vxedavT, akakim xelSekrulebiT 1913 wels sosiko merkvilaZes xelaxla dasabeWdad is poemebic gadasca, romlebic ori wlis win ukve gamocemuli iyo! riT SeiZleba aixsnas es? upirveles yovlisa, albaT, imiT, rom akakis surda, gamoexata Tavisi bolo SemoqmedebiTi neba da iseT gamomcemels mimarTa, visac yvelaze metad endoboda. amdenad, TiTqos sadao aRaraferia, magram sakiTxs arTulebs is garemoeba, rom 1912 da 1913 wlebSi gamocemul akakis `Cemi nawerebis~ pirveli da meore wignebSic daibeWda akakis igive nawerebi (òri qarTveli - òTia mesxi da adam beburiSvili~; `bagrat didi~, `gamzrdeli~) _ Tu vaRiarebT im ZiriTad teqstologiur princips, rom upiratesoba ZiriTadi teqstis wyaros dadgenisas eniWeba avtoris bolo gamocemebs, maSin akakis aRniSnuli sami poemis ZiriTad nabeWd wyarod `Cemi nawerebis~ 1913 wlis II wigni unda miviCnioT. miT ufro, rom s. merkvilaZis mier gamocemuli akakis yvela nawarmoebi Seicavs uamrav teqstobrivsa da gramatikul sxvaobas sxva gamocemebTan (da maT Soris `Cemi nawerebis~ meore wignTan) SedarebiT. amitom gaCnda aucilebloba, Segveswavla teqstologiurad rogorc `Cemi nawerebis~, aseve sosiko merkvilaZis aRniSnuli gamocemebi da dagvedgina, rom swored es ukanasknelni asaxaven mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi muSaobis saboloo suraTs da amdenad, gamoxataven mis bolo nebas. akakis poemebis sosiko merkvilaZiseuli gamocemebi imdenad Seuswavlelia, rom prokle kekeliZem poema `naTelas~ variantebs Soris merkvilaZiseuli es gamocema arc ki daasaxela. (kekeliZe 1961: 234-257) imisaTvis rom dagvedgina, aris Tu ara akakis nawerebis s. merkvilaZiseuli gamocemebi avtorizebuli wyaroebi, dagvWirda ramdenime myari argumentis moxmoba. saxeldobr: 1. ioseb merkvilaZiseuli akakis nawerebis gamocemani ganxorcielda TviT poetis nebiT, missave sicocxleSi! akakis gadawyvetileba - miemarTa erTi da imave pirisaTvis da eTxova Tavisi nawerebis xelmeored gamocema miuTiTebs imas, rom igi endoboda am gamomcemels da kmayofili iyo misiT. 2. nawarmoebTa teqstebSi Setanili cvlilebani imgvari xasiaTisaa (Sinaarsobrivi, gramatikuli, leqsikuri), rom SeuZlebelia igi avtoris garda, sxva vinmes ekuTvnodes. 3. pavle ingoroyvam s. merkvilaZis ramdenime gamocemis Sesaxeb ganacxada; ìsini gadaxedulia da Sesworebulia Tavad avtoris mier~. (werTeli 1941: 623). 4. sosiko merkvilaZis mier ganxorcielebuli gamocemebi ufro gviandeli redaqciebia am nawarmoebebisa, vidre 1913 wels gamosuli akakis `Cemi nawerebis~ meore wignSi Setanili masala. kvlevam gviCvena, rom `Cemi nawerebis~ I da II wignebi marTalia, 1912-13 wlebSi gamovida, magram avtors masalebi gacilebiT adre hqonia momzadebuli da gadacemulic. rogorc aRvniSneT poeti jer kidev 1910 w. 2 maiss werda amis Sesaxeb Jurn. `Teatrsa da cxovrebaSi~, rom mzad hqonda `krebulisTvis~ mTeli wlis masala. rogorc cnobilia, es gegma akakim Semdeg Secvala da `krebulis~ nacvlad `Cemi nawerebis~ gamocema gadawyvita. `gamzrdeli~ da zogierTi sxva nawarmoebi `Cemi nawerebis~ meore wignSi naucbaTevad daibeWda. aRniSnuli wigni 1912 wels unda gamosuliyo, magram cenzuram daakava igi, amoiRo iqidan poema `voroncovi~ da nakluli gverdebi poetis sxva nawarmoebebiT Seavso, maT Soris iyo `gamzrdelic~. rogorc Cans, akakim ver moaswro, poemis gadamuSavebuli teqsti daebeWda aRniSnul gamocemaSi, Tumca mcireodeni gramatikuli sworebani mainc Seutania. `Cemi nawerebis~ meore wigni 1913 wels gamovida. poeti, albaT, ar daakmayofila `gamzrdelis~ amgvari saxiT dabeWdvam da imave wels SemoqmedebiTad gadamuSavebuli teqsti kvlav gamosacemad gadasca Tavis megobars sosiko merkvilaZes, romelmac maSinve Seasrula didi mgosnis survili. vfiqrobT, akaki, mas Semedg, rac gaamzada da gamosacemad gadasca 1910 wels Tavisi nawerebi, kvlav miubrunda zogierT nawarmoebs da SemoqmedebiTad gadaamuSava isini. `saxuroTmoZRvroT ar momiclia, Tvara Cem nawerebs xelaT ki ar gamovxanxlamdi, ufro met dros movaxmarebdi, gavaSalaSinebdi, TiTo wamis magier weliwadebs movandomebdi da maSin saxelic meti meqnebodao” (wereTeli 1961: 235) _ werda erTgan gulis-tkiviliT akaki. àkaki, rogorc bgeraTa keTil-xmovnebis ostati Segnebulad ereoda Tavisi adrindeli nawerebis teqstSi. es Careva arsebiTad 80-iani wlebidan daiwyo. 80-90-ian wlebSi akakis aliteraciuli xelovneba ganviTarebis zenits aRwevs~ (xinTibiZe 1972: 204). am naTqvamis WeSmaritebas isic adasturebs, rom sosiko merkvilaZisaTvis gadacemuli akakis nawerebi (poemebi da moTxroba `baSi-aCuki~) aSkara variantul sxvaobebs Seicavs `“Cemi nawerebis~ gamocemebTan SedarebiT. magaliTisaTvis movixmobT erT nimuSs. rogorc cnobilia, akakim naTelas garegnobis, misi mSvenierebis gadmosacemad bevri varianti mosinja. prokle kekeliZisave TqmiT: `daJinebiT uZebnia naTelas saxisTvis Sesaferisi Tvalebis epiTetebi; jer dauweria: `misi didi~, Semdeg `cisferi~, `JuJuna~ da bolos SeurCevia: cisferi misi Tvalebi samoTxis Camsaxvelia

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koWebamde scems xuWuWi Savi, ukuni, bnelia (kekeliZe 1961: 208).

raoden sagulisxmoa, rom amdeni xnis naZebni Tvalebis epiTeti akakim poemis bolo, 1911 wlis gamocemaSi amgvarad Secvala: giSeri Savi Tvalebi samoTxis Camsaxvelia koWebamde scems xuWuWi Savi ukuni bnelia!

vfiqrobT, komentari zedmetia. amgvar sworebas verc erTi gamomcemeli ver gaubedavda cocxal avtors da miT ufro iseT mgosans, rogorc akaki iyo. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Tavad poetic aRar mimarTavda amgvar `Tavneba~ gamomcemels da ori wlis Semdeg samudamo sakuTrebaSi ar gadascemda Tavisi Semoqmedebis saukeTeso nimuSebs. daskvnisaTvis aRvniSnavT, rom akaki wereTlis nawarmoebebis ioseb merkvilaZiseuli gamocemebi da akakis `Cemi nawerebis~ I da II wigni uaRresad mniSvnelovani gamocemebia. isini Seicaven avtoriseul SeniSvnebsa da komentarebs. rac xSir SemTxvevaSi aTariRebs kidec ama Tu im nawarmoebs. amitom akaki wereTlis TxzulebaTa axal akademiur gamocemaSi maT saTanado adgili unda daikavon. miT ufro, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom mwerlis TxzulebaTa TxuTmettomeulis gamocemidan 40 welze meti gavida, gamovlinda poetis bevri axali naweri, SesaZlebeli gaxda uari vTqvaT koniunqturazec. yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, vimedovnebT, rom akaki wereTlis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocema Seavsebs im xarvezebs, rac wina gamocemebs gaaCndaT. damowmebani: kekeliZe 1961: kekeliZe pr. akaki wereTlis istoriuli poemebi `Tornike erisTavi~ da `naTela~. Tb.: gamomcemloba ”sabWoTa saqarTvelo” , 1961. wereTeli 1963: wereTeli a. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli TxuTmet tomad. tomi XV. Tb.: saxelmwifo gamomcemloba,1963. wereTeli 1911: wereTeli a. `bagrat didi da sxva leqsebi akakisa~. wignis maRazia `codnas~ gamocema, Tb.: 1911. wereTeli 1911: wereTeli a. `naTela~. wignis maRazia `codnas~ gamocema, Tb.: 1911. wereTeli 1911: wereTeli a. òri qarTveli oTia mesxi da adam beburiSvili~. wignis maRazia `codnas” gamocema, Tb.:1911. wereTeli 1913: wereTeli a. `baSi-aCuki~. wignis maRazia `codnas~ gamocema. Tb.:1913. wereTeli 1913: wereTeli a. `gamzrdeli~ . wignis maRazia `codnas” gamocema, Tb.: 1913. wereTeli 1913: wereTeli a. `kikolas naambobi~. wignis maRazia `codnas~ gamocema, Tb.: 1913. werTeli 1941: wereTeli a. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli Svid tomad. t.11, Tb.: saxelmwifo gamomcemloba 1941. wereTeli 1961: wereTeli a. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli TxuTmet tomad. t. XIII. Tb.: ”saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, 1961. xinTibiZe 1972 : xinTibiZe a. akakis leqsi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1972 . gaboZe 2000: gaboZe j. akaki wereTlis TxzulebaTa gamocemis istoriidan. J. “macne” (els), IV, 2000. qorCilava 1992: qorCilava j. ucnobi avtografebi anu didi megobrobis epizodebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, 1992. saistorio moambe 1953: saistorio moambe , t.VII, 1953. mercxali 1913: gancxadeba akakis nawerebis gamocemis Sesaxeb. gaz. “mercxali”, 1,1913. mercxali”1912: isidore kvicariZe “mwignobaris gancxadeba”, gaz. “mercxali”, 46, 1912. Temi 1913: gancxadeba. gaz. “Temi”, 214, 1913. Temi 1913: gancxadeba. gaz. “Temi”, 138, 1913. akakis fondi xelnaweri 471-379: k. kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa instituti akakis fondi, xelnaweri# 471379. akakis fondi xelnaweri 475-379: k.kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti, akakis fondi, xelnaweri 475-379. akakis fondi xelnaweri 657: k.kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa instituti, akakis fondi, xelnaweri #657. akakis fondi;17791_x/235: g.leoniZis sax.qarTuli literaturis muzeumi,akakis fondi 17791-x|235.

Juli Gabodze Georgian Maecenases and Akaki's Last Editions Summary

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The article applies to Akaki Tsereteli's last editions. Partially, in 1912-1913 two volumes of works by Tsereteli were published under the title of "My works". This edition was financed by Georgian maecenas Jakob Mansvetashvili. In the same years Akaki gave the right of publishing his selected woks to the publisher Josef Merkviladze. In the work the poet's unknown correspondences to some public figures are presented for the first time. This publications have a great importance to the new Academic Edition of Akaki Tsereteli's writings.

eka vardoSvili Tamar mefis xateba XIX saukunis qarTul poeziaSi yoveli qristianuli saxismetyvelebiTi paradigmis safuZveli Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebSi unda veZeboT. `raki RvTismSoblis meSveobiT gaxda uxilavi RmerTi xiluli, amitom Zveli aRTqmis yvela simbolo, romelic adamianis winaSe RmerTis gamocxadebas gvauwyebs, gulisxmobs yovladwminda mariams, misi alegoriaa~ (baqraZe 2000: 112). RvTismSoblis bibliuri pirvelsaxe aris kibe, kibe, romelic iakobma ZilSi ixila moaswavebda yovladwminda RvTismSobels, romlisaganac iSva qriste da man SeaerTa ca da qveyana, Seariga kaci RmerTTan. kibe, romelic emyareboda qveyanas, cas swvdeboda. kibis Tavze idga ufali, rogorc yovlismpyrobeli, pantokratori, gamgebeli cisa da miwis. bibliaSi vkiTxulobT: `da aha, kibe damyarebuli queyanasa zeda, romlisa Tavi miswuTeboda cad da angelozni RmrTisani aRvidodes da gardamovidodes mas zeda. xolo ufali damtkicebuli iyos mas zeda, da Tqva: me var RmerTi abraamisi da RmerTi isak mamisa Senisa, nu geSinin! queyana, romelsa zeda Sen gZinavs mas zeda, Sen migce igi Teslsa Sensa~ (Sesaqme, 28, 12-14). meore simbolo RvTismSoblisa, romelsac Zvel aRTqmaSi vxvdebiT, aris cecxlis sveti. egviptidan gamosul ebraelebs, uflis brZanebiT moevlina Rrublis sveti, romelic maT udabnoSi dRisiT sicxisagan ifaravda, xolo RamiT _ cecxlis svetsad enTo da unaTebda gzas. cecxlis sveti moaswavebda RvTismSobels. `da ufali RmerTi uZRoda maT: suetiTa miT RrublisaTa agrilobda maT dRisiT da suetiTa cecxliisaTa gananaTlebda Rame. da ara moakldeboda sueti igi Rrublisa winamZRuarebasa mas dRisasa, arca sueti igi cecxlisa naTobasa mas Ramisa winaSe yovlisa erisa~ (gamosvlaTa, 13, 21.22). amrigad, idea, romliTac RvTismSobeli mkvidrdeba qristologiaSi, aris idea mfarvelobisa da xsnisa. RvTismSoblis saxe qarTul mwerlobaSi iqca paradigmad, romliTac gamoixateba umaRlesi idealebi, RvTismSoblis paradigma originalur qarTul mwerlobaSi Tavdapirvelad srulyofilad vlindeba wminda ninos saxeSi. RvTismSoblis paradigmul saxismetyvelebas efuZneba rogorc Zveli, aseve axali da uaxlesi qarTuli literatura. RvTismSoblis paradigmul saxismetyveleba originalur qarTul mwerlobaSi Taviseburad gamovlinda aseve Tamar mefis, viTarca personaJisa da viTarca saxe-ideis warmodgenisas. Tamaria is pirovneba, romelSic saerTo da qristianuli interesebi Seerwya erTmaneTs, ris Sedegadac moxda misi umaRles sarwmunoebriv rangamde aiyvana. Tamaris sadideblad Seqmnil nawarmoebebSi àbdulmesiansa~ da `TamarianSi~ dedofali warmodgenilia saxelmwifoebrivi da RvTiuri niSnebiT. TamarSi mxolod mefes rodi xedavdnen, igi iyo qristianuli sarwmunoebis damcveli da gamavrcelebeli, mfarveli mTeli saqristianosi. rogorc `TamarianSi~ aseve àbdulmesianSi~ Tamari Semkulia RvTismSoblis simboloebiT: `TamarianSi~ vkiTxulobT: vina tredia? vinatre, dia, Ze RmrTisa Senda mwed mwodebare (CaxruxaZe 1988: 357).

RvTismSoblis darad TviT qriste mfarvelobs Tamars, adamianis TvalisaTvis uxilavia Tamaris mSveniereba. igi oden gonebiT Seicnoba, rac meti warmosaxvis safuZveli xdeba. naTeli uTqman, Senve daginTqman, Tvalni ver gsaxven sxiv-Sesadgmevad (CxruxaZe 1988: 362).

RvTisagan kurTxeulia Tamari, mas emorCileba mTeli samyaro, Tamari brZeni da samarTliani gamgebelia, zebunebrivi arsebaa, igi uZlevelia. Tamaris mefobis dros saqarTvelo gaxda medroSe qristianobisa. Tamarsa da daviT soslans msoflio misia akisriaT,

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swored amaSi mdgomareobs `Tamarianisa~ da àbdulmesianis~ avtorebis mesianisturi koncefcia. àbdulmesianSi~ Tamaris gansadideblad moxmobilia saRvTismetyvelo simboloebi: vardo furCvnilo, cvriT ganbanilo, nergo sviano, daviTiano (SavTeli 1988: 334).

Zveli metafrasebis krebulSi yovladwminda RvTismSoblis Sesaxeb naTqvamia: `gixaroden, vardo dauWnobelo, romeli — ege hfSvn siwmidesa yovlad Seuxeblisa, romeli iynosa ufalman da ganusvena, da romlisagan igi Tavadi aRyuavilna da daaWno simravle codvaTa soflisaTai~ (Zveli metafrasuli krebuli 198: 110). `TamarianSic~ da àbdulmesianSic~ personaJebi warmodgenilni arian RvTiuri naTelmosilebiT, am mxriv gamoiyofa analogiebi ori saxisa. `mze-qriste~ da `naTeli-qriste~ maTi analogiebia mze _ Tamari da naTeli _ Tamari. `Tamariansa~ aseve àbdulmesianSi~ Tamari RvTiuri naTelmosilebiTaa Semkuli Semdeg SemTxvevebSi: gxmob, Tamar, mzesa, umzesad zesa, miT romel ucxo xar saxilveli, uklebliv saTni gciskroben Rawvni, mterfobs moxedva, brol-vardobs yeli~ (CaxruxaZe 1988: 365).

àbdulmesianSi~ vkiTxulobT: RmerTman samoTxiT mogvca sam-oTxiT eTer brwyinvale, mzeebr sadari; aRmosavleTiT da dasavleTiT, samxriT Crdilomdis hpoon, sad ari (SavTeli 1988: 322).

zemomoyvanil magaliTebSi mziuroba swored RvTiurobis gamomxatvelia, mze saRmrTo saxelia. r. siraZe SeniSnavs, rom `mze imTaviTve iyo erTaderTobis simbolo: saxe RTvTisa, simbolo RvTiuri Zalis yovlismomcvelobisa. amave safuZvelze igi gvian gaxda pirovnebis individualuri ganumeoreblobis simbolo da simbolo TviT Semecnebisa~ (siraZe r. 19887, 22). Tamars aRniSnul poemaSi aseve mosavs RvTaebrivi naTeli. gavixsenoT qristes sityvebi ioanes saxarebidan, `me var naTeli soflisai, romeli Semomidges me, ara vidodes bnelsa, aramed aqundes mas naTeli cxovrebisai~ (ioane 8, 12). am SemTxvevaSi religiuri Sinaarsi gadatanilia literaturul personaJebze. naTeli, wrfeli, uxrwnel-myofeli, Semwynarebeli davrdomilisa (SavTeli 1988: 324). vaqebdeT, erno, yrmano da berno, saunjed CvenTvis moniWebulsa, qristes mxedarsa, mxne-axovansa, pirad-piradad gamSvenebulsa, naTlad bnelisa ganfenilisa, eTerTa elvad dasaxebulsa, siwmindis vazad, ar bilwad, avad, naTlis embazad daarsebulsa (SavTeli 1988: 340).

am strofSi araerTi qristianuli simbolo ikveTeba, romelTa Zirebi ufro gvindeli periodisaa. magaliTad, qristes mxedris anu `wminda mxedris~ winasaxea `TeTri giorgi~, naTlisa da bnelis dapirispirebas jer kidev Zvel aRTqmaSi vxvdebiT, simboluri mniSvneloba eniWeba agreTve `siwmindis vazsac~. ioane SavTels ekuTvnis agreTve `galobani varZiisa RmrTismSoblisani~. ioane SavTelma basianis omSi qarTvelTa gamarjvebas miuZRvna rogorc àbdulmesiani~, aseve `galobani~. `galobanSi~ Tamari ZiriTadad daxasiaTebulia ori niSniT, rogorc `dedofali~ da `qalwuli~. erTmaneTs enacvlebian Semdegi sityvebi: `qalwulo, qalwulo ubiwoo, uxrwnelo RmrTisa dedao, naTelo da mfarvelo, RvTismSobelo~. Tu ioane SavTelis `galobanSi~ simbolurad Tamaris saxes davinaxavT da mas davukavSirebT varZiis RvTismSoblis miZinebis taZarSi Tamaris freskul gamosaxulebas, vnaxavT, rom maT aerTianebT erTi idea, idea mfarvelobisa da xsnisa. cnobilia, rom es idea erT-erTi mTavaria RvTismSoblis saxeSi. varZiis RvTismSoblis miZinebis taZris freskaze Tamar mefe gamosaxulia wmindanis msgavsad SaravandediT. imgvarad, rom freskis mTliani

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kompozicia gulisxmobs mis winaSe muxlmoyril mavedrebels, ise rogorc es RvTismSoblis winaSe xdeboda. sayuradReboa, aseve nawarmoebi ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~, aqac Tamari RvTismSoblis saxiTaa warmodgenili. `miudga Tamari gawmendiliTa gonebiTa da taZrisa RmrTisa aRmsWvalulisa sanTliTa sxeulisaTa mxurvaliTa guliTa da ganaTlebuliTa suliTa tabaxmelisa beTlem-myofelman mun Sua Ze, sworis Zisa RmrTisa~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 56). vnaxeT, rom Tamari RvTismSobelTanaa Sedarebuli, laSas ki qristes sworad moixsenieben. urogo ar iqneboda, aqve gavixsenebT dimitri mefis sagalobels, Tu rogor mimarTavs igi RvTismSobels: RvTismSobeli da yovlad patiosani mas axarebda angelosi frTosani: deda qalwuli, Suenieri SroSani, Sengan iSvebis mefe gvirgvinosani da mas hmonebdes mefe mraval-ymosani (dimitri mefe 1979: 183).

ioane SavTelis `galobani~ Semdegnairad sruldeba: galobs taZari Seni, yovlad uxrwnelo, adamis xsnao da evais aRdgomao, niWad mommadle Sendobai gamomTqmelisa (SavTeli 1979: 200).

sityvebSi `galobs taZari Seni, yovlad uxrwlelo!~ Cven SegviZlia RvTismSobelTan erTad Tamaric vigulisxmoT, radgan varZiis RvTismSoblis miZinebis taZris sulier mfarvelad Tamaric moiazreboda. varZiis monasteri misi taZaric iyo. ìseve, rogorc beTaniis, yinwvisis, berTubnis taZarTa brwyinvale moxatulobani, varZiis moxatulobac qarTuli kulturisa da xelovnebis gansakuTrebuli aRmavlobis, Tamar mefisa da didi rusTavelis xanas miekuTvneba. maRali mxatvruli RirsebiT gamorCeul am mxatvrobas maTTan is saerToc aqvs, rom aqac yvelgan gvxvdeba Tamaris portreti. amasTan, varZiis moxatuloba Tavisi koloritiT gansakuTrebiT beTaniis moxatulobas uaxlovdeba~ (alibegaSvili 1990: 51). daismis kiTxva: axal qarTul literaturaSi grZeldeba Tu ara es tradicia? am ideis saukeTeso gamoxatulebaa grigol orbelianis leqsi `Tamar mefis saxe beTaniis eklesiaSi~. mSvenieri da amaRlebuli qarTvelTa warmodgenaSi, upirveles yovlisa, RvTismSoblis saxismetyvelebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. `SvenebiT savses~ uwodebs grigol orbeliani Tamar mefes leqsi ~Tamar mefis saxe beTaniis eklesiaSi~. aq Cans mariamologiuri da ikonografiuli tradiciebis romantikuli transformacia. es erTgvari vedrebaa poetisa, romelic warsulSi eZebs momavlis imeds; cremlmoreul poets Tan axlavs sevdanarevi sixaruli, romelic gamowveulia Zveli didebiT da sevda, romelic ganapiroba misi qveynis awmyom. amgvarad mxolod xatis win loculoben morwmuneni. ar surs gamofxizleba grigol orbelians, radgan misi eri sulieradaa dacemuli. leqsSi Tamaria saqarTvelos didebis simbolo, poeti igonebs mis dros da rogorc saqristianos mfarvelsa da mxsnels, viTarca RvTismSobls evedreba Tamars: moxedo bedkruls, Sens satrfos-mamuls; da jvariT SeniT akurTxo kvalad (orbeliani 1992, 3470).

garda grigol orbelianis leqsisa `Tamar mefis saxe beTaniis eklesiaSi~, Tamar mefis saxismetyvelebiT paradigmas XIX saukunis pieziaSi araerTgzis vxvdebiT. romantikosebi TavianT SemoqmedebaSi ZiriTadad mistirian warsuls da warsulis gansadideblad Tamaris epoqas ixseneben. pirveli qarTveli romantikosi poetis aleqsandre WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi Tamaris saxismetyveleba, viTarca saqarTvelos didebis simbolosi, erT-erT usaTauro leqsSi.... (he, saqarTvelo, ptolomes dros aRyvavebuli !) amgvarad aisaxeba: he, saqarTvelo, ptolomes dros aRyvavebuli! mSvenier iyo, mara ra?! viT ama soflis yoveli, keTili, mosawoneli, Savma drom ferxTiT gasTela, daaWkno vardi walkotSi, miT Cemi gulic mosTvlida, gahqra daviTis xmlis elva, Cahqra Tamaris lampari (WavWavaZe 1992, 64).

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom, aleqsandre WavWavaZis sxva leqsebisagan gansxvavebiT, am leqsis dasasruli optimisturia, rwmeniTa da imediTaa savse: `mzakvars xmliT gavuswordebiT, qarTls micvemT Sveba-lxenasa~, ambobs poeti.

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XIX saukunis qarTul poeziaSi Tamar mefis saxismetyveleba ZiriTadad orgvarad vlindeba, pirveli: Tamars moixsenieben rogorc saxelmwifo moRvawes, daviT aRmaSeneblisa da SoTa rusTavelis gverdiT, xSirad xazgasmmulia, rom swored Tamaria SoTas STagonebis wyaro da meore: Tamari Semkulia saRvTismSoblo simboloebiT, mas mimarTaven viTarca RvTismSobels. grigol orbelianis SemoqmedebaSi Tamar mefis xateba Cans leqsSi, ìmedi~, àris adgili~, òbolo~. leqsSi ìmedi~ vkiTxulobT: aqa, ca aris lurji, wminda, mnaTi marad Jams! aqa daviTi da Tamari sulsa kidev swams; aq rusTavelis leqsni kvlavad atkboben yursa; aqa ismenen besikisas mReras ciursa (orbeliani 1992,b478).

`yvelgan, sadac didi mwerali iTvaliswinebs Tavis nacionaluri kulturis warsuls, idea naciisa da istoriis, idea socialur istoriuli tanjvisa saxierdeba qalurobis simbolur gansaxeobaSi, suli warsulis nangrevebidan iRebs warmavlobis SegrZnobas, sevdas arsebobisas da mas ebadeba gulSi erTgvari gzneba maradiuli qalurobisadmi — erTgvari moTxovnileba ixilos Tavis qveynis warsuli qaluri saxis sinazeSi. saqarTveloSi xom qalis kulti Zlieria istoriulad, amas daemata kulti Tamar mefisa da qarTvelis egzaltiuri buneba, moyvaruli qalisa da afeqtebis. idea ìmedisa~ gvagonebs, erTi mxriv gr. orbelianis “sadRegrZeloebs”, xolo meores mxriv ilia WavWavaZis àCrdils~. `sadRegrZeloebi~, ìmedi~ da àCrdili~ _ samive erTgvari simboloebia qarTuli sulis istoriuli moZraobisa. v. orbelianis ìmedi~ maradiuli qalurobis ideiT asaxierebs patriotizmis romantiul ideals~ (kapaneli 1926: 71). vaxtang orbeliani Tavis umSvenieres leqsSi àris adgili~, kvlav Tamarsa da daviTs ixsenebs, aRniSnavs, rom gelaTis taZaria maT didebul gvamTa mcveli. sakmaod sainteresoa agreTve vaxtang orbelianis leqsi òboli~ sadac poeti mogviTxrobs im adamianis Sesaxeb, romelic qveynad martosulia, mxolod RmerTi zrunavs obolze, misi sulis mesaidumleni ki ca, zRva da mTebi arian. obols Semoaqvs saqarTveloSi elinTa kultura da ganaTleba. simboluria isic, rom mxolod ganaTlebul da suliT ganwmendil obols aqvs unari ixilos Tavisi qveynis momavali, warsuli didebis ganaxlebis saxiT. naxa samSoblo cxovrebisTvis axlad dgeboba, axlis cxovrebiT da didebiT imoseboda, didebis sxiviT Semosili naxa Tamari imisi saxe mSvenieri da moRimari (orbeliani 1992, b498).

aq saqarTvelos rogorc warsuli, aseve momavali dideba kvlav Tamarisa da rusTavelis epoqasTan aris dakavSirebuli. leqsi òbolo~ TiTqos gagrZelebaa leqsisa `jvari vazisa~. leqsSi `jvari vazisa~ vaxtang orbeliani mogviTxrobs saqarTveloSi wminda ninos Semosvlasa da qristianobis SemoRebaze. `qarTuli qristianobis~ ZiriTad atributad SeiZleba miviCnioT k. kekeliZis mier aRniSnuli Semdegi Taviseburebani: `1. eklesiur-sarwmunoebrivi cxovrebis nacionalizacia, 2. nacionaluri wmindanebis kultis Seqmna da maTi cxovrebis Camoyalibeba. wminda giorgis kultis ganmtkiceba da misi erovnul-politikuri sarCuli. 3. nacionaluri kalendris Seqmna. 4. mwerlobis gaerovneba, bibliis gadmoReba, sakulto wignebis kodifikacia. 5. idea saqarTvelos RvTismSoblisadmi `wilxvdomilobis~. 6. revizia warsuli kulturuli cxovrebisa da brZola aRmosavlur-kulturul tendenciebTan. 7. jer bizantizmi, rogorc kriteriumi kulturosnobisa da bolos daZleva bizantizmisa. 8. bizantielebTan kulturuli erovnuli dapirispireba. èlini da barbarosi~ am tendenciebis gamomJRavneba giorgi aTonelisa da giorgi xucesmonazonis piriT. daviT aRmaSeneblis upiratesobis aRiareba al. makedonelTan” (kekeliZe 1974, 249). rogorc vnaxeT qarTuli qristianobis erTerTi ZiriTadi atributia nacionaluri wmindanebis kultis Seqmna da maTi cxovrebis Camoyalibeba. aseT nacionalur wmindanebad pirvel rigSi SegviZlia miviCnioT wminda nino da Tamar dedofali, romelTa saxismetyveleba mravalmxriv aisaxeba qarTul mwerlobaSi. Tamar mefis tradiciuli qristianuli saxismetyveleba Tavs iCens aseve ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi. Tumca igi garkveuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba. magaliTad; Tamaris saxe Cans leqsSi `bazaleTis tba~, rogorc pirvel da meore aseve saboloo variantSi: amboben, Tamar dedofals is akvani iq Caudgams

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da ers TvisTa cremliT nadeniT tba zed karvad gaduxuravs (WavWavaZe 1951 b104).

aq umTavresi is aris, rom yrma romelic akvanSi wevs da visac dRedaRam natrulobs qarTveli eri, pirvel yovlisa, Tamar mefis mieraa xeldasmuli. Tamaris saxe Cans agreTve poema àCrdilis~” pirvel variantSi, movixmobT erT magaliTs: nuTu es xalxi, romelT dahbades, daviT, dimitri, didi Tamari rusTveli da mis Zlieri qnari, nuTu es xalxi aRara aRsdges? (WavWavaZe 1951, b320).

aq Cans Tamaris tradiciuli saxismetyveleba, romelic daviTTan da rusTavelTanaa dakavSirebuli. amgvari gaazreba Tamaris saxisa realistTa SemoqmedebaSi erovnuli TviTSegnebis amaRlebiskenaa mimarTuli. poemis „mefe dimitri Tavdadebulis“ pirvandel eskizebSi vkiTxulobT: odes cxovrobda didi Tamari is deda Cveni dauviwyari... (WavWavaZe 1951, b333).

am SemTxvevaSi ilia Tamars qarTvelTa dedad moixseniebs, ueWveli aq sulierebazea saubari. amave dros ilia ixsenebs qveynis warsuls, rodesac qarTvelebi Tavad ganagebdnen Tavisi qveynis beds. urigo ar iqneba, Tu aqve gavixsenebT vaJa-fSavelas leqss „didi Tamari“: qalo, qarTvelTa sulis dgmav, qalo, qarTvelTa dedao! tyuilad vambobT Sens sikvdils Tamars cocxalsa gxedao (vaJa-fSavela 1960, b305).

vaJas RvTiuri naTeliT Seumosavs Tamaris saxeli, qarTvelTa dedad moixseniebs mas, Tamaris xateba gulSi lamprad unTia TiToeul fSavels. rac umTavresia, isini mowyalebas elian Tamarisgan, viTarca RvTismSoblisgan. amitom, Tamaris salocavSi uamravi xalxi iyris Tavs. Sen xar eris sicocxle Tavis ar momikvdebao! mowyaled gveqmen qarTvelTa, Cveno lamazo dedao (vaJa-fSavela 1960, b306).

vaJa-fSavela Tamars, viTarca eris sulier mfarvels, ise mimarTavs da imavdroulad xazs usvams mis garegnul silamazes. Tamar mefis xatebas vaJa-fSavelas araerT leqsSi vxvdebiT. magaliTad: `Civili xmlisa~, `fSaveli jariskacis werili~, `mTvareo bevrma gimRera~, `mofrinda ucxo frinveli~, `Cveneba~. leqsebSi lirikuli subieqti xSirad emTxveva poetis pirovnebas, rac TavisTavad literaturul cnobierebas efuZneba. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom garda `wminda mxedar~ qalTa triadisa, rodesac nino, qeTevani da Tamari erTmaneTis gverdiT erT mTlianobad moiazrebian, Tamar mefis saxismetyveleba Cans akaki wereTlis leqsebSi `sizmari~, `cocxali suraTebi~, sadac poeti acocxlebs vefxistyaosnis personaJebs, gvixatavs Tamarisa da rusTavelis epoqas. damowmebani: alibegaSvili 1990: alibegaSvili gaiane. varZiis moxatulobani. Jurnali `xelovneba~, # 4, 1990. baqraZe 2000: baqraZe ak. werilebi. Tb.: 2000. qarTuli poezia 1979: dimitri mefe. `RvTismSoblisa~. qarTuli poezia. tomi I, 1979. kapaneli 1926: kapaneli k. qarTuli suli esTetiur saxeebSi. Tb.: 1926. kekeliZe 1974: kekeliZe k. etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan. tomi XIII, Tb.: 1974. orbeliani 1992: orbeliani gr. qarTuli mwerloba. tomi IX, Tb.: 1992. orbeliani 1992: orbeliani v. qarTuli mwerloba. tomi IX, Tb.: 1992. siraZe 1987: siraZe r. literaturul-esTetikuri narkvevebi. Tb.: 1987. vaJa-fSavela 1960: vaJa-fSavela. Txzulebani. Tb.: 1960. qarTlis cxovreba 1959: qarTlis cxovreba. tomi II, Tb.: 1959. SavTeli 1988: SavTeli i. àbdulmesiani~. qarTuli mwerloba. tomi III, Tb.: 1988. SavTeli 1979: SavTeli i. `galobani varZiisa RmrTismSoblisani”. qarTuli poezia. tomi I, Tb.: 1979. CaxruxaZe 1988: CaxruxaZe. `Tamariani”. qarTuli mwerloba. tomi III, Tb.: 1988. Zveli metafrasuli krebuli 1986: Zveli metafrasuli krebuli. Tb.: 1986. WavWavaZe 1951: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani aT tomad. p. ingoroyvas redaqciiT. tomi I, Tb.: 1951.

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WavWavaZe 1992: WavWavaZe al. qarTuli mwerloba. tomi IX, Tb.: 1992.

Eka Vardoshvili The Imaging of Queen Tamar in the Georgian Poetry of XIX Century Summary We have to look for the fundamentals of each Christian imaging paradigm in the Old and New Precept books. The invisible Lord became visible with the help of Virgin, that’s why all symbols of Old Percept, which are indicating the appearance of Lord to the human beings, means Saint Mary and represents her allegory. The idea which supports the gaining a foothold of Saint Mary in the Christology is the idea of liberation and protection. The paradigmatic imaging of Virgin is characteristic for the Old Georgian literature and the new one as well. In the Tamar-praising works “Abdulmesiani” and “Tamariani” the Queen is adorned with the Virgin’s symbols. In this view it is also worthy of note “The Vardzia-songs for Virgin”. The new Georgian literature continues this tradition. The best realization of this idea is the verse of Grigol Orbeliani “The image of Queen Tamar in the Betania-church”. The imaging of Queen Tamar appears in the Georgian poetry of XIX century in two ways: first one: Tamar is mentioned as statesmen in concert with David Agmashenebeli and Shota Rustaveli and second: Tamar is adorned with the Virgin’s symbols and is also addressed as Virgin. One of basic attributes of “Georgian Christianity” is creation of cult of national Saint and following to his life. Such National Saint is first of all Saint Nino and the Queen Tamar as well. The imaging of Queen Tamar has been reflected in the Georgian literature many times. The imaging of Queen Tamar we are observing in the works of Al.Chavchavadze, V. Orbeliani, Ilia Chavchavadze, Ak. Tsereteli and Vazha-Pshavela.

nino kaxaSvili al. yazbegis `mTis Tavisuflebis simbolo~ qarTvel da kavkasiel xalxTa erTobis idea imdenad mniSvnelovan adgils iWers al. yazbegis nawarmoebebSi, rom igi misi erovnul-politikuri msoflmxedvelobis safuZvladac ki iqca da rusuli kolonializmidan Tavis daxsnis erTaderT realur gzadaa dasaxuli. al. yazbegis Semoqmedebis gacnobisas erTi SexedviTve naTeli xdeba, rom misi simpaTia Samilis da TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZol Crdilo kavkasiel mTielTa mxarezea. am TvalsazrisiT al. yazbegi udides mniSvnelobas aZlevs Samilis Tavganwirul brZolas ruseTis winaaRmdeg. rogorc g. asaTiani aRniSnavs, àl. yazbegi idealizebulad warmogvidgens Samilis saxes. Samili misTvis aris simbolo, gansaxiereba im moqmedebisa, romelSic mwerlis mebrZolma idealebma hpoves Tavisi yvelaze mkafio ganxorcieleba~ ( asaTiani 1974: 363). k. abaSiZis SefasebiT ki: `yazbegma `mTis~Seupovrobis, `mTis~ Tavisuflebis simbolo, mTis àrwivis~ Samilis xalxze warmtaci gavlena da momxibvlelobac Taviseburi niWiT dagvixata~ (abaSiZe 1970: 424). Samili CrdiloeT daRestnis erT-erTi mxaris yoisubus sofelSi daibada 1798 wels, aul gimrSi. misi mSoblebi iyvnen avarieli uzdeni (Tavisufali mTieli) dinRau da avarieli begis asuli baxu-mesedu. zemoxsenebulTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs gansxvavebuli mosazrebac, rom mama Samilisa iyo aleqsandre batoniSvili, erekle II-is vaJi. al. fronelis gancxadebiT: `mTis batoni Samil, es Seudarebeli imami daRestnisa ubralo leki ar iyo, Cven gvjera, rom Samilis ZarRvebSi sCqefda qarTvelis sisxli~ (froneli 1914: 50). mas igi araerTi saintereso cnobis moxmobis fonze aRniSnavda. kerZod, iTvaliswinebda Samilis TanamedroveTa: RvTisavar ciskariSvilisa da doqtor kobaxiZis, aseve vaJa-fSavelasa da kapitan asaTianis mier mowvdil cnobebs, magram miuxedavad amisa, SeuZlebelia gadaWriT mtkiceba imisa, rom Samili aleqsandre batoniSvilis Svili iyo. rogorc istorikosi S. xanTaZe aRniSnavs: “erTxans gavrcelda azri, rom aleqsandre batoniSvili iyo mama Samilisa. es azri al. fronelma gaavrcela. amis safuZvlad man miiCnia aleqsandres xangrZlivi yofna daRestanSi. sxva ram ufro sarwmuno mas ar miuTiTebia. amJamad sruliad naTelia, rom

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aleqsandre batoniSvili 1813 wlamde daRestanSi ar yofila, Samili ki am droisTvis ukve 13-14 wlisa iyo (daibada 1798 w.), amdenad, es azri Cven usafuZvlod migvaCnia” (xanTaZe 1961: 274). àrabuli wera-kiTxva da yuranis pirveli Tavebi Samils biZam Seaswavla. gonebrivad bevri SesZina mas axalgazrda mezobelma gazi-muhamedma (yazi-molam), romelic Semdeg pirveli organizatori iyo daRistneli mTielebisa dampyrobelTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi~ (gawerelia 1962: 510). rogorc m. CiCagova aRniSnavs (rusi mkvlevari qali m. n. CiCagova piradad icnobda Samils. misi meuRle kalugis guberniis samxedro ufrosi iyo. kalugaSi gadasaxlebisas Samili weliwadze met xans imyofeboda mixeil CiCagovis zedamxedvelobis qveS da axlo urTierToba hqonda masTan da mis ojaxTan), Samilis namdvili saxeli ali (babuis saxeli) yofila. imis gamo, rom bavSvi susti iyo da xSirad avadmyofobda, mTielTa medicinis mixedviT mSoblebisaTvis saxelis gadarqmeva urCeviaT. `mSoblebmac mas dedis mxridan biZis sapativcemulod Samili daarqves. mSoblebis sasixarulod patara Samilma gamokeTeba daiwyo, Semdgom ki Ronieri, janmrTeli Wabuki dadga, romelic yvelas ancvifrebda Tavisi Zal-RoniT~ (CiCagova 1997a: 104). bavSvobaSi Samili mkvircxli xasiaTis yofila, magram arcerT mis celqobas ziani ar moutania aravisTvis. Samili bavSvobidanve gamoirCeoda Seudrekeli nebisyofiT, cnobismoyvareobiT, siamayiTa da batonobis moyvarulobiT. gatacebuli yofila tanvarjiSiT. `roca vinme mizanSi srolaSi an doRSi prizs aiRebda, igi saxeze Seicvleboda, kviraobiT aRar gamoCndeboda amxanagebis sazogadoebaSi, radganac misi pativmoyvareoba Selaxuli iyo. oci wlis Samili axteboda Toks, romelic or mTiels mis Tavze maRla hqonda gaWimuli. igi Tormeti arSinis siganis Rrma Txrilebsa da fexze mdgar adamians Tavze gadaaxteboda. araCveulebrivad Ronieri da gambedavi iyo. sirbilSi veravin gaaswrebda, verc WidaobaSi dajabnida vinme~ (CiCagova 1997a: 105). 1819 wels, daRistanSi general ermolovis eqspediciebis dros, 22 wlis Samili TanamoZmeebTan erTad ibrZoda mrisxane generlis jarebis winaaRmdeg. carizmis dampyrobluri da koloniuri politikis winaaRmdeg daRestneli da CeCeni xalxebis brZola miuridizmis droSiTa da hazavaTis (jixada) lozungebiT mimdinareobda. `partizanuli brZolebi, romelTa magaliTebiT savsea me-19 saukunis pirveli aTeuli wlebi, unda Secvliliyo organizebuli amboxebiT. pirvel xanebSi es amboxeba pasiur formebSi vlindeboda da umTavresad religiuri motiviT iyo Seferili. daRestnis pirveli imami (samoqalaqo da sasuliero meTauri mTielebisa) yazi-mola (1875-1832), romelmac muhamed iaragelisagan miiRo hazavaTis xelmZRvanelobis nebarTva, didi energiiT Seudga amboxebisaTvis mzadebas, misi marjvena xeli Samili iyo~ (gawerelia 1962: 512). yazi-molas sikvdilis Semdeg, mTielebma imamad hamzad-begi airCies, igi 1834 w. meCeTSi mokles SeTqmulebma. imave wlis seqtemberSi imamad airCies Samili. aqedan iwyeba 25 wliani brZola mefis ruseTis gawvrTnil regularul jarebTan. al. yazbegis SemoqmedebaSi Samilis saxe pirvelad `mamis mkvlelSi~ Cndeba. nawarmoebi 1882 wels daibeWda gazeT `droebaSi~ (# 6-230). rogorc g. asaTiani SeniSnavs: ` is epizodebi, romlebic romanSi Samilisadmi aris miZRvnili, miuxedavad avtoris garkveuli tendenciurobisa, dawerilia xazgasmiT realisturi, `dokumenturi~ stiliT (aRsaniSnavia, kerZod, rom `mamis mkvlelSi~ aRweril mTel rig faqtebs al. yazbegi sqolioSi istorikosTa damowmebiT adasturebs)~ (asaTiani 1974: 363). Samili rogorc ki sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas Seudga, maSinve daiwyo Tavis mmarTvelobaSi wesrigis damyarebisaTvis energiuli zomebis miReba. m. CiCagova aRniSnavs: `Samilma gaiTvaliswina ra Tavisi drois moTxovnebi, SariaTis zogierTi ganawesi Secvala da Tavisi kodeqsic ki gamosca _ `nizami~, riTac mis TavaSvebul xalxs zneobrivi sargebloba moutana, romelic mTeli kavkasiis xalxebma aRiares. gana es damsaxureba araa istoriis winaSe, gana es diadi gonebis dadastureba araa~ (CiCagova 1997a: 117). Crdilo kavkasiis xalxTa istoriis narkvevebSi vkiTxulobT: `Samili avariis xanis ojaxis naSTebisa da, saerTod, mTieli avarieli warCinebulebis mimarT gadamWreli zomebis miRebis momxre iyo, radganac, arcTu usafuZvlod, maT gamcemlebad Tvlida~ (Crdilo... 1978: 47). al. yazbegisaTvis kargad aris cnobili aRniSnuli sakiTxi. `mamis mkvlelSi~ vkiTxulobT: `xalxi ki Samils uyurebda, rogorc qomags, msarCvlels da TavdadebiT ibrZoda imis sityviT da samSoblos dasacvelad... magram vaglaxad xedavda, rom imaTSi batonymobas fesvi gaedga da batonebs ki TavianTi simdidrisaTvis da mosvenebisaTvis Tavs SemoevloT saqveyno saqme~ (yazbegi 1948: 301). imamad gaxdomis Semdeg Samilma daiwyo mTielTa Soris yvela musulmanis Tanasworobis lozungebis gavrceleba da pirdapiri brZola im feodalTa winaaRmdeg, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebodnen miuridizmis gavrcelebas. am lozungebma Samils didi popularoba moupoves mTielebSi da mis garSemo daiwyes Tavis moyra~ (Crdilo... 1978: 47). al. yazbegisaTvis Samilis es nabijic ar aris ucnobi: àm mTis kacma, gaunaTlebelma, dainaxa, rom saWiro iyo rogorc CeCnelT ar hqondaT Cveulebad batonymoba da yvelani

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Tanasworad iTvlebodnen, ise sxvaganac es wesebi Camoegdo da gaesworebina xalxi~ (yazbegi 1948: 302). 1842 wels, 26 wlis ilia orbeliani, roca is proporSCikis CiniT general-leitenant fezes adiutantad msaxurobda polkovnik sinaqsarovTan da proporSCik ananovTan erTad, yaziyumuxSi tyved Cauvarda daRestnisa da CeCneTis imams Samils. i. orbeliani Tavis saTavgadasavlo TxzulebaSi, “rva Tve Samilis tyveobaSi”, aRwers Samilis sazogadoebriv da pirad cxovrebas, daxasiaTebulia Samilis sasuliero, administraciuli da samxedro marTva-gamgeobis sistema, mocemulia misi politikuri aRzevebis istoria. ì. orbelianis am Txzulebis Tavebis saTaurTa ubralo CamonaTvalidanac cxadi xdeba, _ aRniSnavs g. SaraZe, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovani cnobebis Semcvelia igi~ (orbeliani 1991: 13). i. orbelianis am dokumentur Txzulebas istoriuli pirvelwyaros mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan igi mxolod imas gadmogvcems, rac TviTon naxa da ganicada. avtori saubrobs ra Samilis administraciul mowyobaze, aRniSnavs: àraorganizebuli da sxvadasxva tomisagan Semdgari masis ukeT xelmZRvanelobis mizniT mTeli daRestani da CeCneTi dayofil iqna sanaiboebad, romelsac marTavdnen ndobiT aRWurvili da gamocdili naibebi... isini zedamxedvelobas uwevdnen sanaiboebs da rogorc ki SariaTis kanonebis sawinaaRmdego moqmedebas SeniSnaven, TavianTi Sexedulebisamebr sjian an asmenen SamilTan~ (orbeliani 1991: 81). igives aRniSnavs al. fronelic, rodesac is Samilze, rogorc administratorze, saubrobs: `daRestani da saCaCno Samilma daanawila aTas-aTas komlian sanaibod, romelTac ganagebdnen naibni~ (froneli 1914: 19). al. yazbegi kargad icnobs Samilis saSinao politikas. `mamis mkvlelSi~ xalxs naibebi udganan saTaveSi. Samili ki udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs sazogadoebis azrs maT meTaurebze. kerZod, nawarmoebis erT-erT epizodSi Samili Sekrebil sazogadoebas ekiTxeba, moswons Tu ara Tavisi naibi. moismens ra kantuSis mosaxleobis ukmayofilebas, dauyovnebliv Secvlis mas malsagiT, anu im pirovnebiT, romelsac xalxma ndoba gamoucxada. am epizods al. yazbegis aseTi ganmarteba erTvis: `yvelgan ara hqondaT naibebis amgvarad arCevis neba. im adgilebSi, sadac rusebi yofiliyvnen da mere isev imas daunarCunebia, Samili TiTon niSnavda naibebs, radgan ver endoboda, cotas xniT mainc aris mikarebuls giaurebTan~ (yazbegi 1948: 329). ilia orbelians istoriul, sociologiur da politikur dakvirvebasTan erTad mxatvruli alRoc ar Ralatobs. iSviaTad Tu vinmes moucia Samilis portretuli daxasiaTeba ise zustad da mxatvruli simarTliT, rogorc amas mis saTavgadasavlo TxzulebaSi vxvdebiT: `lekebi silamaziT ver Seiqeben Tavs, _ wers i. orbeliani, _ verc garegnuli moyvanilobiT. veluri, mkacri gamometyveleba odnavadac ar SenelebiaT, ris gamoc siamis iers ver SeniSnavT. ramdenadac mxecuri Sesaxedaobisani iyvnen isini, imdenad ufro gamometyveli da warmosadegi iyo maTi winamZRoli Samili. metad mSvenieri, TeTri da masTan norCi, odnav nayvavilari saxe, cisfrad moelvare WroRa Tvalebi, sidanac gamokrToda SorsmWvreteloba, Wkua-goneba da sulis simZlavre. tuCebze mudam Rimili dasTamaSebda, odnav gapobili bageebidan TeTri kbilebi gamoukrToda, raic mowmobda mis cbierebasac da gulkeTilobasac, iniT SeRebili wiTuri wveric Zalian amSvenebda mis saxes; tanad saSualo iyo, Camkvrivebuli, lamazad Casxmuli, iyureboda metad brged, vaJkacurad; am warmosadeg adamians ise eWira Tavi, TiTqos 35 wlis vaJkaciao, maSin, roca bevrad xnieri unda yofiliyo~ (orbeliani 1991: 33). am Txzulebis mxolod erTi Tavi gamoqveynda 1849 wels gazeT `kavkazSi~. icnobda Tu ara al. yazbegi am fragments da konkretulad i. orbelianis mier aRwerili Samilis zust portretul daxasiaTebas, cnobili ar aris, Tumca `mamis mkvlelSi~ aRwerili Samili Zalian gavs i. orbelianis mier aRweril Samils: `cota xnis Semdeg gamoCnda mSvenieri Sexedulebis moxuci, TeTris wveriT da TeTrisave CalmiT Tavze. TeTrs gasuqebuls cxens, romelic gediviT mocuravda, maRla da amayad Tavi aeRo, TiTqos grZnobda Tu ra mxedari mohyvanda. es gaxldaT Samili, imami CeCnisa da daRestnisa, risxvis Semyreli mterTa, erTguli da Tavgadadebuli Tavisa moZmeTa gulisTvis. imisi damSvidebuli saxe, gonivruli da gamomcdeli gamoWvreta aSkarad amtkicebda Wkuas, vaJkacobas da siamayes, Txeli tuCebi _ grZnobas, da ramdenime xazi pirisaxezed _ xasiaTis simtkices~ (yazbegi 1948: 927). Samili rom TeTri cxeniT dadioda, amas m. CiCagovac adasturebs: `Samili TeTr cxenze amxedrebuli dadioda; cxens Tavi da tanis wina nawili hqonda TeTri, xolo gava- ruxi, romelic msxvili xelisgulisodena TeTri wreebiT hqonda dafaruli~ (CiCagova 1997b: 88). Samili TeTri CalmiT yofila, rodesac tyveobidan dabrunebul Svils- jemaledins xvdeboda: ìmams TeTri Calma exura, tanT TeTri Coxa ecva, fexze _ yviTeli, Tavlinuri Ceqmebi~ (CiCagova 1997b: 88). Samils, pirvelive Sexvedrisas, didi STabWdileba mouxdenia m. CiCagovaze: àmayi ieriT, pirdapiri, mamacuri gamoxedviT Semovida CemTan yofili mrisxane imami. maRali, aTleturi

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aRnagobis, welSi gamarTuli, odnav Savgvremani saxis swori nakvTebi, grZeli lamazi wveri, Wkvianuri, seriozuli, damSvidebuli _ aseTi davinaxe me Samili~ (CiCagova 1997b: 106). akaki gawerelia al. yazbegis mier aRwerili Samilis garegnobaze aseT SeniSvnas akeTebs: `mwerals savsebiT zustad ver aqvs daxatuli Samilis portreti. ase, magaliTad, `mamis mkvlelSi~ igi TeTri wveriT gvevlineba da avtori amas xazs usvams. sinamdvileSi imami iniT, wiTlad SeRebil wvers atarebda sruliad Segnebulad. kalugaSi eqsimami ambobda: rogorc me, ise yvela Cemi Tanamemamule SeRebil wvers vatarebdiT imitom, rom mters ar SeemCnia Cvens rigebSi axalgazrdebis simcire, gamowveuli mravalwliani omiTo. es Zalze mniSvnelovani detali mwerals mxedvelobidan gaparvia~ (gawerelia 1962: 575). al. yazbegisTvis es detali ucnobi namdvilad ar iqneboda, magram TeTr Calmian, TeTr cxenze amxedrebul Samils TeTri wveri rom ufro STambeWdavad warmoaCenda, amaSi mwerali ar Semcdara. am SeniSvnis miuxedavad, al. yazbegis mier aRwerili didi imamis garegnoba TiTqmis srul SesabamisobaSia TviTmxilvelTa mier aRweril SamilTan. Samili ara marto garegnobiT xiblavda mnaxvels, aramed Sinagani kulturiTa da daxvewili manerebiTac. Zveli kavkasieli mtrebi, gr. orbeliani da Samili 1859 wels gamoecnaurnen erTmaneTs peterburgSi. gr. orbeliani dimitri jorjaZes swerda: `Samila gavican peterburRSi; kargi darbaiseli kaci yofila. magram Zalian gaocebuli iyo yovliTa miT, rasaca hxedavda. _ miTxra, kniazo, didad vhswuxvar, rom ver vnaxe Tqveni naTesavni qalebi, rom bodiSi momeTxovao, exla vhxedav, rasac naklulovanebaSi iyvnen isini, magram rogor movifiqrebdi, rom kacebi ase gancxromiT hscxovreben, rogorc aqao! —didis simwariT miambo, rom miRalates yovelTa maT, vinca iyunen daaxloebulni CemTan da vinca Cems mfarvelobas qveSe da Cemis mowyalebiT hscxovrebdeno!... (orbeliani 1937: 277). peterburgSi `publika Samils did yuradRebas aqcevda da simpaTiebs amJRavnebda mis mimarT. igi yvelas ancvifrebda Tavisi gulRiaobiT, maRali sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli daxvewili manerebiT, araCveulebrivi taqtiT. saerTod, man yvela moxibla Tavisi TavazianobiT da daRestnis mrisxane meufes `saucxoo moxuci~ uwodes. publikas misi gonivruli saubaric moewona. misi pasuxebi yovelTvis sazriani da moswrebuli iyo~, _ aRniSnavs m. CiCagova (CiCagova 1997b: 101). al. yazbegi axasiaTebs ra Samils, xazs usvams imas, rom mkacri da daundobeli Samili, amave dros, faqizi sulis adamiania da simkacre, romelsac iCenda, mxolod qveynis keTildReobisaTvis iyo saWiro. ìs daufiqrebliv mamulis keTildReobas Seswiravda pirvelidgan ukanasknels kacamdin. TiTonac Sig Caenayeboda wamlad, magram, ra Sexedavda sicocxliT da mSvenierebiT savse Tavis mamuliSvilebs, romelTac siymawvile nebas ar aZlevda mxiaruls da bedniers cxovrebazed, ra moagondeboda, rom romelime gzadakarguls tyvias SauZlian gauxunos lalisferi tuCebi, gauqros aRgznebuli sicocxliT savse Tvalebi, moZravni, motitineni. erTbaSad uZravs da usulo sagnad gadaaqcios _Samils guli uduRda, mwaris oxvriT warmoaTqmevinebda RvTis saxels da warmoudgenlad stanjavda. Samili mama iyo _ danarCenni imis Svilebi: Samili grZnobda imas, rasac hgrZnobs mSobeli, rodesac Tavis TvaliT uyurebs mebrZols Svils da imis yoveli dakvra, yoveli tkivili mSobels mware xazad esmeba gulSi! magram samSoblos samsaxurs, mamulis Tavisuflebas is maRla ayenebda Tavis mSobliur grZnobazed, Tavis pirad Sexedulebazed. Samili ibrZoda imisTvis, rom Tavis, samSoblos dRegrZelobas da bednierebas TavisuflebaSi xedavda, da dResve rom daerwmunebinaT, rom moZmeTaTvis meti sabedniero sxva rigi moqmedeba iqneboda_ is brZolas Tavs daanebebda, aiRebda yavarjens da mwyemsad cxvars moudgeboda~ (yazbegi 1948: 328). am daxasiaTebas sqolioSi al. yazbegi ganmartebas urTavs: `rom Samili swored aseTi iyo da ara Tu daJinebuli despoti, romelic gulis ganzraxvas anacvalebs yvela sabuTebs, mtkicdeba imis cxovrebidgan aTasis magaliTebiT, rogorc yazi-maxameTis da Samilis ganxeTqileba, sadac piradi kmayofileba enacvleba Tavis qveynis sargeblobas da sxva~ (yazbegi 1948: 328). akaki gawerelias azriT: àq avtors mxedvelobaSi aqvs yazi-molas (mohk. 1832 w.) da misi TanaSemwis (Samilis) ganxeTqileba 30-ian wlebSi, romelic mxolod specialuri literaturuli wyaroebis Seswavlis safuZvelze SeiZleboda scodnoda yazbegs~ (gawerelia 1962: 577). Samils mousurvebia m. CiCagovas Svilebis gacnoba. Sexvedrisas igi gaaoca Samilis mier gamoxatulma siTbom: `rogori sinaziT miesalma igi bavSvebs! ra keTili saxe hqonda, roca bavSvebs ealerseboda. Samils Zlier uyvarda bavSvebi; aseTi adamiani ki ar SeiZleba boroti iyos!~ (CiCagova 1997b: 107). Samili rom samSoblos TavisuflebisaTvis ibrZoda da ara sakuTari keTildReobisaTvis al. yazbegi amas yovelTvis usvams xazs. `mamis mkvlelSi~ vkiTxulobT: ìqneb imas [Samils _ n.k.] eSinoda, rom rusebi am batonobas, didkacobas waarTmevdnen? eSinoda siRaribisa? ara, Samils ar eSinoda magisi, Samili didi xania Sromas iyo SeCveuli. magram is iyo kaci da, amasTanave, warmoudgeneli gulkeTili, vaJkaci da guladi, rkinasaviT SeduRebuli, nawrTobi

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brZolis cecxlSi, imas ar daekarga is gulis sinaze da lmobiereba, romlic gansakuTrebiTi miniWebuli Rirsebaa suliT amaRlebulis xalxisa~ (yazbegi 1948: 327). `Samili yovelives vaJkacurad itanda, _ wers ak. gawereilia, gulgrili iyo Tavisi siRaribis mimarTac. erTxel, roca mas mcvelma kapitanma runovskim hkiTxa, dardobda Tu ara igi dakargul simdidreze, Samilma, romelic dauZinebeli mteri iyo yovelgvari gancxromisa da fufunebisa, upasuxa: `Sen xedav Cems cxovrebas. me kmayofili var mcirediT da SemiZlia ufro mcirediTac kmayofili viyo. me maSinac kmayofili viqnebi, Tu sruliadac araferi meqneba~ (gawerelia 1962: 516). al. yazbegi Tavisi SemoqmedebiT mourideblad amxels ruseTis mier gatarebul koloniur politikas kavkasiaSi. rom ìmdroindeli rusis politika ar iyo mimarTuli mSvidobians morigebazed, romelic ise advili iyo goniers da miwis muSa CeCnebTan. ucnoblobis gamo es xalxi garegan, velur xalxad miaCndaT da amisTvis egonaT, rom Tu ara brZola, imaTTan sxva araviTari morigeba ar gamodgeboda~. `mamis mkvlelSi~ al. yazbegs aRwerili aqvs mTielTa brZola voroncovis winaaRmdeg iCqeriis tyeSi. es aris cnobili `darRos eqspedicia~ 1845 wels. nawarmoebSi am brZolis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT: `CeCniTgan xma modioda, rom Samili dids jarebs amzadebs da dids omebs moelis, sadac `dedal-mamloba~ unda gamoCeniliyo. eseni am molodinSi iyvnen, rodesac rusis sardlebi marTla dids jars agrovebdnen da TviT varancovis iq daswrebiT erTbaSad Tavs dasxmas upirebdnen CeCnebs. amaT ise hqondaT moangariSebuli, rom ramdenime simagris aReba sakmarisi iqneboda CeCnelT dasamorCileblad da `rkinis kacis~ Samilis mosaxrelad. eseni am mzadebaSi iyvnen, magram arc Samili hkargavda ubralod dros: is mTels daRestanSi da CeCenSi agrovebda xalxs, amagrebda cixeebsa da aqezebda xalxs, romelsac agonebda im usamarTlobaze, rac ara erTxel gamoecadaT giaurebisagan CeCnelebs~ (yazbegi 1948: 301). 1845 w. maisis bolos 25-aTasiani jariT voroncovma gailaSqra Samilis winaaRmdeg. `mas hqonda 42 zarbazani da didi aRali, romelSic 2500 oTxTvala da cxeni iyo. aseTi didi eqspedicia kavkasiis omisaTvis manamde ucnobi iyo~ (Crdilo... 1978: 62). Samilma ar gauwia voroncovs seriozuli winaaRmdegoba da mTebSi Seityua mteri. aulebs TviT mTielebi swvavdnen da garbodnen. eqspediciis misvlamde gadawves darRoc. àmis Semdeg mTielebma gaaxSires Tavdasxmebi voroncovis razmze. xalxi iRupeboda SimSilisa da sicivisagan. mxolod general freitagis razmis moaxloebam ixsna voroncovis razmi sruli ganadgurebisagan~ (Crdilo... 1978: 63) al. yazbegi zustad icnobs am omis detalebs. igi wers: `Samils undoda varancovi Tavisi jariT iCqeriis tyeSi Seetyuebina, swored im tyeSi, sadac ase daamarcxa am ramdenime wlis winad Renerali grabe, da rusebi ki emzadebodnen, rom es tye gaevloT Tavidgan bolomdin da Tavis iaraRisTvis daemorCilebinaT~ (yazbegi 1948: 302). es istoriuli faqti rom sworad aris aRwerili, amas akaki gawereliac aRniSnavs: `mamis mkvlelSi~ didi adgili ukavia CaCnelTa brZolas iCqeriis tyeSi voroncovis winaaRmdeg 1845 wels. yazbegi ar asaxelebs am eqspediciis saxels, magram es aris cnobili `darRos eqspedicia~ (cnobili meore saxeliTac (`Сухарная экспедиция~). saerTod es epizodi sworad aris aRwerili. mogonilia mxolod ambavi, TiTqos voroncovis gasaWiri tyeSi gen. freitags acnoba vinme Cerqezma aTayuJom. aRweraSi moipoveba geografiuli Secdomebic, magram epizodis zogadi momentebi SedarebiT sworad aris gadmocemuli~ (gawerelia 1962: 574). brZolebSi, romelsac kavkasia awarmoebda rusi dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg me-19 saukunis 30-40-ian wlebSi, al. yazbegis SefasebiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani qarTvelebis pozicia iyo. rogorc mkvlevari avT. nikoleiSvili aRniSnavs: àl. yazbegs principulad ar moswonda is faqti, rom Samilis winaaRmdeg rusebis mier ganxorcielebul saomar operaciebSi qarTvelebic iRebdnen monawileobas. mis udides ukmayofilebas am SemTxvevaSi pirvel yovlisa is garemoeba iwvevda, rom amiT Cveni Tanamemamuleni nebsiT Tu uneblied Cvenive mtris samsaxurSi dgebodnen da sakuTar ersac ayenebdnen vnebas~ (nikoleiSvili 2002: 18). qarTvel mTielTa warmomadgenlebis —iagos, kobas da efxias Samilis razmSi CarTviT al. yazbegma mizanmimarTulad scada am istoriuli Secdomis gamosworeba. es rom namdvilad asea da mwerlis es pozicia kargad gaazrebul-gacnobierebuli TvalTaxedvis nayofia, araorazrovnad dasturdeba im saubrebiT, romlebic qarTvel moxalise mebrZolebsa da CeCen patriotebs Soris imarTeba: `rai gindaT rai? ...raisTvis uCvenebT gzebs?~ maTTvis sruliad gaugebaria, ratom sCadian maTi moZme qarTvelebi amas. CeCnebi, marTalia, metad TavSekavebiT, magram mainc aSkarad debdnen qarTvelebs brals imaSi, rom maTi qveynis dapyrobas giaurebi (rusebi) swored qarTvelebis daxmarebiT axerxebdnen. amis Sesaxeb Samilic guldawyvetilia. `mamis mkvlelis~ mixedviT, vidre koba da misi megobrebi Samils Sexvdebodnen, imamis karavSi naibebis TaTbiri mimdinareobda. rusTa SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Sesaxeb informaciis miRebis Semdeg, Samili gansakuTrebulad SeSfoTda, radgan gaigo, rom maT Soris qarTvelebic mravlad iyvnen:

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`_ qarTvelebi bevria? _ Zalian bevri, Zalian! Samili cota xans gaCumda da mere miubrunda naibebs: sakvirvelia magaTi saqme! magaT raRa undaT Cvengan? _ da moubrunda ambis momtans: osebi? _ osebic bevria, Cerqezebic, magram qarTvelebi yvelaze metia. Camovarda kidev siCume, romlis drosac Samils saxe ramdenjerme Seecvala: sCanda, imis goneba raRacazedac muSaobda. is miubrunda naibebs: _ ecadeT, rac SeiZleba erideniT qarTvelebs da Cerqezebs~... (yazbegi 1948: 331). aq Cans al. yazbegis didi survili qarTvelebisa da kavkasiel mTielTa erTobisa. Samili, romelic aravis ar indobs brZolaSi, Tavis xalxs mouwodebs, eridon qarTvelebsa da Cerqezebs. Tumca, al. froneli qarTvelTa monawileobas Crdilo kavkasielebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul brZolebSi aseT gamarTlebas uZebnis: `saTqmeli isicaa, rom didi politikuri gulTamxilaoba mainc da mainc verc mTam gamoiCina. mTeli meTvramete saukune ise dasrulda, rom erTi dRe bednieri ar unaxavs lekTagan qarTvelobas. rusoba rom dabinavda CvenSi, maSinac ki Tavze xel-aRebulni brboni daRestnisa Tamamad daTareSobdnen qarTl-kaxeTis velmindorze da xSirad imereTsac ki uwevdnen xolme. gamodis, rom roca Samilma Seigno Zala erTobisa da friad saWiroebda saqarTvelos megobrul ganwyobilebas, cota ar iyves dagvianebuli aRmoCnda aseTi Segneba, radgan Catexili xidis gamTeleba gaWirvebis dros arc Tu agre advilia~ (froneli 1914: 12). _ kaxeTis sisxli aviReo, _ wers gr. orbeliani yaflan orbelians 1857 w. 10 seqtembers salaTaviidan, rodesac 24 ivnisis brZolis warmatebebze uambobs. qarTvelebis dgoma rusebis mxardamxar, Crdilo kavkasiel mTielTa winaprebis mier saqarTvelos mimarT daSvebulma Secdomam rom ganapiroba —amaze Samili ar dafiqrebula. magram yazbegis azriT, Samili mainc istoriis cnobieri Semoqmedia, warsul Secdomaze is ar laparakobs, oRond cdilobs, Tavad ar gaimeoros winaparTa Secdoma. qarTul samxedro-feodalur aristokratias es brZola miaCnda patriotuli saqmianobis nawilad. Svilebis Taobam ar CauTvala mamebs es Rvawli damsaxurebad. al. yazbegi Tavis SemoqmedebaSi Samilis saomar razmSi qarTvelebis gaerTianebiT cdilobs ramdenadme mainc gamoasworos es mdgomareoba. am mizniT daukavSira Samils qarTveli personaJebi: iago, koba da efxia. am faqts al. yazbegi udides politikur mniSvnelobas sZens. amis amsaxvelia Samilis da qarTvel mTielTa Sexvedris scena, rodesac jariaxelma farCom masTan ukve ZmadSeficuli qarTveli stumrebi warudgina Samils: `Semovida farCo, romelsac Semohyvnen mTieli qarTvelebi. imaT Semosvlazed Samili wamoudga fexzed, miegeba karebTan da miesalma: _ gaumarjos ganTqmuls mTielebs! me mixarian, rom Cems sawyals qoxSi stumrad gxedavT. _ giSvelos ufalma! _ upasuxa iagom: _ CvenTvis bednierebaa Seni xilva...~ Semdeg ki al. yazbegma maT erTad yofnis da Tanadgomis fici daadebina: `_ Cvenc vficulobT zeiT RmerTs, qveS dedamiwas, vficamT Cvens jvar-angelozebs, vficamT vaJkacis saxels, rom SenTvis Tavi gadavdoT, SenTvis Tavi ar SeviSuroT! Samil! Cven mTielni varT, Cveni ho-ho aris da ara-ara! Samili wamodga mxiarulis saxiT da mTielni rigrigad Caikra gulSi. imas esmoda, rom mTielis sityvebi gulwrfeli iyo da gamowveuli namdvilis grZnobiT. ... Samili afasebda am xalxis megobrobas, iman icoda, rom am dRidgan isini marTlac Tavs aRar SeiSurvebdnen imisTvis da Tavgadadebuli vaJkaci ki imisTvis Zvirada Rirda~ (yazbegi 1948: 334). aleqsandre yazbegi `didi TanagrZnobiT wers Samilis Sesaxeb, _ aRniSnavs mkvlevari T. kenkebaSvili, _ Secdomad miaCnia qarTveli generlebisa da oficrebis brZola dampyrobeli ruseTis armiis mxardamxar Crdilo kavkasielTa winaaRmdeg. misi romanis gmiri iago sxvagvarad iqceva. igi CeCneT-daRestanSi gadadis da Samilis laSqris rigebSi dgeba~ (kenkebaSvili 1999: 12) al. yazbegma Tavis nawarmoebebSi `mamebs~ maT mier Cadenili udidesi Secdoma daanaxva. am Secdomis aRiarebamde èlgujasa~ da `mamis mkvlelis~ wakiTxvam gr. orbeliani kidev erTxel miiyvana (cnobilia misi minawerebi `droebis~ arSiebze èlgujas~ wakiTxvis Semdeg: `kargia~, `Zalian kargia~, `mSveniereba aris~ `didad miama~, ùfalo moCxubariZev, gixarodes, Sen xar pirveli mwerali dramatiki saqarTveloSi... jer qarTuls enazed mzgavsi ara dawerila ra~. Semonaxulia agreTve `droebis~ egzemplari grigol orbelianis cnobili minaweriT `mamis mkvlelze~: `qarTvelebis omiros aris, SabaS~!), kidev erTxel, radgan ukve 1880 wels gr. orbelians aseTi daskvna gamoaqvs im politikuri sistemis mimarT, romlis damkvidrebasac TiTqmis mTeli Tavisi sicocxle Seswira: `Мы погибнем, но пусть знают, что нас не заменят, ни татарские беки, ни пришлые Персо-Турецкие Армяне, наполнившие Грузию и здесь разбогатевшие, ни даже Русское чиновничество, неподражаемое в умении вселять к себе ненависть народов~ (werili niko WavWavaZisadmi tabaxmelidan, 155) amaze ufro mkacri ganaCeni aravis gamoutania sakuTari gvarisa da Tavisi drois Sesaxeb me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi.

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1859 wlis 25 agvistos aiRes Samilis ukanaskneli cixe-simagre Runibi da amiT dasrulda CrdiloeT kavkasiis dasapyrobad warmoebuli mravalwliani omis kidev erTi etapi. `mamis mkvlelSi~ al. yazbegi didi TanagrZnobiT wers: `Samilma Tu sul ara, naxevrad mainc Seasrula Tavisi dapireba: iman naxevrad gaaCanaga iq myofi rusebis Zala, magram axali jari, mosuli ruseTidgan, xelaxlad iWerda daklebulebis adgils da xelaxlad moibrZoda win. Samilma ver moaswro yvela wvrili sazogadoebis erTmaneTTan SeerTeba, sanam rusis Zala xelaxlad Tavs moiyrida da xelaxlad daiwyebda imis winaaRmdeg moqmedebas~ (yazbegi 1948: 345). mwerali SamilSi xedavda mTel im sikeTesa da moralur Zalas, romelic kavkasiel xalxs tradiciulad hqonda. aRfrTovanebuli al. yazbegi leqsiTac mimarTavs mas: Samil! Sens aCrdils, mowiwebiTa ugzavni salams _ TanagrZnobiTa, Sen Seasrule daniSnuloba da daamtkice mTisa Sviloba. Sen daamtkice, rom mTis Svilebi sxvis brZanebasa ver xerxdebian, yovelgvar Zalis datanebasa uSiSrad wina aRudgebian. yvela, vinc ginda _ Tund bavSvi iyos, saWiro dResa galomdebian, Tavis mamulis saxelisaTvis sixaruliTa ixocebian” (yazbegi 1949: 82).

rogorc d. benaSvili aRniSnavs: al. yazbegs `sigiJemde uyvarda samSoblos interesebisaTvis Tavganwiruli individi, ver iTmenda Ralats da mzad iyo sakuTari xeliT gasworeboda moRalates. `xma RvTisa da xma erisao~ _ es iyo yazbegis moraluri kanoni da igi aZlevda mas sulier Zalas. igive moraluri kanoni miaCnda yazbegs kavkasieli da gansakuTrebiT mTieli xalxis cxovrebis saZirkvlad. swored am azriT uyvarda yazbegs daRestnis saxelganTqmuli imami Samili. d. RuduSauri [ al. yazbgis Tanamedrove dimitri RuduSauri _ n.k.] gadmogvcems, rom yazbegs Zlier hyvarebia ambebis moyola Samilis piradi cxovrebidan. ... yazbegma kargad icoda, rom xalxs bevrjr gadaurCenia Samili sikvdilisagan xelCarTul brZolaSi. Samilsac uyvarda Tavisi xalxi; man alagma Tavgasuli xanebi da begebi. amiT man xalxi ixsna aTasgvari damcirebisa da wamebisagan. xalxic afasebda Samils da usazRvro pativs scemda Tavis meTaurs. xalxi da beladi cxovrobdnen erTi sicocxliT _ Tavisi qveynis miwawyalze, magram didxans ar gagrZelebula es mSvidobiani cxovreba. ucxo Zalis Carevam mospo kavkasieli xalxis Tavisuflebis ukanaskneli simagre~ (benaSvili 1978: 24). im dros, roca al. yazbegis nawarmoebebi iwereboda, Samilic didi xnis damarcxebuli iyo da kavkasiel xalxTa erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli brZolebis cecxlic minavlebuli, magram am istoriuli movlenisadmi imJamindel qarTvel mamuliSvilTa didi nawilis mcdari damokidebulebis mxilebiT mwerali cdilobda samomavlod mainc meti gonierebiT gangvesazRvra is orientirebi, romlebic rusuli kolonializmidan Cveni qveynis ganTavisuflebas unda dasdeboda safuZvlad. rogorc mkvlevari T. kenkebaSvili aRniSnavs: `mwerlis [al. yazbegis _ n.k.] nawerebis mTlianobaSi gaazrebas im daskvnamde mivyavarT, rom mwerali arc xevSi iyo Caketili da arc mTlianad saqarTveloSi. al. yazbegi kavkasielTa erTobis, maTi Zmoba-megobrobis mqadagebeli iyo. miaCnda, rom kavkasiel xalxebs erTad unda ebrZolaT saerTo mCagvreli Zalis _ ruseTis carizmis winaaRmdeg. aseTi TvalsazrisiTa da poziciiT igi agrZelebda aleqsandre batoniSvilis gzas~... (kenkebaSvili 1999: 12). al. yazbegis Samili samSoblosaTvis Tavdadebuli gmiris idealuri magaliTia. Samilis mxatvruli saxis amdagvari formiT gamokveTis umTavresi mizani, pirvel yovlisa, imaSi mdgomareobda, rom mwerals ewada Tavisi drois qarTvelebSic gaeRvivebina samSoblosaTvis rainduli Tavganwirvis msgavsi suliskveTeba. damowmebani: abaSiZe 1970: abaSiZe k. etiudebi XIX saukunis qarTuli literaturis Sesaxeb. Tb.: gamomcemloba ”sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, 1970. asaTiani 1974: asaTiani g. qarTuli literaturis istoria. t. IV Tb.: gamomcemloba “sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, 1974. benaSvili 1978: benaSvili d. aleqsandre yazbegi. Tb.: gamomcemloba “sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, 1978. gawerelia 1962: gawerelia ak. rCeuli nawerebi. t. I, Tb.: gamomcemloba ”sabWoTa mwerali”, 1962. kenkebaSvili 1999: kenkebaSvili T. al. yazbegis saistorio Sexedulebani. Tb.: gamomcemloba “Tbilisis universiteti”, 1999. nikoleiSvili 2002: nikoleiSvili a. al. yazbegi da kavkasiis mTieli xalxebi, J. ìnteleqti~ (gelaTis mecn. akademiis Jurnali), 3, 2002.

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orbeliani 1937: orbeliani gr. werilebi. t. II, Tb.: gamomcemloba ”saxelgami”, 1937. orbeliani 1991: orbeliani i. rva Tve Samilis tyveobaSi. Tb.: 1991. froneli 1914: froneli al. mTis arwivi Samil., Tb.: 1914. yazbegi 1948: yazbegi al. Txzulebani. t. I, Tb.: gamomcemloba ”sabWoTa mwerali”, 1948. yazbegi 1949: yazbegi al. Txzulebani. t. III, Tb.: gamomcemloba ”sabWoTa mwerali”, 1949. CiCagova 1997a: CiCagova m. Samili kavkasiasa da ruseTSi. J. “ganTiadi”, 11-12, 1997. CiCagova 1997b: CiCagova m. Samili kavkasiasa da ruseTSi. J. “ganTiadi”, 9-10, 1997. Crdilo... 1978: Crdilo kavkasiis xalxTa istoriis narkvevebi, Tb.: gamomcemloba ”mecniereba” 1978. xanTaZe 1961: xanTaZe S. masalebi aleqsandre batoniSvilis biografiisaTvis. J. s. janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, XXII, 1961.

Nino Kakhashvili Symbol of “Freedom of Mountain” in Aleksandre Kazbegi’s Creative Work Summary When you look through the creative work of Al. Kazbegi, from the first looking it becomes clear, that his sympathy is directed to Shamili and the mountaineer people’s who fought for freedom. The work makes clear that Al. Kazbegi represents us ideally the face of Shamily. For him Shamili is the symbol, personification of the action, where the fighting ideals of the writer found its most distinct realization. The lines dedicated for Shamili wrote by realistic style, in spite of determined tendency of the author. This work also makes clear that appearance of Imami described by the author is nearly complete into consideration to the description of Shamili – described by the eyewitness. In addition, in the article the speaking is about how gentle spirited person was Shamili described by Al. kazbegi and the strictness that had been expressing by him was necessary for the country’s prosperity. He attracted people not only by his appearance but also by his inner culture and perfect manners. There are indicated lots of facts for it’s ascertain as from the writer’s work also from the historical sources. It is in an acceptable for Al. Kazbegi Georgians’ participation in the battle that had been producing by Russia for invading the Caucasus. Al. Kazbegy tried to correct this historical mistake by the insertion of Shamili in the detached force of the representatives of Georgian Mountaineers – Koba and Ephkhia. The fact that it is true and the writer’s position is the result of well – interpreted and thanked, it asserted unambiguously by the conservation that takes place between the Georgian volunteer fights and Chechen patriots. When the literary work wrote, by this time, Shamili, had been already defeated, and the Caucasian People’s National – liberation fires had been already finished. However, the writer tried to determine for us correctly this orienteer, what would be the basis of Georgia’s liberation, and the writer done it by exposing the wrong dependence of the Georgian patriots of the time. Shamili, in Al. Kazbegy work is the ideal example of devoted heroes for Georgia. The main of expressing Shamili’s artistic face by such form, it is that the writer wanted to awoke the same aspiration for the knightly selflessness in the Georgians of this period.

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ilia _ 170 merab RaRaniZe ilia WavWavaZis òsmalos saqarTvelo~: erovnuli erTianobis koncefcia ilia WavWavaZis biografiaSi (1914) grigol yifSiZe (1856-1921) wers:

lazistanis interesi ki maSin amtydarma rus-osmalos omma gamoiwvia. am omma sxva imedebic aRZra, magram bolos im “imedisa didisa~ Zirs didi aRara darCa-ra. saintereso iyo JurnalSi [igulisxmeba: ìveria~] werilebi TviT iliasi. erTs maT Soris TviTonac gaixsenebda xolme aTasSi erTxel. iq gamoTqmulia, sxvaTa Soris, is azri, romelic Semdeg, sami-oTxi wlis ukan renanma ganmarta Tavis wignakSi: [`]ra aris eri[~]. werili gul-Tbilad aris dawerili, gaxsenebulia warsuli, roca mesxni da tao-klarjni CvenTan iyvnen Zmurad erTs ferxulSi Cabmulni da mesveurobdnen, pirvelobdnen kidec saqarTvelos kulturis aRorZinebaSi~ (yifSiZe 1987: 69). amis mohyveba mozrdili amonaweri xsenebuli werilidan, ris Semdegac ilias pirveli biografi ganagrZobs:

`renanis wignakis deda-azric es iyo. eris damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba arc erT tomobaa, arc erT sarwmunoeba, arc erT enianobao. erTis eris erad Semqmneli, erT erad gardamqcevi saerTo warsulia, im warsulSi gamovlili Wiri da lxiniao~ (yifSiZe 1987: 70). rogorc grigol yifSiZis mier moyvanili citatidan dasturdeba, avtori gulisxmobs publicistur werils “osmalos saqarTvelo”, romelic anonimurad gamoqveynda 1877 wels yovelkvireuli “iveriis” me-9 nomerSi (cenzuris nebarTva gacemulia im wlis 28 aprils). pirvel yovlisa, unda ganisazRvros, ra uwyebas gvawvdis ilias biografi am teqstis Sesaxeb? a) atribucia: anonimurad gamoqveynebuli teqstis avtoria ilia WavWavaZe1; b) istoriuli garemo: teqsti ganapiroba ruseT-TurqeTis omma (1877-1878) da masTan dakavSirebulma imedebma qarTvelTa Soris, rac gulisxmobs osmaleTis SemadgenlobaSi myof qarTul miwaTa dabrunebas2; g) avtorismieri damokidebuleba: sakuTar teqsts ilia gamoarCevda _ “gaixsenebda xolme”, e. i. mniSvnelovnad miaCnda da daimowmebda; d) Sinaarsi: samcxisa da tao-klarjeTis mkvidr qarTvelTa monawileoba mTliani qarTvelobis adrindel istoriul, saxelmwifoebriv da kulturul cxovrebaSi, romlebic erT dros “pirvelobdnen kidec kulturis aRorZinebaSi”; e) koncefcia: eris (= erovnuli mTlianobis) ganmsazRvreli niSani araa arc tomobrivoba, arc sarwmunoeba da arc ena, aramed istoriis erToba; v) evropuli inteleqtualuri konteqsti: teqstis koncefcia enaTesaveba ernest renanis Semdgomdroindel koncefcias eris Sesaxeb. ra Tqma unda, werilis arsis gasagebad yvelaze mniSvnelovani am CamonaTvalidan ilias koncefciis yifSiZiseuli interpretaciaa (renanTan mimarTebaSi), magram mis gasaazreblad da misi adekvaturobis Sesafaseblad, pirvel yovlisa, im citatis wakiTxvaa aucilebeli, romelic biografs mohyavs. es citata amgvaria3:

`yoveli eri Tvisis istoriiT suldgmulobs. igia saganZe, saca eri poulobs Tvisis sulis Rones, Tvisis sulis bgeras, Tvis zneobiTs da gonebiTs aRmatebulebas, Tvis 1

2

3

saxelwodebiT òsmalos saqarTvelo~ im xanebSi ìveriaSi~ cxra teqsti gamoqveynda, magram teqstologebi iliaseulad mxolod am erT maTgans miiCneven. teqstis atribuciis Sesaxeb ix. WavWavaZe 1955: 395-397; WavWavaZe 1997: 616-617. ilias damokidebulebis Sesaxeb ruseT-TurqeTis omis, masSi qarTvelTa monawileobisa da misi meSveobiT qarTul miwaTa dabrunebis mimarT ix. ingoroyva 1957: 128-133. teqsti mogvyavs ilias akademiuri octomeulis mixedviT, radgan yifSiZiseuli damowmeba oriod adgilas ramdenadme gansxvavdeba misgan metad arsebiTi cnebebis mowodebisas: `yoveli eri Tvisis istoriiT

suldgmulobs. igia saganZe, saca eri poulobs Tvisis sulis Rones, Tvisis gulis bgeras, Tvisis zneobiTs da gonebiTs aRmatebulebas, Tvis vinaobas, Tvis TviTebas. Cvenis fiqriT, arc erToba enisa, arc erToba sarwmunoebisa da gvartomobisa ise ar SeamsWvalebs xolme adamianT erTmaneTTan, rogorc erToba istoriisa. eri erTis Rvawlis damdebi, erTs istoriuls uRelSi bmuli, erTad mebrZoli, erTsa da imave Wirsa da lxinSi gamotarebuli erTsulobiT, erTgulobiT, Zlieria~ (yifSiZe 1987: 70-71, _ gansxvavebani xazgasmulia; Sdr. WavWavaZe 1955: 9)

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vinaobas, Tvis Tvisebas. Cvenis fiqriT, arc erToba enisa, arc erToba sarwmunoebisa da gvartomobisa ise ar SeamsWvalebs xolme adamians erTmaneTTan, rogorc erToba istoriisa. eri, erTis Rvawlis damdebi, erTs istoriuls uRelSi bmuli, erTad mebrZoli, erTsa da imave Wirsa da lxinSi gamotarebuli _ erTsulobiT, erTgulobiT, Zlieria~ (WavWavaZe 1997: 56). yifSiZis mier am monakveTis moyvana savsebiT bunebrivia: is ara marto iwyebs iliaseul werils, aramed mis mTavar saTqmelsac gamoxatavs. mainc ra aris es saTqmeli? ilias miaCnia, rom Tavisi istoria ers aniWebs: a) `sulis Rones~: sulier Zalas, gamZleobas, moqmedebis unars; b) `sulis bgeras~: Sinagan tonalobas, cxovrebis Sidastils, Sinagan gancdas; g) `zneobiTs da gonebiTs aRmatebulebas~: moraluri da inteleqtualuri zrdis, ganviTarebis, amaRlebis unars; d) `vinaobas~: identurobas, TviTobas, erovnul meobas, _ imas, rac mas sxva erebisagan gamoarCevs; e) `Tvisebas~: erovnul xasiaTs, Taviseburebebs, znes. yvela am niSnis Camoyalibebas eris gamoxatulebaSi ganapirobebs istoria, xolo am niSnebis erToblioba anu is saganZuri, saidanac eri Tavisi cxovrebiseuli ganviTarebisas sazrdoobs, istoriaa. rogorc ilias miaCnia, eris erTianobisaTvis saerTo istoriis mniSvnelobas ver Seedreba verc enis, verc sarwmunoebis, verc gvartomobis (= sisxlismieri) erToba. adamianebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs _ da erad kravs! _ swored erTad gavlili istoria Tavisi WiriTa da lxiniT, Tavisi damarcxebebiTa da warmatebebiT. ilias azriT, veraferi CamonakvTavs ise adamianTa kavSirs erad, rogorc istoria. da kidev: marTalia, eris darRveul nawilTa Soris mainc yovelTvis arsebobs makavSirebeli iracionaluri swrafva (ìdumali SemsWvaluleba, idumali mimzidveloba”), magram erTianobis Sesustebuli grZnobis gasaRviveblad isev aucilebelia, `raTa ifeTqos, iWeqos daZinebulma istoriam~ (56)∗. amgvari SemTxvevebi dros moaqvs da erT amgvar SemTxvevad ilias osmalos saqarTvelos mTlian saqarTvelosTan SeerTebis SesaZlebloba miaCnia (rac ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris 1877 wels gaCaRebulma omma moitana), xolo am garemoebaSi ki kidev erTxel gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba istoriul erTobas, Tumca arc sisxlismieri da arc enismieri erTobaa daviwyebuli (`garda imisa, rom Cven varT erTis sisxlisa da xorcisani, erTisa da imave eniT molaparakeni, erTi istoriaca gvqonia~ _ 56). teqstSi aq pirveladaa dadasturebuli erTi eris am orad gaxleCili nawilis sisxlisa da enis erToba, xolo ramdenime striqonis Semdeg naxsenebi iqneba sarwmunoebac, oRond ara rogorc erTianobis erT-erTi safuZveli (rac SeuZlebeli iyo, radgan osmalos saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi Tanamemamuleni, ilias cnobiT, imjerad erTianad muslimebi iyvnen, rasac teqstis bolo nawilSi daeTmoba yuradReba), aramed rogorc adreuli nimuSi istoriuli erTobisa: sazRvarsaqeTa Tu sazRvarsiqiTa qarTvelebi erT dros, sxva RirebebulebTan (swavla-ganaTleba, erTmmarTveloba) Tanabrad, sarwmunoebisaTvisac _ qristianuli sarwmunoebisaTvis _ mxardamxar da erTad ibrZodnen:

ìs saqarTvelos nawili, romelic dRes osmalos xelSia, medgrad ibrZoda Cvenis sarwmunoebis, ganaTlebis, erT-mTavrobis dadginebisaTvis~ (57). qristianobis Tema Semdgom isev Cndeba teqstSi, rogorc qveynis saerTo istoriaSi samxreT saqarTvelos pirvelobisa da mewinaveobis niSani: `pirvelad qristianobam iq, samcxe-

klarjeTSi moikida fexi andria mociqulis moZRvrebiTa, maSin rodesac qarTl-kaxeTSi jer kidev kerpmsaxureba sufevda~ (57). imJamindeli dapirispirebac qarTlsa da samcxe-klarjeTs Soris mxolod sarwmunoebrivi yofila: kerpTayvanismcemelma mefe aderkim `saSineli brZola autexa samcxe-klarjeTs, magram samcxe-klarjeTSi qristianoba aramc Tu moispo, piriqiT ufro gavrcelda da damkvidrda jer isev wminda ninos mosvlamde~ (57). amdenad, Tu qarTlSi qristianobis gavrceleba wmida ninos saxels ukavSirdeba, samcxesa da klarjeTSi axal sarwmunoebas _ saukuneebiT adre _ wmida andria mociquli udebs saTaves. sxvaTa Soris, RirsSesaniSnavia, rom Tavis am werilSi ilia saqarTvelos warsulis mimoxilvas, faqtobrivad, qveyanaSi qristianobis SemosvliT iwyebs (amjerad yuradRebis miRma davtovoT ilias am istoriuli mimoxilvis sizuste da wyaroebi, rac imdroindeli saistorio codniTaa ganpirobebuli, Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom Tundac mwerlis istoriuli koncefcia, Tundac mis mier mowodebuli faqtobrivi cnobebi didad sakamaTod arc dRevandeli gadasaxedidan Cans). yuradsaRebia, agreTve, rom erovnuli erTianobis wadilis gamovlinebad da miRwevad ilia miiCnevs 586 wels qarTveli (da ukve aRara berZeni) kaTalikozis aRsaydrebas da qarTul miwebze misi samRvdelmTavaro uzenaesobis aRiarebas, Tumca mwerals es faqti amgvari swrafvis mainc paliativur formad miaCnia: àmgvarad mTelis saqarTvelos erTobis wadils cotad Tu bevrad kmayofileba mieca, sulierad mainc, Tu ar xorcielad~ (57). erovnuli ∗

Semdgom gverdebi miTiTebulia wignis dausaxeleblad, _ igulisxmeba Semdegi gamocema: WavWavaZe 1997.

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erTobis gadamwyvet gamovlinebad ufro metad qarTul mxareTa saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebaa miCneuli, rac nel-nela xorcieldeboda kidec, gansakuTrebiT, artanujeli bagrationebis meTaveobiT. erTianobis impulsi isev klarjeTidan modioda! aq ilia kidev erTxel ixsenebs qristianobis dacvisaTvis samxrel qarTvelTa Rvawls: roca arabebis mier qarTul miwaTa dapyrobis Semdeg dampyroblebi qarTvelTa Soris islamis gavrcelebas cdilobdnen, èxlandeli osmaleTis saqarTvelo qristianobisaTvis iRwvoda bagrationebis meTaurobiTa da winamZRomelobiTa~ (58). am konteqstidan ar mJRavndeba, niSnavs Tu ara am SemTxvevaSi qristianobisaTvis brZola qarTvelobis SenarCunebisaTvis brZolas (rac XIX saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli sazogadoebrivi cnobierebisaTvis sruliad bunebrivad Cans!): Tu am gabrZolebas religiuri Sinaarsi hqonda, maSin ramdenime saukunis Semdeg isev amgvari Semoteva _ amjerad ara arabebis, aramed osmaloTa mxriv _ iqaur qarTvelTa Soris qristianobis damarcxebiT damTavrebula (radgan im mxareSi swored islamma gaimarjva), xolo Tu es iyo brZola qarTvelobis SesanarCuneblad, maSin osmalos qarTvelebs, sarwmunoebis dakargvis miuxedavad, qarTveloba mainc mtkiced SeunarCunebiaT, rasac ilia amave teqstSi _ oriod gverdis Semdeg _ ueWvelobiT aRniSnavs da adasturebs. Semdgom ilia mimoixilavs am mxaris Rvawls qarTuli qristianuli kulturis CamoyalibebaSi, raSic igi gulisxmobs mis mier moxseniebul qristianuli arqiteqturuli Zeglebis aRmSeneblobas, swavla-ganaTlebas, qristianuli literaturis Targmnas1. amas garda, Rirebuladaa miCneuli saganmanaTleblo urTierTobani saberZneTTan da isev araa daviwyebuli samxrel qarTvelTa Rvawli qristianobis dasacavad da gasaZliereblad, oRond amjerad ara brZolis velze, aramed sulier keraTa meSveobiT: `qristianobis ganmtkicebisaTvis awesebdnen monastrebs~, magram iqve, sagangebodaa aRniSnuli am monastrebis saero-samoqalaqo daniSnulebac: `romlebSic ymawvilebisaTvis saswavlebelT marTavdnen~ (58). amave dros, naCvenebia ori religiis dapirispireba inteleqtualur asparezze (`rodesac

tfilissa da garSemo adgilebSi arabebi mahmadianobis gavrcelebas mecadineobdnen Tavisi arabulis wignebis meSveobiTa~... _ 58) da amjeradac qarTvel qristianTa sulierinteleqtualuri saqmianobis sarbieli isev samcxe-klarjeTia. ilia, agreTve, yuradRebas uTmobs samcxis saero kulturas, ris erTaderT, magram mTavar dasturadac igi moixseniebs `vefxistyaosnis~ avtors, romelic, mwerlis TvalsazrisiT (da tradiciuli SexedulebiT), ìm mxris kaci iyo~ (58), radgan `rusTavis daba, romelsac Tavis samSoblod ixseniebs rusTaveli, samcxe-saaTabagoSia~ (58). qarTuli cnobierebis, erovnuli tradiciisa da kulturis centraluri teqstic2 am mxareSi warmoSobila! ilias miaCnia, rom rac ki Zvel saqarTveloSi Rirebulad miCneula adamianuri moRvaweobis mxriv _ `swavla, ganaTleba, mamulisaTvis Tavgametebuli siyvaruli~ (58) _ misi akvanic da samarec samxreT saqarTveloSi yofila. amdenad, kulturuli erToba (sakuTari qveynisadmi emociuri damokidebulebis gverdiT) erovnuli erTianobis erTi umTavresi gamovlinebaa, _ saxelmwifoebriv, religiur, strategiul erTobasTan erTad, rac mTlianobaSi qmnis swored erovnuli erTianobisaTvis gadamwyvet da ganmapirobebel istoriis erTobas. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi daSlisa da samxreT saqarTvelos calke gamoyofis Semdeg SesamCnevi bzari gauCnda am saukunovan erovnul erTianobas, magram karga xans mainc SenarCunebuli iyo sarwmunoebrivi erToba, radgan es kuTxe jer isev qristianobis myar simagred rCeboda: `1625 wlamde samcxe-saaTabagos mTavrebs mtkiced epyraT qristianoba~ (59), da am SemTxvevaSi sarwmunoebis erTguleba erovnuli TviTobis erTgulebis Tanabrad warmoCindeba: òsmalebma ver daakles ra verc sarwmunoebasa, verc qarTvelobis gvartomobasa~ (59), Tumca teqstis am monakveTSi sarwmunoeba da erovneba mkafiodaa gamijnuli erTmaneTisagan. raki samcxe-saaTabagos saxelmwifoebrivad calke gamoyofis Semdegac iqauri qarTvelebi, rogorc aRiniSna, isev inarCuneben qarTvelobas, es imas metyvelebs, rom saxelmwifoebrivi erTobis daSla ver Slis erovnuli erTianobis Segnebas. magram momdevno xanaSi iwyeba sarwmunoebrivi erTobis daSlac, _ iwyeba samcxesaaTabagos TandaTanobiTi gamuslimebis procesi: ìq darCenilTa miaRebines mahmadianoba, zogs ZaldatanebiTa, zogs motyuebiTa da macdurobiTa~ (59). iqaurobis imJamindeli saerTo religiuri suraTi ki ilias mier amgvaradaa daxatuli: `samRvdeloni da episkopozni

moswyvites, saydrebi dasZarcves, da yoveli samRTo-saero wignebi cecxls mihsces. Cveni moZme qristiani xalxi darCa uwinamZRvrod, umoZRvrod, ueklesiod da sasowarkveTili, mwared daCagruli, uwyalod devnuli da ganadgurebuli, nel-nelad mieca mahmadianobasa~ (59). 1

2

sxvaTa Soris, ilia aRniSnavs, rom `samcxe-klarjeTis qarTvelni samRTo da saero wignebs qristianobisas hsTargmnidnen~ (58), rac imas metyvelebs, rom ilia qristianul literaturaSi CarTavs rogorc sakraluri Sinaarsis teqstebs, ise saero, oRond qristianuli mimarTulebis, qristianuli suliskveTebis teqstebs, magram maT, amave dros, erTmaneTisagan mijnavs kidec, rac _ erTica da meorec _ meTodologiurad sruliad gamarTlebuli da, albaT, gacnobierebuli midgomaa. Sdr. `glaxis naambobi~: ès wigni aris qarTvelebis gulis saunje~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 160).

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Tumca ilias cnobiT, zog samxrel qarTvels mainc SeunarCunebia farulad qristianoba, da xandaxan imasac ki axerxeben, rom Svilebi mosanaTlavad qarTlSi gadmoiyvanon, anda isev idumalad jvari daiweron (59). (rogorc Cans, arc iliam da arc qarTvelma sazogadoebam imJamad jer ar icoda, rom marTalia, samcxeSi gauCinarda aRmosavlur-bizantiuri eklesiis kvali, magram osmaleTis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCenil samxreT saqarTvelos miwebze mcxovrebTa didi wili mtkiced inarCunebda kaTolikur sarwmunoebas da adgilobriv, Tavis samkvidroSi, wesisamebr misdevda saeklesio cxovrebas1.) magram metad mniSvnelovania, rom aq teqstSi gamoCndeba Tema istoriuli xsovnisa, rac Taobebs Soris, winaprebTan, tradiciasTan kavSirs ganapirobebs da rac mexsierebismieri aqtualobis saxiT jer isev arsebobs. am xsovnas ki ueWveli Rirebuleba aqvs, radgan is erovnuli erTianobis ara marto warsuli sayrdenia, aramed momavali mTlianobis SesaZlo saZirkvelic. Tu realur sinamdvileSi sarwmunoebrivi tradiciis wyveta Tvalxilulia, istoriul xsovnaSi _ rogorc xelmisawvdomi faqti _ is isev cocxlad arsebobs. amis Sesaxeb ilia ase wers: `dResac ician iqaurma qarTvelebma, rom zogis deda, zogis mama, papa jer kidev maTs xsovnaSi qristianebi yofilan~ (59). raki aRmoCnda, rom, saxelmwifoebrivi daSorebis garda, osmalos saqarTveloSi mcxovrebTa udidesi nawili sarwmunoebrivadac dascilda danarCen saqarTveloSi mcxovrebT, bunebrivia, wamoiWreba sakiTxi: SeZlebs Tu ara eris es ori gayofili nawili _ erTmaneTTan xelaxali SeerTebis Semdeg _ erovnuli erTianobis safuZvlis mopovebas? am sakiTxs ilia mkafiod upasuxebs, da es pasuxi dadebiTia! es dasayrdeni ki, ilias TvalsazrisiT, saerTo istoriaa, istoriuli erToba, _ erovnuli cnobierebis is xsovnismieri memkvidreoba, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi sazRvarsaqeTa da sazRvarsiqiTa qarTvelnic iyvnen èrTad sisxlis mRvrelni, erTad Rvawlis damdebni, erTad tanjulni da erTad molxineni~ (60). rac Seexeba eris or nawils Soris sarwmunoebriv gansxvavebas, aris da iqneba Tu ara is xelisSemSleli dabrkoleba erovnuli erTianobisaTvis? SeZlebs Tu ara qarTvelobis qristiani umravlesoba qarTvelobis im nawilis SeTavsebas, romelic islams aRiarebs? sakiTxi mwvavea da XIX-XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi analogiurma mdgomareobam msoflios sxvadasxva mxareSi araTu erovnuli erTianoba, aramed mravali gadauWreli da sisxliani konfliqti warmoSva (saxeldaxelod gasaxseneblad indoeT-pakistanis damokidebulebis magaliTic kmara: muslimi indoelebi emijnebian indoeTs da brZoliT qmnian TavianT saxelmwifos _ pakistans, romelic aTwleulebis manZilze mtrul urTierTobaSia Tavis dedasamSoblosTan; anda SeuZlebelia imis daviwyeba, Tu saqarTvelosTvis ufro axlos, bizantiur samyaroSi, rogor gaemijnen balkaneli muslimi bosnielebi qristian serbebsa da xorvatebs). ilias miaCnia, rom sarwmunoebrivi gansxvaveba araviTar saSiSroebas ar warmoadgens erovnuli erTianobisaTvis, da misi argumentebi isev istoriulia: `sarwmunoebis

sxvadasxvaoba Cven ar gvaSinebs. qarTvelma, Tavisis sarwmunoebisaTvis jvarcmulma2, icis pativi sxvis sarwmunoebisac. amitomac Cvens istoriaSi ar aris magaliTi, rom qarTvels survebiyos odesme sxvisa sarwmunoebis daCagvra da devna~ (60), magaliTad ki ilia

saqarTveloSi mcxovreb gansxvavebuli konfesiis mimdevrebs _ somxebs, ebraelebsa da muslimebs imowmebs, romlebic, saukuneebis manZilze swored saqarTveloSi poulobdnen, mwerliseuli gamoTqmiT, `sinidisis Tavisuflebasa~ (60). swored am `sinidisis~ xelSeuxeblobas anu srul konfesiur SeuzRudvelobas pirdeba ilia qarTveli sazogadoebis saxeliT muslim Zmebs, òRond movides kvlav is bednieri dRe, rom Cven erTmaneTs kidev SevuerTdeT, erTmaneTi viZmoT~ (60). ra daskvnebi SegviZlia da unda gavakeToT am mcire zomis, magram umniSvnelovanesi teqstidan, sadac ilia mkafiod ayalibebs erovnuli erTianobis sakuTar koncefcias? rogorc naTlad Cans, ilia am erTianobis safuZvels istoriul erTobaSi xedavs da TviT im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki erovnuli mTlianoba nawilebad daiSala, xolo es nawilebi moswyda erTmaneTs da maT Soris aRar arsebobs aRarc saxelmwifoebrivi, aRarc enobrivi, aRarc sarwmunoebrivi erToba, maSinac ki is duRabi, rac eris TviT am gaxleCil nawilebsac aerTebs, aris istoriis saerTo grZnoba. xolo Tu am erToblivi istoriuli msvlelobis Jams am nawilebs erTnairi, erTi sarwmunoeba hqoniaT, es xelisSemwyobi safanelia saerTo istoriis gancdisaTvis, magram Semdgomi xanis mier motanili sarwmunoebrivi gansxvaveba aramc da aramc ar iqceva xelisSemSlel dabrkolebad erovnuli erTianobis SesanarCuneblad. amdenad, sarwmunoebrivi erTobis ganmsazRvreli Zala danaxulia isev istoriuli da ara religiuri Tvalsawieridan. ilias amgvari pozicia uCveulod ar Cans, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, erTi mxriv, epoqisa da garemos sekularul damokidebulebas sarwmunoebis mimarT (sxvaTa Soris, isic aRsaniSnavia, 1

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zaqaria WiWinaZis mravali narkvevi am Temaze mxolod 1890-iani wlebidan ibeWdeba, xolo fundamenturi wyaroebi samxreT saqarTveloSi kaTolikuri sarwmunoebis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb kidev ufro mogvianebiT gamoqveynda (TamaraSvili 1902: 410 Smd.; Sdr. lomsaZe 1979). Sdr. àCrdili~: `qarTvlis samkvidrov, [...] jvarcmulis RvTisTvis TviT jvarcmulo da wamebulo~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 193).

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rom qveynis istoriis mokle mimoxilvisas qristianuli saqarTvelos istoriuli movlenebic ilias mier umTavresad sekularuli poziciidan aris mowodebuli)1, xolo, meore mxriv, aRmosavluri saqristianosaTvis damaxasiaTebel sarwmunoebisa da erovnebis faqtobriv identifikacias, sadac erovnuli Rirebulebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi Znelad Tu imijneba sarwmunoebrivi Rirebulebebisagan. ilias TvalsazrisiT, sarwmunoebisa da erovnebis amgvari ganuyoflobaa Senaxuli eris istoriul mexsierebaSi, xolo istoriuli mexsierebis swored es saganZuri warmoadgens erovnuli erTianobis balavars. erTmaneTisagan saxelmwifoebrivad gaxleCili qarTvelobis odindel saerTo istoriaSi, im istoriuli erTobis saunjeSi, rac, ilias azriT, erovnuli erTianobis ganmapirobebeli safuZvelia, sarwmunoebrivi erTobac moipoveba, Tumca am konteqstSi qristianoba aRqmulia ara rogorc cocxali sinamdvile, aramed rogorc istoriuli memkvidreobis wauSleli da gauuqmebeli Semadgeneli nawili. isic unda iTqvas, rom marTalia, òsmalos saqarTveloSi~ erovnuli erTianobis upirates safuZvlad ilia erTmniSvnelovnad istoriis erTobas miiCnevs da, Tu ar gamoricxavs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, nakleb Rirebulebas aniWebs enasac, sarwmunoebasac, sisxlismier naTesaobasac (àrc erToba enisa, arc erToba sarwmunoebisa da gvartomobisa ise ar SeamsWvalebs xolme adamians erTmaneTTan, rogorc erToba istoriisa~ _ 56), magram mis sxva teqstebSi Zireuli mniSvneloba eniWeba enas. magaliTad, 1881 wlis martis `Sinaur mimoxilvaSi~ igi wers: àrsebiTi niSani erovnebisa, misi guli da suli enaa~ (WavWavaZe 1997: 452)2. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom amave mimoxilvaSi ilia erTmaneTisagan mijnavs eris erTianobis sakiTxs mravalerovani saxelmwifos erTianobis sakiTxisagan, xolo am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi mas miaCnia, rom araTu sarwmunoeba, TviT enac ki ar warmoadgens saxelmwifoebrivi erTianobis arc dasayrdens da arc aucileblobas:

ìyo dro, roca fiqrobdnen, rom iq, saca erTi da imave saxelmwifos erni sxvadasxva wesiT adideben RmerTsa, erToba saxelmwifosi ver ixeirebso da dairRvevao. reformaciam daamtkica, rom eg azri marto umecrebis nayofia [...] mova dro, da gvgonia _ didi xnis lodinic ar mogvindes, rom enis Sesaxebac imas ityvian, rasac exla rjulis Sesaxeb brmanica da Tvalxilulnic amboben erTad~ (WavWavaZe 1997: 453). rogorc cxadad Cans, arc mravalerovani saxelmwifos erTianobisaTvis, arc erTi eris erTianobisaTvis ilia gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas ar aniWebda sarwmunoebriv erTobas (mravalenovani saxelmwifos axlo momavlis perspeqtivaSi ki _ arc enobriv erTobas). xom ar upirispirdeba erovnuli erTianobis iliaseuli es koncefcia, _ Camoyalibebuli Tundac 1877 wlis òsmalos saqarTveloSi~, Tundac 1881 wlis “Sinaur mimoxilvaSi”, _ erovnul faseulobaTa dResdReobiT farTod cnobil im samwevrian nusxas, romelic mweralma Tavis adreul kritikul gamoxmaurebaSi SesTavaza mkiTxvels? 1860 wels Tavis pirvel nabeWd werilSi òriode sityva Tavad revaz Salvas Zis erisTavis kazlovidgan `SeSlilis~Targmanzeda~ 23 wlis ilia WavWavaZe werda:

`sami RvTaebrivi saunje dagvrCa mama-papaTagan: mamuli, ena da sarwmunoeba. Tu amaTac ar vupatroneT, ra kacebi viqnebiT, ra pasuxs gavscemT STamomavlobas?~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 31). magram es sameuli mas araTu ar ganuxilavs, aRarasodes aRarc mihbrunebia mas Tavis mravalricxovan nawerebSi da, miT umetes, arasodes uqcevia is an sakuTar, an qveynisa da eris samoqmedo lozungad3. sayuradReboa, rom am samerTiani CamonaTvalisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis miniWeba azrad ar mosvlia ilias arc erT Tanamedroves, arc erT mis Tanamoazres, arc erT mis biografs4! am ueWvel sinamdviles mkafiod adasturebs “iveriis” redaqtoris iseTi axlo TanamSromelic, rogoric iyo grigol yifSiZe, romelic ilias Tavis vrcel biografiaSi erTxelac arsad axsenebs am sameuls. 1

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3

4

Sdr. zurab kiknaZe: `TavisTavad rwmena, rasac ilia sarwmunoebas uwodebda, rogorc wminda religiuri gancda,

yvelaze naklebad iyo misTvis aqtualuri, mis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi naklebad CarTuli. sarwmunoeba misTvis iyo istoriuli kategoria, rogorc ganviTarebis erT-erTi faqtori, magram ara egzistencialuri momenti adamianTa da eris cxovrebaSi~ (kiknaZe 2006: 50). iakob mansvetaSvilic Tavis mogonebebSi ase gadmoscems ilias sityvebs, sadac gansakuTrebiT aRiniSneba enis mniSvneloba swored erovnul erTianobasTan dakavSirebiT: èna aris deda boZi saqarTvelos erTianobisa,

mTlianobisa da Tu es deda boZi gamovacaleT, [...] Cveni mSobeli qveyana, Cveni saqarTvelo ganadgurdeba, ganiavdeba deda-miwis zurgzeo~(mansvetaSvili 1985: 74). Sdr. zurab kiknaZe: ès triada erTaderTxel gaaxmiana sruliad axalgazrda ilia WavWavaZem da SemdgomSi igi aRarasodes gaumeorebia. garda amisa, gavixsenoT konteqsti [...]. avtori aq ar saubrobs arc sazogadoebis mowyobaze da arc garkveul droze gaTvlil (an, miT umetes, zedroul, yvela epoqaSi gamosadeg) samoqmedo programaze. es aris, ubralod, qarTvelobis gamaerTianebeli faseulobebis CamonaTvali. ase rom, [...] ar unda vifiqroT, TiTqos igi iliasaTvis uryev princips an samoqmedo gegmas warmoadgenda~ (diskusia 2006: 17; Sdr. kiknaZe 2006: 28-52). ix. Tundac iona meunargias sityvebi ilias Sesaxeb: `mas Canergoda gulSi mamulisa da enis siyvaruli~ (meunargia 1987: 490).

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ilias arasodes auxsnia, Tu ras gulisxmobda, roca ymawvilkacobis droindel werilSi erovnul RirebulebaTa Soris gamoyofda `sam RvTaebriv saunjes~: mamuls, enasa da sarwmunoebas1, _ ra Sinaarssa da mniSvnelobas aniWebda maT an cal-calke an erTad, _ magram man mogvianebiT vrclad daasabuTa Tvalsazrisi, rom erovnuli erTianobis saZirkvels istoriuli erToba warmoadgens, xolo rac Seexeba sarwmunoebriv gansxvavebas, man is xelisSemSlel dabrkolebad ar miiCnia arc erovnuli da, miT umetes, arc saxelmwifoebrivi erTianobisaTvis. rogorc Cans, erovnuli erTianobis met-naklebad msgavs koncefcias iziarebda iakob gogebaSvilic: Tavis fundamentur teqstSi `burji erovnebisa~ (1890) mas ara imdenad sarwmunoeba, ramdenadac ena da erovneba (= erovnuli TviTSegneba) miaCnda erovnuli TviTobis ganmsazRvrel maxasiaTeblad. sxvaTa Soris, konteqsti, sadac igi Tavis am Tvalsazriss gamoTqvams, igivea, rac iliaseul òsmalos saqarTveloSi~, _ sakiTxi isev samxrel muslim qarTvelebs Seexeba:

`marTalia, aWarelebmac sarwmunoeba Seicvales, magram enasa da erovnebas ar uRalates da TaviT fexebamdis darCnen qarTvelebad~ (gogebaSvili 1990: 35). gogebaSvili mkafiod acxadebs, rom aWarlebi sruli qarTvelebi arian rame danaklisis gareSe, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini im sarwmunoebas ar misdeven, romelsac qarTvelobis umravlesoba aRiarebs. amave dros, mniSvnelovania, rom igi maTgan ganasxvavebs SavSelebsa da eruSelebs, romlebmac

`Zala-uneburad uRalates erovnebas da deda-enas, gascvales igi osmalurs enazed da Cveulebazed~ (gogebaSvili 1990: 34). es gamonaTqvami konceptualurad didad ar gansxvavdeba zemore moyvanili gamonaTqvamisagan (_ aWarelTa Sesaxeb), magram, rogorc Cans, am SemTxvevaSi erovnul Tvisebas (da mis dakargvas!), gogebaSvilis azriT, gansazRvravs ena da tradicia (`Cveuleba~). ilia WavWavaZis òsmalos saqarTvelos~ daweridan Svidi aTeuli wlis Semdeg, roca XX saukunis SuaxanebSi meore msoflio omis damTavrebis Sedegad gaCenili politikuri koniunqtura warmoSobs TurqeTis saqarTvelos (zemo qarTlis) teritoriebis saqarTvelos sabWoTa respublikisaTvis SemoerTebis imedebs, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi kalistrate cincaZe mimarTavs tao-klarjeTis qarTvel mcxovrebT (`saqarTvelos sakaTalikozos zemo qarTlis eparqiebisaTvis~)2, moemzadon dedasamSoblosTan Sesarwymelad,

`raTa sisxliTa da xorciT SekavSirebulma adamianebma moiyaron Tavi mSobliur miwa-wyalze~ (vardosaniZe 2001: 193). saqarTvelos sapatriarqos meTauri qarTvelobis gaxleCil nawilTa erTianobis safuZvlad kulturul erTobas miiCnevs da yuradRebas miapyobs, rom TurqeTis saqarTvelo ìs mxarea, sadac dairwa qarTuli kulturis akvani~ da, `Tu raime mogvagonebs im qarTvelobas, es didebul taZarTa nangrevebia...~ (iqve). mimarTva mTavrdeba dapirebiT, rom saqarTvelosTan gaerTianebis Semdeg aravin Seexeba muslim qarTvelTa sarwmunoebas da aravin aiZulebs maT, uaryon islami (iqve)3. sxvaTa Soris, am ori teqstis TiTo konkretuli monakveTis stilisturi siaxlove, _ gacnobierebuli Tu gaucnobierebeli gamoxmaureba, _ amZafrebs istoriul-faqtobriv kontrasts: òsmalos saqarTvelo~: [samxrel qarTvelebs] “miaRebines mahmadianoba, zogs ZaldatanebiTa, zogs motyuebiTa da macdurobiTa” (WavWavaZe 1997: 59); kaTolikos-patriarqis mimarTva: `Cven aRTqmas vdebT: gabriyvebiT, mzakvrobiTa da cdunebiT arcerTi muslimani ar iqneba gaqristianebuli~ (vardosaniZe 2001: 193).

patriarqis mimarTvis teqsti adasturebs ara oden iliaseuli ideuri memkvidreobiTobis SenarCunebasa da erTgulebas TviT komunisturi reJimis pirobebSi, aramed kidev erTxel imasac, rom Tavad saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelic ki, ilias erovnuli erTianobis koncefciis kalapotSi, erovnuli mTlianobis ideidan gamoricxavs sarwmunoebriv erTobas, xolo erovnuli erTianobis _ rogorc Cans _ erTaderT safuZvels igi kulturis erTobaSi xedavs.

1

Sdr. ivane abxazis sityvebi, gadmocemuli grigol orbelianis CanawerebSi `mgzavroba Cemi tfilisidam peterbuRamdis~: `Tavadni da aznaurni, romelTaca uyvardaT mamuli, sarwmunoeba, mefe...~ (orbeliani 1959: 172). 2 Sdr. papuaSvili 1986: 105. 3 Sdr. òsmalos saqarTvelo~: `qarTveli, Cvenda sasiqadulod, kvlav daumtkicebs qveyanasa, rom igi ar erCis adamianis sinidiss~ (60).

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dabolos: ra akavSirebs erovnuli erTianobis ilia WavWavaZiseul koncefcias ernest renanis erT gviandel naSromTan, romelTanac òsmalos saqarTvelos~ arapirdapir gadaZaxils miapyrobs yurs grigol yifSiZe. frangi pozitivisti filosofosisa da religiaTa istorikosis, erT dros metad saxelmoxveWili da sayovelTaod aRiarebuli ernest renanis (1823-1892) naSromi `ra aris eri?~ (`Qu’est-ce qu’une nation?~) faqtobrivad misi sajaro leqciaa, romelic man sorbonis universitetSi waikiTxa 1882 wlis 11 marts1 (sxvaTa Soris, renans ekuTvnis XIX saukuneSi daumsaxureblad farTod gavrcelebuli wigni ìesos cxovreba~, romelic mimarTulia qristianobis arsis winaaRmdeg da romelic pozitivisturi poziciidan afasebs ieso qristes pirovnebas, misiasa da moZRvrebas). renans miaCnia, rom èris arsia, individuumebs hqondeT bevri saerTo bevri ramis dasaviwyeblad~ (92), magram ras SeiZleba efuZnebodes es erTianoba? istoriulad eris erTianoba warmoiSoboda an dinastiis safuZvelze, an provinciaTa uSualo surviliT, an saerTo suliskveTebiT, daemarcxebinaT feodalizmis axirebebi (93), magram mainc, XVIII saukunemde erebis warmoSobis mTavari mamoZravebel-makavSirebeli muxti iyo dinastia. Tanamedrove xanaSi ki erovnuli TviToba SesaZloa eyrdnobodes: a) an rasas (magram renani ar iziarebs im Tvalsazriss, rom myari da mudmivi mxolod adamianTa rasebia da rom rasis ufleba pirveladia; mas amgvari Sexeduleba miuRebladac miaCnia da saxifaTodac, radgan Tanamedrove erebi TavisTavad arc erTgvarovanni arian da Tan rasis cnebas sxvadasxva Sinaarss aniWeben, erTi mxriv, anTropologebi da fiziologebi, romlebic sisxlismier naTesaobas gulisxmoben, xolo, meore mxriv, istorikosebi da filologebi, romelTaTvisac niSneulia enobrivi naTesaoba, _ ase nairgvarad gamijnuli rasobrivi dajgufebani ki ar emTxveva erTmaneTs; Sesabamisad, rasa nel-nela kargavs Tavis mniSvnelobas); b) an enas (Tumca renans miaCnia, rom adamianSi aris raRac, rac enaze maRla dgas: Tavad adamianis swrafva; xolo erovnuli politikis dafuZneba enaze niSnavs damokidebulebas filologiaze, iseve rogorc dafuZneba rasaze niSnavs damokidebulebas eTnografiaze; misi azriT, enasTan SedarebiT ufro mniSvnelovania kultura, radgan àdamiani gonieri da zneobrivi arsebaa... da igi sakuTar Tavs ama Tu im kulturas miakuTvnebs~ _ 98); g) an religias (magram, renanis azriT, religias ara aqvs sakmarisi safuZveli Tanamedrove erovnebaTa dasafuZneblad da ver SeakavSirebs erovnul mTlianobas, radgan

`Cven aRar gvyavs masebi, romelTac erTnairad swamT, _ yovels swams Taviseburad, rogorc SeuZlia, rogorc unda~, ris Sedegadac `religia gaxda sruliad individualuri~ _ 99); d) an interesTa erTobas (romelic frang filosofoss aseve ar miaCnia sakmaris pirobad eris Sesaqmnelad); e) an geografias (Tumca, renanis sityvebiT, `teritoria, iseve rogorc rasa, ar qmnis erebs~ da èri sulieri sawyisia, istoriis Rrma garTulebaTa Sedegi, sulieri ojaxi da ara jgufi, romelic ganpirobebulia zedapiris formiT~ _ 100). erovnuli erTianobis Sesaxeb am TvalsazrisTa ganxilvisa da miuReblobis Semdeg renani ayalibebs sakuTar koncefcias. mas miaCnia, rom ers mTlianobad warsuli da momavali kravs:

`Tu pirveli maTgani mogonebaTa mdidari memkvidreobis erToblivi flobaa, meore aris saerTo SeTanxmeba, survili, erToblivad icxovron, erToblivad gaagrZelon wilad xvdomili daunawilebeli memkvidreobiT sargebloba~ (100); èrovnebebi, rogorc individuumebi, Sedegia xangrZlivi Zalisxmevisa, msxverplisa da TviTSezRudvisa~ (100); `winaparTa kulti yvelaze kanonieria yvela kults Soris, _ Cven winaprebma gagvxades imgvarni, rogorebic amJamad varT~ (100); `gmiruli warsuli, didi adamianebi, dideba (magram namdvili) _ ai, mTavari kapitali, romelsac efuZneba erovnuli idea~ (100); `saerTo didebis qona warsulSi, saerTo swrafvani momavalSi diad qmedebaTa erTad Casadenad, maTi survili momavalSi _ ai, mTavari pirobebi erad yofnisaTvis~ (100); àmdenad, eri diadi solidarobaa, damyarebuli msxverplis grZnobaze, romelic ukve gaRebulia da romlis gaRebasac apireben momavalSi. eri gulisxmobs warsuls, magram awmyoSi is Sejamdeba xelSesaxebi faqtiT: esaa aSkarad gamoxatuli survili, gagrZeldes erToblivi cxovreba~ (101); `Cven gavaZeveT politikidan metafizikuri da Teologiuri abstraqciebi. ra rCeba amis Semdeg? rCeba adamiani, misi swrafvani, misi moTxovnilebani~ (101); `diadi Sejgufeba adamianebisa saRi azriTa da mgznebare guliT qmnis moralur cnobierebas, romelsac ewodeba eri~ (102). advilad ver vityviT, rom eris renaniseuli koncefcia, romelic gamoiTqva (an, ufro sworad, _ warmoiTqva) ilias teqstis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, _ ernest renanis `ra aris eri?~ xuTi wliT CamorCeba ilia WavWavaZis òsmalos saqarTvelos~, _ mTlianad emTxveodes erovnuli erTianobis iliaseul koncefcias, Tumca msgavsebanic SesamCnevia. gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis im poziciaze, sadac sisxlismieri naTesaobac (ese igi gvartomoba), enac da sarwmunoebac gamoricxulia eris warmomSob niSanTa wyebidan. magram SesamCnevia, rom ilia, 1

teqstis gverdebs wignis dausaxeleblad Semdgom mivuTiTebT im gamocemis mixedviT, romelsac, savaradod, icnobda da eyrdnoboda grigol yifSiZe (ix. renani 1902: 87-101).

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renanisagan gansxvavebiT, nakleb yuradRebas miapyrobs momavals rogorc eris erTianobis ganmsazRvrel niSans. mTavari mainc isaa, rom iq, sadac renani msjelobs erisaTvis saerTo istoriuli warsulis ganmapirobebeli mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, orive moazrovnis naTesaoba ueWvelia. ilias Tanamoazresa da mis pirvel biografs, grigol yifSiZes, uTuod hqonda safuZveli, amgvar naTesaobaze elaparaka, rac mis dakvirvebul da gamWriax mzeraze metyvelebs. sruliad bunebrivia, rom ilias publicisturi memkvidreobidan igi gansakuTrebiT gamoarCevs òsmalos saqarTvelos~; sruliad bunebrivia am mcire moculobis werilis mwerlis erT-erT fundamentur teqstad miCneva, sadac koncefcia erovnuli erTianobis Sesaxeb ase mkafiodaa Camoyalibebuli. damowmebani: gogebaSvili 1990: gogebaSvili i. rCeuli Txzulebani xuT tomad. t. II, Tb.: ganaTleba, 1990. diskusia 2006: `mamuli ena sarwmunoeba~: diskusia _ 17 dekemberi, 2002, saqarTvelo aTaswleulTa gasayarze. Tb.: arete, 2006. vardosaniZe 2001: vardosaniZe s. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia 1917-1952 wlebSi. Tb.: mecniereba, 2001. TamaraSvili 1902: TamaraSvili m. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris. tf.: 1902. ingoroyva 1957: ingoroyva p. ilia WavWavaZe: narkvevi. Tb.: saxelmw. gam-ba, 1957. kiknaZe 2006: kiknaZe z. ilias mamuli. saqarTvelo aTaswleulTa gasayarze. Tb.: arete, 2006. lomsaZe 1979: lomsaZe S. gviani Suasakuneebis saqarTvelos istoriidan; axalcixuri qronikebi. Tb.: mecniereba, 1979. mansvetaSvili 1985: mansvetaSvili i. mogonebebi: naxuli da gagonili. Tb.: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1985. meunargia 1987: meunargia i. [ilia WavWavaZe., ilia: mogonebebi gardasul dReTa. Tb.: merani, 1987. orbeliani 1959: orbeliani g. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. Tb.: sabWoTa mwerali, 1959. papuaSvili 1986: papuaSvili n. k. m. cincaZis cxovreba da mecnieruli memkvidreoba. mravalTavi: filologiur-istoriuli Ziebani, XIII, Tb.: mecniereba, 1986. renani 1902: Ренан Э. Собрание сочинений в 12-ти томах. Т.6. Киев, 1902. yifSiZe 1987: yifSiZe g. ilia WavWavaZe 1837-1907 (biografia). ilia: mogonebebi gardasul dReTa. Tb.: merani, 1987. WavWavaZe 1955: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. t. 4, Tb.: saxelmw. gam-ba, 1957. WavWavaZe 1987: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. tomi I, Tb.: mecniereba, 1987. WavWavaZe 1988: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. tomi II, Tb.: mecniereba, 1988. WavWavaZe 1997: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. tomi VI, Tb.: mecniereba, 1997.

Merab Ghaghanidze "Ottoman Georgia" by Ilia Chavchavadze: The Conseption of the National Unity The sociopolitical article "Ottoman Georgia" (1877) has a great importance among the literary heritage of Ilia Chavchavadze. It reflexes the hopes which appeared among the Georgian society during the RussoTurkish War and which were connected with the perspectives of returning the Georgian territories incorporated earlier in Ottoman Empire. Ilia Chavchavadze discusses in his article the problem of the national unity, very actual and acute in that period, as so much that the Georgians, living in Ottoman Empire, were Muslims. For Chavchavadze the religion difference is not the obstacle for the national unity. He considers that the dimension of the greatest importance for the national unity, first of all, is the historical unity. Ilia Chavchavadze’s view was shared by Iakob Gogebashvili and Kalistraté Tsintsadze who later also wrote on Georgian Muslims. Grigol Kipshidze, Chavchavadze’s first biografer, finds a lot in common between the conception of the national unity by Ilia Chavchavadze and conception of the nation by Ernest Renan. The study of the sources really shows the similarity between them in spite of that Renan’s article "What Is the Nation" was published five years later than Ilia Chavchavadze’s “Ottoman Georgia”.

rusudan kusraSvili poema àCrdilis~ SemoqmedebiTi istoriisaTvis

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didi ilias poemebi ricxobrivad arc ise bevria _ sul xuTi poema dawera, magram TiToeuli maTgani klasikur nawarmoebs warmoadgens da qarTuli mwerlobis Sedevrad CaiTvleba. ilia WavWavaZe dinji poeti iyo. werda nela da auCqareblad. iqamde nela, rom TiToeul poemas erTi wlidan ramdenime wels andomebda. Tanac yvela poema dawyebulia peterburgSi cxovrebis dros (1857-1861), garda poema `gandegilisa~, romelic saqarTveloSi Seiqmna (1883 w.), `ramdenime suraTi anu epizodi yaCaRis cxovrebidam~ (mkiTxveli mas mokled `kako yaCaRs~ uwodebs) daiwera peterburgSi 1860 wels. danarCeni sami poema poetma daiwyo peterburgSi da daamTavra saqarTveloSi: àCrdils~ werda 13 weli (1859-1872), xolo masze muSaobda 1892 wlamde. `qarTvlis dedas~ werda 11 weli (1860-1871), `dimitri Tavdadebulze~ ki muSaobas 17-18 weli moandoma (1860-1877, 1878). ilias poemebi teqstologiuri TvalsazrisiT metad saintereso suraTs iZleva. sainteresoa, rogor werda avtori am poemebs, rogor cvlida teqsts da rogor amuSavebda maT. saarqivo masalebisa da ilias sicocxlisdroindeli gamoqveynebuli wyaroebis Seswavlam gviCvena, rom ilia TiToeul poemaze Zalian bevrs fiqrobda, bevrs muSaobda. amis dasturia, pirvelyovlisa, is gadaxazuli sityvebi, strofebi da mTeli rigi adgilebi, maTze an maT gverdiT miwerili sanacvlo sityvebi, strofebi, romliTac dafarulia avtografebi. gvxvdeba sufTad gadawerili avtografebic, dasabeWdad gamzadebuli, es meordeboda gamoqveynebul teqstzedac. dabeWdvidan meored dabeWdvamde kvlav midioda muSaoba teqstis Secvlaze da a. S. am mxriv urTulesi Sroma aqvs Catarebuli poets poema àCrdilze~. aq ar SevudgebiT maT Teoriul analizs, amJamad es Cvens mizans ar warmoadgens. vityviT mxolod, rom es filosofiuri azrisa da Sinaarsis poema sxva poemebisagan gansxvavebiT damuxtulia erovnuli Tu patriotuli Zlieri emociebiT, rac gamorCeuls xdis mas qarTul poeziaSi. àCrdils~ ori redaqcia da 23 variantuli wyaro aqvs (igulisxmeba xelnaweri da nabeWdi wyaroebi). pirveli redaqcia srulia. aqvs Tavisi Sesavali da dasasruli. swored am redaqciiT daiwyo iliam poemis wera da daamTavra, rogorc TviTon wers, `26 ianvars, 1859-sa w.~. redaqcias, arcerTi Tavi ar aklia gansxvavebiT meore redaqciisagan, saTauris _ àCrdili~ _ qveS weria `ZRvna~, `ZRvnis~ teqstis bolos ki xelmoweraa ìlia WavWavaZe~. masSi Cans avtoris damokidebuleba poemisadmi, romelsac Tavis pirmSos uwodebs da mkiTxvels sTxovs, Seiyvaros igi, romelSic samSoblos sevdiT gamowveuli poetis didi tkivilia Caqsovili: ZRvna miiReT, Cemo megobrebo, pirmSo Ze Cemi, axlad Sobili, nugeSis da imedT momcemi! igi mogiTxrobT Cemsa tanjvas da Cemsa fiqrsa, ra mamis cremli zed atyvia loyebzed Svilsa. miiReT ZRvnaTa Tqven megobris laRi tirili, TamamaT moTqma misi, romelic aSinebs sxvasa; miiTviseT da SeiyvareT Cemi àCrdili~, eg mogagonebsT, megobrebo, Cem gulis wvasa. (WavWavaZe)

amas Semdeg mosdevs isev saTauri àCrdili~ da iwyeba poema, romelsac wamZRvarebuli aqvs epigrafi `wm. daviTis fsalmunidam~: àRsdeq ufalo, RmerTo Cemo da aRmarTe xeli Seni da nu daiviwyeb glaxakTa SenTa sruliad!..~ bolos, poemas uweria _ `dasrulda~ da TariRi, Tumca mas Semdeg mosdevs ilias oTxstrofiani mimarTva saTauriT `qarTvalebisadmi~, rac bolo, meore redaqciaSi ar meordeba. igi ase iwyeba: aha, gaTavda!.. qarTvelno, micnobT am leqsSi mwuxars da mtirals qarTvels! SoriT, ruseTiT Zma Zmebs mogiTxrobT mas, rac ar uSrobs namdvil Svilsa cremls.

am dros peterburgSi mcxovrebi axalgazrda poeti warmoudgenlad ganicdis Tavis `tkbili mamulis~ beds, RmerTs SesTxovs Seisminos misi vedreba da gadaarCinos igi, elis am bnel RameSi `damxsneli varskvlavis~ gamobrwyinebas da momavlis imedi ar uqreba gulSi. mimarTva ase mTavrdeba: Tu Cems cremls, exla furclebze SemSrals, Tqveni cremlica moemateba, maSin vficav im Cvens damxsnel varskvlavs, igi, rac gvinda, aRgvisruldeba!

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ilia poemas didxans werda da amuSavebda, sanam bolo, meore redaqciamde, bolo nebamde mividoda. àm àCrdilma~ tyavi gamaZro. istoriul nawilzed virsaviT Sevdeq da erTi biji win veRar wavdgi. ar vici, ra vqna. vambob, am àCrdils~ Tavi davanebo-meTqi. eg oxeri Cveni istoria... marto omebisa da mefebiis istoriaa, eri arsad Cans, me ki aseTis agebulobis adamiani var, rom mefeebis da omebis saxe ar mizidavs xolme, saqme xalxia da xalxi ki Cvens istoriaSi ara Cans. vwuxvar da vdrtvinav da ganmkiTxavi arsaiT ari~, _ wers ilia d. erisTavs. albaT, swored es iyo mizezi, rom iliam poemas Semdgom sruli saxe ver misca da vera da ver dawera poemis bolo redaqciis 22-e da 23-e Tavebi, romlebSic qarTveli xalxis istoria unda asaxuliyo. rogorc aRvniSneT, ilia àCrdilis~ teqstSi cvlida yvelafers, ris Secvlac SeeZlo (strofebs, sityvebs, Tavebs). maTi Cveneba Zalian Sors wagviyvanda, rac mkiTxvels daabnevda kidec. aq SegviZlia mxolod is vTqvaT, rom ilia muSaobis procesSi Zalian kritikuli iyo ara marto teqstisadmi, aramed Tavisi Tavis mimarTac. igi Tavs uflebas ar aZlevda, mieyuradebina misi beWdvis procesic da nabij-nabij misdevda mas. `Zmao kirile, _ swerda igi kirile lorTqifaniZes, _ umikovs (petre umikaSvils — r. k.), Cemi àCrdili` aqvs axladgadakeTebuli. iqidan VII, VIII da IX Tavebi dabeWde im saTauriT, rogorc adre iyo dabeWdili `krebulSi~. am patara amonaridiTac naTeli dasturia Cveni naTqvamisa. yovelive amiT xazs vusvamT imas, rom ilias gareSe, mis sicocxleSi SeuZlebeli iyo romelime gamomcemlis an redaqtoris TviTneburi Careva, garda cenzurisa. cnobilia, rogor mZvinvarebda mefis cenzura da qarTvel mwerlebs gasaqans ar aZlevda Tavisuflad weraSi da azrovnebaSi, rasac mwvaved ganicdidnen mwerlebi, maT Soris ilia WavWavaZec. amaze metyvelebs misi araerTi werili kerZo pirebisadmi. igi yovelmxriv cdilobda Tavidan aecdina misi gamWoli mzera da brjyalebi. amitom ilia Zalian frTxilobda da maqmisalurad cdilobda Tavi aeridebina misTvis. pirvel redaqcias Tavisi variantebi aqvs xelnawerebis saxiT: kir. lorTqifniZis, p. umikaSvilis da ucnobi piris mier gadawerili. Cveni yuradReba miipyro ucnobi piris mier gadawerilma teqstma (daculia xelnawerTa institutSi). igi calke wignakad aris Sekruli da momzadebulia dasabeWdad. amave dros sxvaTa gadawerilisagan gansxvavebiT, sruli teqstia. xelraweris Seswavlisas im daskvnamde mivediT, rom es ucnobi, sakmaod Secvlili teqsti ekuTvnis ilias, gadamweri TviT ilia unda iyos. rasakvirvelia, ase ilias dros teqsts veravin Secvlida, Tu ara TviTon ilia. kaligrafiac, Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, iliaseulia. amas erTvis iseTi minawerebi teqstze, romlebic SeiZleba mxolod avtors gaekeTebina; magaliTad, II Tavze fanqriT aweria: ès wignSi ar aris~, III Tavis bolos miwerilia: ès metia bolomde~, aseve V Tavis bolo or striqonze miwerilia: ès aris meti~. es striqonebi fanqriT vertikalurad aris gverdiT Camoxazuli da gadatanilia meeqvse Tavis dasawyis striqonebad, e. i. VI Tavi am striqonebiT iwyeba: `magram sakuTrad arca aragvma, arca Tergma, arc tyem da arca mTama...~). amitom am xelnawerze Cven visaubrebT, rogorc avtografze (daTariRebulia 1860 wliT). igi variantulad aris damuSavebuli, rac imis dasturia, rom poets didxans umuSavia da ufiqria TiToeul sityvaze, TiToeul strofze. Tavebi gadaadgilebulia (I redaqcia sul 32 Tavisagan Sedgeba) da dayofili. magaliTad, 28-e Tavi or Tavad aris dayofili 29-e da 30-ed da a. S. am xelnawerSi Cndeba axali warwera saTauris qveS: ìvane poltorackis da ilia winamZRvriSvils~, saidanac irkveva, rom poema avtorma uZRvna Tavis siyrmis megobars ivane poltorackis (18361852) da cnobil sazogado moRvawes, literators, pedagogs da sof. winamZRvrianTkarSi sasoflo-sameurneo saswavleblis damfuZnebels ilia winamZRvriSvils (1848-1918). avtografSi CvenTvis cnobili epigrafis qveS weria aforizmi (`ra vardman Tvisi yvavili~...). am avtografs qronologiurad win unda uswrebdes eskizi. igi calkea daculi literaturul muzeumSi. misi saTauria: àCrdili yazbegzed anu Cangi moxucisa~; saTauris qveS aRniSnulia: Ì~. Cans, teqsti avtors poemis variantis I Tavad hqonia navaraudevi, magram Semdeg aseTi dasawyisi poemisa gadaufiqrebia. qvemoT vbeWdavT am eskizis teqsts, radganac aseTi saxiT (e. i. avtoriseuli saxiT) igi mxolod ilias octomeulis I tomSi davbeWdeT, romelSic pirvelad zustad mivdevT avtografs: mze dahyurebda kavkazs mRviZare, ganabrwyinebda mas TeTrTmiani, da miT uryevi, mZlavri, myinvare xevda haersa laJvardovansa. mowmendil cazed gZlaT gawolilni Rrubels, viT bolsa, is mTebi xevdnen, da Sors ciagad mTani Secvlilni uzomo sivrces ikargebodnen, Tavni ebjinaT cisa kamaras. didxans ugdebdi yursa im Cangsa TrToliT Sevxede yazbegsa mZlavrsa

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da RvTiur sxiviT gabrwyinebuli kvlav davinaxe moxucebuli. cisken aReRo mas TrToliT xelni da moedrikna muxlni Zlierni, Turme moxuci is loculobda da RmerTsa esreT evedreboda.

amis Semdeg midis moxucis locva or strofad. teqsts wamZRvarebuli aqvs epigrafi: àRsdeq, ufalo RmerTo...~. 1864 wels peterburgSi kir. lorTqifaniZem Seadgina da gamosca krebuli `Conguri ~, romelSic gamoqveynda poemis V Tavi saTauriT àragvi~. gavida mTeli rva weli da es didebuli poema aRar gamoCenila presis furclebze, Tumca misi avtori kvlav ganagrZobda poemaze muSaobas. 1972 wlisTvis iqmneba poemis ganaxlebuli teqsti (II redaqcia), I-sa da Semdeg II redaqciis variantulad Secvlili nawyvetebi ilias sicocxleSi (1907 wlamde) 17-jer daibZeWda. magram, rogorc aRvniSneT, am poemas 1872 wlis Semdeg ZiriTadi, redaqciuli cvlileba aRar ganucdia. amitom 1872 weli II redaqciis savaraudo TariRia (daibeWda 1872 wlis `krebulSi~). poemis bolo teqsti I redaqciisagan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba, iliam igi TiTqmis xelaxla dawera, romelic ukve uaxlovdeba CvenTvis cnobil ZiriTad teqsts (poetis bolo nebas). pirveli redaqciis IX Tavs (`marad da yvelgan SenTan viyav, tkbilo qveyenav~...) saTaurad aqvs èrTi monologi àCrdilidam~. es IX Tavi II redaqciaSi VII Tavad midis, amave dros ufro poeturad gamarTuli dasawyisiT: `marad da yvelgan, saqarTvelov, me var SenTana~. saTauri ki pirvel redaqciaSi asea Secvlili: jer ewera `monologi~, Semdeg èrTi adgili àCrdilidam~, sabolood am saTaurma miiRo aseTi saxe: èrTi monologi àCrdilidam~. meore axali redaqcia mxolod 27 Tavs Seicavs (teqsti daculia quTaisis n. berZeniSvilis istoriul-eTnografiul muzeumSi). me-20 Tavi, romelic cifriT miuniSnebia avtors, xelnawerSi aRar dauweria. am wyaroSi teqsti mTlianad gadmogvcems Tanmimdevrulad Sinaarss, miuxedavad Tavebis gadaadgilebisa. meore redaqciis saboloo saxe Camoyalibebulia 1872-1873 wlebis Jurn. `krebulis~ nomrebSi, calkeul Tavebad. 1873 wlis `krebulSi~ ( 2) daibeWda àCrdilis~ me-11-14 Tavebi. am dros ilia werils swers cnobil sazogado moRvawesa da mwerals niko nikolaZes: `Cemi àCrdilis~ pirvel nawils gigzavni. Tu mogewonos, srulad dabeWde. vici, rom XVI xanis ukanasknel oTx striqons cenzori amoSlis. isev isa hsjobia, Cven winadve davaswroT, rom sxvaze mainc ar aReldes~. marTlac, Jurnal `krebulSi~ daibeWda Cveni teqstis XVI Tavi (igi JurnalSi XI Tavad midis), romelSic gamotovebulia ilias mier miTiTebuli strofi: grZnobas oqros fasad hyidian, mTvaris Rimilze — patiosnebas da gaJangebul borkilzed scvlian Tavis mamulis Tavisuflebas.

n. nikolaZem, rogorc Cans, gaiTvaliswina ilias Txovna da es strofi amoiRo, Tumca p. ingoroyvas azriT, igi amoSala cenzuram `krebulSi~ dabeWdili teqstidano. amave wlis `krebulis~ 5-6-Si am bolo redaqciis me-17 Tavi, rac CvenTvis cnobili teqstis (t. I, 1987 w.) me-11 Tavs misdevs, ganicdis mTel rig cvlilebebs. àCrdilis~ meore redaqcia variantulad kvlav gadamuSavebuli, Tavidan bolomde gamoqveynda 1881 wlis ìveriaSi~, Tumca mas cenzoris xelic atyvia. amoRebulia sityvebi, strofebi, striqonebi. magaliTad, amoRebulia Semdegi strofebi: vsTqvi, Tu sad ca egre mWvirvalebs, Rame eseTis diliT Tendeba, sadc mzis naTeli egre brwyinvalebs da ZaluZs kacsa bedniereba.

an kidev:

TvalT CemT ganSorda TiTqo sibnele, xedvaT ucnaurs saxilvelisa, moexsna yurTa TiTqo sibnele, smenad bunebis metyvelebisa.

am teqstSi ar Cans 22-e da 25-e Tavebi. sabolood mainc darCa 22-e da 23-e Tavebi carieli. vfiqrobT, ilia bolomde ver moeria am umZimes tvirTs da poemas saboloo saxe ver misca. p. ingoroyvas gansxvavebuli azri aqvs. misi fiqriT, es Tavebi iliam dawera, magram cenzuram amoagdo da daikarga, xolo giorgi jiblaZe Tvlis, rom es Tavebi ilias saerTod ar dauweria.

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Cvenc, rasakvirvelia, viziarebT am bolo mosazrebas. ilias surda qarTveli xalxis istoriis warmoCena, magram mouclelobis Tu sxvaTa mizezis gamo survTili surviladve darCa. 1892 wels `qarTvelTa amxanagobis~ mier gamovida ilias TxzulebaTa I tomi, uSualod ilias meTvalyureobiT da monawileobiT. tomSi daibWda àCrdilic~, Tumca kvlav variantulad Secvlili, vidre 1881 wels gamoqveynebuli. masSi ZiriTadad aRdgenilia is adgilebi, romlebic gamotovebulia ìveriaSi~. 1892 wlis Semdeg poemas saxe ar ucvlia da xan mTlianad, xan nawyvetebis saxiT ibeWdeboda sxvadasxva dros. kerZod, kreb. `CangSi~ daibeWda poemis V Tavi usaTaurod (1892); 1898 wels `poemebis krebulSi~ daibeWda mTeli poema, uTariRod da xelmoweriT: ìlia WavWavaZe~. 1904 wels calke wignad gamovida `leqsebi T. ilia WavWavaZisa~. masSi daibWda àCrdilidan~. sxvadasxva nawyveti, saTauriT `locva (aCrdilidan)~, aseve, sxvadasxva Tavi sxvadasxva saTauriT: àragvi~ (V Tavi), `marad da yvelgan saqarTvelov~ (VII Tavi) da sxva. 1904 wels gamodis krebulebi `Canguri~ da `qnari~, romlebSic aseve ibeWdeba nawyvetebi àCrdilidan~. 1907 wels gamodis ìlia WavWavaZis rCeuli leqsebi~; aseve, `Cveni mwerloba.. 1. mgosnebi~, romelSic àCrdilis~ mTliani teqstia warmodgenili, mcireodeni SemoklebiT. yvelaferi, rac zemoT mogaxseneT ilias sicocxlisdroindel periods exeba, amitom es wyaroebi sando da sarwmunoa ufro metad, vidre poetis sikvdilis Semdegdroindeli nabeWdebis (vgulisxmobT, 1914, 1925- 1937 da 1951 wlebis gamocemebs). ilias sikvdilis Semdegdroindel am gamocemebSi aSkaraa redaqtor-gamomcemlebis TviTneburi Carevebi da teqstebSi Setanili sworebebi (maT Soris àCrdilis~ teqstisac), rac yovlad dauSvebelia akademiur gamocemebSi. rac Seexeba poemis daTariRebas, mas vaZlevT farTo TariRs, e. i. poemis I redaqcia daiwera peterburgSi 1859 wlis 26 ianvars. bolo redaqcia ki saqarTveloSi, duSTSi. radganac misi avtoriseuli TariRi ucnobia, TariRad viRebT mis pirvel publikacias (1872 w.). amrigad, poemis TariRia: 26 ianvars, 18549-sa w. peterburgi, _ [1872 w., duSeTi]. damowmebani: arqivi: ilia WavWavaZis arqivi. daculi k. kekeliZis xelnawerTa institutSi. WavWavaZe 1951-1961: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani. t. I, t. X, p. ingoroyvas redaqciiT, Tb.: 1951-1961. WavWavaZe 1987: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani oc tomad. t. I, Tb.: 1987. jiblaZe 1966: jiblaZe g. ilia WavWavaZe. Tb.: 1966.

Rusudan Kusrashvili For the Creative History of the Narrative Poem "The Phantom" Summary Ilia Chavchavadze worked for a long time on tha narrative poem "the Phantom". The poem has two editions (which sharply differ from each other) and 23 variations (manuscripts and printed). The first edition includes 32 chiefs and the second one has 27 chiefs. The first edition has been given author's date (1859, 26 January), the second edition is without date and therefore conditionally we date it according to the first publication (1872). Ilia worked much on the poem. He always changed the text during the repeated works on it; he changed the words, lines, verses, and even chiefs. These changes confirm a difficult and long way to the perfection of this poem. The author began working on it in 1859 and finished it in 1872, though the work was continued till 1892, when the first volume of Ilia's selected works was printed peculiarly with Ilia Chavchavadze's taking part in. Being the necessary conditions for the academical edition of the works Ilia Chavchavadze's lifetime sources are considered in the given article.

qeTevan niniZe Tanamedrove samoqalaqo faseulobebi ilia WavWavaZis publicistur teqstebSi samocianelTa literaturul moRvaweobas mniSvnelovan konceptualur qveteqstad udevs erovnuli, samoqalaqo identobis problema. romantikosebis periodSi ideologiuri brZolisaTvis gankuTvnili energia, ZiriTadad, ruseTisadmi erovnuli dapirispirebis zogad

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_ literaturul-romantikul xasiaTs atarebda (maTi brZolis meTodebi iyo ruseTisadmi, umetesad verbaluri omisa da ajanyebebis saxiT gamoxatuli). realistebma ruseTTan dapirispireba daiwyes axali ideologiis SeqmniTa da misi praqtikulad danergviT. samocianelTaTvis literatura ideologiuri iaraRia ruseTis winaaRmdeg aramxolod zogadi damokidebulebebis dafiqsirebis doneze, aramed konkretuli, realuri faseulobebis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT. maTTvis mwerloba, kerZoT, poetoba, socialuri statusia, romelic sazogadoebriv RirebulebaTa sistemas qmnis da moralurad marTavs mas: `RmerTTan misTvis vlaparakob, / rom warvuZRve wina ersa~ _ acxadebs ilia WavWavaZe. a. wereTlis azriTac poeti mediumia zecasa da miwas Soris, e. i. igi amkvidrebs humanur Rirebulebebs xalxSi. realistur diskursSi ideologia mZlavrobs esTetikur TviTkmarobas, ramdenadac literaturas aqvs konkretuli amocana, sazogadoebis aRzrda. analizis doneze mniSvnelovania mwerlis samoqalaqo poziciis Seswavla, im publicistikis gaTvaliswineba, romelsac igi garkveuli `SiSveli~ ideologiis saxiT iZleva da axdens mis mxatvrul reprezentacias literaturaSi. ilia WavWavaZe, eweoda ra didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Jurnalistur saqmianobas, informaciulad CarTuli iyo msoflios politikuri da kulturuli tendenciebis procesSi. Sesabamisad, igi cdilobda, daemkvidrebina is samoqalaqo eTika, rasac socialuri da, agreTve, politikuri TvalsazrisiT dasavleTi, evro-amerikuli sivrce, amkvidrebda. ilia swrafad exmianeboda msoflio politikur procesebs rogorc publicistikis, aseve mxatvruli teqstebis saSualebiT. cnobilia misi araerTi beWdviTi gamoxmaureba msoflio siaxleebis Sesaxeb (werilebi kunZul kretis ajanyebaze, stambolis konferenciasa da germania-avstriis imperatorTa Sexvedraze. gladstonisa da bismarkis moRvaweobaze da a.S.) cnobilia misi leqsebi juzepe garibaldis italiis ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisa (`mesmis, mesmis sanatreli / xalxT borkilis xma mtvrevisa...~) da safrangeTis demokratiuli revoluciis Sesaxeb (`tvirTmZimeT da maSvralT mxsneli / didi droSa daiSala / kvlav qveynisa mCagrav Zalam / igi droSa dasca dabla~ _ parizis komunis dacemis dRisadmi miZRvnili leqsi). demokratia, politologTa da sociologTa ganmartebiT, ar niSnavs mxolod xalxis, umravlesobis mmarTvelobis politikur reJims. misi leqsikuri mniSvneloba (demos _ xalxi da kratos _ marTva) upirvelesad `marTvas~, e.i. politikur wyobas aRniSnavs, magram demokratia aris, agreTve, ideologia, faseulobaTa sistema da samoqalaqo azrovnebis wesi (seni 1999). demokratiis idea aTenis skolaSi Camoyalibda misi pirveli ideologebis: platonisa da aristoteles Teoriebis safuZvelze. Tumca demokratiis es Canasaxebi sabolood ver atarebs im mniSvnelobas, rasac Cven Tanamedrove demokratiaSi vgulisxmobT. mis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZRvis amerikul demokratias, romelic ikveTeba 1776 wlis amerikis damoukideblobis deklaraciaSi (amerikis... 1776); viTardeba koloniuri periodis dasrulebisa da gansakuTrebiT, samoqalaqo omis Semdeg. 1860-70-ian wlebSi evropasa da amerikaSi mimdinareobs brZola demokratiuli mmarTvelobisa da Rirebulebebis damkvidrebisaTvis. es procesi msoflio omebma mniSvnelovnad Seaferxa. Tanamedrove demokratiuli Rirebulebebi gulisxmobs gansazRvrul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, samoqalaqo Tanasworobas da kanonmorCilebas. demokratiis klasikuri Teoriis mixedviT, saxelmwofos qmnis kanonmorCili xalxi, romelTac aerTianebT erTiani samoqalaqo Rirebulebebi. ilia WavWavaZis azrovnebasa da, Sesabamisad, literaturul produqciaSic fokusirebulia xalxi, TiToeuli moqalaqe ganurCevlad wodebisa, eTnikuri warmomavlobis Tu religiuri aRmsareblobisa da sqesisa. igi emijneba `mamaTa~ Taobas, romelTa Soris am kuTxiT sazogadoebis dayofis tendencias xedavs, mwerlobas arTmevs elitarulobis niSans da masobrivs, `xalxurs~ xdis mas. am mizniT ilia WavWavaZe ewinaaRmdegeba samwerlobo enis stilurad dayofas da aaxloebs mas salaparako, yoveldRiur, enasTan. igi cdilobs, ganaTlebis ufleba moupovos yvela wodebisa da SesaZleblobis axalgazrdas da mimarTavs bevr sxva RonisZiebas. ilia WavWavaZis publicistika gamoavlens mis damokidebulebebs im konkretuli sakiTxebis mimarT, rac dResdReobiTac did aqtualurobas inarCunebs Tanamedrove samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. erT-erTi problemis, religiuri da eTnikuri Semwynareblobis sakiTxze ilia yuradRebas amaxvilebs werilSi `daviT aRmaSenebeli~: ìgi, Tavgadadebuli moyvare Tavis erovnobisa da marTlmadidebelis sarwmunoebisa, didi pativismcemeli iyo sxvis erovnobisac da sarwmunoebisa... amisTana sxva eris Rirsebis Tayvanismcemeli im droSi, roca kaci kacs SesaWmeladac ara hzogavda... nuTu sakvirveli da saocari magaliTi ar aris meTormete saukunis kacisagan!~ (WavWavaZe 2007 b: 64). sagangebo werils uZRvnis ilia antisemituri moZraobis msoflio problemasac. ès ramdeni xania evropaSi arsebobs egreTwodebuli antisemitiuri ese igi ebraelTa mowinaaRmdege moZraoba, romelic scdilobs rac SeiZleba metad Seaviwrovos da dasCagros ebraelni...~ _ wers ilia. misi azriT, `ganaTlebuls sazogadoebas didi gavlena aqvs evropis

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yofa-cxovrebaze. am nawils sazogadoebisas SeuZlian Tavisi kvali daaCnios ebraelTa bedsa da ubedobas~ (WavWavaZe 2007 b: 226-228). ilia miiCnevs, `gautanloba imis gamo, rom Sen sxva Teslisa xar da me sxva Teslisa da erTad ver gvecxovrebao, marto briyvis da uvicis moZRvrebaa da samarTlianad gasakicxi yovel patiosan da gonebagaxsnil kacisagan~. samoqalaqo cnobierebis erTerTi niSania kanonis winaSe Tanasworoba da kanonmorCileba. iliaseuli gageba Tavisuflebisa da, agreTve, Tanasworobisa eyrdnoba swored kanonmorCilebis princips. vnaxoT, ras wers ilia WavWavaZe amis Sesaxeb: `Tavisufleba igi yofa-mdgomareobaa adamianisao, ambobs bossueti Tavis msoflio istoriaSi, saca yoveli emorCileba marto kanonsa da saca kanoni uZlieresia yovel calke kaczedao... es WeSmariti da zedmiwevnili mniSvneloba Tavisufalebisa exlac cnobilia da aRiarebuli exlandel mecnierTa da saxelmwifoTagan. WeSmariti, rigiani agebuleba da wyobileba kacTa sazogadoebisa swored am qvakuTxedzed unda iyos amoyvanili. saca eg ar aris, im kacTa sazogadoeburi cxovreba, romelic erTmaneTzed damoukideblad da gadubmelad SeuZlebelia, marto Zalmomreobaa, erTmaneTis Telvaa, erTmaneTis Cagvra da Zarcva-gleja. maSin yofa adamianisa nadirT yofaa da adamiani, eg kerZi RvTisa, nadirad gadaqceulia~ (WavWavaZe 2007 a: 441). gavixsenoT ilias leqsi `guTnisdeda~, sadac gmiris yofa cxovelis, konkretul SemTxvevaSi, xaris, mdgmomareobasTanaa gaigivebuli (èrT bedqveSa varT, labav, me da Sen / wilad gvargunes Savi miwa Cven~). sabWoTa periodSi am leqsis interpretaciisas aqcenti mxolod glexTa da dabali socialuri wris muSaTa Cagvraze keTdeboda. ilias zemoT moyvanili sityvebidan gamomdinare, aq swored arasamoqalaqo da araciviluri sazogadebrivi mdgomareoba unda igulisxmebodes, romelic ilias, rogorc ganaTlebul, moazrovne da am sakiTxis mcodne adamians, ar akmayofilebs. moqalaqeobrivi cnobierebis ganviTarebasTan da kanonmorCilebasTanaa dakavSirebuli samoqalaqo Rirsebis SegrZnebac. ilias publicistikaSi am Temas mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba. erT-erT werilSi mwerali gviambobs breslaveli mdidari sovdagris ambavs, romelic sami maneTisa da erTi Sauris usamarTlo jarimis gamo adgilobriv moxeleebs uCivis uzenaes sasamarTloSi. `sasaciloa gana, mkiTxvelo, aseTi davidaraba erTis manaTis gulisaTvis, mere visgan? mdidaris sovdagarisagan. Cveneburi kaci maSinve amoiRebda qisidam erTs manaTs da maSinve daamwyralebda policias... ra aris erTi manaTi sovdagarisaTvis, xelis WuWyia, mtveria da sxva araferi. magram, aba, axla Sig CaixedeT am saqmeSi... maSin sicilis magier grZnoba pativiscemisa migaxedebT am sovdagarzed. cxadia, mdidars sovdagars is ki ar anaRvlebs, rom erTi manaTi erTmeva, aramed is, rom, misis azriT, kanoni da samarTali irRveva da kanoni da samarTali kidev misis Tavisuflebis cixe-samagre imodenad Zvirfasia, rom ganurCevlad, ganukiTxvelad xels aravis axlebinebs. ai, namdvili, WeSmariti moqalaqobrivi Tavgamodeba, ai WeSmariti qveloba kacTa sazogadoebis wevrisa...~ (WavWavaZe 2007a: 443) es istoria mogvagonebs òTaraanT qvrvis~ erT-erT epizods, sadac gziris mier Cadenili usamarTlobis gamo qvrivi gubernatorTan iCivlebs. igi yovelTvis mzadaa, rom rkinis qalamnebiTa da rkinis joxiT aRWurvilma daicvas ara privatuli interesebi, aramed samoqalaqo faseulobebi. SemTxveviTi ar aris arc `kacuri kacobis~ xseneba, am sintagmas ilia, garda zemoT moyvanili teqstisa, publicistikaSi farTod, terminologiurad amkvidrebs. kacuri kacoba, identuri unda iyos cnebisa `Tavisufali moqalaqe~/`Rirseuli moqalaqe~. ilias idealuri gmirebi: oTaraanT qvrivi, giorgi, moZRvari da sxvebi XIX saukunis qarTul sazogadoebas aZlevs samoqalaqo cnobierebis magaliTs, `kacuri kacobis~ nimuSs. maT upirispirdeba luarsabisa da misi garemocvis, an oTaraanT qvrivis Tanasoflelebis ideologia, rac imTaviTve warmoadgens Zveli sazogadoebrivi sistemis narCenebs. isini ar qmnian sazogadoebas, am formiT ar arian axali sociumis srulfasovani wevrebi, amitomac iliam eWvqveS daayena am àdamianebis~ `kacuri kacobis~, anu moqalaqeobrivi Rirebulebis sakiTxi. termin `kacobas~ ilia sagangebo msjelobas uTmobs erT-erT publicistur werilSi. misi azriT, es is fenomenia, romelic ganurCevlad aerTianebs mamakacsa da dedakacs, romelic Tanazomier sibrtyeze moiazrebs maT. moqalaqeobrivi Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiTac ilias azriT mniSvnelobas kargavs genderuli sxvadasxvaoba. kritikosebma oTaraanT qvrivis uemocio, fsiqologiurad atipiur portretSi dainaxes qaluri arasrulfasovneba; `gamamlebis~ precedenti (kiziria: 1992). Cveni azriT, moqalaqeobrivi TvalsazrisiT oTaraanT qvrivis mxolod Rirsebaze miuTiTebs is, rom igi Tavisuflad iTavsebs mamakacis funqciebs. misi saxis genderuli niSnisagan gantvirTvis saSualebiT ilia WavWavaZe gvaZlevs Rirseuli moqalaqis, rogorc aseTis, saxes. nimuSs imisa, rom qali SeiZleba iyos sazogadoebis srulfasovani wevri, Tavisufali da gansxvavebuli azris mqone (sociologiuri kuTxiT) da, amasTanave, damoukidebeli, TavisTavadi, fsiqologiurad mdgradi, Zlieri subieqti. am Temas ilia publicistikaSic amuSavebs. msoflioSi qalTa emansipaciis procesebze saubrisas igi mimoixilavs qalTa sazogadoebriv-politikuri gaaqtiurebis SemTxvevebs da survils gamoTqvams, rom `Cvenma qalebmac yuri aTxovon amisTana magaliTebs da xalisi moipovon amisTana moRvaweobisa da moqmedebisaTvis~ (WavWavaZe 2007 b: 282).

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socialuri uTanasworobis problema ilias msjelobis sagani xdeba publicistikaSic da mxatvrul teqstebSic. igi wers: `qveyanazed marto im ers gauZlia, marto im ers gamoutania Tavi aTasgvar gansacdelisagan, marto im ers warumatnia da gaZlierebula, romelsac Tavis drozed Seutyvia da miugnia, rom erTis romelisame wodebis win waweva arafris maqnisia, Tu danarCeni eric win ar waweula, piriqiT, erTis wodebis win wawevas danarCenis ukan daweva mohyolia.~ (WavWavaZe 2007 b: 371). wodebrivi uTanasworobis sakiTxi ilias moTxrobebis erTerTi mTavari Temaa. òTaraanT qvrivis~, `glaxis naambobis~, `kacia-adamianis~ problemuri RerZia amgvari uTanasworoba. ilia cdilobs, daamyaros socialuri balansi, amitom Tavis teqstebSi Tanabar asparezs uTmobs glexs, Tavads, mRvdels da a.S. dadebiT da uaryofiT elementebs warmoaCens yoveli jgufidan (gavixsenoT lamaziseuli, omaraanT mojamagire, arCilis mejinibe; meore mxriv ki _ arCili, rogorc humanuri Rirebulebebis damcveli Tavadis saxe). demokratiis umTavresi Rirebuleba, sityvisa da azrovnebis Tavisufleba, ilia WavWavaZes Tanamedrove sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan monapovrad miaCnia. ruseTis politikis sisusteebs ilia xedavs beWdviTi organoebis (maT Soris periodikisa da mxatvruli literaturis) SezRudvaSi, romelic vrceldeboda ara mxolod aneqsirebul teritoriaze, aramed sakuTriv ruseTSic. `mwerlobas mospobili aqvs yoveli gza da saxsari gacxovelebisa... Tavisuflad Tavis azrisa da Sexedulobis gamoTqmisa~, `sxva qveynebSi, sadac ki beWdvis sityvis, Jurnal-gazeTebisa da sazogadoT literaturis didi mniSvneloba cotaTi mainc esmisT, rac unda ubralo gazeTis korrespondenti da TanamSromeli iyos, Tavs evlebian, xelze atareben, efufunebian...~ (WavWavaZe 2007g: 80). aRniSavs ilia da daamatebs, rom medias sazogadoebrivi azris warmarTva xelewifeba. amdenad mas, `wminda misia~ akisria, rac gansakuTrebul pasuxismgeblobasac aniWebs. `didi movaleoba presisa, misi Rvawli, glexisa da Tavad-aznauris, an mdidrisa da Raribis erTmaneTze miseva ki ar aris, Suakacobaa, Sua Cadgomaa maT Soris, mSvidobianobis Camogdebaa... ~ (WavWavaZe 2007g: 80). ilia WavWavaZe sazogadoebas gaiazrebs, rogorc erT mTlianobas. gaTiTokacebis problemas (rogorc òTaraanT qvrivSi~, am SemTxvevaSi, glexebi eubnebian Tavadebs: `Cemo raovo~) igi afasebs, rogorc Zveli sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis gadmonaSTs. agreTve miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifos, ers qmnian ara avtoritetebi, aramed TiToeuli moqalaqe. amiT ilia WavWavaZe emijneba mamaTa Taobis elitarul Sexedulebebsa da damokidebulebebs. amkvidrebs Tanasworobas, rogorc erT-erT mTavar faseulobas da uflebebisa da, amasTanave, pasuxismgeblobebis koncentraciis centri gadaaqvs ara mefeze, an raime saxis xelisuflebaze, aramed Tavad moqalaqeebze. is humanuri Rirebulebebi, romlebic Tanamedrove samoqalaqo sazogadoebisTvisaa aucilebeli, upirvelesad asocirdeba qristianobasTan. amitom uwodebs ilia WavWavaZe safrangeTis demokratiul revolucias `tvirTmZimeTa da maSvralT mxsnel~ moZraobas (Sdr. `movediT Cemda yovelni maSvralni da tvirT-mZimeni, da me gangisueno Tquen~. maTe 11,28). Zvelisa da axlis dapirispireba am SemTxvevaSic ukavSirdeba monobisa da Tavisuflebis cnebebs. ilias SemoqmedebaSi Zveli sazogadoebis gmirebi: luarsabi, petre `glaxis naambobidan~ da sxvebi atareben gaunaTlebeli, uswavleli adamianis ùRels~, arasrulfasovnebis kompleqss da apriori sjeraT, rom ver Secvlian mocemulobas. luarsab TaTqariZis Sesaxeb samecniero literturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom igi Zveli aRTqmis sistemis warmomadgenelia. arsebuli mocemulobebisadmi sruli indiferentuloba, uwignuroba, cru faseulobebi is niSnebia, romelic luarsabs Tanamedrove moqalaqis cnebisagan aSorebs. amasve unda ukavSirdeebodes `kacisa~ da àdamianis~ cnebebis gaazreba. es opozicia, ilias terminologiuri sistemidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba moviazroT, rogorc cnebebi Homo-socialis (kaci) da Homo-vegetalis (adamiani). Cven visaubreT im Rirebulebebze, romelic Tanamedrove sazogadoebis Seqmnis sakiTxSi principul mniSvnelobas iZens. ilia WavWavaZe, rasakvirvelia, mamaTa TaobasTan erTad cdilobda, ers gaZRoloda Tavisufali da erTiani qveynis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi, Tumca ilias mamaTa Taobis umravlesobis xedvisagan gansxvavebiT gaaCnda konkretuli modeli saxelmwifos ganviTarebisa. ilia WavWavaZis mier danergili ideologia da sazogadoebrivi procesebi, romelic im periodis evroamerikuli procesebis adekvaturi iyo, Seaferxa sabWoTa wyobilebam, romelmac Tavdapirvelad uaryo, xolo SemdgomSi moaxdina ilia WavWavaZis, (rogorc glexTa interesebis damcvelisa da batonymuri wyobilebis kritikosis) saxelis reabilitacia. sabWour periodSi, ZiriTadad, ilias saxeli asocirdeboda patriotul lirikasa da batonymobis gmobasTan. am etapze Cveni samecniero kvlevis mizani iyo ilia WavWavaZis, rogorc ideologis, demokratiuli Sexedulebebis zogadi suraTis warmoCena. uaxlesma akademiurma gamocemam mogvca mdidari masala, rac srulyofilad gamoavlens mwerlis jer kidev Seuswavlel mxareebs. ilias publicistikasa da mxatvrul teqstebSi Tanamedrove moqalaqeobrivi faseulobebis problematika literaturaTmcodneTa da sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis warmomadgenelTa mniSvnelovani samomavlo siRrmiseuli da diskursiuli kvlevebis safuZveli gaxdeba.

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damowmebani: amerikis... 1776: amerikis damoukideblobis deklaracia: on-lain gverdze ganTavsebulia indianas universitetis samarTalmcodneobis departamentis mier. mis. : www.iaw.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/declaration.html. kiziria 1992: kiziria d. oTaraanT qvrivi _ qarTveli qalis zneobrivi ideali. gaz. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 27 noemberi, 1992. seni 1999: seni a. demokratia, rogorc universaluri faseuloba. demokratiis Jurnali 10.3 (1999) 3-17. mis. www.muse.jhu.edu/demo/jod/10.3sen.html . WavWavaZe 2007 a: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani. t. 9, Tb.: gamomcemloba ìlias fondi~, 2007. WavWavaZe 2007 b: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani. t. 10. Tb.: gamomcemloba ìlias fondi~, 2007. WavWavaZe 2007 g: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani. t. 15, Tb.: gamomcemloba ìlias fondi~, 2007.

Ketevan Ninidze Contemporary Civil Values in Ilia Chavchavadze's Publicity Summary The scientific article deals with the democratic values in Ilia Chavchavadze's publicity and some literary texts ("The Widow of Otarashvili", "Is he a Man, a Human?!" and "The Ploughman"). It reviews development of democratic ideas from Athen School to American democracy in general, suggests how the generation of 60-ies comprehended Georgian democracy and how this ideology is presented in Ilia's publicity. The scientific work cites passages from Chavchavadze's texts about such values as freedom of thinking and speech, social equality, gender equality, religious and ethnical tolerance. The author analyses such words from conceptual and terminological vocabulary of the writer as: "man", "manly", "human", "humanity" and comes to the idea that the way, how Chavchavadze perceives Christianity is in close relation with democratic perception. Scientific direction of the research work is rather new in the study of Ilia Cavchavadze's and his contemporaries' texts.

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XX saukunis mwerloba venera kavTiaSvili musika, rogorc galaktionis msoflmxedveloba galaktionisaTvis musika iyo ara marto melodia, armed msoflmxedvelobac. misi poezia rom melodiuria, amis Sesaxeb bevri Tqmula. igi poezias TiTqmis musikaluri xelovnebis erTgvar saxeobad aRiqvamda. aki ambobda kidec: `yovel sagans gaaCnia Tavisi musika. namdvili

poeti swored am musikas eZebs da Tu aRmoaCina, maSin leqsi yovelTvis mSvenieri gamova. visac es Tviseba ar gaaCnia, igi ar aris Semoqmedi... gansakuTrebiT leqsis weris dros var simReris xasiaTze. leqss jer gonebaSi gavmarTav musikalurad, CemTvis davamRereb kidec da Semdeg gadamaqvs qaRaldze~ (ciskari 1967:144). igi garkveul naTesaobas grZnobda germanel romantikos mweral Jan pol rixterTan, romelic Tavis SemoqmedebaSi daxatul bunebis suraTebs `musikalur suraTebs~ uwodebda. rixteris azriT, es aris sityvebis enaze gadatana imisa, rac bgerebiT unda gamoiTqvas. galaktions Salva radianTan saubarSi gauxsenebia rixteris sityvebi: `rodesac Sepyrobili var mRelvarebiT da msurs misi gadmocema, me veZeb

ara sityvebs, aramed bgerebs... gareSe samyarodan, Tavisufali bunebidan Cems sulSi Semodian harmoniebi da melodiebi... isini TavianTi musikalobiT ara mSordebian~ (ciskari 1967:114). am SemTxvevaSi musika gagebulia, rogorc melodiuroba, rogorc leqsis forma, rogorc upirvelesi samkauli. xelovnebis sxva dargebs Soris musikis primats, rogorc yvelaze ganyenebulsa da SeuzRudvels, romelic adamianis warmosaxvis winaSe Slis usazRvro sivrces, jer kidev 1915 wels aRiarebda galaktioni, rodesac werda: musika igi! hoi, mgosnebo, marTali aris igi Tqmuleba, rom ufro didi da saocnebo, ufro maRali daniSnuleba ar aris, rogorc ganwmendis xmaSi, viT cecxlis alSi daacxro vneba, rasac ar hqvia riTmiT TamaSi da gancdiT tanjva _ mSveniereba. (`miyvarda hangi grZnobiT gamTbari~)

pirvelad Sopenhauerma miiCnia musika yofierebis arsSi, mis ZirisZirSi wvdomis saSualebad da igi xelovnebis yvela dargze, maT Soris poeziaze, maRla daayena. Tavis umTavres SromaSi `samyaro, viTarca neba da warmodgena~ igi sruliad ugulvebelyofs (ignoriert sie schlechthin) samyaros, rogorc movlenas, rogorc warmodgenas. misi azriT, musika `nebis uSualo obieqtivaciaa~ (Abbild des Willens), nebis asaxvaa da ara ideebisa. igi uSualod nebaze e. i. arsze (Wesen) laparakobs da ara am arsis obieqtivaciaze e. i. Crdilze, amitom `Man könnte demnach die Welt ebenso wohl verkörperte Musik, als verkörperte Willen nennen~ (samyarosaTvis SeiZleboda gvewodebina ara marto xorcSesxmuli neba, aramed xorcSesxmuli musikac) (Sopenhaueri 1873: 310). musika, rogorc samyaros saidumloebis anu miRmuri, adamianis gonebisaTvis miuwvdomlis, transcendentulis wvdomis saSualeba, iqca modernistebis Semoqmedebis umTavres azrad da arsad. swored imitom iTvleba modernistuli xelovneba da kerZod, mwerloba elitur xelovnebad, rom igi Tavisi bundovanebiT, kodirebiT, hermetulobiTa da enigmurobiT inteleqtualuri sazogadoebisaTvis, elitisaTvis xdeba gasagebica da esTetikuri tkbobis saganic. sabWoTa narativi ar scnobda elitur xelovnebas, Tanac misi ideologiuri manqana iseTi mZlavr wnexSi aqcevda yvelas (uiSviaTesi gamonaklisis garda), rom TviT disidenturad moazrovne inteleqtualebic gaucnobiereblad ganicdidnen mis zegavlenas. amisi cxadi magaliTia galaktionis Semoqmedebis gaazreba. gasagebia, rom am didi poetis ena, misi leqsebis forma, esTetikuri mxare, anu is, rac zedapirze SeuniRbavad devs, imdenad mimzidvelia, rom erTnairad ipyrobs masisa da elitis guls, magram dafaruli kodi, anu is, rac mis poezias eliturad aqcevs, miRmuri, imdenad gaucnobierebeli rCeboda, rom nafici elitaruli mkiTxvelic, romlisTvisac arc me-19 saukunis filosofia da arc literaturuli procesebi ara Tu ucxo ar iyo, aramed sakmaod Rrmadac hqondaT gaazrebuli, galaktionis poeziaSi naklebad eZebdnen im kods, romelic misi Semoqmedebis axsnisaTvis gamodgeboda da TviT socializmis wiaRSi nacionaluri narativis momwifebis periodSic ki aseT rCevas iZleodnen: "...bralia, codvaa galaktionis leqsis gaanalizeba. visTvisac amis niWi miucia RmerTs, rom ase mTlianobaSi ganicados misi leqsebi, analizs raRas aqnevs, ras SesZens axals? xolo Tu ar miucia, analizi ras waadgeba?~... (TvaraZe 1972: 102).

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ufro mogvianebiTac: `zogjer misTvis (galaktionisaTvis v.k.) sityvebi saerTod kargaven mniSvnelobas da erTmaneTis gverdiT Tavs mxolod imiT grZnoben idealur harmoniaSi, rom ulamazes da unatifes musikas qmnian" (baramiZe 2003: 161). gadaWriT vityvi: galaktioni imitom aris genialuri, rom misi leqsi mxatvruli aqsesuarebiT da azrobrivad isea urTierTze gadaWdobil-gadamdnari, rom esTetikur siamovnebasTan erTad gonebis did daZabvasac saWiroebs bolomde aRsaqmelad. samarTlianad ambobs hugo huperti: `saqarTveloSi aris poeti, romlis msgavsi evropam ar iciso~. amdenad, misi poeziis calmxrivi (an marto mxatvrul-emociuri, an Sinaarsobrivi) gaazreba aseve calmxriv warmodgenas Seuqmnis mkiTxvels. rac Seexeba musikas, Sopenhaueris azriT, yovelgvari xelovnebis xarisxi izomeba imiT, Tu ramdenad vlindeba masSi musika, radgan musika yovelgvari xelovnebis sulia. musikas erTeuli sagnebis sferodan gavyavarT zogadis, maradiulisaken. amdenad, musikis amgvari gageba iZleva samyaros saidumloebis gaxsnis Tavisebur gzas. amis Cvenebas Seecdeba Tavis SemoqmedebaSi SopenhaueriT gatacebuli rihard vagneri∗. Tavad vagneris musika ki Wabuki nicSesaTvis iqca samyaros tragikul ZirTan misvlis saSualebad. galaktioni rom specialurad amuSavebda Sopenhaueris Sromas `samyaro, viTarca neba da warmodgena~, amaze miuTiTebs mis pirad arqivSi daculi masala (TvaraZe 1972: 158). swored ZirisZirSi, samyaros arsSi wvdomis Sopenhaueriseuli azria gamoTqmuli galaktionis leqsSi `musika~: o, zeciero, erTaderTo mZlavro musika, o, usxeulo, efemerul RrubliT nagebi Seni qaria, mwvervali rom gadauzniqa yvelafers, rac ki axsnilia da gasagebi.

aq musika aRar ganixileba, rogorc leqsis melodiuri samkauli, aq ukve cxadad aris saubari, rom musika aris saSualeba Cveni Tvalsawieris miRma arsebulis, Seucnoblis, transcendentulis Sesacnobad. davukvirdeT, ras ambobs poeti ufro adre: frTebi rom mqondes, gavswevdi im mwvervals zRvarad dadebuls.

`zRvarad dadebuli~ mwvervali swored is sazRvaria, romelTanac mTavrdeba adamianis Semecnebis SesaZlebloba da imis iqiT aris, kantis termini rom vixmaroT, `sagani TavisTavad~, anu is, risi wvdoma da Secnoba adamians ar ZaluZs — WeSmariteba, romlis mxolod `lands~ (platoni) vWvretT. wina citataSi (leqsidan `musika~) ki ukve sauabaria imaze, rom musikam `mwvervali gadauzniqa~ anu ganze gaswia da CvenTvis gasagebi gaxada is, rac Seucnobeli iyo. Sopenhaueris azriT, musika, raki Tavisufalia cnebebisagan da Sesabamisad msjelobisagan, romelic CarCoSi aqcevs adamianis grZnobebs, warmoadgens emociuri TviTgamoxatvis idealur formas. es ganapirobebs frangi simbolistebis dainteresebas Sopenhaueris filosofiiT da maT swrafvas, poeziaSic mieRwiaT azris gamoxatvis iseTi manerisaTvis, romelic adamianis sulis `saidumlo musikas~ gamoscemda msgavsadve, malarmes sityvebi anri kazalisisadmi gagzavnili werilidan: àxal enas vigonebo~ (malarme 1979: 187) da galaktionis leqsic, romelSic Cveulebrivi sityvebiT WeSmaritebis wvdomis SeuZleblobazea laparaki: ar minda sityva, ar minda sityva, rodesac sityva daibadeba, simarTlis ali, rogorc burusi, isev irRveva da ifanteba. (`dRiuri proza~)

swored Sopenhaueris filosofias miiCneven rihard vagneris Semoqmedebis safuZvlad da amboben: `vagneris musika aris Sopenhaueris filosofia gardaTqmuli musikis enazeo~ (kakabaZe 1967: 98). amas Tavad vagneric adasturebda. aqedan modis modernistebis mier vagneris gaRmerTeba, rasac mohyva araerTi leqsis, esses, werilis miZRvna vagnerisadmi da frangi simbolistebis Jurnalis saxelad `rihapd vagneris~ darqmeva. amasve ukavSirdeba galaktionis miZRvna — leqsi `vagneri~:

∗

vagnerianobis sakiTxze galaktionis SemoqmedebaSi calke Sroma gvaqvs gamoqveynebuli (“literaturuli Ziebani” t. XXI, 2000 w.), amitom aq masze aRar gveqneba msjeloba.

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me mxiblavs es qandakeba, zRva _ aRmafreniT tyveqmnili _ vagneri, wminda, viT zeca da bneli, rogorc qveskneli. vagneri, disonansebis mSvenierebad Semqmneli, neli-nel matyvevebeli, amRelvebeli, mvnebeli.

swored am leqsSi gaamJRavna galaktionma mosazreba, rom samyaros arsis Secnoba mxolod musikaluri bgerebis saSualebiT aris SesaZlebeli. misi azriT, samyaro pirvelqmnili qaosisagan Seiqmna. igi poeturi intuiciiT cdilobs kidec yuri mohkras saxeTa im pirvelqmnis `wynar Srials~, gaigos misi sunTqva da Caswvdes arsTa sazriss: me mesmis wynari SrialiT qaosi qveynis Seqmnis dros da aRmafrena Semqmnelis, rom ze-STamgonel wams uswros...

aseTive gancdis Sedegia leqsi `fesvebis simfonia~, romelSic bunebis ganRmrTobis da amave dros siRrmiseul movlenebSi wvdomis, Seucnoblis Secnobis da uxilavis xilvis wadilia gacxadebuli: Tu daemxobi miwaze rwmeniT da yurs daugdeb arsT yovnis sios, mudam moismen maxvili smeniT Seudarebel am simfonias. ase bunebas ver hkiTxav: ratom? sadac mravali da Tanatomi exmaureba atomi atoms da uerTdeba atomi atoms.

aq ukve ikveTeba mTeli universumis qmnadoba. igi erTgvarad exmianeba piTagorelebis `tetraqtidis~ princips, romelTa mier 10-is yoveli Semadgeneli wevri gaigivebuli iyo romelime kosmiur sferosTan an sxeulTan (garda 1-isa, romelic mTel universums gamoxatavs). am sxeulTa simetriuli ganlageba kosmosSi warmoqmnis kosmiur musikas anu `sferoTa harmonias~. igi ganpirobebulia ara mxolod sxeulTa daSorebis simetriiT, rasac Seesabameba musikaluri intervalebi (tercia, kvarta, kvinta, seqsta da a. S.), aramed misi siswrafis xarisxiTac, romliTac ciuri sxeuli moZraobs kosmiur sivrceSi. Tumca piTagorelebs musika ainteresebdaT da ganxiluli hqondaT im aspeqtSi, rom isini qadagebdnen asketizms am sityvis antikuri gagebiT, rac jansaR sxeulSi jansaR suls gulisxmobda. amis miRwevas ki, maTi azriT, sWirdeba mudmivi musikaluri zemoqmedeba (medicinasTan erTad). Tumca sul sxva mizniT, magram, Cans, musikisadmi Sopenhaueris midgomas mainc biZgi piTagorelebma misces. aki misTvis musika `sulis maTematika~ iyo, xolo maTematika _ `gonebis musika~. galaktionmac, Cans, arc Tu SemTxveviT daarqva Tavis cnobil leqss `kosmiuri orkestri~. misi azriT, adamianis erTianoba samyarosTan harmoniulia. samyarosac da adamiansac marTavs kosmiuri musika. swored am musikiTaa gamsWvaluli yovelive _ zeciuri sferoebiT dawyebuli, adamianis CaTvliT: gafiTrebuli gailandnen siluetebi, ara vagneri, arc mocarti da aRarc grigi. o, kosmiuro, erTaderTo mZlavro musika! o, usxeulo, exla sxeulamonagebo, am qaosidan moevlina axali muza yvelafers, rac ki axsnilia da gasagebi.

galaktioni SemTxveviT arafers akeTebda da musikaSic Tavisi kerpebi Rrmadgaazrebulad hyavda SerCeuli. mocarti, beThoveni, vagneri _ es is triadaa, romelTa qmnilebebSi ara marto germanuli sulia musikalur enasTan Serwymuli, aramed is maradiulic, romelic zogadkacobriuli SaravandediT mosili formiT gadmosces. marTalia medea cqifuriSvili, rodesac wers: `galaktionis poeziaSi xSirad irekleba xolme ama Tu im

SemoqmedTan dakavSirebuli asociaciuri plani, magram es yovelive gamiznulad xdeba da yovelTvis galaktioniseulia da poets an keTilxmovanebis, wminda bgeradobis TvalsazrisiT sWirdeba, an ama Tu im Semoqmedis SemoyvaniT saWiro ganwyobilebas qmnis, metwilad ki orive erTadaa xolme miRweuli~ (cqifuriSvili 1994: 115). imisaTvis, rom ama Tu im kompozitoris SemoyvaniT galaktions saWiro ganwyobileba Seeqmna, saWiro iyo misi Semoqmedebis mTeli siRrmiT gaazreba. es momenti ki mis leqsebSi filigranuli sizustiT igrZnoba da es xdeba imitom, rom musika marto gataceba ki ar iyo misTvis, aramed mTeli misi poeturi Semoqmedebis arsi. igi musikalurad aRiqvamda garemos da zogadad samyaros mravalferovnebasa da

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yovladobas. aki werda kidec: `msurda yovelSi da yvelaferSi musika, grZnoba da silamazeo~. swored amiTaa ganpirobebuli musikalobis dominanti mis leqsebSi: rogorc zvirTTa qafiani modeba, fagotebis mitacebda godeba, maocebda umZlavresi musika, Tmas miwewda qaris gaboroteba.

galaktionis musikaluri virtuozuloba garda imisa, rom Tandayolili niWia, nakvebia Tavisi drois filosofiiTac, modernistebis poeziiTac, klasikuri da xalxuri musikis codniTac. 1946 wels gamarjvebisadmi miZRvnili poema Caufiqrebia, garkveuli monaxazic gaukeTebia. es monaxazi simfoniis libretos ufro hgavs, vidre poemisas. es monaxazic iseve, rogorc simfoniis klasikuri forma, oTxnawiliania. ai isic: `pirveli nawili: centraluri

nawili uWiravs samgloviaro marSs, anu, ukeT rom vTqvaT, omis msxverplTa reqviems... Soridan moismis Tema omisa; meore nawili: metismetad lirikuli skerco. aq mogonebebia raRac sasiamovno epizodebze. yovelive es Semosilia sevdisa da ocnebis msubuqi burusiT; mesame nawili: paTetikuri... raRacnairi gataceba sicocxliT, Tayvaniscema da mowiweba bunebisadmi. igi Seuwyvetlad gadadis meoTxeSi; meoTxe nawili: mokle Sesavali. Semdeg iwyeba meore Tema aweuli, dResaswaulebrivi xasiaTisa. igia apoTeozi mTeli ambebis. damSvidebiTa da darwmunebiT viTardeba apoTeozi da gadaizrdeba did da grandiozul xmovanebaSi” (javaxaZe 1996: 408-409s). riT ar hgavs es beThovenis mesame _ “gmiruli simfoniis” libretos, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom beThovenis aRniSnul simfoniaSi samgloviaro scenas - `samgloviaro marSs~, romelsac sxva .adgilas igonebs kidec galaktioni _ `samgloviaro man Seqmna marSi, rom wyevla-krulva eTqva RmerTisTvis~ _ meore nawili eTmoba, xolo galaktionis poemis meore nawili (sasiamovno epizodebze mogonebebi) beThovenTan pirvel nawilSia mocemuli. beThovenisave meSvide simfoniis mosmenisas ki (1936 wlis 24 ivliss) aseTi Canaweri gaukeTebia: `beThoveni. meSvide simfonia... iwyeba nela. Semdeg misi eqo. ramdeni nazi siyvarulia _ xmebSi...

izrdeba hangebi. neli piano... rakrakebs nakaduli. uerTdeba mas meore nakadi. uceb orive Sewyda, TiTqmis miwaSi daikarga da amovida isev neli piano-sagan. bulbulebis gaxmaureba. neli qari izrdeba, izrdeba da ai, forte...~ da a. S. bolomde (tabiZe 1975: 343). beThovenis qariSxliani musika gansakuTrebiT xiblavda galaktions. bevri kompozitoris saxeli gaielvebs mis SemoqmedebaSi, magram poetze musikaluri zemoqmedebis ZaliT mainc beThoveni gamoirCeva. amas TviTonac adasturebs: bevrni arian xmaTa mToveni, magram sul sxvaa aq beThoveni, ganmeorebiT, ase mgonia imis mecxre _ Rrma simfonia. (`sxva beThoveni~)

beThovenis mecxre simfoniis mosmenam ki galaktions aTqmevina: sad zRvis Wavlebia yvavilTa mToveli, kvlav vxvdebiT erTmaneTs me da beThoveni. ocneba mgonia sizmari mgonia... qarTuli motivi _ mecxre simfonia.

mniSvnelovani ambavi an movlena sazogadoebisaTvis umalve gansjis sagnad iqceva, magram igive sagani Tu movlena xelovanis xelSi sul sxva ganzomilebebsa da masStabebSi vlindeba. yvelam kargad viciT, Tu rogor daiwera galaktionis `qebaTa qeba nikorwmindas~. taZris CuqurTmaSi, mis cadatyorcnil svetebSi mgosanma dainaxa mSobeli xalxis udidesi niWi, unatifesi gemovneba da titanuri Zala. es Zegli misTvis qarTuli sulis aRmafrenis simbolod iqca da swored am aRmafrenas uZRvna didebuli himni. msgavsi ganwyobilebis gamomxatvelia beThovenis mecxre simfonia. igi germanuli sulis, niWis, gemovnebis gamomxatvelia. misi Seqmnis wyarodac garegani impulsi, kerZod, Sileris oda `sixarulis himni~ iqca, amitom am simfoniasac `sixarulis simfonia~ ewodeba. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom galaktionma Tavisi `qebaTa qebis~ daweridan sul mcire droSi dawera es leqsi (`mecxre simfonia~). masSi mravlismetyvelia frazebi: `me da beThoveni~ da `qarTuli motivi _ mecxre simfonia~. rasakvirvelia, mecxre simfoniaSi wminda musikaluri TvalsazrisiT aranairi qarTuli motivi ar arsebobs. aq laparakia ideaTa, miswrafebaTa msgavsebaze, romliTac gamsWvalulia ara marto germaneli da qarTveli xalxi, aramed mTeli kacobrioba

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da Tu es miswrafeba germaniaSi beThovenma yvelaze srulyofilad mecxre simfoniiT gamoxata, galaktionma Tavisi leqsiT _ sityvieri simfoniiT (`qebaTa qeba nikorwmindas~) ugaloba niWierebas, gmirul Sromasa da misi nayofiT mogvril sixaruls. amitomac daukavSira Tavisi lirikuli gmiri _ `me~ beThovens. `sworTan sworis kidev erTi Tvalis gasworebaa~ galaktionis leqsi `Serigeba~. am leqsiT igi erTsa da imave dros mxarsac ubams genialur kompozitors _ mocarts da amave dros araCveulebrivad sxart daxasiaTebasac aZlevs mis Semoqmedebas. aqedan, bunebrivia, Tavis Semoqmedebasac: totebs qarisas gadahyva marti, TeTr tansacmelSi me movirTvebi da waval qarSi, rogorc mocarti, gulSi simReris msubuq zvirTebiT.

visac mocartis musika mousmenia da SeugrZvnia, ar SeiZleba, aRtacebuli ar darCeniliyo misi melodiuri saxis mSvenierebiTa da gamomsaxvelobiT. TviT ubralo harmoniebi mis xelSi warmtac melodiebad gardaiTqmebian da ocnebaTa sauflosaken waritaceben msmenels, radgan mudam naTel, gamWvirvale da faqiz faqturazea igi dafuZnebuli. swored aqedan warmodga mocartis `simReris msubuqi zvirTebi~, rogorc mas uwodebs galaktioni. xolo Tu yvelafer amas poetur enaze gardavTqvamT, magaliTebad leqsebs: `mzeo TibaTvisa~, `silaJvarde anu vardi silaSi~, `meri~ da sxva amisTanebs davasaxelebT. swored aqedan momdinareobs obieqturad dasabuTebuli Sedareba: `da waval qarSi, rogorc mocarti~. amave frazaSi sxva Sinaarsic irekleba. kerZod, cnobilia, rom mocartis dakrZalvis dRes buneba boboqrobda, saSineli qari qroda. albaT, amiT unda iyos gamowveuli leqsSi qarze aqcentireba: `totebs qarisas~, `me waval qarSi~. mis fenomenalur niWze amaxvilebs galaktioni yuradRebas Tavis` saubarSi lirikis Sesaxeb~. niWze, romelic sul mcire asakSi gamovalina mocartma, aRtacebaSi moiyvana msmeneli da aqedan mokidebuli dideba da msmenelis ovacia ar mohklebia: mozardi _ igiv mocartia! mudam mosavda Tanabrad zvavi qariSxalTa da mimozaTa!

rogorc vxedavT, galaktioni lirikul leqsSi erTi-ori ubralo StrixiT an miniSnebiT iseT zust da amomwurav daxasiaTebas aZlevvs ama Tu im Semoqmedis naRvaws, rom SeiZleba specialurad dawerilma mTelma tomma ver gagrZnobinoT igi. amdenad, galaktionis leqsebi metyveleben ara marto avtoris genialur niWze, aramed mis uaRresad did ganaTlebaze, misi Tvalsawieris sifarToveze; pirovnebaze, romelic naziarebia mTel sakacobrio kulturas da Sesisxlxorcebuli aqvs igi. damowmebani: baramiZe 2003: baramiZe s. yofiereba da dro galaktionis poeziaSi. krebuli galaktionologia. t. II, Tb.: 2003. TvaraZe 1972: TvaraZe r. galaktioni. Tb.: gamomcemloba `nakaduli~,1972. kakabaZe 1967: kakabaZe n. Tomas mani. Tb.: universitetis gamomcemloba, 1967. malarme 1979: malarme st. leqsebi da proza. quTaisi: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1979. tabiZe 1975: tabiZe g. Txzulebebis akademiuri gamocema 12 tomad. t. XII, Tb: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1975. Sopenhaueri 1873: Schopenhauer A. Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellug. Leipzig: 1873. ciskari 1967: Jurn. ciskari. 1967, 1. cqifuriSvili 1994: cqifuriSvili m. galaktioni. Tb.: 1994. javaxaZe 1996: javaxaZe v. ucnobi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1996.

Venera Kavtiashvili Music as Galaktion's Weltanschauung Summary

Much has been said and written on the melodiousness of Galaktion Tabidze's poetry as a poetic adornment and aesthetic side of the verse. In the present work, emphasis is put on music as poet's world outlook, the essence of being as a means for penetration into the deepest core. for this, a brief review of A.

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Schopenhauer's main work, "The World as Will and Representation" is done because it is in this creation that music is rated as a specific way of opening the mystery of the world which determined an immense authority and influence of this philosopher on modernists generally and, especially on symbolists. Of Galaktion's creative works that material has been analyzed, in which A. Schopenhauer's aesthetic thinking is unquestionably traced. Not only A. Schopenjauer but Richard Wagner's influence is evidenced which is revealed in striving to the synthesis of separate art forms and revival of mythology. Galaktion's appeal to Beethoven and Mozart's music is also represented here because it is just in their creations that the merging of German spirit with musical language is expressed and eternal values enveloped with the light of humankind are rendered. At the end appropriate conclusions have been made.

Tea beriZe mzis paradigma ana kalandaZis SemoqmedebaSi ana kalandaZis Semoqmedeba mdidaria religiuri TematikiT. poeti xSirad mimarTavs bibliur siuJetebsa Tu fsalmunebidan amonaridebs. ,,misi leqsebi ufro religiur himnebs hgavs, vidre pirad lirikul aRsarebas”, _ ase afasebda geronti qiqoZe ana kalandaZis poezias. es aris mizezi imisa, rom ana kalandaZis SemoqmedebaSi uxvad aris religiuri simbolo _ xSirad ideur-mxatvruli saxe Sefarulia. mistificireba erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli niSania misi leqsebisa. calke gvsurs gamovyoT mzis saxe. mzis paradigmis kvlevisas mivmarTavT hermenevtikas. am meTodis filosofiuri da Teologiri koncefcia bibliuri teqstebis analizis konteqstSi warmoCndeba. CvenTvis saintereso Temis interpretacias SevecdebiT `kvlav-Seqmnis~ meSveobiT, sadac intuicias Zalian didi adgili uWiravs. ana kalandaZis leqsebis krebulis kiTxvisas SeuZlebelia TvalSi ar mogvxvdes erTi Tavisebureba _ mzisa da yvavilebis siuxve. CanawerebSi poeti TviTonve aRniSnavs: `...qebas vityvi gazafxulisas, radganac didi sinaTle modis dedamiwaze, sinaTle da masTan _ imedi! yovelTvis miyvarda mze: fantazia ufro laRia da ukidegano, yvelaferi idumali da `fiqrTa aRmZvreli~ mzeSi! miyvars amomavali da Camavali mzis ferebi _ Zowisferi, mewamuli...~ (kalandaZe 1996: 81). me vTbebi mzeze, viT udabnos mwiri...1 (`Tqvi, Wiamaria!~ )

mze sinaTlis da cxovelmyofeli energiis simboloa. miTebi mogviTxroben heliosis Sesaxeb, romelic cecxlisa da sinaTlis RmerTia. astrologiaSi mze mamakacuri, aqtiuri, cxeli `planetaa~. aRniSnuli ciuri sxeuli adamianebTan mimarTebaSi sulier birTvs, _ TviTSemecnebasa da ganviTarebis Zalas gulisxmobs. amas garda, is aris cxovrebis umaRlesi idealisa da ZiriTadi warmatebis simbolo, romliskenac adamiani maradiulad iswrafvis. astrologiaSi mzis simbolo loms ukavSirdeba, mzisa da lomis saxis erToblioba gvxvdeba ana kalandaZis erT leqsSi: SemorCenili svetis Tavebze mrisxane lomi mzis gulze Tbeba.

ana kalandaZis SemoqmedebaSi mzes sxvadasxvanairi gamovlinebiT vxvdebiT. SevecdebiT, gamovyoT ramdenime maTgani.

a)mzis saxe-simbolos qristianuli gaazreba mze aris personificirebuli WeSmaritebis atributi, radganac mis SuqSi yvelaferi gasagebi xdeba. mze, mTvare da varskvlavebi dabadebaSi meoTxe dRes Seiqmna. iakobis Svilma, iosebma, naxa sizmari, romelSic mze da mTvare mas Tayvans scemdnen. mze da mTvare gamosaxulia qristes jvarcmis scenaSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT saintereso saxes vxvdebiT ana kalandaZis leqsSi ìsev gaxseni guli Cemi~: isev gaxseni guli Cemi

mze-mTvarisaTvis da damifare, viT walkotSi yvavils ifarav! (ìsev gaxseni guli Cemi~ ) 1

ana kalandaZis teqstebi damowmebulia poetis ortomeulidan.

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qristianul taZrebSi xSirad vxvdebiT jvris gamosaxulebas, romlis centrSi mzea moqceuli, xolo mis qveS _ namgliseburi mTvare. tradiciulad, es sami saxe ase iSifreba: jvari _ rwmena, mze _ siyvaruli, mTvare — imedi; magram xSirad xdeba, aseve, am triadis Semdegnairi axsna: mTvare _ rogorc mTeli miwieri samyaros dabadeba, jvari _ qristes sikvdili xorcieli, xolo mze _ aRdgoma. mze-mTvare erT semantikur erTeulad aRiqmeba mxolod qristianobasTan mimarTebaSi. Tu mocemul WrilSi ganvixilavT, maSin anaseuli mze-mTvare gaiSifreba, rogorc gulis gaxsna siyvaruli-imedisTvis, an meore variants Tu mivmarTavT, maSin amqveyniuridanimqveyniurSi gadasvla unda vigulisxmoT. poetisgan SemoTavazebuli es saxe, garda imisa, rom azrobrivad Zalian sainteresoa, amavdroulad, originaluria da ucxo. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom qristianul moZRvrebaSi mTvarisa da mzis jvarcmasTan erTad gamosaxva, qristes orbunebovnebis mauwyebelia. qristianul mcnebaSi, aRmosavleTidan amomavali mze aris ukvdavebis da mkvdreTiT aRdgomis simbolo. aseve, radganac qriste aris drois gamgebeli, mzis mixedviT dRis xangrZlivobis dadgenas masTan akavSireben, rac xSirad aisaxeba romanul xelovnebaSi. ana kalandaZis leqsebSi RmerTi _ mze erT sibrtyezea: Sen, sinaTlis mefev, ganuwyvetel mzis xar... o, Senc qebaT qebis `Rirs xar, Rirs xar, Rirs xar!~ (`Sen, sinaTlis mefev~)

gamovyoT kidev erTi Tavisebureba: garda imisa rom mze, rogorc mnaTobi, dedamiwamde aRwevs sxivebis, sinaTlis, siTbos saxiT, aseve, miwieri samyaro ganuwyvetliv miiswrafvis mzisken, anu xdeba mudmivi gardasaxva erTidan meoreSi. oSkis mZle taZaro, aTasi welia, dgaxar da RaRadeb... kvlav anTeb CiraRdans, kvlav mzemde maRldebi... (,,oSkis mZle taZaro”)

taZari maRldeba mzemde, anu RmerTamde. taZari uflis saxlia da iq Catarebuli gulwrfeli wirva-locva ufals unda miswvdes. edmund huserlis dauweria, rom adamianis cxovreba sxva araferia, Tu ar RmerTisadmi gza. am gamonaTqvamis dadastureba cnobil ruminel religiaTmcodnes mirCa eliadesac SeuZlia im ideiT, rom misTvis nebismieri pirovneba aris religiuri adamiani. eliades religiis istoriaSi mTavari adgili uWiravs koncefcias homo Religious, romelic gaazrebulia, rogorc swavleba religiuri apriorebisa adamianis cnobierebaSi. Tavisi meTodi eliadem religiis Sida wesebis Seswavlas daafuZna. religiis istorikosis yuradReba, misi azriT, erTdroulad, miqceuli unda iyos, rogorc religiur faqtze, aseve mis istoriaze. eliade gvTavazobs Tavisebur religiur struqturas, gamoyofs ZiriTad kategoriebs _ modelebs _ `paternebs~. aseT modelebad gvevlineba sxvadasxva kosmiuri kategoria da maTTan dakavSirebuli kultebi (mze, mTvare, msoflio xe, wyali, Suqi, nayofierebis kultebi, zeca da a.S); religiis aseTi danawevreba gamarTlebulia, imiT rom am `danawevrebulad~ aRweril fenomenebs, SesaZloa, davayrdnoT garkveuli religiuri sistema, romelic Tavisufali iqneba evoluciis ideisgan. ana kalandaZisTvis mze rom ubralo ciuri sxeuli ar aris, es faqtia. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi Cven gvainteresebs qveteqsti amovikiTxoT da davinaxoT miRmuri azri, idea. am SemTxvevaSi semiotikur meTods unda mivmarToT. Carlz pirsis mixedviT, `niSani axdens sagnis reprezentacias da enacvleba mas cnobierebaSi~ (doiaSvili 2006: 85); am SemTxvevaSi niSani _ ciuri sxeuli _ mzea, romelic reprezintirebulia sxvadasxva aspeqtSi da cnobierebaSi gardaisaxeba saintereso saxe-simbolod. interpretacia warmoadgens ganmartebas, `Targmanebas~, adamianis reaqcias pirvelad niSanze, romelic badebs interpretacias da es procesi usasruloa. leqsSi `Tvalno, SavTvalno~ aseTi striqonia: `rodesac gulSi mze ari~, mze Tu RmerTis simboloa, RmerTi _ siyvarulia, siyvarulis navsayudeli ki gulia. àxlda mTovare idumals saydars, mze mohyveboda sinaTlis mfenad~. magaliTisTvis kidev erT leqss moviyvan, Tumca magaliTi marTlac mravladaa: guls damfenia mzei cxoveli ukeTurebiT

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kvalad xsnisaTvis, sinaTlis Cemis gaZlierebad miwyiv, ukuniT ukunisamde! (`guls damfenia~)

mocemul taepSic mze gulSi ivanebs. guli xom rwmenis sacavia! swored guliT unda swamdes WeSmarit qristians da ara goniT. rwmena ki sinaTlea. gulSi umzeoba wyvdiadTan asocirdeba ana axmatovasTvis: память о солнце в сердце слабеет Что это? Тьма? Может быть! (ana axmatova, `память о солнце в сердце слабеет~)

rusi mwerali vasili lenski erT-erT interviuSi saubrobs Sinagan mzeze, romelsac warmogvidgens formiT ,,guli-mze”: ,,Zvel xalxs uTqvams, rom adamiani _ mikrokosmosia. ramdenadac didia gare kosmosi, imdenadve grandiozulia Sinagani kosmosi. Tumca, TiToeuli TqvenganisTvis Sida samyaro jer uxilavia. saidumloebiTaa moculi da miuRwevadia es samyaro. sakuTar TavSi CaRrmavebiT SuqiT ivseba Sida kosmosi da mas saxilvels qmnis. guli _ es Sinagani mzea, is ànaTebs~ SigniT. guli-mze sisxls mTels organizmSi anawilebs, TiToeul nawilTan Tavisi sxivi gadaaqvs, sxeulis yvela monakveTi grZnobs am sxivur pulsacias. iq, sadac Sinagani mze da Suqia, maradiuli gazafxuli da axalgazrdoba ivanebs~ (perminaite 1999) mze _ araamqveyniuria, radganac miuwvdomelia (siwminde yovelTvis gamoyofilia), Tumca xilulia (gansxvavebiT, qristianuli warmodgenebisgan sxva samyaroze). igi moZraobs ucvleli gziT: ucvleli _ sxva samyaros maniSnebelia. mzes Tavisuflad ver Sexedav (siwmide daSorebulia). igi sicocxlis momcemia, maszea damokidebuli sicocxle da sikvdili. kidev erT Sedarebas moviSveliebT da gavixsenebT amonarids maqsim gorkis zRapar-poemidan `gogona da sikvdili~: Михаиле!- говорит Иуда,Знаю, что я Каина грешнее, Потому что предал подлой Смерти Светлое, как солнце, божье сердце!

b) Camavali mzis saxe-simbolo skviTur kalendarSi axali weliwadi iwyeboda zamTrSi (22 dekembers), yvelaze grZel Rames, maTi warmosaxviT, am dros `kvdeboda~ Zveli mze da ìbadeboda~ axali. rodesac mze Caesveneboda horizonts miRma, iTvleboda rom igi midioda miwisqveSa samyaroSi, an mas sibnelis boroti Zala Wamda. amgvari warmodgenebi TiTqmis yvela uZveles xalxs hqonda. magaliTad, yovel Rames, mzis RmerTi, ra (Zveli egvipte) micuravda miwisqveSa nilosiT dedamiwis siRrmeSi, sadac ebrZoda gvel apops, dilisTvis imarjvebda, raTa momaval Rames kvlav SebrZoleboda. qarTul zepirsityvierebaSic gvxvdeba mzesTan mebrZoli gveleSapi. anu mudmivi cvalebdoba dRisa da Ramis, erTgvari simboloa, rogorc sikvdilisa da aRdgomisa, aseve borotisa da keTilis mudmiv Widilisa. ukudga bneli, mixila mzeman... aRniSnul leqsSi igulisxmeba sikeTis anu naTelis, RvTiuris gamarjveba borotebas, demonur sawyissa da bnelze. mze rom ar moiazreba mxolod planetad, migvaniSnebs leqsis forma. religiuri plastebiT gajerebuli leqsebi datvirTulia (ara gadatvirTuli), ZiriTadad arqauli sityvebiT, winadadebis wyobiTa da, saerTod, emociuri ganwyobadatvirTviT. fsalmuniviT dinjad sakiTxavia. da maRalis mzis amoxdoma kvlav meuwyeba... am maRal RamiT sixaruli zeimobs Cemi.

am konkretul striqonSi Rame iseve, rogorc mze _ maRalia. axsna, SesaZloa, aseTia: samyaro ganuyofelia dRiTa da RamiT, anu Tu Ramea, Cven viciT, rom mze ar qreba, is uxilvelia CvenTvis, iseve, rogorc RmerTi, xolo am sruli samyaros meufe sasufevelSia da ganagebs yovels. gaoreba, rwmenis Seryeva, xSirad misi dakargvac (nicSeseuli RmerTis sikvdili) ar aris ucxo morwmunisaTvis. pirovnebis mTavari dilemaa _ airCios RvTis gza da iyo srulad mindobili RmerTze, an, piriqiT, airCios urwmunoeba da arafris SiSi ar hqondes. dausjelobis SiSis arqona yvelaze didi problemaa, rogorc zogadad, ise dRevandel yofa-cxovrebaSi. `SiSi Seiqms siyvarulsa~.

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daamxes Cemi sakurTxevlebi mzisa wil... Rames aRiareben. (`sxivebi Seni~)

rwmenis Seryeva ana kalandaZis lirikuli gmirisTvis ucxoa. Tumca leqsSi `var marad varskvlavTa mWvreteli~ avtori isev upirispirebs erTmaneTs sinaTles da sibneles, da maTs mudmiv Widils, rogorc samyaroSi, ise pirovnebis sulSi, magram Sveba aris: boroti unda iZlios. suls xSirad eaxlis ukuni, mzec momefineba xSiradve... ò, RmerTo, o, RmerTo sabaoT, sinaTle, sinaTle, sinaTle!~ (`var marad varskvlavTa mWvreteli~)

mze rwmenisTvis wamebulTa simboloa. is yvelgan sikeTes Tesavs, patiosani da keTili qristianis simbolod gvevlineba. martvilis anu mzis cxovreba yovelTvis iqneba misabaZi magaliTi maTTvis, vinc midis RvTis gziT.

g) mze uZveles xalxTa rwmena-warmodgenebSi winareqristianul epoqaSi gavrcelebuli iyo mosazreba, rom mze uSualod dakavSirebulia araamqveyniur, RvTaebebis, winaprebis, Zlier da mrisxane samyarosTan. mzes, dRis manaTobels, bunebrivia, pirveli adgili ukavia ciur sxeulTa Soris. bevri religia ukavSirebs mzes RmerTis cnebas; mzis RmerTs xSirad `gamanadgureblis~ saxeli aqvs. zogierT xalxTan, TviTon mzes miegeboda pativi, rogorc RvTaebas. Cveulebriv, aseTi warmodgena gavrcelebuli iyo maSin, rodesac mefis pirovneba gansakuTrebiT pativdebuli iyo da wmindanad iTvleboda. Zveli xeTebis (mcire azia) mefe sakuTar Tavs uwodebda `Cemi mziuri RvTaeba~ da Tavis samflobelos, mzis msgavsad, aRmosavleTidan dasavleTiT Semoivlida xolme. samxreT amerikaSi, inkebis imperiis mefeebi Tavs RmerTis Svilebad Tvlidnen. iaponia _ àmomavali mzis qveyana~, imperatori _ mzis Svili. ludovik meToTxmete (safrangeTi, me-17-e saukune) iwodeboda _ `mefe mzed~. Zvel rusul wignebSi, mefis (mbrZaneblis) Sedareba mzesTan sruliad Cveulebrivia, xolo misi Casvla an dabneleba mefis avadmyofobasTan, damarcxebasTan brZolaSi an sikvdils ukavSirdeba. ana kalandaZiseul mzes, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, gadavyavarT uZveles xalxebTan. magaliTad, leqsSi `maT balkaneTSi poves sadguri~ poeti gvTavazobs mzis aseT variacias `maT Zlier sxeuls swvavda Cveni mzei qalduri~. sainteresoa kidev erTi saxe leqsidan: `romi, genua, piza, verona~, sadac mze mxolod ciuri sxeulia `kolizeumi Zvlebs iTbobs mzeze~, magram saxe TavisTavad STambeWdavia. leqsSi `moxuci indieli~ mze religiur aspeqts ubrundeba: ò, Sen iloceb mzis amosvlis win~... uzarmazari mze brialebs piramidebTan... ...wvanan aqlemni da amon-ras ganadideben. (`luqsoris gzaze~)

rogorc Zveli egviptis religiis istoriidan gvaxsovs, swored mzis RvTaebas mianiWa upiratesoba amenxotep IV-em, daarRvia RmerTTa uzarmazari panTeoni da amarnis peroidSi monoTeizmis gabatoneba scada. egviptesTan mimarTebaSi kidev erTi striqoni gavixsenoT ana kalandaZis poeziidan, leqsi `pawawina eklesiaSi~ ase sruldeba `mzis qorwilia, Sen xar Tamada~, marTalia, egviptidan Sors aris dawerili aRniSnuli leqsi, magram paolo iaSvilis darianul cikls ki gagvaxsenebs: iq, sadac sduman piramidebi, mzis qorwilis dros, me davwvebi mzisfer silaze... (paolo iaSvili, `piramidebSi~)

umetes tradiciebSi, mze _ sayovelTao mamaa, mTvare _ deda. es ar exeba amerikis indielebis, maoris, tevtonebis da iaponiis xalxebs, sadac mTvare warmoadgens mamakacurs, xolo mze _ qalur sawyiss. mze da wvima _ umniSvnelovanesi Zalebia nayofierebisTvis, amis gamo, siZe asocirdeba mzesTan, xolo patarZali _ mTvaris RmerTqalTan da deda-miwasTan, rac Seexeba qarTul zepirsityvierebas, mzes qaluri sawyisi aqvs, mTvares _ mamakacuri: mze dedaa Cemi, mTvare mama Cemi...

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mze mamakacur sawyisad Tu moviazreT, igi ufro advili dasakavSirebeli iqneba umaRles idealTan. albaT, amitomac aqvs umetes qveynebis kulturebSi mzes mamakacuri sqesi, Tumca ana kalandaZis poeziaSi ar iCens Tavs aseTi gamijvna. erTi kia, rom poet qals mzesTan asocirebuli aqvs Zveli xalxebis religiuri adaT-wesebi: muxlebs moviyri nawarmarTevi (raRac unebur iRviZebs CemSi), ros ava caze mzis aRmarTebiT da mzis oqrosfer, did salocvelSi kocons daagznebs qurumi cisa... (`mzis salocvelSi~)

d) mze _ ciuri sxeuli ana kalandaZis poeziaSi mzes ara mxolod simboluri datvirTva aqvs. Zalian xSirad poeti iyenebs am ciur sxeuls, Tavisi bunebrivi gamovlinebebis mixedviT yofiT sinamdvileSi: `mTis mze ara gwvavs mSvenier saxes?~ (`xevsur qaliviT~), `brWyvialebs mzeze aWaris qedi~... saxe-simbolos garda, mze, ubralod, poeturi xerxicaa misTvis, rogorc Tavad wers: `ramdenime ucvleli saxe _ qari, mze, kaSkaSa varskvlavi~, es `simboluri jaWvi~ umTavresad `poeturi qvecnobierebis siRrmeSia~, magram maT Segnebuladac mivmarTav, rogorc am dros Cemeul ganwyobilebaTa ukeTes `gamgebT~ da `gamziarebelT~ _ mxolod varskvlavTa, TanamavalTa, vamcno gulisa me saidumlo!~ (kalandaZe 1996: 83) ana kalandaZis SemoqmedebaSi mze macocxlebeli Zalaa. poeti mzisa da miwis kavSirs xSirad mcenareebis meSveobiT gvixatavs, miT umetes, rom xeebs da yvavilebs ara naklebi simboluri Tu mistikuri datvirTva aqvs mis poeziaSi. yvavili uflis simbolod iseve aRiqmeba, rogorc mze: ar var mbrwyinavi mis sxivTa qveSe da mzis yvavili daWkneba CemSi...

es mcire moculobis (4 taepiani) leqsi Rrmaazrovania: vubrundebiT zemoTqmuls, rom yvavili iseve moiazreba qristianobaSi, rogorc mze. aRniSnul variantSi _ mzis yvavili _ ara aris ra, Tu ara rwmena. misi daWknoba ki rwmenis gaqrobaa, anda Sesusteba, Tumca pirvel or striqons Tu guldasmiT wavikiTxavT, SesaZloa, momdevno or striqonSi _ Tavmdabloba, Tavis dadrekac davinaxoT. ufro dazustebiT, SiSi rwmenis simyaris gamo. ana kalandaZe mzis saxis ucnaur xedvas gvTavazobs. iSviaTi da lamazi metaforebi: `daoblda baRi mzis foTlebiT CamoTovlili~ (magram...amaod...) `mzis baRebSi nuSis Tovlia~ (`mxmobs varskvlavebis TeTri RvTaeba~). mxolod erTs aRvniSnav, baRi _ xom ar moiazreba samoTxis baRad? leqsSi `karSi gamo, Wia-Wiamaria!~ Zalian lamazi saxe da ganwyobaa`mze icinis, vardfurclobis daria~. momRimari mze gvxvdeba aseve leqsSi `Soria Tamar~ _ `mzis Rimili aRaCina caman~.

v) mzis feri sosiuris azriT, `niSani warmoadgens mTlianobas, romelic gvevlineba aRmniSvnelis (akustikuri xati) da aRsaniSnis (azri, warmodgena) asociaciis nayofad~ (doiaSvili 2006:87) asociacia subieqturia. am SemTxvevaSi Cven gvainteresebs poetis asociacia arsebul niSanze. tradiciuli gagebiT, mzes miesadageba yviTeli, wiTeli, rogorc TviTon poeti SeniSnavs, `mewamuli”, an stafilosferi... lurji mze iyo, lurji _ sayviTlia da wyavi... ...da mze Cavida lurjad... (`gamartebaze~)

pirvelive striqonSi poeti daJinebiT gvimeorebs mzis Seferilobas. lurji _ zecis da wylis feria. simaRlisa da siRrmis simboloa. srulyofilebas, mSvidobas, maradiulobasa da erTgulebas ukavSirdeba. qristianobaSi aRniSnuli feri RvTismosaobas, gulwrfelobas da keTilgonierebas ganasaxovnebs. ana kalandaZis lurji mze zRvaSi eSveba, SesaZloa, amitomac asocirda am ferTan. lurji mze lurj wyalSi _ wyali marad ganaxlebadia, kvalad aRdgomas gulisxmobs. lurji mze iseTive saintereso monapovaria ana kalandaZis Semoqmedebisa, rogorc meterlinkis `lurji frinveli~. mzis madidebel poetad iTvleba konstantin balmonti _ `Я в этот мир пришел, чтоб видеть солнце~, misi mzis feri sruli antipodia aRniSnuli ferebisa:

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Я увижу Солнце, Солнце, Солнце, красное, как кровь.

sxadasxva Seferilobis garda, ana kalandaZis mzes surnelic axlavs. nazi forToxlis, nazi forToxlis surneli dahkravs mzes narinjisfers...

sruliad gansxvavebuli xedvaa. Tumca aqac ar iqneba uadgilo gavixsenoT isev konstantin balmontis leqsi saTauriT: `Аромат Солнца~. Запах Солнца? Что за вздор! Нет, не вздор. ... Солнце пахнет травами, ... И смолистою сосной...

aqve aRvniSnavT erT niuanss: ana kalandaZis SemoqmedebaSi gvxvdeba mzisferi, samzeos mwuxri, mzismokleoba, cxraTvala mze da sxva mravali variacia... mze uxilavia CvenTvis, radganac Zalian didia Cveni SemecnebisTvis. mzis gavlena bundovania da gamokveTili sazRvrebi ar aqvs. wina Taobebma ukve ganicades misi gavlena, xolo Taobebi, romlebic momavalSi gaCndebian, datkbebian am gavleniT. amgvarad, mze TiTqos uxilavia CvenTvis da amave dros, ganuyofeli Cveni arsebobisaTvis: nu momeSalos me Seni Tavi da mzisa xilva!

mze _ umaRlesi kosmosuri Zalis simboloa. yvelafris momcveli RvTaeba. mzea Zalaufleba, uZravi arseba, kosmosis guli, yofisa da intuitiuri codnis centri, msoflios Tvali, dRis Tvali, is daumorCilebelia, diadi. arsebobs tradiciuli gansxvaveba xilulsa da uxilavs, Sida da gare mzes Soris. ana kalandaZis SemoqmedebaSi mze erTgvari atributia, xilulia, romlis meSveobiTac mkiTxvelma unda Seimecnos uxilavi, Sida mze. damowmebani: doiaSvili 2006: doiaSvili T., ratiani i. (redaqtorebi). literaturis Teoriis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinareobani. Tb.: 2006. kalandaZe 1995: kalandaZe a. ortomeuli. Tb.: gamomcemloba ,,saqarTvelo”, 1995. mixelsoni 2002: mixelsoni. mirCa eliades religiis istoria da axali humanizmi [on-lain statia] (moskovi: Jurnali religiaTmcodneoba, 4, 2002) mis.: http://eliade.upelsinka.com/cr4.htm; Internet. perminaite 1999: vasili lenski ,,guli-Sinagani mze” [on-lain interviu] mis.: http://ariom.narod.ru/Literatura/Lenskij/lenskij-06.htm; Internet.

Tea Beridze The Paradigm of Sun in Ana Kalandadze's Creative Works Summary This article is an overview of Anna Kalandadze’s artistic approach to “the Sun Paradigm”, its poetical and stylistic function. Characterization of Anna Kalandadze’s can be seen in interposition of vision and style in her poetry. She manages separate series with different “voice” and aligns verses in it to same semantics and metrics. Verses containing religious themes are aligned like psalms. So, some rhythm in such verses can be found, but these still being read as free verse. Verses from some series are mostly hetero syllabic; they often contain archaisms and citation from New Testament, so, we paid significant attention to Christian realization of sun’s symbolic face. Hermeneutic and semiotic approaches were used when analyzing Anna Kalandadze’s verses. The Sun, as sign, is being represented in various ways. Letter is divided into sub-paragraphs: a) Christian approach to the Sun face-symbol; b) Symbol of descending sun; c) The Sun in ancient human’s religions; d) The Sun – as astral object; e) Color of the Sun.

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During researches of Anna Kalandadze’s Sun paradigm, concept developed by famous Romanian religion specialist, Mircha Eliade was used, this conception bases on studies of religious a priories in human’s selfdefinition. Article analyses The Sun’s place in Georgian and worldwide epic poems, where it holds dominant position. This symbol is still important in the 20th century poetry. During research of Anna Kalandadze’s Sun paradigm, parallels were discovered in poetry of famous poets, such as – Anna Akhmatova, Maksim Gorky and “the Sun poet” – Konstanin Balmont.

TinaTin gavaSeli ìuloni~ _ saxarebiseuli STagonebiT nasazrdoebi piesa ìuloni~ guram rCeuliSvilis sulieri amaRlebis gamovlinebaa, ramac ganapiroba Znelad aRsaqmeli “tragediis” arseboba. es iyo mweralSi dawyebuli aRmasvla, romlis TiToeuli safexuri literaturul faqtad iqca. avtorma Seucdomlad SeigrZno gza xsnisa, romelsac TavisTavad daadgnen piesis gmirebi. mweralma miagno arsebobis miseul formas _ moyvasisTvis Tavdadebas, ramac fizikurad Seiwira kidec. piesidan: àman SeiZleba damRupos me, aman SeiZleba dagvRupos Cven yvela, dagvRupos sxva formis Ziebam, magram is, romelic naxavs Tavis namdvil arss, is imdenad namdvili iqneba, rom arc erTi Cvengani ar inanebs, rom iyo misi gzis uneblie msxverpli~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 40). avtoris CaTvliT piesis yvela personaJi ùneblie msxverplad~ iqca. erTi amosunTqviT dawerili tragedia savsea calkeuli, erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli azrebiT, SexedulebebiT, magram saerTo Ziebis paTosiT. rac Seexeba ìulonis~ siuJets, Temas da ideas Tavad mwerali svams kiTxvas da TviTonve scems gansxvavebul, Tavisebur pasuxs: `pirdapir moyola Znelia, imdenad ubralo Temaa _ ojaxuri tragedia~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 50). ambavi Zvelia, aTasjer gameorebuli... ZmaTa Soris Surma da dapirispirebam daudo dasabami kacis kvlas. sisxli pirvelad Zmebs Soris daiRvara. gaCnda damRupveli codva: `TavSi ki is patara eSmaki zis, is misvams qucquciT tvinze da xiTxiTebs: xi, xi, xi, me mindoda meZia Suri, romelic Cems Zmaze gaWris yvelaze metad~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 65). rCeuliSvili xazgasmis gareSe uTiTebs, boroteba iq Cndeba, sadac sikeTis naklebobaa. mitovebulad cxovrebam, usiyvarulo yofam qvecnobierad daupirispira Teziko (piesis personaJi) erTaderT naTesavs. rac Seexeba ideas: “Cemi azriT, piesa, Tundac romani, arasodes ar emsaxureba raime ideas, ufro farTo gagebiT humanur ideasac ki, miuxedavad imisa, rom karg did nawarmoebSi ueWvelad kacTmoyvareobazea aRebuli ZiriTadi xazi, igive SeiZleba iTqvas cud nawarmoebzec. _ irakli: `hoda, eg yofila misi dedaazri~. _ gurami: ègre SeiZleba arc dagewera araferi, cxovrebis dedaazria saerTod gamoxatuli literaturul formaSi _ icxovro Sen axlobelTan da Seiyvaro is, rogorc Seni Tavi~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 52). am frazaSia gacxadebuli avtoris cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis warmmarTveli Zala _ udidesi sisustec da Zalmosilebac, mcneba, romelzec dafuZnebulia qristianuli moZRvreba: `_moZRuar, romeli mcnebai ufrois ars sjulsa Sina?~ `_xolo ieso hrqua mas: Seiyuaro RmerTi Seni yovliTa guliTa SeniTa da yovliTa suliTa SeniTa da yovliTa gonebiTa SeniTa. ese ars didi da pirveli mcnebai da meore, msgavsi amisi: Seiyuaro moyvasi Seni viTarca Tavi Tvisi~ (maTe, 22,36). saxarebiseuli STagonebiTaa nasazrdoebi piesa. personaJebs SeuZliaT igrZnon, amoicnon da Seiyvaron suliT naTesavi: `SemiZlia ase amovicno qveSecneulad Cemi naTesavi sxeuliT, misi didi gagebiT da mTeli arsebiT Seviyvaro is, Tundac marto erTi saaTiT, oRond mainc mTeli arsebiT~ (iqve,gv.31); an kidev: `gigrZeni, rogorc... Cemi naTesavi sxeuliT, ai amitom genacvale, ai amitom SemiZlia davece Sen win muxlebze, eniT avloko is miwa, romelic Sen garSemoa da Tavi ar davimciro; es, xom gesmis! me SemiZlia gavakeTo es Seni gulisTvis~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 31). mkvlelobas mosdevs sasamarTlo. erTdroulad gaCnda ganaCenis, pasuxis moTxovnis, TavismarTlebis, dacvis, axsna-ganmartebis mosmenis aucilebloba. amovlinda avtorSi mimdinare erTi mTliani, Seuqcevadi procesi: àm tragediaSi yvela daiwyebs Tavis Zebnas, aq ki mxolod erTi gmiria da is gmiri me var~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 151).

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frazaSi TiTqos qveSecneulad gacxadda piesis unari _ daganaxos sakuTari Tavi, gaxde sxvisi Cadenili codvebis monawile, maTTan da maTi gavleniT eZio gamosavali, erTdroulad iyo mkvlelic, msajulic, damcvelic. sakuTar arsebaSi moiZio, moikribo arsebuli, aqamde gaumxeleli SegrZnebebi. irwmuno, rom ar arsebobs codva, romlis Cadenac adamians potenciurad ar SeeZlos da, amave dros, ar arsebobs codva, romelic ar Seindoba. mTavaria, piesis gmirebiviT mogindes “siyvarulis axsna” da mxolod es unari SegSurdes: ài, rom giyureb, Tbili SuriT mevseba guli, siyvarulis SuriT: rogor SegiZlia ase ganurCevlad giyvardes yvela, Tanac ise, rom ar gecodebodes aravin; amasTanave, Sen Tavze ise laparakobde, rogorc sxvaze; isic giyvardes da am dros ar iyo frCxilis odena egoistic ki~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 26). yovlismomcveli siyvaruli gadaarCenT maSin, rodesac mkvlelobis faqtis winaSe xvdebian, rom yvelafris patiebas SeZleben. mkvlelobiT mweralma zogadad codvis arsis momakvdineblobaze miuTiTa. sasamarTloze braldebulis pirvelive fraziT gvaCvena xsnis gzac: `me Tavs ar vimarTleb~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 88). albaT, aman gadaarCina iulonis suli daRupvas. guram rCeuliSvilis personaJebs aqvT unari, Tavi daidanaSaulon Caudenel danaSaulSi, tragediis gancda bednierebad miiCnion. grZnoben, rom tanjviT miRebul siamovnebas aRqma sWirdeba. logikurad TiTqmis gaugebaria, ratom unda eZebo tragedia daJinebiT. Ziebis mizezi, albaT, mis arsebobaSia: `Cemi buneba eZebda, eZebda da man ipova udidesi usamarTloba, udidesi boroteba Cadenili sxvis mier da is iqca Cem tragediad, radgan is, rac SeuZlia gaakeTos erTma adamianma, SeuZlia gaakeTos yvelam uklebliv, swored amitomac sxvac iseve agebs im usamarTlobisTvis pasuxs, rogorc TviTon Camdeni~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 89). esaa piesis erT-erTi umTavresi saTqmeli. aq yvela Tanabrad idanaSaulebs Tavs da zustad aRiqvams Semdgomi moqmedebis mizezs: _`Cven mkvlelobas ar vamarTlebT, Cven vamarTlebT cocxlad darCenil sicocxles.” _ `Cven aq yvelani Zmebi varT ,kaco~. _ `yvelafriT Zmebi” (rCeuliSvili 1994: 136). piesaSi sxvadasxva siRrme gviTrevs. periodulad Cndeba SegrZneba, rom mivageniT mTavar saTqmels. Semdeg gveufleba gancda, rom yvelaferi gagvisxlta xelidan da ase dausruleblad. ìuloni~ wrea, sadac àrafrisTvis araferi ar arsebobs. TviT arasaWiro sikvdilic ki~. grZnoba, romelic warmarTavs piesas, masSi dafaruls da gacxadebuls, amosacnobs da Sesacnobs kidev erTxel dasaxeldeba bolo fardis daSvebisas: `dauSviT ufro didi farda... (eSveba ufro didi farda) erTi wamic! (gamodis ufro didi fardis win). ai, me gurami, vdgavar Tqvens win, namdvili gurami, gurami, romelsac uyvarxarT Tqven siyvarulTa Soris yvelaze didi siyvaruliT yvelafrisadmi, artistuli siyvaruliT, romlis SegrZnebac RmerTobamde adis, is aris yvelafris gamgebi, yvelafris mpatiebeli... me vici, ra aris udidesi yvela grZnobaTa Soris, es icodiT Tqvenc, amitom moxvediT TeatrSi: ai, Cemi aq dgomis maqsimumi: scenaze yofna es aris udidesi siyvaruli~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 143). dasasruliT TiTqos Tavidan iwyeba yvelaferi, radgan gadmogvedo RmerTobamde asuli siyvarulis niWi. xelmeored varkvevT, ra moxda sinamdvileSi, an ra iyo sinamdvile? romel realobaSi Caidines mkvleloba piesis gmirebma da ratom moawyves es tragedia. Tavadac amas eZieben: `maSin haerSi vrCebiT Cven yvelani, aba, Tqven TviTona TqviT ra tragedia iqneboda, rom kaci ar momkvdariyo, an vin daijerebda, rom es tragediaa? is ki ara, Tezikoc mecotaveba tragediisaTvis, SeiZleba es nawarmoebi dramaSi CamiTvalon, Tqven TviTona TqviT, sinamdvileSi iyo Tu ara es tragedia. biWebi: meti, meti iyo! ...mainc gavacocxloT, iqneba aRar iyos tragedia saWiro. gurami: es sikvdili sisxlis gamoSvebaa da Tqven umagisod naxeT ra iqneboda namdvili tragedia, romelsac veravin tragediis Serqmevasac ki ver gaubedavda~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 142). avtors surs mkvleloba tragediad iqnas aRqmuli. iqneb, amasac gulisxmobdes frazaSi: `me mxolod mwerali var, amitom mixaria kacis sikvdili, mere davwer amis Sesaxeb~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 114). am gancdas iwvevs ara mkvleloba, aramed misi uaryofis SesaZlebloba. mweralSi Sinaganad Zlieria kaenTan mosaubre ganrisxebuli RvTis xma. amitomac idanaSaulebs Tavs mxatvrul realobasa da irealobas Soris momxdar mkvlelobaSi. siyvarulis uecari Semotevisas erT-erTi personaJi _ sulxani ambobs: `SeiZleba zedmeti vTqvi, sadRac damZlia artistulobam, magram ranairi SegrZneba mqonda, iciT? Zalian nacnobi yvelasaTvis. ai, ase xo dgas xolme wre, Sekruli wre da dabal taSs ukravs, sacekvao taSs, wris guli ki carielia da mocekvaves elis, raRacnairad vigrZeni,

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mTeli kunTebi dameWima, ai, saxezec ki wamomaxura, ai, egre, ase ideqiT Cems gonebaSi Tqven, rogorc axla dgaxarT wred da ukravdiT dabal taSs, me sadRac uknidan, mTel tanSi mtvreviT wamovedi, gamovarRvie rkali welSi moxrilma, TavdaRunulma, oRond savsem gamarTvis surviliT... me vigrZeni sakuTari xerxemlis, moRunuli xerxemlis dauokebeli survili da ucbad avardnil taSTan erTad gavimarTe... uvneblad da alalad da yovlisSemZled...~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: .27). RmerTobamde asuls gwams, rom RmerTi siyvarulia. es rwmena aRar gaZlevs uflebas gaasamarTlo vinme, brali dasdo ise, rom pirvel rigSi, Tavi ar daidanaSaulo, masTan erTad ar iqce msjavrdebulad. damZimebuli suli mxolod sinanulma, siyvarulma da rwmenam SeiZleba ixsnas. avtoriseuli gageba _ `Zmebi varT yvelaferSi~, upirvelesad, codvaSi Tanaziarobas gulisxmobs. am aRiarebas moaqvs Sveba, romelic gveufleba piesis bolos: `me vtirivar...~, `me minda mxolod vitiro Sens cxedarze~, ài, vin aris mTavari damnaSave _ es me var da me yvelaze meti cremlebi mmarTebs~, `Sen gmarTebs yvelaze meti cremlebi, me ki Senze mets vitireb~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 137). sayovelTao glovam moicva personaJebi, eziarnen sinanulis udides WeSmaritebas, romlis saukeTeso gamovlineba da ganwmendis winapiroba cremlia. `me ganviwminde da Tqvendami ufro keTili var~,_ ambobs gurami piesaSi... `cremli da godeba erT-erTi qristianuli siqvelea. cremli da mwuxareba sinanuls da sindisis qenjnas niSnavs, imis Rrma SegnebiT aRZruls, rom Sescode~ (farulava 2003: 10). saxarebiseuli sityvebi _ `netar iyvnen mgloviareni guliTa, rameTu igini nugeSinis– cemul iqmnen~ (maTe, 5,4) _ piesis bolos auxdebaT tragediis monawileebs. nugeSad da momavlis imedad euflebaT RvTisgan boZebuli urTierTsiyvarulis gancda. manamde ki braldeba mzadaa. maTi `mizania ganvsajoT TviT Soreuli sulieri kunWulebi sulieri danaSaulisa~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 79). am ganwyobidan modis iulonis fraza: `yovel SemTxvevaSi, is, rac me Cemi xeliT ar miqnia, mainc ar iTvleba kacobriobis winaSe Cems danaSaulad (is mxolod codvad awveba mas, TiToeuls)~ (iqve,109). amitomaa tragediis gaziareba aucilebeli: ìulon, Zmao, mapatie, mindoda Seni danaSaulis ganawileba Cems Tavze da ver SevZeli~ (iqve,123). amasve ambobs Tavad iuloni: `xolo sxvisi codvebis mxrebiT tareba me ver SevZeli~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 109). mTavari, albaT, mainc survilia, mogindes sxvisi jvari zido, Torem gulwrfeli aRiareba rom ver SeZeli, ufro Rirsebaa, vidre _ nakli. msgavsi ram mxolod iesos RvTaebrivma bunebam itvirTa da, swored aq gamovlinda misi kacobrivi mxarec: ìlocvida da ityoda: mamao Cemo, ukeTu SesaZlebel ars, Tana warmxedin Cemgan sasumeli ese~ (maTe,26,39). am SemTxvevaSi, mxolod survilic dasturia adamianSi RvTiuri xatis arsebobisa. esaa WeSmariti naTeli, romliTac garemoculebi arian piesis gmirebi da romelsac Seswevs Zala gaanaTos yvela: `Tu odesme rameze vocnebob, es aris scena: viyo scenaze xalxiT savse darbazSi da viyo didi artisti, uzarmazar koJrian mtevanSi meWiros Sandali anTebuli sanTliT da nela sul nela vmarTavde moxril xels, sanam ar miaRwevs usasrulobas Cemi mtevnis SemweobiT da sanam es sinaTle ar gaanaTebs yvelas~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 39). guram rCeuliSvilma “iulonSi” kidev erTxel gamoavlina adamianis erT-erTi umTavresi Rirseba _ Sendobis unari. dagvanaxa Sinagani winaaRmdegobebiT savse, amaRlebamde urTulesi gza. sxvasTan Tanaziarobis gancda gamudmebiT sdevs avtors. mas SeuZlia sxvisTvis icxovros, sxvisi kargi miiCnios Tavisad, yovelgvari Suris da ambiciis gareSe aRiaros moyvasi. amiT ki sakuTar arsebobas Sematos cxovrebis stimuli. mniSvnelovania mwerlis erTi Canaweri: `saintereso damTxvevaa~. g. rCeuliSvili: dedao RvTisa, mzeo mariam, rogorc nawvimar silaSi vardi Cemi cxovrebis gza sizmaria da Soreuli cis silaJvarde.

1957 weli. 28 maisi, guram rCeuliSvili. davwere damoukideblad galaktion tabiZisa~ (rCeuliSvili 2004: 364-365). fraza _ `davwere damoukideblad galaktion tabiZisa~ - sxvisi niWiT aRfrTovanebis, sxvisi gakeTebuli kargi saqmis Tavisad miCneviT gancdili gulwrfeli sixarulia. amgvarad, misxal-misxal, magram mtkiced da monoliTurad ikveTeba adamiani, romelmac `yviriliT~ dawera ìuloni~. Rrmad dafaruli vnebebi, Secdomebi amozida da saaSkaraoze gamoitana. upirvelesad, sakuTari Tavis winaSe xmamaRla aRiara, rom Seswevs Zala urTules sulier Zvrebs gauZlos da Sesabamisi forma mounaxos, sakuTar tragedias aziaros mkiTxveli. albaT,amitom wers: `TviTon gurami ara yviroda, Wkviani yvelaze, rogorc TviTon icis gulSi

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yviroda, gaSlili, maRla aweuli xelebiT: weris dros me, ai, ase minda viyviro au, auuu bususebmac ki damayara~, an kidev: `me isev vyvirivar, radganac minda, rom TviTon SevigrZno es udidesi wami SegrZnebebisa~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 133). ...da es `gulSi yvirili~ mimdinareobda srul siCumeSi: `TiTqmis mTeli TviT Seiketa Tavis ufanjro oTaxSi, romelic SuSabandidan Semavali SuqiT naTdeboda. saaTobiT ijda xolme is Tavis lomberis magidasTan da srul siCumeSi avsebda Tabaxisa da Tormetfurcliani rveulis furclebs. mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi gurami arc erTxel ar gasula Sinidan, arc aravin miuRia stumrad. is iyo saocrad Cumi, usityvo, TiTqos yovelgvari aRgznebis da SemarTebis gareSe, mxrebze mamis TbilqurTukwamoxuruli~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 144). albaT, weris es garegnuli procesi gulisxmobda Sinagan sapirispiro mdgomareobas. `TiTqos yovelgvari aRgznebis da SemarTebis gareSe~ iwereboda RvTis da xalxis winaSe didi xnis nagrovebi, filtvebidan amoxeTqili simarTle. sadRac gulis siRrmeSi mimdinare tkivilma fizikuri jamrTelobac ki Seuryia. àrqivSi inaxeba bloknotidan amoxeul furcelze àramiancis~ saavadmyofoSi gakeTebuli Canaweri, ìulonis~ damTavrebidan sul ramdenime kviris Semdeg: `vzivar profesoris kabinetSi. mtkiva yvelaferi. ra sazizRrobaa fizikuri tkivili... 21 ianvari 1959 weli~(rCeuliSvili 1994: 145). es faqti mwerlis gulwrfelobis kidev erTi dadasturebaa... fizikurma mdgomareobam airekla udidesi Sinagani simarTle. piesis Sesaxeb q-ni marine rCeuliSvili wers: “TiToeuli adamianis daumTavreblobidan, winaswar ganusazRvrelobidan, winaswargansazRvrul formaTa rRvevidan modis ìulonis~ dausrulebeli, TiTqmis amouwuravi siRrme, romlis gaobieqtureba mTlianad ar SeiZleba. ramdenadac siRrmeSi Sedixar, miT meti siRrme iSleba kidev. am mxriv is TiTqos cocxal organizmsa hgavs, romelic SeiZleba gaaanalizo, Seiswavlo... magram mainc ver daiWiro misi cocxlobis momenti; dausrulebliv gageqces xelidan, dausrulebliv sul Tavidan da Tavidan moiTxovos axsna da yvela axsnidan erTaderTi swori iqneba, rom misi cocxloba igrZno intuiciiT, sityvebis gareSe~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 159). ise, rogorc piesis gmirebi akeTeben amas. ìuloni~, albaT, ufro aRqmis da grZnobis sferos ganekuTvneba, vidre _ gonebrivi gaazrebisas. axsna isev avtoris sulier SesaZleblobebSia: ìciT risi bralia: raRacnairad zedmetad vgrZnob imas, rac unda meTqva~ (iqve,24). `zedmetad vgrZnob~ ganapirobebs piesaSi axal-axal aRmoCenebs. Caketil oTaxSi zogjer mTlianad ikargeba miwierebis, realurobis gancda: ìseTi STabeWdileba iyo, TiTqos marTla scenaze xdeba yvelaferi, Cems gonebaSi sinamdviles Ziri gamoecala~(rCeuliSvili 1994: 44). msgavsi ganwyobebi ubiZgebs sayovelTao aRmasvlas, romlis gareSe piesis gmirebi ver miaRwevdnen swor gadawyetilebamde. miwierebisgan daclili, zecas naziarebi mwerali àiwia, aiwia da TiTqos Rrublebs miebjina~ _ qmnis ìulonis~ mravlismTqmel, momnusxvel imediT savse samyaros, rom àlbaT aris wuTebi, roca Cven yvelani erTnairad vxedavT sagnebs~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 45). ìuloni~ erT-erTi umniSvnelovnesi etapia mwerlis siRrmiseulad gasaazreblad. bevrismTqmelia adamianis codvili bunebis miseuli aRqma, àdamianSi mouwesrigebeli sindisis saqmeebis` gamovlena da gasigrZeganeba. q-ni marine rCeuliSvilis TqmiT: `tragediis daweriT, tragediis gamovleniT, Tavisi tragikuli danaSaulis aRiarebiT man miaRwia ganwmendas, kaTarziss~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 159) . ...da Cven am didi sulieri zeimis maradiul monawiled gvaqcia. damowmebani: axali aRTqumai 1963: axali aRTqumai. Tb.: sakaTalikoso sabWos gamocema, 1963 . rCeuliSvili 1994: rCeuliSvili g. iuloni. Tb.:`guram rCeuliSvilis sazogadoebis gamomcemloba~,1994 rCeuliSvili 2004: rCeuliSvili g. moTxrobebi. t.III, Tb.: gamomcemloba `saari~, 2004. farulava 2003: farulava g. hagiografia _ xelovneba xelovnebis Sesaxeb. gaz. `Cveni mwerloba ~, XII, 2003.

Tinatin Gavasheli "Iuloni" - Play Inspired by Gospel Summary Writer Guram Rcheulishvili in his play – "Iuloni" showed up the greatest dignity of human being the ability to forgive and made us to see the hardest way of asention one more time. In the play appears the author, who managed to pull up the biggest mistakes and passions of man and took them out on day light. The play turned out to be the way up and every step of it has transformed as a literatural fact. Writer has found his own form of existence – devote himself for others. As it is said in new statement: "you shall love your neighbour as yourself". This is the phrase which inspires the hall play.

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The play – "Iuloni" is one of the most important stage for the further interpretation of Guram Rcheulishvili's creations.

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miTosi. rituali. simbolo zaza kvercxiSvili zRapris mTavar gmirTa (a)moraluri saxe ufliswulisa da mzeTunaxavis Svidi momakvdinebeli codva saWiroa Tavidanve aRiniSnos, es statia ufro polemikur-publicisturi xasiaTis aris, vidre samecniero, Tumca es mxolod mis stils Seexeba da ara Sinaarss: statiaSi moyvanili faqtebi arc gamogonilia da arc raRac miznis Sesabamisad deformirebuli. ubralod, wminda mecnieruli msjeloba ufro mSvid tonalobas da ironiis nakleb dozas moiTxovda. gavrcelebulia azri, rom jadosnuri zRapris mTavari personaJebi _ rogorc vaJi (ùfliswuli~), ise qali (`mzeTunaxavi~) _ erTgulebis, keTilSobilebis, simamacis da, saerTod, yvela pozitiuri zneobrivi Tvisebis xorcSesxmas warmoadgenen. imis sailustraciod, Tu ramdenad kategoriuli formiT batonobs es azri, mxolod ori avtoris (TumcaRa, uaRresad metyvel) citatebs moviyvan. pirveli maTgani XX saukunis dasawyisis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani qarTveli mweralia, xolo meore _ amave saukunis miwurulis, Cemi azriT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani qarTveli folkloris mkvlevari. vasil barnovis TxzulebaTa X tomSi dabeWdilia 1919 wliT daTariRebuli `qarTuli sityvierebis istoriis gakveTilebi~, romelic mTlianad xalxuri sityvierebisadmi aris miZRvnili da romlis garkveuli nawili zRaprebs eTmoba. avtori, Sinaarsis mixedviT, zRaprebs oTx jgufad yofs: `miTismagvarni~, `sazneobo anu samoZRvro~, `pirutyvTa Sesaxeb~ da `sagamocano~. igi mokled axasiaTebs TiToeul am jgufs da maTi TiTo nimuSic mohyavs (barnovi 1964: 244-259). marTalia, ukve amgvar klasifikaciaSic, zRaprebis jgufTa daxasiaTebaSic da TviT nimuSebSic ki bevri ram aris sadavo da saeWvo, magram didi mwerlis folkloristul SexedulebaTa Tundac zerele analizi am statiaSi gansaxilavi Temis sazRvrebSi ver moeqceva. sakmarisia, mxolod aRiniSnos, rom klasTa gamijvna ar aris mkafio: magaliTad, jadosnur zRaprebs (dReisaTvis sayovelTaod miRebul-damkvidrebuli terminia) Seesabameba misi klasifikaciis `miTismagvarni~, magram `sagamocanos~ daxasiaTebis garkveuli nawili da `pirutyvTa Sesaxeb~ zRapris nimuSad SerCeuli magaliTi (dRevandeli folkloristikis TvalsazrisiT) aseve jadosnuri zRaprebis klasSi eqceva. ai, ras wers avtori `miTismagvari~ (anu jadosnuri) zRaprebis Sesaxeb (swored am jgufis zRaprebis personaJebi arian CvenTvis amjerad saintereso ùfliswuli~ da `mzeTunaxavi~): isini èxebian da xataven Cveni eris ZvelisZvel sarwmunoebas Tu msoflmxedvelobas. qarTvelni im TaviTve naTlis Tayvanismcemelni viyaviT. Cven winaparTa rwmeniT, naTeli RmerTi keTili ebrZoda bnel RmerTs borots. naTeli RmerTis mxriT brZolas awarmoebdnen: keTilni uxorconi qmnilebani mravalsaxeni; sulni gansvenebulTa marTalTani; SemmarTebelni bumberazni mZlevelni, metadre umcrosni vaJni; keTilni kacTa Soris da yoveli keTili arseba qveyanaze. bneli RmerTis mxriT brZolas awarmoebdnen: borotni qmnilebani uxorconi mravalsaxeni; sulni gansvenebulTa codvilTani; sazareli tanisa da saxis devni da gveleSapni; grZneulni Tu borotni kacTa Soris da yoveli boroti arseba qveyanaze. miTiur zRaprebSi es rwmenaa gamotanili da dasuraTebuli. ibrZvian keTilni da borotni erTmaneTSi saSineli brZoliT. bnelis Svilni borotni scdiloben mospon qveyanaze sinaTle, siTbo, simSveniere da yoveli keTili. maTni mowinaaRmdegeni, naTlis Svilni keTilni, ifaraven qveynierebas amgvari ubedurebisagan. brZola sastikia, mTlad daundobeli. bevrjer bneli boroti gaimarjvebs keTilze. es gamarjveba mainc Jamieria: bolos naTeli gandevnis bnels, keTili sZlevs borots. bolo keTilia, dasasruli am mkacri brZolisa. Cven miTiur zRaprebSi naTeli xSirad aris asaxuli mzeTunaxav qalad. mSvenieri asuli xelmwifisa aq aris simbolo anu emblema naTlisa. am simSvenieris garSemo swarmoebs saSineli brZola. borotni scdiloben daeuflon mas da mospon igi; keTilni iRvwian ixsnan igi gansacdelisgan, brZola umravles SemTxvevaSi mTavrdeba didebuli qorwiliT mzeTunaxavisa da naTeli gmiris Soris~ (barnovi 1964: 245-246). da Tumca am monakveTSi warmodgenili qarTvelTa preistoriuli religiis suraTi iseve saeWvoa, rogorc qarTuli zRaprebis genezisSi garkvevis cda, CvenTvis saintereso personaJebi _ vaJi da qali _ erTob STambeWdavad arian daxasiaTebulni. vaJi gmiri (ùfliswuli~) naTeli RmerTis mxareze ibrZvis, ereva bnelis Svil borotebs, ifaravs qveynierebas ubedurebisagan _ sinaTlis, siTbos, simSvenierisa da yoveli keTilis mospobisgan. xolo qali gmiri (`mzeTunaxavi~) Tavad xorcSesxmuli naTelia. am STambeWdavi daxasiaTebis garda, Cveni TemisTvis mniSvnelovania, kidev, zneobasTan dakavSirebuli monakveTi. marTalia, avtori zneobaze zRaprebis sxva klasTan dakavSirebiT msjelobs, magram, jer erTi, rogorc iTqva, sazRvrebi zRaprebis klasTa Soris pirobiTia, ar

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aris xisti; da meorec, rac mTavaria, TviT azri, TiTqos zRaprebs axasiaTebdes moralureTikuri xasiaTis Rirsebebi, bevrad ufro Zvelia (SedarebisTvis erTi magaliTi odnav qvemoT iqneba moyvanili) da igi zogadad zRaprebs Seexeba. `sazneobo anu samoZRvro zRapari xatavs xalxis cxovrebas, mis znes, Cveulebebs, mis miswrafebebs da ocnebebs. es zRaprebi gviCveneben, risadmi ufro miiltvis qarTveli, ra ufro moswons mas. am zRaprebSi moqmed pirebad gamodian erTi mxriT isini, visac SeTvisebuli aqvs xalxisgan kargad miCneuli zneoba da im kvalze dadis cxovrebaSi, romelic xalxs moswons; meore mxriT, gamodian samoqmedod iseTi pirni, romelnic ewinaaRmdegebian xalxisgan sakeTilod miCneul Cveulebebs da miswrafebebs. gamarjvebulni rCebian xalxis sayvareli gmirebi, xolo maTi mowinaaRmdegeni Sercxvenilebi rCebian bolos an iRupebian~ (barnovi 1964: 246). aRsaniSnavia, rom jer kidev ori saukuniT adre Sarl pero Tavisi zRaprebis saqveynod saxelganTqmuli krebulis (1697w.) winasityvaobaSi swored moralur momentebze amaxvilebda yuradRebas: man jer antikuri zRaprebi daiwuna moralis TvalsazrisiT, romelic, Turme, `mTavaria yvela ambavSi da romlis gamoc unda SeiTxzas ambavi~, xolo Semdeg mSobliur frangul folklorze gadavida: `sul sxvagvaria Cveni zRaprebi (umoralo antikur ambebTan SedarebiT, _ z. kv.), romlebic Cvenma winaprebma TavianTi SvilebisTvis SeTxzes. maTi Txrobisas isini im graciisa da sinatifis gareSe gadiodnen fons, romlebsac berZnebi da romaelebi TavianT monaTxrobs aniWebdnen, magram isini gamudmebiT amJRavnebdnen did mzrunvelobas, raTa TavianT zRaprebSi CaedoT saqebari da dammoZRvravi morali. keTilSobileba maTSi yovelTvis jildovdeba, xolo mankiereba isjeba. yvela maTgani aRsavsea swrafviT gvaCvenos is sikeTeebi, romlebsac patiosani, momTmeni, gonieri, Sromismoyvare adamiani moipovebs da ra ziani moaqvs am TvisebaTa arqonas~. (zRaprebis gmirebis mier teqstebSi realurad gamovlenil TvisebaTa fonze, rac qvemoT iqneba naCvenebi, rogorc v. barnovis, ise S. peros Sefasebebi TavisTavad iZens sarkastul, groteskul JReradobas ise, rom ferTa aranairi sagangebo gamkveTreba ar aris saWiro. xolo me ver gavbedav gavcde msubuqi ironiis sazRvrebs: Sarl peros zneobrivi paTosi mibiZgebs gamovTqva imedi da rwmena, rom, misi winaprebisgan gansxvavebiT, Cveni winaprebi sulac ar fiqrobdnen im moralis mixedviT ezardaT TavianTi Svilebi, romlis gamotana qarTuli zRaprebis qvemoT moyvanili epizodebidan SeiZleba, _ sxva Tu araferi, vin moindomebs, saxlSi urCxuli hyavdes?! _ xolo vasil barnovis azric Tu gavixsene: imis warmodgenac ki mzaravs, TiTqos aq naCvenebi iyos _ `risadmi ufro miiltvoda qarTveli, ra ufro moswonda mas~.) 1980-ian wlebSi zurab kiknaZem zRaprebs miuZRvna ori statia. avtoris mTavari idea, _ rom zRapris qorwili esqatologiuri Sinaarsis movlenaa, _ axali da sayuradrebo Tvalsazrisia ara mxolod saqarTvelos masStabiT (misi siaxlis Sesafaseblad sakmarisi iqneba warmovidginoT es idea dargis erTi aRiarebuli specialistis mier aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT daxatul fonze; ix. e. meletinskis statia "Женитьба в волшебной сказке - её функция и место в сюжетной структуре") da savsebiT imsaxurebs myarad daimkvidros adgili ideaTa saerTaSoriso mimoqcevaSi, ramdenadac zRapris mTeli struqturis axali donidan danaxvis saSualebas iZleva. CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxisadmi ki (zRapris mTavari personaJebis `moraluri saxe~) avtoris midgoma savsebiT tradiciulia, igi winamorbedTa Tvalsazriss imeorebs. statiaSi `bedi gmirisa~ (1983w.) zRapris gmiri inteleqtualurad da zneobrivad unaklo arsebad aris warmodgenili: ìs gadis wuTisofelSi yovelgvari winaswari momzadebisa da wvrTnis gareSe. cdaSi ixveWs, ufro sworad cdaSi cxaddeba misi, SesaZloa, Tandayolili sibrZne, romelic TiTqos safuariviT izrdeba masSi. sruliad gaucnobierebeli sibrZne, mimxvduroba gmirisa gadaadgmevinebs erTaderT swor nabijs, Caadeninebs erTaderT swor saqciels (xolo mTeli misi gza saqcielTagan Sedgeba), apovninebs swor pasuxs sabediswero kiTxvebze. es sibrZne, ara ubralod codna, aramed zneobrivi aqtebis (xazi yvelgan Cemia _ z. kv.) Camagonebeli biZgi, uZlieresi iaraRia gmirisaTvis wuTisoflis gzaze sawuTros daZlevaSi, radgan is ar gamoirCeva sagmiro eposis gmiris goliaTuri RoniT. zRapris gmiri imarjvebs im sibrZniT, romelic gzadagza acxadebs Tavs saukeTeso admianur TvisebebSi, ise rom zRaprul samyaroSi dasaxlebuli yoveli arsi, misdami madlierebiT aRsavse, mzad aris Tavi dasdos misTvis. is gvxiblavs Tavisi uangaro xelgaSlilobiT. is ukanasknel groSs gascems, ukanasknel perangs gaixdis, uyoymanod gaimetebs TviT udidesi gansacdeliT mopovebuls, mizans Tavisi xetialisas wuTisofelSi~ (kiknaZe 2001: 252-253). z. kiknaZis meore statiaSi, _ `zRapris esqatologia~ (1989 w.) _ zRapris gmiri (ufliswuli) iseTi Sedarebis Rirsi gaxda, rom mas, albaT, ukve zneobrivad da inteleqtualurad yvelaze ufro srulyofil adamianadac ki veRar miviCnevT da savsebiT imsaxurebs, angelozTa romelsame dasSi gadavanacvloT: ùfliswuli brundeba ukan, rogorc `Ze kacisa~ modis `Zveli dReTas~ taxtTan, raTa mieces mas `mefoba da Ãelmwifeba~ (danieli 7:27); is gamarjvebulia da misi gamarjveba absoluturia~ (kiknaZe 2001: 262). es nawyveti, vfiqrob, yvelasTvis gasgebia, magram mkiTxvels mainc Sevaxseneb: `Zveli dReTa~ samebis

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pirveli ipostasi, mama RmerTia, xolo `Ze kacisa~ _ misive gankacebuli meore ipostasi, ieso qriste. da bolos, z. kiknaZem 2006 wels gamosca wigni (saxelmZRvanelo) `qarTuli folklori~, romelSic vkiTxulobT: `da, sabolood, Tu vikiTxavT, riT imarjvebs zRapris gmiri, pasuxi aseTi iqneba: is imarjvebs im usazRvro sikeTiT, TvinierebiT, morCilebiT, udrtvinvelobiT, yvela am arapraqtikuli Tandayolili TvisebebiT, romlebic saxlidan gamohyveba mas. maTi ZaliT misken mimarTuli yoveli boroteba saikeTod Semoubrundeba~ (kiknaZe 2006: 41). aseTia erTmaneTs eqvsi aTwleuliT da metiT daSorebuli (v. barnovi 1919w.; z. kiknaZe 1983, 1989 da 2006 wlebi) gamonaTqvamebi, romlebSic, SefasebiTi TvalsazrisiT, zRapris gmirisadmi TiTqmis erTi da igive damokidebuleba aris gamomJRavnebuli (sxvaoba mxolod aRfrTovanebis gamoxatvis xarisxSia). xolo Tu didi frangi mezRapris zemoT moyvanil sityvebsac gavixsenebT, SeiZleba iTqvas: es damokidebuleba mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis gareSe gadadis epoqidan epoqaSi. amas, ueWvelia, safuZvlad raRac mniSvnelovani mizezi unda hqondes. da, unda vaRiaro, axlac ki, roca qvemoT moyvanili uaRresad STambeWdavi faqtebi, sapirispiros ubralod ki ar meubneba, SeiZleba iTqvas, RaRadebs, zRaprebis kiTxvisgan (ara maTi Seswavlis, _ danawevrebisa da dakvirvebis, _ aramed swored kiTxisgan) miRebuli saerTo STabeWdileba TiTqmis iseve warmomidgeba, rogorc es zemoT citirebul fragmentebSi aris mocemuli. oRond, mdgomareoba maSinve diametrulad icvleba, rogorc ki saqme am saerTo STabeWdilebis konkretuli zRaprebis mixedviT Semowmebaze midgeba: zRapris gmiris saqcieli Zalian xSirad aris saeWvo, xSirad _ miuRebeli, xolo zogjer _ sazizRari da amazrzeni. ase rom, saerTo STabeWdilebis Sedegad gaCenili xibli konkretikasTan Sejaxebisas ukvalod qreba. qvemoT moyvanili magaliTebi sruliad ueWvelad mowmobs, rom zRapris gmiri drodadro Tavs acxadebs yvelaze uaresi adamianuri TvisebebiT da, ufro metic, yvelaze araadamianuri TvisebebiT. *** vidre zRapris mTavar personaJTa `(a)moraluri saxis~ daxasiaTebaze gadavidode, aucilebelia, davazusto: qvemoT zRaprebis sul erTaderTi krebulidan moxmobili uaRresad STambeWdavi masala sulac ar niSnavs, TiTqos zRapris gmiri saerTod, yvela zRaparSi (an, Tundac, mxolod am krebulis zRaparTa umetesobaSi) aucileblad amoraluri unda iyos. es masala naTels hfens sul sxva gamaognebel faqts: zRaprisTvis aranairi mniSvneloba ara aqvs zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT rogori pirovnebaa misi gmiri (ufro sworad, ra saqciels sCadis, rogor iqceva igi, radgan `zRapris gmiris pirovnebaze~ uaRresad pirobiTadac ki Znelia saubari _ misi mTavari niSani swored sruli uTviseboba da pirovnebis arqonaa), marTlac angelozTa romelsame dasSi Sesaracxi, xasiaTSi (saqcielSi) yovelgvar naklovan minarevTagan ganwmendili xorcSesxmuli keTilSobileba da zekacia igi, Tu paTologiuri gaxrwnilebis Camdeni arakaci, _ sul erTia, amiT araferi icvleba arc ufliswulis bedSi da arc zRapris damokidebulebaSi misdami. magaliTad, zRapari nekrofili ufliswulis Sesaxeb (romlis `pikanturi~ epizodi qvemoT iqneba moyvanili) gvxvdeba yovelgvari paTologiisgan Tavisufali, sruliad umanko da `maRalzneobrivi~ variantis saxiTac, ase rom seqsualuri garyvnilebis Semcveli varianti, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, damaxinjebad, gaugebrobad an, sulac, aRmaSfoTebel mkrexelobad migveCnia, magram Cveni TemisTvis mniSvnelovania is, rom iqneba Tu ara ufliswuli nekrofili (an laCari, an Tundac moRalate, romelic sxva personaJs Tavisi sayvareli colis xmliT Suaze gakveTaSi exmareba), amiT araferi icvleba: orsave SemTxvevaSi igi Tanabrad rCeba bednierebis mompovebel an mis mimniWebel absolutur Rirebulebad, romlis bednierebiT msmenelTa gaxareba jadosnuri zRapris Txrobis mTavari daniSnulebaa. (aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom personaJTa `zneobrivi saxisadmi~ swored zRapari, rogorc narativis tipi, aris gulgrili da ara mTxrobeli! calkeuli mTxrobeli (an Camweri, an publikatori) SeiZleba zneobrivi momentebisadmi didad mgrZnobiare iyos da zRapris Txrobisas (an Cawerisas, an gamoqveynebisas) teqstSi zneobrivi koreqtivebi Seitanos _ zog variants aSkarad etyoba amgvari `zrunvis~ kvali. Tumca, es calke Temaa da sagangebo kvlevas moiTxovs.) qvemoT moviyvan zRapris mTavar personaJTa amoraluri qcevis sul ramdenime nimuSs. rogorc vTqvi, isini erTaderT wignSi _ petre umikaSvili, `xalxuri sityviereba~, t. III, Tb., 1964 _ aris daZebnili (simarTle rom vTqva, didi Zebnac ar dasWirebia). amgvarad, zRapris mTavari personaJi _ ufliswuli _ savsebiT SesaZlebelia iyos:

(1) laCari mkiTxvels, romelsac axsovs, rom zRapris mTavari gmiri (mamakaci), rogorc wesi, avlens zeadamianur simamaces, Zlierebas da brZolisunarianobas, albaT, usamarTlo Tu ara, moulodneli mainc moeCveneba misTvis laCrobis miwera; magaram, sinamdvileSi, simamace sulac ar aris mTavari gmiris ase erTniSnad aucilebeli Tviseba: simamaceca da laCrobac mTavari

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gmiris funqciurad ganpirobebuli Tvisebebia, da ara misi pirovnuli Tvisebebi, da igi Tanabari `mzadyofniT~ avlens orives. ras vgulisxmob? zRaparTa umetesobaSi ZiriTadi (sasicocxlo) miznisken (mzeTunaxavis mopovebisken) mimaval zRapris gmirs zogadadamianurze aRmatebuli (zekacuri) Zalis, simamacisa da brZolisunarianobis gamovlena sWirdeba gzaze gverdauvlel dabrkolebad aRmarTuli devebis dasamarcxeblad da igi imdenad `guluxvad~ avlens yvelafer amas, rom, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, simamace, Roniereba da brZolisunarianoba mis adamianur, pirovnul Tvisebebad migveCnia. magram es mcdari STabeWdilebaa. zogierT zRaparSi dabrkolebis daZlevis amocana ekisreba ara mTavar gmirs, aramed mis Semwe personaJs. da aseT zRaprebSi mTavari gmiri iseve `gulmodgined~ da urcxvad avlens ukve zogadadamianurze naklul (qvekacur) Tvisebebs, kerZod ki hipertrofirebul laCrobas da uZlurebas, rogorc pirveli jgufis zRaprebSi avlenda zekacurs. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba gavixsenoT zRapari `xmeli qurani~ (umikaSvili 1964: 30-34). aq mTavari gmiri _ xelmwifis Svili _ mxolod im dromde aris aqtiuri (vezirebs àqeT iqiT gaisvris~ da Seamtvrevs im oTaxis kars, sadac mzeTunaxavis suraTia damaluli), vidre moipovebdes Semwes _ goliaTs, romelsac xmeli qurani hqvia. xolo amis Semdeg sakuTari fexiT (da cxeniT) siarulsac ki Sewyvets _ xmel qurans dahyavs ubeSi Casmuli. mzeTunaxavisken mimaval gzaze xmeli qurani ori devis saxls miadgeba da iq, ai, ra xdeba (am statiaSi, vecdebi, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia mTlianad moviyvano epizodebi, raTa raimegvari `montaJis~ gamo, personaJis saqcielTan dakavSirebuli STabeWdilebis deformireba gamoiricxos): brZola pirvel devTan: `mivida devis kars (xmeli qurani; ufliswuli ubeSi hyavs Casmuli _ z. kv.). gamovida devis coli: vaime, ra kargi ymawvili brZandebi, mova is sulZaRli devi da SegWamso. xmelma quranma uTxra: cota sauzme maWame, Sen nu geSinia, romels gzaze mova, maswavleo. aswavla devis colma: ama da am bogirze gamovao. wavida xmeli qurani, Cahkra bogirTan wixli da dedamiwa Caangria, Casva Sig xemwifis Svili da TiTon dajda bogiris qveS. saRamos movida devi. raSma daifTqvina bogirze: Se oxero, risa geSinian, erTs alagas aqeben xmels qurans, jer ar movidoda aq, da Tu movidoda _ ras mizamso, SesZaxa devma. gamovida xmeli qurani: me gaxlavar da gadmobrZandio. gamovida devi da daitaknen. moeria xmeli qurani, mokla devi, Seagdo raSs sadave da gaagdo saxlSi. amoiyvana xemwifis Svili, Zriel SeSinebuli, wausva ukvdavebis xelsaxoci da moabruna. wavida, mivida devis colTan da Rame gaaTia~ (iqve: 30-31). ufliswuli aseve xmeli quranis wixliT Cangreul ormoSi mjdomi uyurebs misTvis colis mosapoveblad Semwis mier meore devTan gamarTul brZolas da aseve efeqturad misdis guli. brZola meore devTan: `gaswia xmelma quranma da mivida meore devis colTan. gamovida devis coli da uTxra: vaime, ra kai ymawvili bZandebi, mova is sulZaRli devi da SegWamso. Sen nu geSinia, _ uTxra xmelma quranma, _ cota sauzme maWame da maswavle, romeli gziT movao. aswavla devis colma: ama da am bogirze movao. wavida xmeli qurani, Cahkra wixli, Caangria dedamiwa, Casva Sig xemwifis Svili da TiTon Cajda bogiris qveS. movida devi. daifTqvina raSma: Se oxero, risa geSiniao, SesZaxa devma, erT alagas aqeben xmel qurans, jer ar movidoda, Tu movida da, ras mizamso. gamovida xmeli qurani: gadmobZandi, me gaxlavaro. gamovida devi, daiWidnen. moeria xmeli qurani da mokla devi, miCex-moCexa, Seagdo raSs sadave da gaagdo saxlSi. amoiyvana xemwifis Svili, SiSiT Sewuxebuli, wausva ukvdavebis xelsaxoci da moabruna. wavida devis colTan~ (iqve: 31). rogorc vxedavT, ufliswuli, faqtobrivad, SiSisgan mokvda. ramdenime epizodis Semdeg, roca Semwe garkveuli xniT miatovebs mas, ufliswuls xels daavlebs devkaJi, miwaze daanarcxebs da suls gaanTxevinebs, xolo xmeli qurani amave ukvdavebis xelsaxocis meSveobiT gaacocxlebs. nu daviviwyebT: zRaparma ase, SiSiT sikvdilisTvis, romeliRac meorexarisxovani personaJi ki ara, mTavari gmiri _ Sinidan mzeTunaxavis mosapoveblad wasuli ufliswuli `gaimeta~! mkiTxveli, albaT, fiqrobs, rom, marTalia, ufliswuli `lamazad ver moiqca~, magram man mainc mxolod `misatevebeli sisuste~ gamoiCina da ara namdvili naZiraloba _ vin icis, ra vaJkacobas gamoamJRavnebda TiToeuli Cvengani, mis sicocxles rom safrTxe damuqrebodao. ho magram, amave zRapris finalSi ufliswuli, roca mis sicocxles aranairi safrTxe ar emuqreba, ukve `misatevebel sisustes~ ki ar amJRavnebs, aramed iqceva swored rogorc yvelaze ufro amazrzeni naZirala, romlis sulmdablobis donis warmodgenac ki Wirs. maS ase, ufliswuli SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod laCari, aramed agreTve warmoudgenlad sulmdabali

(2) moRalate jadosnuri zRapris kompoziciuri safuZvelica da arsobrivi gulisgulic mTavari gmiris (ùfliswulis~) mier mzeTunaxavis mopoveba, masTan qorwinebaa. am ZiriTadi amocaniT aris gansazRvruli zRapris siuJetica da misi yvela struqturuli elementic.

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bevr zRaparSi mTavari gmiri dasawyisSive Seityobs qalis silamazis ambavs (vinme etyvis an suraTs naxavs), ris Semdegac mas am qalis colad moyvana eqceva umTavres (ufro metic, erTaderT) sasicocxlo (saarsebo, eqsistenciur) amocanad (`xmel quranSic~ swored es xdeba). raki mzeTunaxavis colad moyvana gmiris erTaderTi sasicocxlo daniSnuleba da amocanaa, bunebrivi iqneboda gvevarauda, rom am qalisadmi erTguleba aucileblad unda iyos mTavari gmiris pirovnuli Tviseba _ man SeiZleba mravalgvari qvekacuri sulmokleoba gamoamJRavnos an TviT sulmdablobac ki Caidinos, oRond, rac mTavaria, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda daTmos qali, radgan am qalis daTmoba sakuTari arsebobis ZiriTad (ufro metic, erTaderT) arsze da mizanze uaris Tqma iqneboda. ragind ucnauric unda geCvenoT, arc es varaudi marTldeba: ufliswuli daujereblad advilad Tmobs mzeTunaxavs. zogierT zRaparSi aucilebelia Semwis mier mTavari gmiris sacolis (an colis) ganwmenda, radgan es qali faruli potenciuri borotebis matarebelia. yvelaze saintereso is aris, rogor iqceva aseT viTarebaSi ufliswuli, romelmac Semwis zraxvebis Sesaxeb araferi icis da darwmunebulia, rom qali unda daiRupos. `xmel quranSi~ ufliswuli da misi Tanamgzavrebi (coli, colisdebi da Semwe _ xmeli qurani) mividnen im mindorze, sadac ufliswulma pirvelad naxa Semwe. aq xmelma quranma ùTxra xemwifis Svils: modi, Zmao, rac viSoveT da vipoveT, Suaze gaviyoTo. Sewuxda xemwifis Svili da uTxra: oRonc am qals nu gavyofT, sxva sul Seni iyoso. xmelma quranma uTxra: ar iqneba, unda gavyoT suyvelaferio. aiRo xmali xmelma quranma. mohkide xeli qals, _ uTxra ymawvils. mohkida xeli ymawvilma. dauqnia xmali, amoagdebina mis cols muclidan arwivi. mohkles. dauqnia meored, _ amoagdebina arwivi, isic mohkles. xmelma quranma uTxra xemwifis Svils: me, Zmao, raT mindoda qali. gaiwminda, Torem Sens saxemwifoSi daibadebodnen es arwivebi da SesWamdnen Sens saxemwifoso~ (iqve: 33-34). rogorc vxedavT, ufliswulma mxolod arwivebis daxocvis Semdeg Seityo xmeli quranis namdvili ganzraxva. ase rom, am epizodSi igi marTlac ùyoymanod gaimetebs TviT udidesi gansacdeliT mopovebuls, mizans Tavisi xetialisa wuTisofelSi~, magram aris ki es sikeTe? aq Tu vinmes sikeTeze SeiZleba laparaki, mxolod Semwisa, romelmac kargad icis, ras da ra mizniT akeTebs. magram ra gamarTleba aqvs ufliswulis saqciels, romelic ara mxolod eTanxmeba (Tundac masze udidesi amagis mqone kacis) ganzraxvas, _ orad gaCexos misTvis sicocxleze ufro Zvirfasi (misi sicocxlisTvis erTaderTi Sinaarsis mimcemi) coli, _ aramed monawileobasac iRebs am ganzraxvis ganxorcielebaSi _ `mosaxerxebel pozaSi~ akavebs qals, raTa man, RmerTi ar gauwyres da, moqneuli xmali ar aicdinos? marTalia, rogorc wesi, mTavari gmirisadmi madlierebas amJRavnebs `zRaprul samyaroSi dasaxlebuli yoveli arsi~, magram, modiT, erTi konkretuli zRapris magaliTze vnaxoT, ris gamo amJRavneben isini madlierebas da maSin aucileblad gagviCndeba kiTxva (jerjerobiT mxolod kiTxva da eWvi), xom ar aris es Cveni ufliswuli, yvela sxva sikeTesTan erTad, agreTve

(3) sadisti(?) zRaparSi `devis sayvareli da amisi Svili~ (umikaSvili 1964: 38-43) deda sakuTari Svilis daRupvas gadawyvets da Tavis sayvarels, devs, sTxovs: mirCie, es saqme rogor Sevasruloo (am mravalmxriv sayuradRebo dedakacs male sagangebod mivubrundebiT). `devma aswavla: uTxari, _ erT adgilas arwivs faSkunji Svilebs uWams; Tu im arwivis gul-RviZls mamitan, xom movrCebi, Tu ara da movkvdebio. mosTxova es dedam Svils. wavida Svili da mivida arwivis bartyebTan. wamovida faSkunji bartyebis SesaWmelad. hkra biWma Svild-isari da mohkla faSkunji. daiRala da daeZina. Camofrindnen arwivis bartyebi da frTebiT dauCeroves. movida arwivi. gaeRviZa biWs. hkra Svild-isari da mohkla arwivi. amoiRo gul-RviZli, es bartyebic wamoiyvana da wamovida. movida dedasTan da uTxra: aha, dedaCemo, gul-RviZls ambobdi da me bartyebic mogiyvaneo~ (iqve: 41). albaT, fiqrobT, rom es arwivis bartyebi, romlebic mTavarma gmirma, marTalia, sikvdils gadaarCina, magram Semdeg deda moukla, maT Tvalwin gafatra, gul RviZli amoacala da Sinisken mimavalma deda arwivis Signeuli mTeli gza mis marTveebTan erTad atara, raTa Tavisi dedisTvis yelis Casakozlokineblad mierTmia, diax, albaT fiqrobT, rom bartyebi, romelTa Tvalwin yvela es saSineleba datrialda araviTar SemTxvevaSi mTavari gmiris madlierni ar iqnebian. savsebiT gasagebi da bunebrivi varaudia, magram _ mcdari: bartyebi misi madliernic arian da erTgulnic. Semdeg cdaze ufliswulis dedam nawilobriv miaRwia mizans, _ marTalia, Svili ver mokla, magram daabrmava mainc igi. dabrmavebuli biWi `dajda. modian Calvadrebi gzaSi. kacis xma rom gaigona, es biWi Seexvewa: mec wamiyvaneTo. imaT uTxres: ra Seni javri gvaqvs, mtrisa gveSinia, Cqara mivdivarTo. adga es brma, gamoudga imaT fexis xmas da midis. dauRamdaT. Seiqna SuaRame. daesxa mteri. dauZaxa am brmam Tavis bartyebs: aba, bartyebo! wamocvivdnen es bartyebi, daerTnen mters da gawyvites sula~ (iqve: 42). aq ar davsvam kiTxvas: Tu ase yoCaRni iyvnen es bartyebi, rom mters musri gaavles, `frTa frTas ratom ar daakares~, roca kaci, romelsac isini uCerovebdnen da gamoZinebaSi

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daexmarnen, dasvenebuli da janze mosuli, dedas Tvalwin uklavda da ufatravda? _ es sakiTxi zRapris meore planis personaJTa (a)moralur saxes Seexeba da ara misi mTavari gmirebisas. axla, umjobesia, cota xniT saerTod mivatovoT jadosnuri zRapris mTavari gmiri, ufliswuli, da visaubroT mis meore mniSvnelovan personaJze, mzeTunaxavze, romelsac, vTqvaT, zRaparSi `monadiris Svili~ (umikaSvili 1964: 34-38) imdenad ucnauri `hobi~ aqvs, rom arwivis mkvleli ufliswulisgan gansxvavebiT (romlis `zneobrivi~ orientaciis sakiTxi mainc kiTxvis niSnis qveS davtove) sruliad uyoymanod SeiZleba ewodos

(3a)sadisti(!) vezirebi monadiris Svilis daRupvas ganizraxaven da xelmwifisTvis TeTr zRvasa da wiTel zRvas Sua mjdomi mzeTunaxavis mosayvanad gagzavnian. miva biWi am or zRvas Sua da iq didad ucnauri arseba daxvdeba: `mivida biWi im zRvasTan, sadac es mzeTunaxavi iyo, sTqva: ra vqna, ra movaxerxo, Tofi vesrolo, mohkvdeba da zRvaSi Cavardebao. gadmosZaxa mzeTunaxavma: risTvis mosulxaro? biWma uTxra: Sens wasayvanad var mosulio. uTxra mzeTunaxavma: samjer unda damemalo ise, rom me ver daginaxovo; Tu ver damemale, Tavs gagagdebineb, sami saxli sul kacis TavebiT maqvs aSenebuli, erTi Tavi makliao~ (iqve:36). es personaJi axerxebs, Tavis `personaSi~ gaaerTianos ori ram Znelad SesaTavsebeli _ mzeTunaxavis `profesia~ (funqcia) da jalaTis `hobi~. Tanac, aSkarad ise Cans, rom mzeTunaxavis daniSnulebis Sesrulebas, _ colad gahyves mTavar gmirs, _ urCevnia, jalaTis saqmianoba ganagrZos, albaT, mis sulier wyurvils es ufro akmayofilebs. monadiris Svilma moaxerxa ise damalvoda mzeTunaxavs, rom man verc caze, verc wyalSi da verc miwaze jadosnuri sarkiT biWis povna ver moaxerxa: `Caixeda sarkeSi, gaixeda ciT, _ ver dainaxa; gaixeda xmeleTiT, _ ver dainaxa, gaixeda zRviT, _ ver dainaxa. moswia sarkes, gatexa, amoiRo meore sarke. gaixeda kide, _ ver dainaxa. gatexa isic. amoiRo mesame, gaixeda da ver dainaxa. moswia isic, unda gaetexa, magram moaxlem uTxra: nu stexam magas, eg aris Cveni cxovreba, mieci RvTis ficio~ (iqve: 37). yofiTi logika moiTxovs, daisvas kiTxvebi (roca zRapris gmirebis moralur Sefasebas viwyebT da vlaparakobT maT ùsazRvro da uangaro~ sikeTeze an, vTqvaT, borotebaze, Cven swored yofiTi logikis mixedviT vmsjelobT da ara zRapris kompoziciuri kanonebis mixedviT): ra asakidan daiwyo mzeTunaxavma saqmroebis xocva? ra zomis, rogori sigrZe siganis da simaRlis iyo mis mier adamianTa TavebiT nagebi saxlebi (metismetad patara qoxebs, albaT, ar ikadrebda)? erTpirad iyo dawyobili kanibaluri àgurebi~ Tu orad an metad (calfa kedeli myari ver iqneboda)? daaxloebiT ramdeni Tavi iqneboda samsave saxlSi? rogori aromati da aura unda vivaraudoT maTSi? raSi sWirdeboda es saxlebi? rogori intervaliT xocavda saqmroebs? (im oTxi dRis ganmavlobaSi, roca monadiris biWi damalvas cdilobda, qalis siaxloves aravin gamoCenila, ase rom TiTo Tavis mosapoveblad saWiro drois minimumad daaxloebiT es dro unda vivaraudoT.) ramdeni aTwleuli dasWirdeboda sami saxlisTvis aucilebeli raodenobis àgurebis~ mogrovebas? da bolos, rogorRa iyo amdeni adamianis damxocavi qali vinmesTvis sasurveli? ratom moedineboda misken uwyvet nakadad sakuTari fexiT `saSeni masala~? sxvaTa Soris, mzeTunaxavma im erTi àguris~ danaklisi male ainazRaura: roca biWma igi xelmwifes miuyvana, qalma masac SesTavaza samjer damalva. xelmwifem es ver moaxerxa. qalma ki `Semohkra xmali, gaagdebina Tavi. nazir-veziri moaba Zuaze raSs da daaglejina~ (iqve: 38). am zRapridan isic kargad Cans, uyvars Tu ara mzeTunaxavs mTavari gmiri, romelsac colad mihyveba: sarkeebis mtvreva aris isteriuli reaqcia imaze, rom biWi ver ipovna, Tavi ver mohkveTa da axla iZulebulia colobis piroba misces. SesaZloa, mkiTxveli fiqrobs, rom yvelaferi am monakveTSi moTxrobili mzeTunaxavis qaliSvilobisdroindeli `sicelqeebia~, xolo gaTxovebis da, miT ufro, Svilis Sobis Semdeg igi aucileblad gamoswordeba da msgavss aRarafers ikadrebs. mec ase vfiqrobdi, vidre erTi zemoT naxsenebi personaJis Tavgadasavali damarwmunebda, rom mas Semdegac ki, rac xelmwifis Svilze gaTxovdeba da oqrosqoCrian vaJs Sobs, mzeTunaxavi SeiZleba iyos

(4)kaxpa da Tanac iseTi znedacemuli kaxpa, romelic yvelafers kadrulobs, raTa, uRirsi, Zabuni da moRalate kuros gulisTvis, moklas erTguli, morCili da Zlieri Svili. isev mivubrundebi zRapars `devis sayvareli da amisi Svili~ (umikaSvili 1964: 38-43), oRond, amjerad ukve dedas, romelic sakuTari Svilis daRupvas gadawyvets da am saqmeSi daxmarebas Tavis sayvarels sTxovs. es qali viRac vigindara ar gegonoT; sakmarisia, gavixsenoT misi biografia, raTa davrwmundeT: is namdvili da savsebiT `kanonieri~ mzeTunaxavia, da Tanac mzeTunaxavTa im rCeuli `qvesaxeobis~ warmomadgeneli, romlisganac amoraluri qceva TiTqmis gamoricxulia (òr zRvas Sua mjdomi~ zogi Tavqariani arsebisgan gansxvavebiT), xolo maRalzneobriobas, maT Soris ùsazRvro sikeTesac~, zRapris

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struqturaSi misi mdgomareoba aiZulebs: is aris Sinidan gagdebuli oboli, romelic xelmwifis vaJs gahyva colad da oqrosqoCriani vaJi Sva. ai, am qalis Tavgadasavali: dediT daoblebuli sami qaliSvili mamam, Tavisi meore colis iZulebiT, tyeSi waiyvana, motyuebiT ormoSi Cayara da datova. ufrosi dis mecadineobiT (inatra, erTi xeli barad meqces, meore _ niCbado; natvra ausrulda da miwis Txra daiwyo) debi qvesknelSi moxvdnen da erT beberTan dabinavdnen. `gaigo erTma xemwifis Svilma, _ erTi bebrisas sami mzeTunaxaviao. mivida, naxa qalebi da hkiTxa: ra xeloba iciTo? ufrosma uTxra: me movqsov imisTana xaliCas, rom Seni saxemwifo zed dasxa, naxevari kidev morCeso. SuaTanam uTxra: kvercxis xeWeWSi imisTana saWmels gavakeTeb, Seni saxelmwifo rom dapatiJo, naxevari kidev morCeso. uncrosma uTxra: batono, me verafers getyvio. xemwifis Svili ar dasjerda: ar iqneba, unda sTqvao. maSin uTxra am uncrosma: me ara vici ra, mxolod vinc SemirTavs, rom davorsuldebi, vaJi iqneba Tu qali, oqrosqoCriani iqnebao. gaexarda xemwifis Svils da daiwera amaze jvari. waiyvana samTave debi. wavida am xemwifis Svili omSi, dastova coli orsulad da saxlSi daubara: Cems cols rac eyolos, momwereTo. eyola qals oqros qoCriani vaJi. misweres am debma: Sensa ia CaxaTunsa ZaRlis lekvi eyolao. xemwifis Svilma moiwera iqidan: manam me movidode, deda da Svili ToneSi daswviTo. ver gaimetes nazir-vezirebma dasawvavad, waiyvanes erT mTaSi da iq gauSves. Semdeg gaaxures Tone, Caagdes Sig Rori da daaxvedres xemwifes. gaizarda mTaSi es ymawvili~ (iqve, 3940). biWi rom wamoizarda mSvildi iTxova. dedam xelmwifesTan (misi qmari ukve ase moixsenieba) beWedi gaatana. man beWedi xelmwifes Seugzavna da sanacvlod mSvild-isari miiRo. biWs swrafad emateboda Rone da male am mSvildma aRar argo. kidev gaatana xelmwifesTan dedam beWedi da biWma sxva mSvildi moitana, magram male ukve aRarc am meore mSvildma argo. mesamedac miadga xelmwifes, romelmac brZana mWedelTan waiyvaneTo. mWedelma jer samfuTiani mSvildi gaukeTa, romelic biWma `miswi-moswia da daantvria~, mere _ eqvsfuTiani `miswi moswia da cota daRmiWa. aiRo da wavida~ (iqve: 40). mTavari mainc amis Semdeg moxda. zRaparSi ar Cans, sad cxovrobdnen sasaxlidan gamogdebis Semdeg biWi da dedamisi. eqvsfuTianma mSvildma ki biWs male saxli apovnina: `wavida kide biWi sanadirod, gaisrola Svild-isari. wavida es Svild isari da Caeco cxra Zma devis saxlSi. ufrosma devma uTxra uncross: modi, biWo, da es Svild isari gadaagdeo. mohkida xeli uncrosma, magram ver gaanZria, adgnen devebi, cxrave, _ verc erTma ver amoiRo. gadacvivdnen SiSiT devebi, _ marto erTi darCa, oTaxSi daimala. mivida es biWi, daavlo xeli Svild-isars da nekiT amoaZro. miixed moixeda, moewona saxli, wamovida, uTxra dedas: erT alagas kargi saxli vnaxe, iq wavideTo. miiyvana deda devebis saxlSi da iq dasaxlda~ (iqve: 40-41). dasaxlda Tu ara am saxlSi oqrosqoCriani vaJis mSobeli oboli mzeTunaxavi, igi elviseburi siswrafiT gaxda devis sayvareli da, mkiTxvelma gansajos, `suliTxorcamde Seicvala~ maSinve Tu Tavisi `namdvili buneba gamoaCina~ _ amis Semdeg mis ZiriTad miznad swored oqrosqoCriani vaJis nebismieri saSualebiT Tavidan moSoreba iqca: `wavida biWi kidev sanadirod. gamoCnda damaluli devi da am biWis deda Seiyvara. erT dRes dedakacma uTxra devs: Cems Svils movuxerxoT rame, Torem gagvigebso. devma uTxra magas nu gamimxel, igi Zalian Ronieria, imis momkvleli aravin ariso. dedakacma ar daiSala: Sen gecodineba rameo. mere aswavla devma: moiavantyofe Tavi da uTxari, _ erT adgilas erTi taxia, Tu imis gul-RviZls mamitan, movrCebi, Tu arada movkvdebio. is taxi imas mohklavso. movida Svili, naxa, deda avad aris, hkiTxa: raTa xar avado? Svilo, _ uTxra dedam, _ erT adgilas erT taxs aqeben, Tu imis gul-RviZls momitan movrCebi, Tu ara _ movkvdebio. oRond, deda, kargad iyav da movkvdebi Tu movrCebi, mogitano, uTxra Svilma. wavida biWi im mTaSi, saca is Rori iyo. Semoutia Rorma, hkra Svild-isari, gaapo Suaze, amoiRo gul-RviZli, mosWra Tavic da wamoiRo, Sin rom movida, uTxra dedas: aha, dedaCemo, gul-RviZls ambobdi da me Tavic mogitaneo wavida kide sanadirod. dedakacma uTxra devs: movuxerxoT rame Cems Svilso. devma uTxra: Tavi damanebe, ar gamigos, Torem mec mamklamso. aRar moeSva dedakaci, _ gecodineba rameo. maSin devma aswavla: uTxari, erT adgilas arwivs faSkunji Svilebs uWams...~ (iqve: 41). zemoT ukve moviyvane zRapris momdevno fragmenti, sadac moTxrobilia, rogor mokla biWma jer faskunji, mere TviT arwivic, amoacala gulRviZli, xels wamoayola arwivis bartyebi, mivida dedasTan da uTxra: àha, dedaCemo, gul-RviZls ambobdi da me bartyebic mogiyvaneo~. albaT xvdebiT, rom am axurebulma dedakacma, romelsac aSkarad eSmaki hyavda Semjdari, amis Semdegac arc TviTon moisvena da arc Tavisi ubeduri kuro moasvena: `wavida kide biWi sanadirod. uTxra dedakacma devs: veraferi movuxerxeTo? devma uTxra: erT adgilas erTi Tavissabani miwa aris, rogorc miva iqa da moTxris, dabrmavdebao. Svili rom movida, dedam uTxra: ama da am alagas Tavis sabani miwa aris, Tu imas mamitan, Tu ara _ movkvdebio. wavida biWi, waiyvana Tan arwivis bartyebi. mivida im miwasTan, dauwyo Txra Camouvida ofli da dabrmavda. dajda. modian Calvadrebi gzaSi~ (iqve: 42). zemoT is monakveTic iyo moyvanili, sadac moTxrobilia, rogor gahyva dabrmavebuli vaJi Calvadrebis fexis xmas. Calvadrebma biWi erT qalaqSi Caiyvanes, sadac man jer xelmwifis

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asuli moiyvana colad, Semdeg TvalisCinic daibruna (Cveni TemisTvis mniSvneloba ara aqvs, Tu rogor moxda es) da gadawyvita Tavisi dabrmavebis gamo Suri eZia. ucnauria, magram nawarmoebis finalidan naTlad Cans, rom zRapris gmirisTvis da, rogorc Cans, mTxrobelisTvisac mTels am ambavSi erTaderTi damnaSave devia; yovel SemTxvevaSi, dedis danaSauls isini araviTar yuradRebas ar aqceven. arada, vfiqrob, devis mTavari danaSauli mainc is iyo, rom àm biWis deda Seiyvara~ _ amis Semdeg, marTlac rom, yvelaferi axia masze: am zomiT gaTaxsirebuli kaxpa ram Seayvara?! Tumca, vnaxoT, ra moxda finalSi: ìyida am biWma sawvrimalo da wavida dedasTan. mivida da daiZaxa: sawvrimalo ar gindaTo? dauZaxa dedam, Seiyvana, aiRo sawvrimalo. biWma uTxra: ramdenic ginda aiRe, oRonc a is rkina mameciT, mand ro gdiao. dedakacma uTxra: waiRe, Tuki moerevi; erTi Svili myavda, imis danatovariao. aiRo biWma is Svild-isari da daiZaxa: xarsa Tu fursao? devma uTxra: xars ras erCi _ fursao. hkra biWma isari devs da waawyvita kiseri. waiyvana deda, miiyvana Tavis simamrTan da cxovrobdnen erTad~ (iqve: 42-43). riT aixsneba mTavari gmiris mier dedisadmi gamovlenili aseTi mimtevebloba? albaT, is (da, cxadia, mTxrobelic) fiqroben, rom am qalis esoden dacema-gaTaxsireba Tavidan bolomde misi sayvarlis, devis, bralia. Tumca, Tu am zRapars yuradRebiT wavikiTxavT, aucileblad gagviCndeba kiTxva, xom ar iyo oboli mzeTunaxavi jer kidev dacema-gaTaxsirebamde, marTalia, mxolod potenciuri, magram mainc

(5)kanibali(?) mivubrundeT zRapris dasawyiss, romelic zemoT erTi winadadebiT iyo gadmocemuli: `dediT daoblebuli sami qaliSvili mamam, Tavisi meore colis iZulebiT, tyeSi waiyvana, motyuebiT ormoSi Cayara da datova~. vnaxoT, ra xdeboda ormoSi im dromde, vidre oblebi (ufrosi dis mecadineobiT) qvesknelSi aRmoCndebodnen: `moSivdaT xaroSi qalebs. Tqves: modiT, debo, nekebi daviWraT, romlisac tkbili iyves is SevWamoTo. daiWres samTavebma nekebi, naxes gemoTi da erTmaneTSi ver gamoarCies~ (iqve: 39). amis Semdeg ufrosma dam inatra: cali xeli barad meqces, meore _ niCbado, miwa Txara-Txara da qvesknelSi Cavida. am epizodSi sisastikis imdenad absurduli gamovlinebaa mocemuli, rom misi gaazrebac ki Znelia: SimSilisgan debs TiTqos ise waerTvaT cnobiereba, rom mzad arian erT-erTi TavianTTagani SesaWmelad gaimeton, magram, amave dros, `piris gemoze~ fiqric ar aviwydebaT _ neka TiTebs daiWrian, raTa, visac ufro gemrieli xorci aRmoaCndeba, is SeWamon. da mxolod samive xorcis Tanabari kulinaruli Rirsebebi gadaafiqrebinebs maT kanibalur Rreobas. albaT, aRmoCndebian mkiTxvelebi, romlebic ityvian, rom kanibaloba metismetad mZime braldebaa saimisod, raTa igi zRapris personaJebs mxolod ganzraxvisa da (Tundac sakuTari debis) moWrili nekebiT waxemsebis gamo daumtkicdeT; rom saamisod bevrad ufro damajerebeli faqtebis moyvana aris saWiro. ki batono, moviyvan wyali rom ar gauva iseT mtkicebulebas, rom zRaparSi personaJTa umetesoba (rogorc `kargebi~, ise `cudebi~) savsebiT SesaZlebelia iyos (ufro sworad, iqceodes), rogorc

(5a)kanibali(!) amjerad ukve gzadagza Carevebis gareSe moviyvan sakmaod vrcel monakveTs erTi zRapris dasawyisidan, radgan es uaRresad metyveli masala, faqtobrivad, aranair komentars ar saWiroebs. es zRaparia `mzis pirisnabani~ (umikaSvili: 1964: 183-188). ìyo da ara iyo ra, iyo sami Zma kaci, samive colianebi. ise gaizardnen es kacebi, rom ar icodnen xvna da Tesva. arc sxva raime xeloba, _ mxolod icodnen nadiroba. adgebodnen dilazed, gadaigdebdnen Tofs mxarzed, iRliaSi _ mSvildisars da gaudgebodnen tyisken gzasa. wavidodnen, inadirebdnen, moitandnen saxlSi da imiT inaxamden col-Svilsac da TavianT Tavsac. erTxel dilazed adre adgnen samive Zmebi, wavidnen sanadirod. iares, bevri iares, mTa da bari moiares, magram veraferi ver inadires. mTeli erTi kvira ise iares, rom erTi Citic ver inadires; erTi kvira TviTonac mSieri kvdeboden da Sinac col-Svili SimSiliT ukvdebodaT. erT Rames SimSilisgan moqanculebi mividnen erTi xis qveS da daanTes cecxli, moitanes balaxi, daiges qveS da dawvnen cecxlis piras. SuaRamis dros SemoakldaT SeSa da CauqraT cecxli. adga umcrosi Zma, gavida tyeSi SeSisaTvis, dauwyo SeSas Zebna da radgan RameSi veraferi dainaxa, amitom xelebiT miwazed aTvalierebda. am dros rbilaT raRaca moxvda xelSi. SaeSinda monadires, dabrunda ukan, movida ZmebTan da es ambavi Tqva, Zmebi wamodgnen gaxarebulebi, _ iqneb nadiri iyos ramevo; moukides mkvars, wauZRvaT umfrosi Zma da miiyvana im alagas, saca is rbili raRac enaxa. mividnen, naxes, rom mkvdari kaci agdia, romlisTvisac yvavebs Tvalebi amouWamiaT. aiRes es mkvdari kaci, moitanes TavianT binazed da cecxlispiras daasvenes. dasxdnen samive Zmebi, SimSiliT gadayruebulebi, ufrosma Tqva: mainc xom mSivrebi vkvdebiT da jandabas Cveni Tavi, movWraT mkvdars erTi samwvade da SevWamoTo. _ movWraTo,

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rac iqnes, iqneso, _ sTqva meorem. Zalian kargio, _ sTqva mesamem. gamosWres samwvade, Seswves da SesWames. vax, ra gemrieli yofilao. _ daiZaxa samivem erTad. misdgnen am kacsa da sul erTianaT SeWames. umcrosma Zmam erTi mwvadis naWeri jibeSi Caidva da Tqva, amas Cems cols CumaT mivutano. adgnen Zmebi dilazed da dabrundnen Sinisaken. movidnen saxlSi. colebma hkiTxes: sad iyaviT erTi kvirao? sad viqnebodiTo, _ imaT uTxres, _ mTa da bari moviareT, veraferi ver vinadireT da carielebi saxlSi ver movidodiTo. aiRo umcrosma Zmam da Tavis cols sxvis unaxavad misca mwvadis naWeri. qalma cota Wama da Tqva: dedav, ra gemrieli ariso! Caacivda Tavis qmars, _ risa iyo es xorci, rom amisTana gemrieli Cems dReSi ar miWamiavo. qmarma ar uTxra, magram qali ufro gadaekida, _ risa iyo da risao, Tu ar miTxari, ar SeiZlebao. maS karqi, Semomfice, rom aravis uTxra, da getyvio. colma daifica, aravis vetyvio. maSin uTxra qmarma, kacis xorci iyovo, da rogorc iyo, suyvelafers mouyva. qalma mwvadi cota TiTon SeWama da sxva mazlis colebs aWama. viS, ra gemrieliao! _ wamoiZaxes imaTac, da hkiTxes: vin mogca da an risa aris asTe gemrielio? _ Caacivdnen. qalma veRar moiTmina uTqmeloba da Tqva: ase yofila saqme da Cemma qmarma mamitana cotaodenio. deda, ra gemrieli yofila kacis xorcio! _ Tqves qalebma da ganizraxes TavianTi qmrebis mokvla. dilaze adgnen Zmebi da daemzadnen sanadirod wasasvlelad. umfrosi Zma da saSualo male daemzadnen da wavidnen, _ umcros Zmas uTxres, nela wavalT da Senc male mogvewievo. isini wavidnen, umcrosi ki TavCaRebuli qalamnis Tasmas imagrebda. am dros uecrad qalebma najaxi dahkres Sig TavSi da iqve suli daalevines, dasCexes, dahkuwes, moxarSesa da SeWames. Zmebi ki gzaSi midian da fiqroben: raT daigviana amdeni xanio? memre Tqves: iqneba ar SeuZlian da aRar wamovidavo. imaT ganagrZes TavianTi gza, saRamomde inadires da saRamoze dabrundnen saxlSi. movidnen da ikiTxes: sad aris Cveni Zmavo? aki wamovidao! gangebisaT gaioca imisma colma. maS Tqven ar ginaxamTo? aravo, _ sTqves Zmebma, _ Cven saxlSi gvegonavo. ara, wamovidao, _ tiriliT eubneboda umcrosi Zmis coli~ (iqve: 183-185). siuJetis mTeli Semdgomi ganviTareba mogviTxrobs imaze, Tu rogor midis qveynierebis dasalieramde erTi kanibali mamakaci (ufrosi Zma), raTa gaigos, ra bedi ewia meore kanibal mamakacs (mis umcros Zmasa da kanibaluri nadimis Tanameinaxes). igi mzis sabinadromde miaRwevs, yvelafers Seityobs, umcros kanibals gaacocxlebs, mniSvnelovanwilad misi wyalobiT gakanibalebul qalebs ki Zmebis daxmarebiT umowyalod daxocavs: `gamoabes TiTo qali TiTo cxenis kudze, gavidnen mindorSi, gaaWen-gamoaWenes cxenebi da sul lukma-lukmad daaglejies TavianTi colebi cxenebs~ (iqve: 188). ase mTavrdeba zRapari, imarjvebs sikeTe da marcxdeba boroteba. Tu romelime emociebmoWarbebuli feministi moisurvebs jadosnuri zRapris gmirSi genderuli moZalade da qalebis uflebebis fexqveS gamTelavi amoicnos, mzad var Zaladobis kidev erTi SiSveli (am sityvis pirdapiri da gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT) nimuSi mivawodo. saqme isaa, rom, rac unda moulodneli geCvenoT, zRaprebis sabavSvo xasiaTis Sesaxeb farTod gavrcelebuli azridan gamomdinare, aris zRaprebi, sadac ufliswuli pirdapir seqsualuri Zaladobis da, kidev uaresi, garyvnilebis faqtzea waswrebuli. magaliTad, `xmel quranSi~ ufliswuli, romelic iseTi laCaria, rom, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, orTabrZolis Semxedvares guli misdis, mxolod erT ambavSi iCens gabedulebas: qals, romlis suraTis danaxvisas man zRapris dasawyisSi grZnoba dahkarga, rogorc ki pirvelad Sexvdeba, vidre gaicnobdes da erT sityvas mainc etyodes, gakoWils da miwaze pirqve dabmuls uSiSrad da vaJkacurad aupatiurebs (sxvaTa Soris, igi qalis damorCilebazec ki ar xarjavs Zalas; Semwe am mxrivac lamis yvelafers mis nacvlad akeTebs _ moxerxebul mdgomareobaSi daubams msxverpls). Tumca umjobesia, es epizodi moviyvano da advilad darwmundebiT, rom zRapris gmiri savsebiT SesaZlebelia iyos

(6)seqsualuri moZalade ufliswuli da Semwe, xmeli qurani, miadgnen mzeTunaxavis samyofels. `gaswia xmelma quranma, mivida qalis saxlSi. qali guldaRma wevs. aiRo rkinis paloebi, cxra nawnaviT daakra, dahkra muWi paloebs da dedamiwaSi gaarbina, qals mklavebi daukra da fexebic. miiyvana xemwifis Svili da uTxra: aba amoiRe Seni suraTio. amoiRo ymawvilma. kidev es qali sjobia am suraTso, imdeni xani exvie da kocne, _ Sen xma ar gasce, _ manam Cemi saxeli ar axsenoso, me davelaparakebi magas. mivida ymawvili, exvia da kocna. roca iyo, qalma gamoiRviZa, SeinZra, gaanZria paloebi. uTxra ymawvils: Sen CemTan ver moxvidodi, _ erT alagas aqeben xmel qurans, Tu mogiyvanda, is mogiyvandao, momicia, maRla RmerTi, Zirs dedamiwa, me Sen ar gimtyunoo~ (iqve: 32). zogi mkiTxveli, viszec gansakuTrebuli ZaliT moqmedebs jadosnuri zRaprebis ufliswulis jer kidev bavSvobidan gamoyolili da Teoriuli SromebiT ZalSematebuli xibli, albaT ityvis, rom am personaJis saqcielSi veraferi saZraxisi ver dainaxa, rom igi mxolod umankod kocnida saocnebo qals, romlis suraTs ubiT daatarebda, da rom am ucodvel scenaSi raRac ukuRmarTobis aRmoCena mxolod Cems garyvnil fantazias unda mieweros. mokled, gamoCndebian patiosani mkiTxvelebi, vinc jadosnuri zRapris gmirsac TavianTsaviT patiosan

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adamianad CaTvlian da darwmunebulni iqnebian, rom igi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar daamyarebda sayvarel arsebasTan sqesobriv kavSirs qalis survilis gareSe da, yovel SemTxvevaSi, gakoWilsa da mZinares mainc ar gaaupatiurebda mas. aseT mkiTxvels imedi unda gavucruo: ganagrZeT kiTxva da darwmundebiT, rom zog SemTxvevaSi ufliswuli sayvarel qals, araTu mZinares, mkvdarsac ki aupatiurebs. zRapari `xemwifis coli da moRalate Zalua~ yovelgvari eWvis gamomricxavi utyuarobiT adasturebs, rom CvenTvis saintereso personaJi, gamoricxuli ar aris, iyos

(7) nekrofili erTma ufliswulma jvari daiwera Raribi col-qmris Svil mzeTunaxav qalze, romlis pirisnabani oqro-vercxlad iqceoda da sasaxleSi waiyvana igi. qals Zalua gahyva da, dasasveneblad rom SeCerdnen, dedofali tyeSi Seityua, Tvalebi dasTxara da upatronod datova, ufliswuls ki colad Tavisi uSno asuli Seatyua. TvalebdaTxrili qali ijda da tiroda. gaivso iqauroba oqro-vercxliT. gamoiara viRac berikacma da brma qali Tavisi Zvirfaseulobianad waiyvana Sin. ukupiurebod moviyvan fragments, romelSic moTxrobilia, ra xdeba amis Semdeg: ùTxra qalma berikacs: me male movkvdebi. roca movkvde, ar dammarxo. mSvenieri kubo gamikeTe, Camasvene Sig da ama da am mTaze amitane da damdgio. mokvda qali. am berikacma gaukeTa mSvenieri kubo, Casvena da romel mTazec uTxra, iq aitana da dadga. xemwifem naxa Tavis coli, rom arc ise mSvenieria, arc, pirs rom daibans, misi nabani oqrod da vercxlad ar iqceva. glovobs xemwife Tavisi ded-mamiT, aris erT mwuxarebaSi da fiqrSi. sTxova xemwifes Tavis dedam: agre dardianaT xar, Svilo da wadi sanadiroTo. wavida xemwife sanadiroT Tavisi nazir-veziriT, avida erTs mTazed da dainaxa, rom meore mTaze raRac brWyvinavs. gaukvirda, magram ver gabeda, rom gasuliyo da enaxa. movida Sin da uTxra ded-mamas: erTs mTaSi amisTana raRac davinaxe da ver gavbede misvla da naxvao. wadio, _ uTxra ded-mamam, _ Zriel bevri nazir-veziri waiyvane da naxeo; ra iqneba magisTana, rom Sen SeSinebulxaro. wavida xemwife meore dRes da naxa kubo. axada kubos, Caxeda da naxa, rom mSvenieri qali asvenia. daiTxova Tavis nazir vezirebi da darCa im qalTan im Rames. meore dRes Camovida saxlSi da uTxra ded-mamas: qali yofilao, kuboTi dgas mTaSio. gamovida ramdenime xani. kide wavida es xemwife im kubosTan, axada Tavi da naxa, rom vaJi miscemia micvalebul qals da swovs ZuZus~ (iqve: 49). statiis moculoba ar iZleva saSualebas, zedapirulad mainc SevCerde masalebze, romlebic Tundac mxolod zRaprisTvis esoden moulodneli nekrofiliis faqtis sxvadasxvagvari interpretaciis gzebs migvaniSnebda. amitom iZulebuli var mokle SeniSvniT Semovifarglo: erTi mxriv, Cvens zRaparSi mkvdari qalis daorsuleba da mis mier bavSvis Soba aSkarad mogvagonebs osirisisa da isidas miTs (im gansxvavebiT, rom iq cocxali qalRmerTi daorsuldeba micvalebulisgan), rac aCens sulieri da ritualuri interpretaciis SesaZleblobas _ e.w. `sulieri dabadebis~ Wreli da mravalricxovani faqtebiT warmoqmnil farTo konteqsts. meore mxriv, garkveul Sedegebs iZleva agreTve am zRapris monacemebis gaazreba pirwmindad kriminaluri fsiqopaTologiuri faqtebis fonze. magaliTad, visac axsovs erix fromis SromaSi, `nekrofilebi da adolf hitleri~, pirvelsave TavSi moyvanili amazrzeni faqtebi, dameTanxmeba, rom sruliad usafuZvlo ar iqneba, ufliswulis SiSi, Sors mTaze moelvare kubos danaxvis gamo, isteriul-seqsualuri safuZvelis mqoned CavTvaloT da zRapris gmiris hipertrofirebul laCrobaSi, fromis sityviT rom vTqvaT, `nekrofiluri vnebis pirveli simptomi~ davinaxoT _ SeSinebul ufliswuli miviCnioT ZrwoliT Sepyrobil nekrofilad, romelmac mbrWyvinav saganSi TavisTvis sasurveli obieqti amoicno da cdilobs, rogorme gaeridos mis mizidulobas, radgan icis, rom Tu kuboSi mdebare sxeuli dainaxa survili daimonebs. (vfiqrob, am magaliTze naTlad Cans, ramdenad arasandoa monacemebis zedapiruli msgavsebis safuZvelze gakeTebuli daskvnebi: Tuki aseTi ganmartebis realobas virwmunebdiT, yovelgvari fsiqologizmisgan Tavisufal zRaparSi mxolod paTologiuri Seferilobis faqtebisTvis unda dagveSva fsiqikuri safuZveli.) axla ki droa, mokled SevajamoT jadosnuri zRapris mTavar gmirTa moralur saxeze dakvirvebis

Sedegebi amasTan ar unda daviviwyoT, rom `Tu miviRebT vl. propis debulebas, rom yvela zRapari Tavisi wyobiT erTi tipisaa, isic unda miviRoT, yvela zRapris mTavari gmiri erTia~ (kiknaZe 2006: 43; xazi avtorisaa _ z. kv.). rogor gamoiyureba, moyvanili faqtebidan gamomdinare es gmiri?

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ufliswuli aris saocrad laCari: SiSiT caxcaxebs Sors mobrWyviale kubos danaxvisas; ormoSi Camaluli uyurebs misi mizeziT gamarTul orTabrZolas da SiSisgan guli misdis. is aris moRalate: mondomebiT exmareba adamians, romelic Suaze Cexavs mis usayvarles cols. aris sadisti: bartyebs, romlebsac misTvis sikeTis meti araferi gaukeTebiaT, uklavs da Tvalwin ufatravs dedas. aris sqesobrivi TvalsazrisiT uzneo: saocnebo qals mZinaresa da gakoWils aupatiurebs. mas gansakuTrebiT izidavs TvalebdaTxrili gvamebi: erT maTgans samwvades aWris da madianad Seeqceva, meores aranaklebi madiT aupatiurebs kuboSi. aseT fonze nakleb STambeWdavad gamoiyureba mzeTunaxavi, romelic cuds arafers akeTebs garda imisa, rom gaTxovebamde ganuwyvetliv da xalisiT xocavs saqmroebs da maTi TavebiT iSenebs saxlebs, xolo mas Semdeg, rac Txovdeba da deda xdeba, energias ar iSurebs, raTa moklas erTaderTi Svili da guldamSvidebiT ibozos kurosTan. mkiTxveli, romelsac metismetad moeCveneba erTi gmirisTvis miwerili uaryofiTi Tvisebebis aseTi Taiguli, ueWvelad ifiqrebs, rom me saguldagulod amovkribe zRaprebidan am tipis fragmentebi, raTa ufliswulisa da mzeTunaxavisTvis Tavs lafi damesxa, xolo, sinamdvileSi, zRaprebSi amgvari faqtebi imdenad iSviaTia, rom dasaSvebia, maT Teoriul gamokvlevebSi yuradReba saerTod ar mieqces. me ki, gulwrfelad vityvi: jadosnuri zRapris mTavar gmirTa makromprometirebeli faqtebi sagangebod ar miZebnia. amas advilad damijerebT (xolo vinc Seamowmebs, darwmundeba kidec), roca gaigebT, rom ufliswulisa da mzeTunaxavis Svidive momakvdinebeli codva umikaSvilis cnobil krebulSi erTmaneTis miyolebiT dabeWdil xuTad xuT, _ faqtobrivad, pirvelsave xuT _ zRaparSi dadasturda (ufro zustad _ 2-6 zRaprebSi; 1 zRaparSi mTavari gmiris qcevaSi cudi veraferi aRmovaCine, xolo iseTi umniSvnelo sicelqe, rogoric colisZmebis daxocvaa, yuradRebis Rirsad ar miviCnie, Tanac, mere acocxlebs kidec). mxolod kanibalizmis saboloo damtkicebisTvis (nimuSi 5a) gaxda saWiro 32 zRapari _ erTaderTi masala, romelic movixme xuTi zRaprisgan Semdgari da SemTxvevisa Tu Semdgenlis (yovel SemTxvevaSi, ara Cemi) nebiT wignis TavSi moqceuli am mcire jgufis garedan. (kidev ufro efeqturi iqneboda, saqme ase rom warmogvedgina: viRac Warbi simorcxviTa da patiosnebiT gamorCeulma mkvlevarma gadawyvita, umikaSvilis krebulze dayrdnobiT, jadosnuri zRapris mTavar gmirTa moraluri saxe Seeswavla. SemTxveviTobis elementis minimumamde dasayvanad, man gamoricxa krebulis pirveli da bolo zRaprebi da, amitom, kvleva pirdapir meore zRapridan daiwyo. 6 zRaparSi igi nekrofilobis imdenad utifar nimuSs waawyda, rom metismetma simorcxvem saSualeba aRar misca, cali TvaliT mainc Caexeda 7, 8, 9 da Semdgom zRaprebSi. man alalbedze gadaSala wigni da 32 zRaparSi kanibalur nadimze aRmoCnda.) da bolos niSnavs Tu ara, ufliswulisa da mzeTunaxavis uRirsi, araadamianuri qcevis dokumenturad damadasturebeli yvela zemoT moyvanili faqti, rom Cveni bavSvobis es usayvarlesi personaJebi, romlebisganac amdeni sixaruli gvaxsovs, sinamdvileSi ase uimedod gaxrwnilebi arian? da aq, mTeli am masalis gacnobis Semdeg, albaT, moulodneli, magram uyoymano pasuxi iqneba: ara, es marTlac rom STambeWdavi masala msgavss arafers niSnavs. ufliswulisa da mzeTunaxavis dadanaSauleba uzneobaSi niSnavs, mivaweroT maT raRac iseTi, rac zRapris personaJebs sinamdvileSi ar gaaCniaT, kerZod _ zneobrivi da, ufro farTod, pirovnuli Tvisebebi da Taviseburebebi; niSnavs mivaweroT maT pirovneba, persona, romelsac isini imdenad arian moklebulni, rom, Tu sakiTxs metismetad mkacrad mivudgebiT, personaJebadac ki ar unda movixsenioT, raTa personaze yovelgvari miniSneba gamoiricxos. am statiis mizani swored imis Cveneba iyo, ra absurdul mdgomareobamde mivdivarT, roca zRapris gmirebs, saqcielTa erTi jgufis gamo, garkveul pirovnul Tvisebebs, _ vTqvaT, sikeTes, uangarobas, Tavmdablobas, _ mivawerT, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi sruli ufleba gveZleva, saqcielTa sxva jgufis gamo vilaparakoT maT sadistobaze, kanibalobaze, nekrofilobaze da a.S. (nu daviviwyebT, saubaria ara sxvadasxva zRapris ramdenime sxvadasxvagvar ufliswulsa da mzeTunaxavze, aramed, sworedac rom, jadosnuri zRaprebis erT saerTo ufliswulsa da mzeTunaxavze). rac Seexeba qcevis zemoT moyvanil anomaliebs, zogi maTganis warmoSoba mainc Zalian advili asaxsnelia jadosnuri zRapris yvela elementis ganmapirobebeli erTi mZleTamZle komponentis _ misi kompozicisa da am kompoziciaSi personaJis funqciis meSveobiT. momdevno, ufro seriozuli da mSvidi tonalobiT daweril statiaSi, ukve ara eqvsi, aramed erTaderTi zRapris magaliTze, Sevecdebi vaCveno, rogor warmoqmnis jadosnuri zRapris struqturaSi raRac mizeziT gaCenili darRveva zog zemoT moyvanil araadamianur gadaxras personaJis saqcielSi; mokled, Sevecdebi, TvalsaCino gavxado zRapris gmiris xasiaTis sruli ararseboba da struqturis yovlisganmsazRvreli roli. damowmebani:

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barnovi 1964: barnovi v. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. tomi X. Tb.: gamomcemloba `literatura da xelovneba~, 1964. kiknaZe 2001: kiknaZe z. avTandilis anderZi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 2001. kiknaZe 2006: kiknaZe z. qarTuli folklori. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 2006. umikaSvili 1964: umikaSvili p. xalxuri sityviereba oTx tomad. tomi III. Tb.: gamomcemloba `literatura da xelovneba~, 1964.

Zaza Kvertskhishvili The Amoral Image of Fairy Tale Main Characters Summary Some researchers of the Georgian folklore take it without any doubt that the main characters of the fairy tales (conventionally, “prince’ and ‘the beauty’) are the carriers of kindness, bravery, unselfishness, and generally all positive moral features. This view appeared long time ago and ever since that it has been passing almost unchangeable from generation to generation. It is based on general impression obtained from the tales (particularly, from the editions of their literary treatment). However, the analysis of main characters behavior gives quite different picture (especially, based on the editions of folklore records literary treatment). If we use the terms borrowed from social sciences, main characters frequently manifest the worst human traits – cowardice, sadism, cannibalism, necrophilia, - that has influence neither on their plot (they are not punished) nor on their values for the semantic structure of the tale. This very fact shows that it is not valid to estimate the fairy tale heroes using ethical and mental terms (both positive and negative) as the fairy tale hero has no moral or characteristic features. His action is completely conditioned by compositional function and can be diametrically changed as soon as this function somehow changes.

nestan ratiani saxeli, mamis saxeli da heliosis kultis ugulebelyofa (solaruli kultis naSTebi homerosis òdiseaSi~) homerosis òdiseas~ mravaljeradi wakiTxvis Semdeg mkiTxveli odisevsis monaTxrobSi bevr Seusabamobas SeniSnavs. magram dakvirvebuli Tvali aRmoaCens, rom amis mizezi odisevsis bunebaa, misi xasiaTis erTi Tviseba, romelsac zogjer moxerxebulobas, cbierebas, oinbazobas da zogjer gonierebas ukavSireben. erTi ZiriTadi tyuili, romelsac gmiri araerTgzis mimarTavs, esaa mis mier sxvebisTvis Tavisi sakuTari saxelis damalva. Cven ar viciT, daumala Tu ara odisevsma saxeli kikonebs (troadan wamosuli xomaldis SeCerebis pirveli punqti), lotofagebs (meore punqti) an nimfa kalifsos, radgan teqstSi saerTod araferia moTxrobili maTi pirveli Sexvedris Sesaxeb, Tumca viciT, rom odisevsis saxeli ician eolosma (saidan icis man es saxeli arc amis Sesaxeb arafers gvamcnobs nawarmoebi), kirkem (man Tavad icno vaJkaci) da hadesis mkvidrebma (sisxlis dalevis Semdeg, rodesac maT mexsiereba ubrundebaT). odisevss saxelis gamxela ar sWirdeba sirenebisTvis, skilasa da qaribdisisTvis da arc kunZul Trinakiaze, sadac mxolod heliosis naxiri binadrobs (teqstSi maTi mwyemsebi ar Canan kunZulze, Tumca isini arseboben. amis Taobaze kirkem amcno odisevss kunZul Trinakiaze misvlamde da kunZulidan wamosvlis Semdegac nimfa kalifsom mouyva, rom odisevsis megzurTa ugvani saqcielis Sesaxeb mama-helioss Tavad lampetem uambo. lampete ki erT-erTi nimfaa, romelic mwyemsavs mamis naxirs). danarCen or kunZulze, kiklopTan da feakebTan odisevsi Tavis namdvil saxels sruliad gacnobierebulad malavs _ erT SemTxvevaSi sruliad sxva saxels irqmevs, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi saxelis gamJRavnebas dro dasWirdeba. aseve ar amxels odisevsi saxels iTakaze dabrunebuli, maSinac, rodesac saxeSecvlili aTena gamoecxadeba, maSinac, rodesac erTgul meRore evmaioss da misTvis Tavdadebul msaxurebs xvdeba da, raoden ucnauric ar unda iyos, maSinac, rodesac monatrebul penelopes naxavs. odisevsisTvis bavSvobaSi saxelis Serqmevis ambavs da am saxelSi Cadebul mniSvnelobas ki mxolod me-19 simReraSi vigebT (homerosi 19. 429-466).∗ ∗

wamoiSalnen sanadirod swrafi ZaRlebi, avtolikosi SvilebiTurT da odisevsi, da miaSures mdumare tyiT daburul parnass... veeba taxi xSir buCqnarSi gawoliliyo,

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saxelis argamJRavnebis erTi mizezi odisevsis sifrTxilea; yvelanairad gasagebia, rom mas ar unda, sasiZoebma Seityon misi dabrunebis ambavi. sasiZoebis mzakvrobaSi daeWvebul gmirs es eWvi frTxils xdis iTakelebTan urTierTobisas. Tumca mas Semdegac, rac odisevsi Seityobs, rom meRore evmaiosi, amdeni xnis unaxavi meuRle penelope mis gacemas ar Seecdebian, is mainc ar Ralatobs arCeul taqtikas. qalRmerT aTenas SemTxvevaSi ki saerTod gaugebaria, ratom cruobs gmiri. aTena Wabuki mwyemsis saxiT ecxadeba Tavis rCeuls. odisevsi srulebiTac araa mis winaSe valdebuli, angariSi Caabaros sakuTari warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, miT ufro, rom biografiul cnobebsac sakmaod detalurad hyveba (ra Tqma unda, gamogonils). yvelaze saintereso ki odisevsis mier kiklopisTvis gamxelili saxelia. ramdenadac odisevsis monaTxrobidan xdeba CvenTvis (ufro sworad, feakebisTvis, radganac odisevsi Tavis aTwlian faTerakebiT aRsavse mogzaurobas kunZul sqeriaze feakebs uyveba mefe alkinoes sasaxleSi) cnobili, odisevsi kiklopebTan lotofagebis Semdeg xvdeba. misi aRweriT, kiklopebi ewevian mesaqonleobas, erTmaneTisgan gancalkevebiT karCeketilni cxovroben TavianT ojaxebTan erTad da maT ara aqvT kanonebi (bunebrivia, amis Sesaxeb odisevsma post faktum Seityo, mas Semdeg, rac sakuTar Tavze iwvnia is safrTxe, rac SeiZleba, adamians gadaxdes qveyanaSi, sadac ar aris kanoni, anu veranairad ver gaaprotesteb im usamarTlobas, rac SeiZleba Tavs gadagxdes). odisevsis mier imis aRniSvna, rom kiklopebs ara aqvT kanonebi, dRevandel dRes SemiZlia Sevadaro iseT saxelmwifos, sadac araa ganTavsebuli Casuli stumris saelCo. bunebrivia, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi mogzaurma Tavis Tavs unda daabralos nebismieri ram, rac mas Tavs gadaxdeba. Tumca, dRevandel dRes, rodesac mogzaurobisTvis mxares virCevT, Cven mis Sesaxeb vcdilobT informaciis mopovebas da ar gavriskavT iseT qveyanaSi wasvlas (rac ar unda gaxsnili savizo reJimi iyos iq), sadac araa Cveni qveynis konsuli Tu ara, romelime saerTaSoriso organizacia mainc, romelsac gaWirvebis SemTxvevaSi mivmarTavT. Cvengan gansxvavebiT, odisevsi, romelic Tavisi nebiT ar irCevs mxareebs gasaCerebel punqtebad, erTi SexedviT ver mixvdeba, ramdenad samarTlebrivad awyobil qveyanaSi moxvda, miT umetes, rom Tvalis erTi gadavlebiT, geografiuli mdebareobidan gamomdinare, am mxareSi (sc. kiklopTa kunZuli) yvelaferi mowesrigebuli Canda. is, rom kiklopebs ar hqondaT kanoni, es odisevsma Seityo ara iqidan, rom kunZulze Sesabamisi arqiteqtoruli nageboba an saxalxo krebis Casatarebeli moedani ver aRmoaCina, aramed mxolod mas Semdeg, rac Tavad ganicada sastiki usamarTloba. rodesac odisevsi megzurebTan erTad kunZulze moxvdeba, isini sakmaod kargad moinadireben, radgan adgilebi gareuli Txebis simravliT gamoirCeoda. iTakelebs SeuZliaT maragi Seavson xomaldze da gaecalon kunZuls, magram odisevsi interess gamoiCens da erTi xomaldiT ramdenime amxanagTan erTad meore kunZulze∗ gadava, iq, sadac kiklopebi binadroben. ai, swored am kunZulze daxvdeba mas kiklopi polifemosis gamoqvabuli. odisevsi, rbilad rom vTqvaT, cudad iqceva daupatiJebeli stumris rolSi. mosulebi ara marto kiklopis momzadebul yvels daagemovneben, aramed karga blomadac aiReben maragidan da xomaldze wasaRebadac gaamzadeben. amis Semdeg odisevsi megobrebs auxirdeba, rom maspinZlis naxva swadia. rogor ar emudarebian mxleblebi, gaecalon gamoqvabuls, magram jiuti iTakeli Tavisas ar iSlis da elodeba polifemosis dabrunebas. aqve SevniSnav, rom odisevss ara marto imis interesi aqvs, naxos is arseba, visi sacxovrebelic daarbia an madloba mainc gadauxados, rom mis naxelavs gemo gausinjes, aramed maspinZlisgan dasaCuqrebas elis da amas pirdapir, yovelgvari zedmeti mikib-mokibvis gareSe aRniSnavs. arada, saxlSi mobrunebul kiklops ratom unda gaexardes damrbevebis danaxva, Tanac ise Zalian, rom maTi dasaCuqrebac ki moundes, cota gaugebaria. male polifemosic dabrundeba.∗∗ Tavdapirvelad igi arc ise Zalian ganrisxdeba daupatiJebeli ucxoebis danaxvaze, magram, rogorc ki odisevsi miuTiTebs mas, Tu rogor unda moeqces zevsisgan movlenil stumrebs zustad daicvas ra stumarTmoyvareobis wesebi,

∗

mas verc Zlieri qaris qrolva Seawuxebda, verc mzis sxivebi Caswvdeboda mcxunvare, mwveli, verc wvimis wveTi SeakrTobda im xSir buCqnarSi. da ra moesma kacis xma da ZaRlebis yefa, ze wamoiWra, gamovarda TavSesafridan. win gadaudga odisevsi dauyovnebliv da grZeli Subi moimarjva mis gasagmirad, magram daaswro imas taxma, fexSi eZgera da basri eSviT gamoglija xorci muxls zemoT... aqve SevniSnav, rom homerosi kunZuls xmarobs ara mxolod im gagebiT, ra mniSvnelobasac Cven vdebT dRes am sityvaSi. kunZuls homerosi uwodebs naxevarkunZulsac da im teritoriasac, romelic nawilobriv mainc aris SemosazRvruli wyliT.

∗∗

am epizodSi Zalian kargad ixsneba polifemosis mowesrigebuli xasiaTi, jer erTi, gamoqvabulSi mas yvelaferi idealur wesrigSi aqvs: winaswar gamzadebuli mowvelili rZis Sesanaxi WurWeli, SratCasxmuli varclebi yvelis amosayvanad, mownuli kalaTebi produqtis Sesanaxad; mis saqonelsac adgilebi gansazRvruli wesiTa aqvs miCenili, mozrdilni calke, nagvianevni calke, sul axlad mogebulebi, romlebic jer kidev jiqans ar moSorebian, dedebTan erTad.

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kiklopis moTminebis fiala aivseba, erT mgzavrs dastacebs xels da gadasanslavs, Tanac ise, rom misgan Zvlebsac ki ar datovebs. zogierTi mkvlevari varaudobs, rom manamde kiklopi ar yofila kanibali, piriqiT, cxovrebis wesidan gamomdinare, is mxolod rZis produqtebs miirTmevs.∗ maS, ratom arRvevs Cveul racions da ratom sanslavs es ucnauri arseba adamians? dameTanxmebiT, rom aseTi uecari gaxeleba erTi frazis gamo (SegaxsenebT, rom odisevsi kiklops miuTiTebs, Tu rogor unda moiqces igi stumarmaspinZlobis wesebis Sesabamisad) da Tanac am uecari gaxelebis amgvari formiT gamoxatva, nametania. kiklops SeeZlo Tavisi fizikuri upiratesobis damtkiceba gadasansvlasTan SedarebiT bevrad ufro humanuri gziT da am meTodiT mosulTaTvis Wkuis swavleba. magram, ara! kiklopi gamaognebel da araadekvatur gzas irCevs, miT ufro, Tuki igi manamde xorcs ar miirTmevda. maS rasTan gvaqvs saqme, riT SeiZleba calTvalas gamarTleba? egeb kiklopi mosulebis yvelanair kvals Slis? oden mokvliT an waxemsebis Semdeg darCeba Zvlebi. Zvlebis datoveba ki bunebrivad gulisxmobs momavalSi saflavis gaCenasac. saflavis arsebobam ki raRac drois Semdeg saZebnelad (da saflavis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi aucilebeli, savaldebulo ritualebis Sesasruleblad) wamosuli naTesavis gamoCenac SeiZleba gamoiwvios, mxareSi ki aSkarad ar uyvarT mosulebi da polifemossac ar unda, rom mosulebs momavalSi `kudebi~ mohyvnen. detalebs aRar CavuRrmavdeT da isev odisevsis mier saxelis gamxelis faqts mivubrundeT. gacnobis meore dRes, mxolod mas Semdeg, rac kiklopi SeWams ramdenime mgzavrs, daagemovnebs odisevsis mirTmeul Rvinos da moiwonebs sasmels, maspinZeli dainteresdeba stumris (Tanac mxolod winamZRolis saxeliT). odisevsi kiklops etyvis gamogonil saxels, romelic berZnulad aris ùtis~. es sityva berZnuli enidan qarTulad iTargmneba rogorc àravin~. Zalian ucnauria, odisevss, maSin rodesac amgvar gamogonil saxels eubneboda kiklops, ganesazRvra, rom es fsevdonimi ase gamoadgeboda SemdgomSi. mas Semdeg, rac igi polifemoss amouSanTavs erTaderT Tvals, aRrialebul kiklopTan SeSfoTebuli mezoblebi mocvivdebian da SekiTxvaze, vin awyenina, miiReben uwyinar pasuxs. pasuxi aris odisevsis mogonili saxeli, anu tkivilisgan gamwarebuli dabrmavebuli kiklopi dasaxmareblad mosul mezoblebs pasuxobs, rom mas awyenina aravin. Tavisi sazrianobiT gamarjvebuli odisevsi xarobs gulSi, magram am sixaruls ukve xmamaRla gamoxatavs mas Semdeg, rac kiklopis gamoqvabuls Tavs bolomde daaRwevs: gemze asuli ukanasknel Zal-Rones moikrebs da siamayis grZnobiT aRvsili gasZaxebs (Tanac icis, rom am SeZaxilma, SeiZleba gaSmagebuli polifemosis nasrol lodebs ver gadaarCinos), rom misi saxeli odisevsia da ara utisi (e. i. aravin) da misma moxerxebulobam daajabnina mZlavri kiklopi. odisevsis es moqmedeba kargad gvaCvenebs im veeberTela siamovnebas, romelic saxelis gamarTlebas ukavSirdeba. odisevss rom Seercxvina sakuTari saxeli, ver daemtkicebina is Tvisebebi, rac am saxelis mqone gmiris mTavari maxasiaTebelia, veWvob, rom mas saerTod mondomeboda saxelis gamxela. axla ganvmartoT, Tu rogor ixsneba odisevsis epizoduri fsevdonimi. es sityva ornawiliania, ù~ da `tis~, sadac ù~ aris uaryofis gamomxatveli nawilaki, xolo `tis~ nacvalsaxelia (zustad asevea qarTulSi, sadac sityva àravin~ ori nawilisgan Sedgeba, nawilakisa da nacvalsaxelisgan). Tuki gavixsenebT, rom berZnul enaSi uaryofiTi nawilaki usTan erTad aris me-c (iseve rogorc qarTulSi `nu~) da sityva ùtisSi~ am u-s me-s CavanacvlebT, miviRebT sityva “metiss”, rac qarTulad gadmoiTargmneba rogorc `nuravin~. Tumca imavdroulad, Tuki am sityvas mTavruli asoTi davwerT, saxelis warmoTqmisas ki gansxvaveba araa, pirveli aso mTavruliT iwereba Tu ara, miviRebT miniSnebas erT-erT

∗

cxadia, rom odisevsi kiklopis sacxovrebelSi naxulobs mxolod rZis produqts. mas Semdegac, rac kiklopi Sin dabrundeba, igi gamowvelis cxovelebs, gaamzadebs yvels, nawils Seinaxavs da danarCens vaxSmisaTvis gadadebs. ai, sul es aris rasac teqstidan kiklopis menius Sesaxeb vigebT. Sesabamisad, Cven ar SegviZlia imis Tqma gadaWriT, kidev ris mirTmevas apirebda vaxSamze es ucnauri arseba. amdenad, iyo Tu ara kiklopi kaciWamia manamde da saerTod arian Tu ara kiklopebi kaciWamiebi, Cven ar viciT, iseve, rogorc es ar icis manamde (sc. megobris gadasansvlamde) odisevsma. radgan am ambis moyolisas, odisevsi ar aRniSnavs, Tu rogor SeSinda an is an misi romelime megobari mas Semdeg, rac mixvdnen, rom Tavi kiklopis gamoqvabulSi amoyves. Tanac aqve isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom odisevsi aranair bunebriv gaocebas ar gamoxatavs im faqtiT, rom aseTi ucnauri garegnobis maspinZels Sexvda (misTvis saocari is ufroa, rom kiklopi mTasaviT axovania), TiTqos es iseTive Cveulebrivi ambavi iyos, rogorc qeraTmianebis an paWuacxvirian adamianTa qveyanaSi moxvedra. arada, udavoa, rom odisevssac da mis megzurebsac pirvel rigSi es unda gaukvirdeT. es kiklopi namdvilad miTologiuri kiklopia Tu mxolod calTvala arseba, Cven ver vxvdebiT. radganac miTologiurad kiklopebis geneologia da polifemosis warmomavloba erTmaneTs ar Seesatyviseba. aq kiklopi poseidonis Svilia, xolo sxva wyaroebSi kiklopebis gaCena TiTqmis samyaros Seqmnis Tanadroulia. arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom samyaros Seqmnis dasawyisSi gaCenili kiklopi samia da maTi saxelebic cnobilia. isini arafriT gansxvavdebian RmerTebisgan, mxolod erTi didi mrgvali Tvali aqvT Sublze, ris mixedviTac warmodgeba maTi saxeli. ai, aseTia sqema (Sedgenilia hesiodes `Teogoniis~ mixedviT, romelic kiklopebis gaCenas ukavSirdeba: gea ↔ uranosi ↓ brontesi steropesi argesi

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RvTaebaze. metisi∗ zevsis Tavidan Sobili qalRmerT aTenas deda iyo, romelic gonierebisa da sazrianobis nimuSs warmoadgenda da swored dedis mxridan amgvari naTesaobis gamo iyo, rom momdevno saukuneebSi qalRmerT aTenasa da mamamis zevsis Sesaxeb berZnebi xSirad xumrobdnen kidec, rom erTaderTi naTeli azri, romelic zevsis Tavidan iSva, aTena iyo. bolo punqti, sadac odisevsi iZulebiT SeCerdeba iTakaSi Casvlamde, sqeriaa. aq feakebi saxloben da maTi cxovrebis wesi naosnobaa, Zalian swraflmavali xomaldebi hyavT da, rogorc Cans, teqnikis sxva miRwevebsac icnoben (magaliTad, maTi mefis sasaxles meqanikuri ZaRlebi (robotebi?) icaven, romlebic hefestos naxelavia). am kunZulze stumari ar uyvarT, magram odisevss sakmaod kargad Sexvdebian. stumari feakebs Tavis saxels ar umxels. SesaZloa, igi frTxilobs, radgan ar icis, ra kunZulze moaxvedra bedma. xom SeiZleba, aq troelTa mokavSireebi binadroben da ar gaexardeT troas damaqcevlis miReba? magram odisevsi Tavis saxels arc mas Semdeg amxels, rac gaigebs, rom feakebi usmenen aeds, romelic troas dangrevis sagmiro ambebs umReris, e. i. aq simpatia unda hqondeT berZnebis mimarT. da ai, mxolod maSin (da es `maSin~ mesame dRes dadgeba), rodesac odisevsi sabolood darwmundeba, rom amarTlebs Tavis saxels (sc. gmiris saxels), igi amJRavnebs, rom odisevsia da Tavisi Tavgadasavlis moTxrobas iwyebs. es Tavgadasavali, ra Tqma unda, msmenels ise miewodeba, rom odisevsi Seudarebeli gmiri aRmoCndes, Torem unda SevniSnoT, rom dakvirvebuli Tvali am monaTxrobSi Zalian bevr tyuilsa da Seusabamobas aRmoaCens. amis aRmoCena feakebs ar SeuZliaT gasagebi mizezebis gamo, isini xom monaTxrobs erTxel ismenen da sruliad moxiblulni arian odisevsis oratoruli niWiTa da lamazad moyolis unariT. rogorc davrwmundiT, odisevsi saxels malavs araerTxel. mainc raSi sWirdeboda odisevss saxelis damalva amdenjer? albaT, imitom, rom saxels mopoveba da Semdeg am mopovebul saxels gamarTleba unda. sanam odisevsi bolomde ar rwmundeba, rom igi Rirsia, Tqvas Tavisi saxeli, imsaxurebs am saxels da ar arcxvens, manamde ar amxels vinaobas. mxolod mas Semdeg, rac, misi azriT, yvela winapirobaa Seqmnili imisTvis, rom sakuTari saxeli òdisevsi~ ar Sercxves, am saxelis patroni aRiarebs, rom Tavadaa odisevsi. meore xazi, rac òdiseas~ teqstSi SeiniSneba, esaa mamis saxelis gamarTleba. teqstSi telemaqosis iTakidan gamgzavreba TiTqos sruliad gaumarTlebelia. raSi dasWirda aTwliani lodinis Semdeg odisevsis vaJs am mgzavrobis wamowyeba? magram ukve dasawyisSi RmerTebis saubridan irkveva, rom orestem, agamemnonis Zem, Suri iZia mamis mkvlelobis gamo. aseve orestes saqciels ixseneben gmirebi nestorTan saubarSic. cxadi xdeba, rom orestem mamis saxeli gaamarTla, rasac jer ver vityviT telemaqosze. telemaqoss isic ver daudgenia, namdvilad odisevsis Svilia, Tu _ ara. aba, ras unda niSnavdes misi pasuxi aTenasadmi, rodesac is ambobs, rom, rogorc mas deda eubneba, is odisevsis vaJi unda iyos, sxva utyuari sabuTi ki ar arsebobs. aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania elenes mier telemaqosis cnobis epizodi. mas Semdeg, rac spartaSi menelaosTan Casuli telemaqosi sasaxleSi Sexvdeba Zlevamosil atrids, mas ekiTxebian saxels da warmomavlobas. is-is iyo, telemaqosma daapira Tavisi vinaobis gamxela, rom darbazSi mSvenieri elene Semodis. igi dainteresdeba mosulTa vinaobiT da, sanam pasuxs moismendes, aRniSnavs, rom stumari mas telemaqoss axsenebs (homerosi 1979: 4. 143-144).∗∗ es ki, anu elenes mier telemaqosis cnoba, aris imdenad ucnauri ram, rom absurdulic ki SemiZlia vuwodo. aba, saidan unda gaaxsenos stumris garegnobam elenes telemaqosi, rodesac mas, romc hyoloda adre Wabuki nanaxi, telemaqosi ToTo bavSvi Tu iqneboda. ver SemewinaaRmdegebiT, rom namdvilad sasaciloa, ocwliani pauzis Semdeg vinmes amocnoba, miT ufro, rom es oci weli ToTo bavSvs sagrZnoblad Secvlida. magram elenes mier telemaqosis amocnoba, Sesabamisad menelaosis da manamde nestoris mier telemaqosis aRiareba odisevsis vaJad (homerosi 1979: 3. 122-123),∗∗∗ teqstSi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia. Tanac, Tuki imasac gavixsenebT, rom manamde telemaqoss seriozulad aravin aRiqvams (homerosi 1979: 1. 270, 323325),∗∗∗∗ TviT penelopec, mSobeli dedac ki. maS, ras unda niSnavdes penelopes gaoceba, rodesac telemaqosma pirvelad gabeda da SeewinaaRmdega dedas, rodesac man momRerlebs ∗

metisi okeanosisa da Tetisis asulia. igi zevsis pirveli coli iyo. man daumzada zevss is jadosnuri nayeni, romlis dalevis Semdegac kronosma ukan amoiRo gadaylapuli Svilebi, zevsis da-Zmani. magram uzenaesi RmerTis pirveli qorwineba ar aRmoCnda xangrZlivi. vinaidan am qorwinebis Sedegad panTeons mxolod dedis msgavsi gonieri RmerTebi Seemateboda, xolo erTi vaJiSvili mamaze aRmatebulic ki gaxdeboda da Sesabamisad mis adgilsac daikavebda, zevss urCies, coli Tavidan moeSorebina. da radgan zevss winaparTa xvedris gaziareba ar surda, ar undoda, rom TaobaTa brZolaSi misTvis Svils eZlia, orsulad myofi meuRle gadaylapa da amiT erTgvarad mainc daemsgavsa winapars.

∗∗

saxelovani odisevsis Svils esden hgavs, yrma telemaqes, Sin rom darCa axladSobili.

∗∗∗

namdvilad Svili unda iyo im kargi mamis, ramdens giyureb, kidev ufro metad vrwmundebi.

∗∗∗∗

gzas xifaTians igi marto xom ver moivlis; ...mas dascinodnen da hkilavdnen dauzogavad...

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dedis sawinaaRmdegod simReris gagrZeleba mosTxova (homerosi 1979: 1. 346-361).∗ an ras unda niSnavdes iTakeli xalxis is gaoceba (da, SesaZloa, sixarulic), rodesac ocwliani Sesvenebis Semdeg telemaqosi aTenas STagonebiT gabedavs da krebas moiwvevs. am krebis Taobaze, ver vityviT, rom is warmatebuli aRmoCnda telemaqosisTvis, Tumca erTi funqcia ki Seasrula: telemaqosma pirvelad ganacxada (ra Tqma unda, ara Riad), rom igia sruluflebiani memkvidre da, Sesabamisad, mamis saxelsac veravin Seecileba(homerosi 1979: 2. 10-145). amdenad, rogorc mokle mimoxilvidan vnaxeT, homerosis òdiseaSi~ mniSvnelovania ara marto sakuTari saxelis, aramed mamis saxelis mopovebac. da amis ganxorcieleba, rac TiTqos aranair problemasTan ar unda iyos dakavSirebuli, arc ise advilia. odisevsi mudmivad frTxilia Tavisi saxelis gamJRavnebisas; telemaqosis SemTxvevaSi ki, saxeli cnobilia, mosapovebeli araferi ar aris, magram sirTules warmoadgens mamis saxelis SenarCuneba. marto dedis naTqvami, rom mama aris odisevsi, aSkarad ar kmara. mamis megobrebi ki swored isini arian, visac amis dadasturebac da uaryofac SeuZliaT. da bolos, sanam vityode, Tu risTvis damWirda mkiTxvelisTvis yovelive amis Sexseneba, Sevexebi erT, Cemi azriT, umniSvnelovanes moments. teqstSi odisevsis monaTxrobidan vigebT, rom igi ewvia iseT regionebs, sadac heliosis, mzis kulti arsebobda. aseTia pirvel rigSi kirkes kunZuli aiaia. vrcel epizodSi, Tumca pirdapir araferia naTqvami kunZulze kultis arsebobaze, magram CvenTvis cnobili xdeba, rom kirke aris heliosis asuli da, Sesabamisad, am kunZulze gabatonebuli iqneboda solaruli kulti (am sakiTxze vrclad vsaubrob statiaSi `sad cxovrobda kirke~, `literaturuli Ziebani~, 2006). Tanac, meTormete simRera iwyeba kunZulis aRweriT, saidanac cxadi xdeba, rom aq eoss aqvs bina da heliosis sacekvaoc yofila. aseve solaruli kultis niSnebs vxedav kunZul sqeriaze, naosnobaSi daxelovnebuli feakebis kunZulze. aq, Tumca arsad ar aris saubari mzis Tayvaniscemaze, magram alkinoes baRebis aRwera Zalian waagavs heliosis baRebs (sxva eTnokulturul tradiciebSi swored amgvaria mzis RvTaebis baRebi). esaa saocari baRi, sadac xexili ucnauri TanmimdevrobiT isxams nayofs: maSin, rodesac erTi jiSis xea daxunZluli, meore yvavilobs, xolo mesame ki ileva. aseve solaruli kultis naSTebs vxedav am kunZulze arsebul TamaSebSic. odisevss maspinZlebi burTiT Sesrulebul cekvas uCveneben, romelic mosdevs Sesabamis himns. es himni mogviTxrobs heliosze, romelsac, sxva RmerTebisgan gansxvavebiT, verafers gamoapareben verc mokvdavebi da verc ukvdavebi. burTi ki, romelsac TamaSis dros iyeneben, mewamulia da, Cemi varaudiT, mzes waagavs da ukavSirdeba kidec (is faqti, rom kulti TamaSSi gadavida, eWvs ar iwvevs da amis Sesaxeb vrclad vmsjelob sxvadasxva statiaSi). mesame da yvelaze mniSvnelovani kunZuli, romelic helioss ukavSirdeba, Trinakiaa. aq binadrobs heliosis naxiri. miuxedavad umkacresi gafrTxilebisa, rom xeli ar axlon naxirs, odisevsis megobrebi yurad ar iReben gafrTxilebas da Wamen maT mier moklul saqonels. amis gamo isini isjebian, vercerTi maTgani sikvdils ver gadaurCeba. Tumca, sanam heliosis naxiris amoxocvas daiwyeben, odisevsis Tanamgzavrebi pirobas iZlevian, rom samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg RmerTs taZars augeben. bunebrivia, am danapirebs ver aasrulebdnen, radgan arcerTi maTgani cocxali ar gadarCenila. magram cocxali gadarCa odisevsi. mas `vali~ hqonda heliosis, iseve rogorc masze gamexebuli poseidonis. sainteresoa da, albaT, arcTu ise umniSvnelo, rom nawarmoebis dasawyisSi jer heliosis ganawyenebazea saubari, xolo Semdeg poseidonis mrisxanebaze (homerosi 1979: 1. 7-8; 20-21). sainteresoa, ratom aviwydeba amis Sesaxeb odisevss da samSobloSi dabrunebuli ar fiqrobs heliosisTvis araTu taZris agebaze, aramed msxverplis Sewirvaze mainc. poseidonis pativiscema imiT gamoixateba, rom, rogorc ki mSobliur mxareSi areul saqmebs moagvarebs, daibrunebs Zalauflebas, unda gaemarTos Soreul mxareSi misiiT da wertili dausvas poseidonis mrisxanebas: iq, sadac zRvis niCabi ar unaxavT, xalxs amcnos am RmerTis arsebobisa da Zlevamosilebis Sesaxeb, msxverpli Seswiros zRvis RmerTs da sabolood moilmobieros.

∗

Zvirfaso deda, ratom uSli am tkbil momRerals imReros, raic mis guls unda, gana amaSi damnaSavea is, maRalma zevsma STahbera adamianebs utkbilesi galobis niWi. maS, xels nu uSli danaelTa dabrunebaze imReros, xalxic mas adidebs, vinac sevdian galobiT kacTa smenas amod moajadoebs, guli da suli ganimtkice mis mosasmenad, odisevss garda troas omSi myof vaJkacTagan mravali sxvac xom daiRupa, veRar dabrunda? sjobs Sens oTaxSi Sexvide da mixedo saqmes, sarTav-saqsovsa, Tanac mxevlebs maTi saferi xelsaqme miec. laparaki kacs ufro Svenis, me, vin vbrZaneblob ama WerqveS, momande ega.

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ratom iviwyebs odisevsi helioss, ratom ar miiCnevs mas imdenad Zlevamosil RmerTad, rom saWirod cnos misTvisac saTanado pativis migeba? arada, TiTqos sxvadasxva regionebSi mogzaurobisas igi unda darwmunebuliyo am RmerTis siZliereSi. ai, aq minda, gavixseno saxelisa da mamis saxelis Ziebis mniSvnelovani faqti, romelzedac manamde mqonda saubari. ramdenadac viciT, heliosi berZnuli panTeonis RmerTebis pirvel Taobas ganekuTvneba. esaa e. w. usaxelo (termini Cemia) RmerTebis Taoba. am Taobis RmerTebs sakuTari saxeli ar gaaCniaT, uranosi patara asoTi caa, mTavruliT ki RmerTi, gea patara asoTi dedamiwaa, mTavruliT ki qalRmerTi. asevea heliosic, igi erTdroulad sagansac aRniSnavs da sakuTari saxelicaa. meore Taobis RmerTebs ukve sakuTari saxelebi gaaCniaT da amiTac gamoirCevian wina Taobis RmerTebisagan. ai, mesame Taobis RmerTebs, romelTa rigSic aris poseidoni, ukve sakuTar saxelTan erTad mamis saxelic aqvT. egeb sakuTari saxelisa da mamis saxelis arqonis gamoa, rom helioss odisevsi jerovan pativs ar miagebs. egeb berZenisaTvis saxelica da mamis saxelic imdenad bevrs niSnavda, rom maTi RmerTebis panTeoni orjer icvleba, iqamde, sanam ar daemkvidrnen RmerTebi, romelTac TavianT sakuTar saxelTan erTad mamis sakuTari saxelic hqondaT. amdenad, homerosis òdiseas~ detaluri kvleva cxadyofs, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom odisevsi mogzaurobis dros araerTxel darwmunda mzis, rogorc RvTaebis siZliereSi, naxa bevri iseTi qveyana, sadac mzes saTanado pativs miagebdnen, man samSobloSi CamosvlisTanave `daiviwya~ es RvTaeba. sanam am sakiTxs gavarkvevdi, piradad me, ramdenjerac wavikiTxavdi poemas, sul mqonda imis molodini, rom iTakaSi mravalnaxul odisevss axali kulti unda Caetana. imis nacvlad, rom odisevss araTu kulti daearsebina, aramed msxverpli mainc Seewira heliosisaTvis, mas saerTodac ar gaxsenebia is vali, rac aucileblad unda gadaexada samSobloSi dabrunebuls. homerosis poemebSi yvela kiTxvas pasuxi moeZebneba, yvela sakiTxi gadawyvetilia da avtori arafers ar tovebs Rias. am TvalsazrisiT, TiTqos amovardnaa is faqti, rom dasawyisSi naxsenebi heliosis gawyroma boloSi araa molmobierebuli. magram, Cemi azriT, poeti am kiTxvas pasuxs scems mTeli poemis manZilze, mxolod es pasuxi araa pirdapir gacemuli, igi mTel poemaSi sxvadasxva saxiTaa gabneuli. da es pasuxi heliosis warmomavlobaSi unda veZeboT. damowmebani: berZnuli miTebis samyaro 1998: berZnuli miTebis samyaro. didi zeciuri RmerTebi. Txroba n. toniasi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `logosi~, 1998. ebelingi 1885: Ebeling H. Lexicon Homericum. Leipzig: in edibus B. G. Teubneri, 1885. roSeri 1884-1937: Roscher W. H. Ausfuhrliches Lexicon der Griechischen und Romischen Mythologie. Leipzig, 18841937. homerosi 1884: Homer, Odyssey. with introduction, notes, etc. by W. W. Merry, Oxford: 1958-1961. homerosi 1979: homerosi. odisea. Targmani p. beriZisa. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1979.

Nestan Ratiani Proper Name, Patronymic and Rejection of the Cult of Helios (Remnants of the Solar Cult in Homer`s “Odyssey”) Summary The careful research of Homer`s “Odyssey” makes clear that even after understanding the power of the Helios by Odysseus during his trip, even after seeing many countries where the God-Helios was worshiped, he (sc. Odysseus) forgets this deity as soon as he returns to his motherland. Reading the poem I always had the feeling that in the end of his trip, after successful return, the main character, at least, would make sacrifices to the God-Helios. But Odysseus never remembers his promises to this God and never does the sacrifice. Why does it happen so? It seems to me, that the answer is dispersed through the whole poem and its research we should start only after researching the genealogy of the God-Helios. I hypothesize, that Helios cannot be really respected by Odysseus, as the God has not his own proper name. The word “Helios” can be translated from Greek as “the Sun” and at the same time it is the proper name of the God. The same problem appears while speaking about the whole generation of the gods (the first generation) who are created together with Helios. The third generation of the Gods have not only their proper names but they also have parents, who have their proper names too. This generation (the third generation) of the gods could become the most respectful among all the other gods from the Greek pantheon.

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dalila bedianiZe kidev erTxel `nacarqeqias~ Sesaxeb `nacarqeqia~ popularuli qarTuli xalxuri sayofacxovrebo zRaparia. popularulia igi ara mxolod qarTul folklorSi, aramed sxva qveynebis xalxTa folklorSiac. misi tipologiuri paralelebi gvxvdeba adiReur, Turqul, ubixur, rusul, tajikur zRaprebs Soris. am sakiTxs Cven mivuZRveniT specialuri werili `nacarqeqia~ (tipologiuri paralelebi)~. (bedianiZe 2006: 4) amjerad Cveni yuradReba SevaCereT `nacarqeqias~ im tipologiur paralelebze, romelTac cnobili qarTveli folkloristi m. Ciqovani asaxelebs Tavis naSromSi `gonebis Zala~. (Ciqovani 1979:9) es aris afxazuri `TaWkumi~, osuri `nacarqeqia asagi~, somxuri `guladi nazari~, balyarul-yaraCauli `rogor aRmoCnda biWi goliaTebze gonieri~, Cerqezuli `sacodavi mawanwala erTi dartymiT aTasze mets klavs~, germanuli `guladi mkervali~, adiReuri `qaCali da goliaTebi~ («Куйжий и великаны») da kidev CeCnuri varianti, romlis Seswavlsac momavlisaTvis vapirebT. m. Ciqovanisgan damoukideblad, Cven mivediT igive daskvnamde, rodesac gavecaniT adiReur zRapars `qaCali da goliaTebi~ («Куйжий и великаны») da am sakiTxs SevexeT Cvens zemoxsenebul naSromSi, amitom aq adiReur zRaparTan `nacarqeqias~ msgavsebaze aRar vimsjelebT. amdenad, qarTul `nacarqeqiasTan~ Sesadareblad Cven aq gvrCeba afxazuri, osuri, somxuri, balyarul-yaraCauli da Cerqezuli zRaprebi, romelTa Sesaxebac m. Ciqovani wers, rom isini `nacarqeqias~ tipologiur paralelebs warmoadgenen, ganixilavs ra maT Zmebi grimebis mier gamoqveynebul zRapar `gulad mkervalTan~ mimarTebaSi. igi mxolod asaxelebs msgavsebis faqts da zRaprebis Sedarebas ar gvaZlevs (rogorc Cans, es sakiTxi mas saTanadod ar ukvlevia, garda `gulad mkervalTan~ Sedarebisa). amdenad, Cven saSualeba mogveca, Cagvetarebina kvleva-Sedareba dasaxelebul zRaprebs Soris. `nacarqeqias~ personam literaturaSic iCina Tavi _ mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs polikarpe kakabaZis piesa `yvaryvare TuTaberi~ da somexi mwerlis derenik demirWianis piesa `guladi nazari~, romelic somxuri xalxuri zRapris `guladi nazaris~ mixedviT aris Seqmnili. es orive piesa dawerilia gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, mZafri politikuri kataklizmebis dros da Sesabamisad mTavari personaJis saxes politikuri elferi dahkravs. rogor aqcia SemTxveviTobam nacarqeqia gmirad, somxur zRaprebSi mefedac ki dawvrilebiT aris naCvenebi orive zemoxsenebul piesaSi. (kakabaZe 1959: 5; demirWiani 1940: 15) m. Ciqovani orientirad iRebs Zmebi grimebis mier gamoqveynebul zRapars `guladi mkervali~ (grimebi 1949:14) adarebs ra mas `nacarqeqias~, igi wers: `germanul-qarTuli siuJeturi Sexvedrebidan SeiZleba davasaxeloT Semdegi: a) orive zRapris gmiri fizikurad sustia da mSiSara; b. orives brZola uxdeba bumberazTan, devTan, saSineli fizikuri Zalis gansaxierebasTan; g) orives yveli miaqvs sagzlad; d) Ronieris da uRonos Sejibris piroba Zalis kults emyareba; e) germanuli zRapris goliaTi qvas wyals gamoadens, TerZi ki nacarqeqiasaviT yvelis naWers wuravs~ (Ciqovani 1979: 87). mixeil Ciqovanis mier zemoT CamoTvlili msgavsebis faqtebidan yvelaze realuri aris b) da e) punqtebi, romelnic Zneli saTqmelia, rogor moxvdnen germanuli zRapris konteqstSi. sxvafriv `guladi mkervali~ ufro met msgavsebas iCens ara qarTul `nacarqeqiasTan~, aramed qarTul zRaprebTan `mZleTamZle~, `me gaxlavar sasia, movkali asia~, `fasias zRapari~ da azerbaijanuli ùsTajan ahmedTan~. rogorc Cvens mier Catarebulma kvlevam gviCvena, qarTuli `nacarqeqia~ calke dgas zRaprebis im jgufTan, romelnic metad mkrTal naTesaobas amJRavneben masTan da mas saerTaSoriso siuJetebis katalogSi calke nomeri ekuTvnis, ara is, romelic aqvs (AA _ 1060, 1049, 11155, 1640 da sxva). rac Seexeba Cvens mier Sedarebul zRaprebs, `nacarqeqiasTan~ metad axlos dgas ara osuri `nacarqeqia asagi~, aramed osuri zRapari `nacarqeqia~. somxuri `guladi nazari~ zemoxsenebul germanul zRapars mihyveba. `nacarqeqiasTan~ ufro axlos dgas afxazuri zRapari `TaWkumi~, aseve _ balyarul-yaraCauli zRapari `rogor aRmoCnda biWi goliaTebze gonieri~, xolo Cerqezuli zRapari `sacodavi mawanwala erTi dartymiT aTasze mets klavs~ kvlav `gulad mkervals~ uaxlovdeba da Sesabamisad _ qarTuli `mZleTamZles~ tipis zRaprebTan dgas axlos. rogorc vxedavT, Sedarebisas Tavi iCina zRaprebis orma tipma: 1. `nacarqeqias~ adiReur, Turqul da tajikur variantebTan axlos mdgomi zRaprebi da II. `guladi mkervalis~ tipis zRaprebi. ganvixiloT jer pirveli tipis zRaprebi. daviwyoT osuri `nacarqeqiaTi~: iyo erTi nacarqeqia. saxlidan gareT ar gadioda. misma orma colma moilaparaka da is saxlidan gaagdo. nacarqeqiam colebs Wyinti yveli da sadgisi gamoarTva da gzas gaudga. gzad wyalgaRma devi dainaxa. devma qva aiRo, xeli moWira da wyali gaadina. nacarqeqiam Wyint yvels gaadina Srati. devs yveli riyis qva egona da gaukvirda. nacarqeqiam devs ubrZana, Sens saxlSi wamiyvaneo da zurgze moajda. devma uTxra, ra msubuqi yofilxaro. amas mosdevs epizodi, Tu rogor daaWira nacarqeqiam devs kiserze sadgisi da devma sTxova, isev cas moeWideo. devma

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nacarqeqia Sin miiyvana Tavis Svid ZmasTan da gaacno maT, rogorc uZlieresi kaci. devebi mdidrebi iyvnen, ludiT savse kasrebi edgaT da daxocili irmebi Sin eyaraT. daiwyes vaxSami. nacarqeqia Tavis wil luds da xorcs gverdiT myof xaroSi uSvebda, radgan devebiviT Wama ar SeeZlo. vaxSamis Semdeg devebma igi daaZines da moilaparakes, mSvild-isriT moeklaT. nacarqeqiam yvelaferi gaigona, Tavis magier loginSi kvaris kona Caido, TviTon ki kunWulSi daimala _ ase gadaurCa sikvdils da diliT devebs uTxra, wuxel rwyilebma ar momasveneso. devebi SeSindnen, isris Cxvleta rwyilis kbenad eCveneba, amas ras davaklebTo. meore dRes isev iqeifes. nacarqeqia Wamis dros isev ise iqceoda. devebma im Rames nacarqeqias damduRvra gadawyvites. nacarqeqia maT Cumad yurs ugdebda, Tavis nacvlad muTaqa Cado loginSi, TviTon kuTxeSi daimala da ase gadarCa, diliT ki devebs uTxra, wuxel Zalian cxeloda, oflic movidineo. devebs ufro metad SeeSindaT da uTxres, oRond Sin dabrundi, rasac ginda, mogarTmevTo. nacarqeqia daeTanxma. devebma mozveris tiki auvses fuliT da im devma, romelmac moiyvana, aikida tiki da saxlamde miacila. nacarqeqia Sin Sevarda, fulebi gadmoyara, tiki gabera da colebs uTxra _ axla stumars Semoviyvan da sadils mogTxovT, Tqven ki am tiks fexi amohkariT da daiyvireT: `sad iyavi aqamde? ra sadili, ris sadili-Tqo!~ qalebi asec moiqcnen. SeSinebuli devi Sin gaiqca da Zmebs uambo yvelaferi _ nacarqeqias Tavisze Zlieri colebi hyoliao. devebi SeSindnen da saxlidan gadaixvewnen. nacarqeqiam waiyvana Tavisi mamali, Txa da goWi da devebis saxlSi Casaxlda. erT dRes erTma devma gabeda Tavisi saxlis naxva. nacarqeqias goWi miwas Txrida, mamali yioda, Txa ki nekers kvnetda. devs SeeSinda maT danaxvaze, gaiqca da Zmebs uTxra _ nacarqeqias sami uZlieresi mcveli hyavs _ erTi RmerTs Sehyviris, meore _ qvesknels, mesame tyeSi gveZebso. devebi ufro Sors gadaixvewnen. darCa nacarqeqias maTi sacxovrebeli. dResac cxovrobs da xvalac kargad icxovrebs. (osuri 1957: 71-74). axla vnaxoT afxazuri `TaWkumi~: iyo erTi zarmaci da crupentela moxuci kaci, saxelad TaWkumi. igi tyuili trabaxis gamo colma saxlidan gaagdo da gaatana Zveli, moTelili nabadi, gudiT maxaTi, Wyinti yveli da cota fqvili. TaWkumma gzad erTi didi mdinaris gaRma devi dainaxa. devma dauZaxa, gaRma gamiyvaneo. TaWkumma uTxra, Sen TviTon gamiyvaneo. devs guli mouvida, riyis qva aiRo da wyali gaadina _ ase gagacxebineb sulso. mec suls gagacxebineb, Tu gaRma ar gamiyvano _ dauZaxa TaWkumma da Wyint yvels wyali gaadina. devma qva dafSvna xeliT da gamosZaxa, ase mtvrad gaqcev, Tu gaRma ar gamiyvano. TaWkumma fqvili moboWa da uTxra, mec aseve mtvrad gaqcevo. devma TaWkumi mxarze Seisva da Sua mdinareSi gaRma gayvanisas SeniSna, ra msubuqi yofilxaro. me cas var moWidebuli da imitomo, uTxra TaWkumma. aba, cas xeli gauSvio, sTxova devma. moxucma devs beWSi sadgisi CaurWo. isev cas moeWideo, daiRriala devma. gaRma rom gavidnen, devma uTxra TaWkums, tyeSi Sedi da Cemsken nadiri gamoreke, me daviWer da sauzme movamzadoTo. TaWkums eSinoda, magram uaris Tqmisa ufro SeeSinda, tyeSi Sevida da yviriliT nadiri daafrTxo. devma bevri cxoveli daiWira, gaatyava da xeebze Camohkida. TaWkumi rom dabrunda, devma hkiTxa, ratom meti ar gamoreke, es ras gveyofao? aman upasuxa, mSiSara nadiri Semxvda da gaifantao. maSin devi TviTon Sevida tyeSi nadiris gamosarekad, raTa axla TaWkums daexoca isini. erTi uzarmazari taxi pirdapir TaWkumisken gamoqanda, magram aman moaswro da xis totze Camoekida, taxi ki xes eSvebiT daeZgera da daeba. moxucma am dros xis fuRuroSi patara Citi dainaxa, aiyvana xelSi da devs daeloda. devi dabrunda da hkiTxa, Cemi gamorekili nadiri sad ariso? moxucma taxze da Citze miuTiTa devi gabrazda, magram araferi uTqvams, aikida nanadirevi da TaWkumi Tavis saxlSi waiyvana. sauzmis momzadebisas SeSa dasWirdaT da devma stumari gagzavna SeSisTvis. TaWkumma gareuli vazis ramdenime Ziri moTxara da axlomaxlo xeebs Semoaxvia. devs lodini mobezrda da TaWkums miakiTxa. aman uTxra, xeebs vkrav, rom erTad movglijo da wamoviRoo. devi abuzRunda, didi xe moglija da waiRo. sauzme mindorSi hqondaT. devma moxucs win iremi daudo SesaWmelad. mindvris bolos xrami iyo da moxucma morCenili xorci iq ise gadayara, devs ar SeumCnevia. RamiT moxucs eSinoda devTan erT WerqveS Ramis gaTevisa da gareT daiZina. devma misi damduRvra gadawyvita, magram TaWkumi miuxvda ganzraxvas da Tavis nacvlad mori dado nabadqveS, TviTon ki xes amoefara. RamiT devma mori damduRra. diliT TaWkumi Sevida devTan da uTxra, wuxel Zalian damcxa da cudi sizmrebic vnaxeo. devi gaocda, cocxali rom dainaxa da gadawyvita, rkinis SanTs gavaxureb da mZinare TaWkums gavuyrio. meore Rames TaWkumi isev ise moiqca da devma SanTi nabadwaxurul mors gauyara. diliT moxucma devs uTxra, wuxel rwyili mkbenda da ar damaZinao. devma mwuxarebiT amoioxra da misi piridan amosulma haeris talRam moxuci WerSi aisrola. igi Zels daekida. devi gaocda, mand ras akeTebo? SimSili mklavs, kbilis simagres visinjav, rom SegWamoo, upasuxa TaWkumma. devma igi Zirs Camoiyvana da sasauzmod miiwvia, magram TaWkums SiSisgan kriWa hqonda Sekruli da devs uTxra _ nanadirevi mombezrda, devis xorci minda gavsinjoo. devs SeeSinda da tyeSi gaiqca. TaWkumma devis fara wamoasxa, magram mwyemsad ver ivarga, cxvrebi gzaSi daefanta, Sin mxolod erTi cxvari miiyvana, isic daukoWlda da mxriT aTria. yvela am gansacdelis Semdeg TaWkumma Tavi daaneba sicruesa da trabaxs, magram misgan kargi muSa mainc er dadga. (afxazuri 1956: 82-86)

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balyarul-yaraCaul zRaparSi `rogor aRmoCnda biWi goliaTebze gonieri~ mTavari moqmedi gmiri ukve ara moxuci, aramed erTi sofleli biWia. igi qvrivi qalis erTaderTi Svili iyo, fizikurad arc Tu ise Zlieri, magram metad moxerxebuli da gonieri. mis auls emegenebi (goliaTebi) SemosCveodnen da aCanagebdnen. bevri mamaci meomari Seewira maTTan brZolas. biWma gadawyvita, bedi ecada, erT saRamos dedas gamoarTva erTi Tavi yveli da mawvniT savse tiki da gaudga gzas. erTi mdinaris napiras dainaxa emegeni, SeSinda, magram ar SeimCnia, emegenma ki ise daiyvira, irgvliv eqo gaisma. emegenma biWs uTxra, erTmaneTi ZalaSi gamovcadoTo, mere ki Cems ZmebTan wagiyvano. biWi daeTanxma erTi pirobiT _ vinc damarcxdeba, gamarjvebuls yvela survili unda Seusruloso. jer miwidan karaqi unda gamoedinaT. emegenma miwa zila fexebiT, magram karaqi ver gamoadina. biWma mis SeumCnevlad fexqveS gaigdo mawvniani tiki da emegens daRvrili mawoni karaqi egona. igi gancvifrda biWis ZaliT. Semdeg biWma SesTavaza, qva dafSveni da wveni gamoadineo. emegenma verc es ver SeZlo, biWma ki yvels xeli mouWira, Tan dafSvna da Tan wyali gamoadina. emegenma uTxra, Cemze Zlieri yofilxar, mibrZane, ra gavakeToo. biWma uTxra, zurgze Semisvi da gaRma gamiyvane, mterTan mivdivar, rom Cvens aulze Tavdasxmas gadavaCvioo. emegenma mxarze Seisva biWi da gaRma gaiyvana. danarCen emegenebs gauxardaT biWis danaxva, kargi vaxSamia CvenTviso, magram Zmam SeSinebulma uTxra maT _ biWis tanadobas nu uyurebT, is Cvenze Zlieria, ar gaabrazoT, Torem dagverevao. emegenebma biWi sapatio stumariviT miiRes, sayonaRoSi moasvenes, gemriel kerZebs umzadebdnen, pativs scemdnen, magram Tan gadawyvites misi ZalaSi gamocda. misces kameCis tyavis uzarmazari tiki da daavales, amiT wyali moitane, Cven es ar SegviZliao. biWma waiRo tiki, Cavida mdinareSi, gabera igi da ukan rom modioda, Tavsxma wvima wamovida. carieli tikiT rom gamoecxada, emegenebma hkiTxes, wyali sad ariso? biWma uTxra, gaixedeT da dainaxavTo. emegenebma gamoqvabulidan gaixedes, wvima biWis motanili wyali egonaT da Zalian SeSindnen, gadawyvites `Ronieri~ biWis mokvla, roca is daiZinebda. biWs kargi nabadi hqonda, gamoexvia imaSi da daiZina, emegenebma ki sakvamuridan sayonaRoSi mduRare wyali Caasxes mis dasamduRrad, egonaT, biWi movkaliTo, magram aman meore diliT Tqva, wuxel cota rwyilebi mawuxebdneno, meore Rames emegenebma qvebi Cauyares sayonaRos sakvamuridan, magram nabadSi gaxveul biWs veraferi daakles (biWma orivejer icoda, ras upirebdnen), mixvdnen emegenebi, rom biWs ver moklavdnen da misvlis mizezi hkiTxes (mTielTa Cveulebis Tanaxmad, stumars sami dRe ar ekiTxebodnen misvlis mizezs). biWma uTxra, Tqven Cveni auli bevrjer gagiZarcvavT, jogebi wagiyvaniaT. me minda, rac wagvarTviT, ukan dagvibrunoTo. jogebi SevWameTo, uTxres emegenebma. maSin biWma erTi tomara oqro moiTxova da miiRo kidevac tomara mZime iyo. biWma Tqva, me am tomris Treva ar mekadrebao da tomris mTrevelad da gamcileblad wilisyriT is emegeni gahyva Sin, romelmac miiyvana. saxls rom miuaxlovdnen, biWma emegens uTxra, aq damelode, dedaCems gavafrTxileb, Rirseulad daxvdes stumarso. dedam biWis darigebisamebr Svils xmamaRla uTxra, Sin araferi gvaqvs emegenis fexis garda da imas Sevwvavo. emegenma es gaigona, SiSiT acaxcaxebuli gaiqca, tomara adgilze datova, miirbina Tavis ZmebTan da uambo, eg deda-Svili emegenebs Wameno. aiyara emegenebis tomi SiSisgan da im xeobidan gadaikarga. mas Semdeg iq emegenebi aRar arian. biWma emegenebis oqro Raribebs dauriga da im aulSi xalxma mSvidad iwyo cxovreba. (balyaruli 1971: 125-130) zemoT moyvanili zRaprebi axlos dgas rogorc qarTul `nacarqeqiasTan~, aseve erTmaneTTan. gansakuTrebul siaxloves qarTul zRaparTan iCenen osuri `nacarqeqia~ da afxazuri `TaWkumSi~. aq saxezea rogorc yvelidan wylis gamodena qvis nacvlad mdinaris napirze, aseve _ sadgisis gamoyeneba mTavari gmiris mier da WerSi avardnis scena, roca devi daaceminebs Tu amoioxrebs. aris erTi metad mniSvnelovani sxvaobac _ Sesadarebel zRaprebSi mTavari personaJi arsad ar ukavSirdeba nacars, kerias. es mxolod qarTul zRaparSi xdeba. aseve _ sxvaobaa isic, rom TaWkumi dajildoebuli da gamdidrebuli ar brundeba mdinaris gaRma mxridan, rogorc es am tipis sxva zRaprebSi xdeba. am faqts da im faqts, rom nacarqeqias saxlidan agdeben uqnarobisaTvis, sagmiro saqmeebis Casadenad igi Tavisi nebiT ar midis saxlidan, mTavari personaJis saxis gagebisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs. ai, ras wers amis Sesaxeb mkvlevari r. ColoyaSvili: `Cvens novelistur zRaprebSic xom agdeben nacarqeqias micvalebulTa samyaroSi _ mdinaris iqiT, devebis saufloSi, saidanac mTeli iqauri sikeTiT daxunZluli brundeba... novelisturi zRapris metad popularuli gmiri nacarqeqia jadosnuri zRapris mTavari gmiris msgavsad, mokvdavi da mkvdreTiT aRdgomadi RvTaebis miTosuri saxidan iRebs saTaves da genetikurad mis erT-erT saxesxvaobas qmnis~ (ColoyaSvili 2004: 165-166) axla vnaxoT `guladi mkervalis~, `mZleTamZles~ tipis zRaprebi. jer CavxedoT TviTon am germanul zRapars. masSi moTxrobilia, Tu rogor iyida erTma mkeravma muraba, rogor wausva purze, rogor Seesivnen am purs buzebi da rogor daxoca isini mkeravma erTi dartymiT. daTvala da Svidi gamovida. mas mounda, misi `gmirobis~ Sesaxeb mTel qalaqs gaego, gaikeTa qamari, romelzec daawera èrTi dartymiT Svidi movkal~ da daiwyo qveynierebaze amayad siaruli, radgan Cadenili `gmirobis~ Semdeg mkeravoba eTakileboda. wavida da Tan waiyola Zveli yvelis erTi Tavi da Citi, romelic buCqebSi iyo gaxlarTuli da jibeSi Caisva. gzam erT maRlobze miiyvana, romelzec ijda goliaTi da irgvliv wynarad iyureboda. mkeravma goliaTs

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daZmobileba SesTavaza da uCvena Tavisi qamari. goliaTma ifiqra, rom mas erTi dartymiT Svidi kaci hyavda mokluli, magram mainc moindoma misi gamocda. aq modis epizodi, Tu rogor gamoadina qvas wyali goliaTma da rogor gamoadina yvels wveni mkeravma. Semdeg isini qvis srolaSi Seejibrnen erTmaneTs. goliaTma qva Zalian Sors isrola, xolo mkeravma Tavisi Citi Sestyorcna cas, romelic imwamsve daikarga Tvalidan (borot ZalasTan Sejibris dros qvis nacvlad Citis srolis epizodi gvxvdeba baskur xalxur zRaparSic `cru~. WeliZe 1975) Semdeg simZimis awevaSi Seejibrnen erTmaneTs. goliaTma didi muxa moigdo mxrebze, xolo mkeravi, romelmac goliaTs moatyua, me ukanidan agiwev xeso, moTavsda muxis totze da goliaTs aekida. male goliaTma daagdo tvirTi ise, rom araferi SeumCnevia da mkeravma igi gakicxa, xis Treva ar SegiZliao. amis Semdeg erTad ganagrZes gza. SexvdaT alublis xe, romelic goliaTma modrika da mkeravs kenwero misca xelSi mwife alublis saWmelad, magram mkeravma ver SeZlo xis Sekaveba, xem igi jer zemoT aagdo, mere ki Zirs moadenina zRarTani. man goliaTis winaSe Tavi imarTla, xes gadavaxti da aba, Sen Tu gadaaxtebio. goliaTi alublis xes ver gadaaxta da damarcxda. amis Semdeg man mkeravi Tavis gamoqvabulSi waiyvana, sadac goliaTebi isxdnen cecxlis irgvliv da Semwvar cxvrebs Wamdnen. RamiT goliaTma mZinare mkeravs mokvla moundoma da sawols didi Zalayini dascxo. sawoli mkeravisTvis Zalian didi iyo, is erT kuTxeSi miiyuJa da ase gadarCa. aman goliaTebi SeaSina, ar dagvxocoso da sadRac gadaikargnen. mkeravma gza ganagrZo. didxans iara da mivida mefis sasaxlis ezoSi, sadac daiZina. aq igi xalxma SeniSna da waikiTxa warwera mis qamarze èrTi dartymiT Svidi movkal~. yvelaferi mefes moaxsenes. mkeravi didi gmiri egonaT. mefem igi Tavis samsaxurSi miiRo. aman mefis meomrebi gaaRiziana da maT mefisgan wasvla moindomes. mefem maTi wasvlis mizezi rom gaigo, gadawyvita, mkeravi gaeSva, magram SiSiT verafers eubneboda _ ar momklaso. adga da misca aseTi davaleba _ erTi tyeSi ori goliaTi cxovrobda, xalxs arbevda da Tu mkeravi imaT daxocavda, Tavis erTaderT asuls miscemda colad, mziTvad ki _ naxevar saxelmwifos. Tan gaayolebda as meomars, raTa goliaTebs SebrZoleboda. mkeravma winadadeba miiRo. goliaTebis dasaxocad igi marto Sevida tyeSi, miadga mZinare goliaTebs, jibeSi qvebi Caiwyo, erT xeze aZvra da iqidan amaT qvebs esroda. TiToeul goliaTs egona, rom meore esroda am qvebs. maT gaiRviZes, Cxubi mouvidaT da erTmaneTi daxoces. mkeravi xidan Camoxta, Tavisi maxvili saTiTaod aZgera gulSi goliaTebs da Semdeg ki TanamxlebT ganucxada, rom goliaTebi daxoca. mefem axla meore davaleba misca _ martorqis daWera. mkeravma Toki da najaxi waiRo da tyeSi wavida. man martorqa ase daiWira: roca mxeci misken gaeqana, igi xes amoefara da martorqas rqa xeSi CaerWo. mkeravma martorqas najaxiT mohkveTa rqa, Toki Caaba da mefes mihgvara. mefem axla mesame davaleba misca _ daeWira veluri taxi, romelic tyes anadgurebda, am saqmeSi ki mkeravs egerebi daexmarebodnen. mkeravma Tqva, es CemTvis bavSvuri TamaSiao, egerebi Tan ar wauyvania, ise daiWira veluri taxi. es ki ase moxda: taxma mkeravi dainaxa da misken gaeqana, magram mkeravi iqve mdgar samlocveloSi Sevarda da mis fanjridan gadaxta. taxi Tan Sehyva, mkeravma ki kari miuketa da igi daatyveva _ taxi didi iyo da fanjaraSi ver gaeteoda. Semdeg daWerili taxi mkeravma egerebs aCvena. mefes Zalianac ar undoda, magram piroba Seasrula, misca Tavisi qaliSvili da naxevari saxelmwifo. erTxelac mefis asulma mZinare qmris bodva gaigona da mixvda, rom misi qmari ubralo mkeravi iyo. man sTxova mamas, gaeTavisuflebina aseTi qmrisagan. xelmwife mas dapirda, amaRam Cemi xalxi mas mZinares SeboWavs, xomaldze gadaiyvans da Soreul qveyanaSi waiyvanso. maTi laparaki moismina mefe-mkeravis erTgulma saWurvelTmtvirTvelma da mkeravs moaxsena amis Sesaxeb. mkeravma Wkua ixmara, RamiT Tavi moimZinara da viTom bodavda, wamoiZaxa _ erTi dartymiT Svidi movkal, ori goliaTi movkal, tyidan martorqa moviyvane, veluri taxi daviWire da ratom unda meSinodes imaTi, vinc karsukan dganano! gaigones msaxurebma, Tu ras ambobda mkeravi, SeSindnen, gaiqcnen da mas Semdeg aRaravis gaubedavs, mkeravs Sexeboda. rogorc mkeravi mefe gaxda, aseve mefed darCa mTeli Tavisi sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi (grimebi 1989: 80-87). zemoxsenebuli zRapari siuJetur msgavsebas iCens qarTul xalxur zRaprebTan: `mZleTamZle~. `me gaxlavar sasia, movkali asia~, da `fasias zRapari~. msgavsia igi agreTve azerbaijanuli sayofacxovrebo zRaprisa ùsTajan ahmedi~ (azerbaijanuli 1973). zRapris gmiri yvelgan erTi cariel-tarieli, zogjer uqnara kacia, romelmac buzebi daxoca da sakuTar Tavze didi warmodgena Seeqmna. azerbaijanul zRaparSi man ormoci buzi da ori wruwuna mokla da mWedels rkinis zuCi gaakeTebina warweriT _ `me var usTajan ahmedi _ erTi SemokvriT ormoci gveleSapisa da erTi qviT ori niangis momkvleli!~ qarTul zRaprebSi buzebis daxocvis Semdeg zarmacma kacma mWedels xmali gaakeTebina. erT zRaparSi xmalze ewera `mZleTamZle~, meoreSi _ `me gaxlavar sasia, movkali asia~, xolo mesameSi _ `me var gmiri fasia, erTi moqneviT movkal asia~. am zRaprebis mTavari personaJebi buzebis daxocvis Semdeg uneblie gmirobebs sCadian da SemTxveviTobis Tu bedis wyalobiT, yvelgan imarjveben. maTi gmirobebi sxvadasxva zRaparSi sxvadasxvaa, Tumca gmirobis faqtebi yvelgan dasturdeba. `fasias zRapari~ moklea, masSi mxolod erTi gmirobis Sesaxebaa moTxrobili _ Tu rogor daiWira qveynis amomgdebi veluri taxi fasiam: SeSinebuli xidan Camovarda da sasikvdilod daWril taxs zurgze daeca. amisaTvis mefem daajildova. aseve, mZleTamZles ori gmirobidan erT-erTi _ pirveli gmiroba gareuli Roris daWeraa, romelsac mSiSara kaci xidan daeca

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zurgze da romelic yaCaRebma mokles. amis Semdeg mZleTamZlem, igive Cofanom mtruli saxelmwifos falavani orTabrZolisas mokla SemTxveviT, risTvisac Tavisi qveynis mefem imave dRes jvari daswera Tavis qaliSvilze da taxtic dauloca (rogorc vxedavT, germanuli zRapris detalebi dasturdeba). iseve, rogorc `gulad mkervalSi~ gmiris xasiaTs etyoba Zlieri komizmi, es xasiaTi iseTivea, rogoric nacarqeqiasi, SemTxveviToba TamaSobs masSi gadamwyvet rols, magram zemoxsenebul qarTul da azerbaijanul zRaprebSi arsad Canan devebi an goliaTebi, arc maTTan Sejibria aRwerili. am tipis zRaprebs ganekuTvneba Cerqezuli zRapari `sacodavi mawanwala erTi dartymiT aTasze mets klavs~. misi mokle Sinaarsi aseTia: erTi mawanwala gzaze midioda, sicxisagan daiRala da mdinareSi banaoba moindoma. Tavisi joxi miwaSi CaarWo da wyalSi Sevida. erTma mxedarma am dros iq gaiara, naxa es joxi, kacic dainaxa, romelic mdinaris napirze ijda da tilebs xocavda, gadawyvita, am kacisTvis daecina da mis joxs waawera: `mawanwala gmiri erTi dartymiT 1080-s klavs~. kacs araferi gaugia, gamovida mdinaridan, Tavisi joxi aiRo da gzas gaudga, warwerisTvis yuradReba ar miuqcevia. moSivda. bedad usazRvro stepSi erTi TeTri saxli SeniSna da iq Sevida. am saxlSi mas daxvda Svidi Zmis ulamazesi erTaderTi da, romelmac moxuci miiRo, aWama da gaumaspinZlda. Zmebi rom dabrundnen, moxucze gabrazdnen, aq rogor movidao, magram mis joxze warwera rom waikiTxes, gadawyvites, es didi gmiriao da kargad Sexvdnen. meore dRes Zmebi stumars gamoemSvidobnen da saomrad wavidnen. Zmebis uCumrad dac wavida omSi, mteri daamarcxa da Sin wamosvlas apirebda, roca Zmebma is SeniSnes, rogorc ucnobi mxedari. erT-erTma isriT mklavSi daWra qali. igi Sin rom dabrunda, mklavi kargad Seixvia da moxuc stumars makratliT gauWra igive mklavi. Zmebma mklavgaWrili Raribi kaci rom naxes, gadawyvites, es uTuod is gmiria, mteri rom daamarcxao da TavianTi da misces colad. cxovrobda kaci bednierad. colisZmebma mas saqveynod gauTqves saxeli. xalxi ambobda `bzege-batiri erTi dartymiT 1080-s xocavso~ da misi eSinoda. erTxel, sofels mteri Semoesia. sofelma elCebis daxmarebiT Svidi Zmis siZes sTxova Svela. kaci da Zmebi saomrad wavidnen. dam Zmebi daariga, rasac Cemi qmari izams, Tqvenc is qeniTo. mterTan Setakebis win Wames, mere bzege-batirma gaixada tansacmeli da tilebis xocva daiwyo. Zmebmac mas mibaZes. Semdeg bzege-batiri titveli Sejda cxenze da gaqusla. sxvebmac igive moimoqmedes. bzegebatirs cxenidan Camovardnisa eSinoda da xis tots moeWida, toti xelSi SerCa. sxva mxedrebmac motexes totebi da ase `SeiaraRebulni~ mtris banakSi Secvivdnen. mterma es saocari Tavdamsxmelebi rom dainaxa, ifiqra, raRac samxedro xerxiao da gaiqca. ase gaaTavisufla bzege-batirma sofeli. igi didi triumfiT waiyvanes saxlSi. cota xnis Semdeg sxva aulidan bzege-batirs elCebi miuvidnen, gareuli taxi gvaCanagebs da iqneb Sen moklao, sTxoves colis piriT. bzege-batiri mxedarTa didi partiiT wavida da am aulSi im adgilas mivida, saidanac taxi xalxs Tavs esxmoda. taxma igi rom dainaxa, eca, magram bzege-batiri taxs moxerxebulad zurgze moeqca, aWena da bolos qancgamoleuli colis micemuli daniT mokla. amis Semdeg didi pativiT dabrunda saxlSi. xalxma mas Tavadoba mianiWa. cxovrobda mdidrulad da mSvidad, xalxSi ki ar wydeboda misi dideba _ ambobdnen: `bzegebatiri erTi dartymiT aTasze mets klavso!~ (masalaTa krebuli: 190-196). rogorc vxedavT, popularuli epizodi taxis mokvlisa, aqac gvxvdeba. aseve _ gvxvdeba warweris epizodi, romelic am tipis zRaprebSi yvelgan fiqsirdeba. amave tipis zRaprebs ganekuTvneba somxuri xalxuri sayofacxovrebo zRapari `guladi nazari~, romelsac somxurSi variantebic moeZeveba. igi aseTia: iyo erTi Rarib ikaci, saxelad nazari... metad mSiSara iyo, colis gareSe saxlidan ar gamodioda. erT mTvarian Rames man cols uTxra, iseTi Ramea, rom siamovnebiT davesxmodi Tavs indostanidan momavali Sahis qaravanso. colma dascina. mouvidaT Cxubi. coli Sin Sevarda da kari Cauketa, nazari Sin aRar SeuSva. nazari SiSiT kinaRam gagiJda, saxlis kedels mieyrdno da Rame ase gaaTena. zafxuli iyo, buzebi daesivnen saxeze. nazarma xeli Semoirtya da buzebi daxoca. daxocili buzebi ver daTvala, gadawyvita, rom isini iyvnen aTasze meti. nazari gaamayda da mRvdelTan mivida, Cemi gamarjvebebi aRwereo. mRvdelma xumrobiT dawera Cvarze: `Zlierma nazarma, SiSis armcodnem erTi dartymiT aTasi mokla~ da misca nazars es Cvari. nazarma Cvari mxariRliv gadaikra, sadRac napovni Jangiani maxvili xelSi daiWira, Sejda mezoblis virze da gzas gaudga. gzad nazari SiSisagan yviroda. tyeSi misi yvirili erTma glexma gaigona, mas nazari yaCaRi egona da gaiqca, cxeni miatova. nazari viridan cxenze gadajda. mivida igi erT sofelSi, xalxma Cvarze warwera waikiTxa da mis mimarT pativiscema gamoavlina, uwoda mas guladi nazari. Semdeg nazari moxvda sam Zma goliaTTan, romelTac smenodaT misi dideba. amaT igi Sin waiyvanes da imdeni aqes, rom maT erTaderT das Seuyvarda nazari. goliaTebi eymnen nazars da misi eSinodaT. im mxareSi saidanRac vefxvi gamoCnda, SeSinebulma xalxma mxsnelad nazari miiCnia. nazari tyeSi xeze aZvra, rom vefxvs damalvoda, vefxvi ki swored im xis Ziras dawva. nazars SiSiT guli Seuwuxda da vefxvs daeca zurgze, romelic SeSinebuli gaiqca. xalxma dainaxa, rogor miqroda vefxvze amxedrebuli nazari, isini Tavs daesxnen vefxvs da mokles, nazarma ki Tqva _ me vefxvze Semjdars mindoda mevlo, rad mokaliT vefxvio (es vefxvis epizodi Seesatyviseba am tipis zRaprebSi taxis mokvlas Tu daWeras). xalxi adidebda nazars da igi daaqorwines Svidi goliaTis mzeTunaxav erTaderT daze. am qalze daqorwineba didi xania,

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undoda mezobeli qveynis mefes. misi gaTxovebis ambavi rom gaigo, Sekriba jari da gaagzavna Svidi Zmis winaaRmdeg. Svid Zmas nazaris imedi hqonda, magram nazarma SiSisagan Tavis sofelSi gaqceva moindoma. xalxs egona, nazari pirdapir mters unda ekveToso da marto ar datoves. goliaTebiT garSemortymuli nazari mtris pirispir aRmoCnda. am dros cxenma gaitaca. man gzad xis tots scada xeli, toti xelSi SerCa. mtris jarSi xma dairxa, nazari Cvenze moglejili xeebiT modiso. mterma iaraRi dayara da nazars qveSevrdomoba aRuTqva. nazari dabrunda Sin. xalxma triumfaluri Sexvedra mouwyo, mere ki igi taxtze dasves da mefedac gamoacxades. es zRapari variants iCens meore somxuri zRapris `dijikos~ saxiT. aq av cols gaqceulma dijikom erTi dartymiT Svidi buzi mokla, mRvdels qaRaldze daawerina èrTi dartymiT Svidi movkalo~ da es qaRaldi Zroxis rqebs Soris moaTavsa. `dijiko~ yvela punqtSi emTxveva `gulad nazars~ (somxuri 1933: 342-352; 55-59). mixeil Ciqovani `nacarqeqias~ tipis zRaprebs Soris ganixilavs osur zRapars `nacarqeqia asagi~, magram am zRapars arc qarTul `nacarqeqiasTan aqvs saerTo da arc `guladi mkervalis~ tipis zRaprebTan. eg aris, rom asags uyvars nacris qeqva, igi arc saxlidan midis da arc gagdebulia. am zRapris siuJeti jadosnuri zRaprebis siuJetebidan aris nasesxebi: asagi sam dRes imorigevebs axladgardacvlili mamis saflavze, daxocavs iq sam devs da maTi cxenebi mas darCeba. misma orma ufrosma Zmam amis Sesaxeb araferi icis. Semdeg asagi samjer scdis, koSkSi mjdom mefis asuls beWedi da cxvirsaxoci waarTvas xelidan, mesame cdaze amas SeZlebs, cxeniT axteba koSkamde da mefis asulis xels moipovebs. mxolod amis Semdeg gaumxels dedas da Zmebs yvelafers da mefis asulzec iqorwinebs. amrigad, qarTuli `nacarqeqia~ mTavari personaJis xasiaTiT da saerTo StrixebiT tipologiur msgavsebas iCens osur `nacarqeqiasTan~, afxazur da balyarul-yaraCaul zemoxsenebul zRaprebTan, xolo germanuli, somxuri, Cerqezuli, azerbaijanuli zemoxsenebuli zRaprebi misgan gansxvavdebian, msgavsebis faqtebi ar aris sakmarisi, rom variantebze vimsjeloT. es gansxvavebuli zRaprebi ara `nacarqeqias~ tipisa, aramed misi ciklisad SeiZleba miviCnioT. isini ufro enaTesavebian qarTuli zRapris `mZleTamZles~ tipis zRaprebs. damowmebani: azerbaijanuli 1973: azerbaijanuli zRaprebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, 1973. afxazuri 1956: afxazuri zRaprebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sablitgami~, 1956. balyaruli 1971: Балкарские и Карачаевские сказки. М.: "Детская литература", 1971. bedianiZe 2006: bedianiZe d. nacarqeqia (tipologiuri paralelebi). qarTuli folklori. 3 (XIX), Tb.: 2006. grimebi 1949: Братья Гримм. Сказки. М.: 1949. grimebi 1989: Братья Гримм. Сказки. М.: `Правда~, 1989. demirWiani 1940: Демирчян Дереник. Храбрый Назар. М.-Л.: "Искусство", 1940. kakabaZe 1959: kakabaZe p. yvaryvare TuTaberi. ix. dramatuli Txzulebebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1959. masalaTa krebuli: Сборник материалов для описания местностей и племён Кавказа, т. ХХI, стр. 190-196 - "Желкий бродега одним махом побивает больше тысячи". megruli 1994: megruli zRaprebi da miTebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1994. osuri 1957: osuri zRaprebi da legendebi. staliniri: 1957. somxuri 1933: Армянские сказки. M.: Академiа, 1933. umikaSvili 1964: umikaSvili p. xalxuri sityviereba. t. IV, Tb.: 1964. Ciqovani 1979: Ciqovani m. gonebis Zala (`nacarqeqias~ zRapris SeswavlisaTvis). qarTuli folklori, 9, Tb.: 1979. ColoyaSvili 2004: ColoyaSvili r. uZveles rwmena-warmodgenaTa kvali xalxur zRaprul eposSi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `nekeri~, 2004. WeliZe 1974: WeliZe g. erTi baskuri zRapris gamo. àxalgazrda komunisti~, 1 agvisto, 1974. xalxuri 1964: xalxuri sibrZne. t. III, Tb.: gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, 1964.

Dalila Bedianidze Once Again About "Lazy-bones" Summary The work of Dalila Bedianidze "Once again about the "Lazy-bones" is about Georgian Folk tale " Lazybones" typological parallels. The character of the main hero and the common details of the plot of Georgian "Lazy-bones" show the typological likness according to the same theme as it is given in the Osethian, Abkhazian and Balkar-Karachaen tales, but the German, Armenian, Cherkezian, Azerbaijanian tales created on the same theme are different from the Georgian tale.

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These different tales do not belong to the Georgian "Lazy-bones" type, but they belong to its cycle. They are more typological connected with the Georgian tale "All-triumphant".

Tamar gogolaZe zRapari, igavi da mxatvruli teqsti s.s. orbelianis `sibrZne sicruisas~ teqsti TiTqmis or saukuneze metia miCneulia igavarakebis krebulad, Tumca aqve (ZiriTadad mkvlevarTa mier) miniSnebulia is garemoebac, rom masSi zRapruli ambavi, zRaparia gadmocemuli, igive sicrue, rac, Tavis mxriv, Seicavs bevrs zneobrivs, damrigeblurs, Wkuis saswavlebels. es ki sibrZnea. aqedan ganmartebac nawarmoebis saTaurisa _ sicruis formiT gadmocemuli sibrZne. saba orbelianma rom Tavisi zRaprebi daswera, sibrZne-sicruis wigni daarqva. me xSirad Cavfiqrebivar am ucnaurs saxels wignisas. marTlac, sadac sibrZnea, iq sicrues ra xeli aqvs? sibrZnesTan sicrue ra mosatania? ra sityvis masalaa? ra ugavT erTmaneTs? saba orbeliani _ es brZeni, darbaiseli kaci, raT ikadrebda sibrZneSi gaeria sicrue? an ra saxarbielo saxelia sicrue? me vfiqrob, rom saba orbelians amis Tqma undoda: me zRapars geubnebi da sibrZnes ki _ gamcnebo. zRapari mogonili ambavia, aramarTali, maSasadame, sicruea. am azriT wigni saba orbelianisa sicruea. saba orbelianis sicrue zRaparia, igavia, arakia. igavi, araki, zRapari amisTana saxea, fonia azrisa, romelic saWkuo da sazneo WeSmaritebas zedmiwevniT gvixatavs xorcSesxmulad, Wkuas gvaswavlis, gvarigebs, znes gviwvrTnis, avsa da kargs gvaniSnebs erTmaneTSi gasarCevad. saba orbelianis sicrue erTob ucodvelia, umwikvloa, uborotoa, ubryviloa. igi namusiania, arc aravisa mtrobs, arc aravis hgmobs. amaze metsac vityviT, igi madliania im azriT, rom azris amxsnelia, mauwyebeli, gagebis gza da xidi, cocxali xatia, xelqmnili didis grZneulebiT (WavWavaZe 1986: 364-368). ilia WavWavaZis am saintereso miniSnebis citireba Cven dagvWirda imisaTvis, ramdenadac aqac da Semdgomi epoqebis mkvlevarTa mier zRapari da igavi gaTanabrebulia, TiTqmis igveobrivi. orive sicrue, mogonili da orive Wkuis saswavlebeli. rodesac zRapris klasifikacias warmogvidgens, folkloristi Teimuraz qurdovaniZe asaxelebs mis sam saxeobas: zRaprebi cxovelebis Sesaxeb, jadosnuri anu fantastikuri zRaprebi da sayofacxovrebo zRaprebi da novelebi (anekdotebi) (qurdovaniZe 2001a: 156). manamde m. Ciqovanic, q. sixaruliZec ar asaxeleben zRapris klasifikaciisas igavs. mxolod aleqsandre xaxanaSvils (1904w.) zRaprebi arakebTan gauigivebia da aseTi klasifikacia warmoudgenia: qarTuli arakebi SeiZleba sam jgufad gavyoT: 1. zRaprebi miTiuri SinaarsiT, romelnic saswaulebrivi an fantaziuri elferiT arian Semosilni; 2. zRaprebi sayofaqceoni, sadac kacis zneobiTi Rirsebaa dafasebuli; 3. zRaprebi pirutyvis monawileobiT Sevsebulni. (xaxanaSvili 1904: 69). maS aq, piriqiT, ase gvaqvs saqme: araki igive zRapari. v. propi, ixilavs ra zRapris klasifikaciis sxvadasxva nimuSebs, mohyavs v. vundtis dayofa (1. miTologiuri zRapar-igavebi; 2. sakuTriv jadosnuri zRaprebi, 3. miTologiuri zRaprebi da igavebi, 4. sakuTriv cxovelTa igavebi, 5. zRaprebi `warmoSobis Sesaxeb~, 6. saxumaro zRaprebi da igavebi, 7. zneobrivi igavebi) da Tvlis mas Rrma da Sinaarsian dayofad, Tumca mainc ramdenadme sakamaTodac: igavi (romelic xuTjer gvxvdeba Svid TanrigSi) formaluri kategoriaa. ras gulisxmobda vundti am terminSi, gaurkvevelia. termini `saxumaro~ saerTod miuRebelia, radgan igive zRapari SeiZleba axsnili iqnas, rogorc sagmiro, an komikuri (propi 1984: 52). Cven ar SevCerdebiT aRniSnuli sakiTxis kvlevis gagrZelebaze (ramdenadac igi scildeba mocemuli statiis farglebs), aramed SevecdebiT swored s.s. orbelianis gansazRvrebidan gamomdinare, gamovyoT zRapari da igavi erTmaneTisagan: zRapari (3,23 baruq) ars mogonebuli tyuili, ambavad SemWevrebuli da ara qmnili myofobiT (orbeliani 1965a: 295) igavi (+13,24 maTe Z) (+araki B) ese ars sityviT magaliTi, gina saCvenebeli, gina mosaniSnavi ZAB ... n. araki, eigava, vigaobd, vigaobdi, migviebiTi, naigavebi, saigao (orbeliani 1965: 326). araki somxurad igavs hqvian ZABC. igavs aqvian somxurad AB. igavi, araki somxurad igavs ewodebis, Cvendaca sahmar ars da (+didad Cab) tkbil C (orbeliani 1965b: 64).

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maS s.s. orbelianiT igavi da araki erTi da imaves aRniSnavs, oRond araki somxuria, qarTulad _ igavi. da igi warmoadgens zneobiTs, samagaliTos, saCvenebels. xolo zRapari aris mogonili tyuili, ambad Sekruli da ararealuri anu fantastiuri. zRapris es gageba metad esadageba saerTaSorisod miRebul gansazRvrasac: zRapari zepiri moTxrobaa, dafuZnebuli Segnebul mxatvrul gamonagonze (qurdovaniZe 2001b: 156). ra siuJetur qargas efuZneba s.s. orbelianis `sibrZne sicruisas~ teqsti? upirvelesad igi mxatvruli teqstia, hyavs avtori da moRweulia dawerili saxiT. magram, Tu siuJetur qargas davukvirdebiT, SevniSnavT: iyo xelmwife erTi, romlisa saqmeni arvisgan moigonebian (orbeliani 1986a: 25). mefes hyavs erTguli veziri sedraqi da mrCeveli ruqa, magram, miuxedavad didi simdidrisa, gulisxmierebisa da uZlevelobisa, ar hyavs vaJi. saboZvaris gacemiT finezs RmrTisagan survili usruldeba, SeeZineba vaJi, romelsac saxelad jumberi daarqva. magram aq dgeba problemac, vin unda aRzardos momavali taxtis memkvidre? mefes sizmrad moevlineba mSvenieri Wabuki, romelic xelSi Tavis gamosaxulebian etrats gadascems. mefe sagonebelSia Cavardnili da ai, nadirobis dros, ipovis igi Wabuks, romelsac sizmarSi naxuls miamsgavsebs da mcireodeni Semowmeba-gamocdis Semdeg miandobs Svilis aRzrdas. miuxedavad ruqas boroti dasmenisa, leonic da jumberic gonebiT umtkiceben finezs gadawyvetilebis siswores, da bolos, paeqroba finezs, sedraqs, ruqas, leonsa da jumbers Soris, mefisave brZanebiT, morigebiT sruldeba. `finez mefis ambavs tipuri formula aqvs: ìyo xelmwife erTi~ anu, v. propis gansazRvriT, warmodgenilia ojaxis Semadgenloba nomenklaturis da mdgomareobis mixedviT, Semdeg mosdevs mas ùSviloba~, vedreba vaJiSvilis SeZenaze, vedrebis formac da motivirebac. warmodgenilia momavali gmiri, Tumca arc mTlad gmiri (radgan amaze ar maxvildeba yuradReba nawarmoebSi). mTavari mainc misi aRmzrdelis moZiebaa da aq ereva sizmari-acxadebuli (jer etrati SerCeba xelSi gamoRviZebul mefes), Semdeg mefe Tavad maZieblis rolSia da poulobs kidec nadirobisas sizmarSi naxul Wabuks, romelic verc warmoSobiT daikvexnis, verc gamzrdelebiT, verc-qonebiT. codna praqtikuli gamocdilebiT aqvs SeZenili. e.i. leoni araa momxiblavi gmiri, igi mxolod aRmzrdelia, magram aRizianebs misi Wkua da misive aRzrdis nayofi ruqas. faqtiurad, siuJeti ar Seicavs arc raime jadosnuri sagnis mopovebisaTvis brZolas, arc mSvenieri mzeTunaxavis mosapoveblad warmoebul bataliebs, arc qorwiliT mTavrdeba... mTavari `sibrZne sicruisaSi~ aRzrdis procesia da misi utyuarobis daxasiaTeba. amitom, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos zRapris formiT gadmocemul ambavs avtori didaqtikurdamrigeblobiT datvirTvas aZlevs, Tumca ara igavuri formiT. igavebi Tavad personaJebis mier moTxrobili ambebia sakuTari azris dasabuTebisaTvis, an sxvis gasabaTileblad. siuJeti arc zRaparia da arc igavi. igi realuri miznobrivi datvirTviT viTardeba, magram zRapruli elementebis gamoyenebiT — amitom `sibrZne sicruisas~ siuJeti Tavad mxatvruli teqstia, romelSic avtorma Segnebulad gamoiyena zRapari. vxvdebiT Tu ara zRapars Tavad krebulSi? vxvdebiT ramdenimegan, magram gansakuTrebiT Cveni yuradReba miiqcia erTma zRaparma, romelic leons matyuarebis qveyanaSi uambes. mivel qveyanasa, romelsac aqvian dia keTili da kargi Temi, mara mas Temsa simarTle da marTali sityva ar iTqmis. yvelani, didni da mcireni, matyuarni arian. mefesTan mimiyvanes. mun viyav, marTals vervin ityoda, didi sircxvili iyo (orbeliani 1986b: 126). didebulebi yvebian zRaprebs: `Sevardeni da wero~, `brma avazi~, `Tavtafianni~ da sxva. amjerad davinteresdiT matyuarebis qveynis vaziris moTxrobili zRapriT (`bneleTisa pirsa msaxlobeli kaci~). mocemul ambavs ramdenadme aqvs damrigeblobiTi xasiaTis dasasruli, Tumca Tavidan bolomde igi zRaparia da Tavad vaziris piriT gadmocemuli istoria. zRapari moklea, magram sakmaod saintereso da masSi gadmocemulia ambavi kacisa, romelic siRaribiT itanjeboda. mindvrad seirnobisas man SeniSna mgeli, romelsac pirSi bavSvi eWira. kacma SeuZaxa, mgeli gaiqca, bavSvi ki daagdo. es yrma qajis Svili aRmoCnda. am ukanasknelma madlobis niSnad daariga kaci, Tu ra moeTxova misi mSoblebisaTvis. marTlac gamoCndnen qajebi, romlebic Svils eZebdnen da kacs didZali qoneba SesTavazes. magram am ukanasknelma, yrmis darigebiT, mosTxova marnis klite, romelic Zalian emZimaT mSoblebs, Tumca dasTanxmdnen. aqedan iwyeba kldis iqiT, gamoqvabulSi damaluli oqrosmyreli viris, saWmel-sasmlis gamCeni xelsafqvavis da gogris istoria. kaci TandaTan hkargavs, Tavisi Tavgamodebis wyalobiT, virsac da xelsafqvavsac. bolos gamwarebuli, gogriT xelSi, inatrebs, rom aseTi ugergilobisaTvis kargi mityepa mouxdeba. da, marTlac, asec moxdeba. swored gogris SigniT damaluli kacebis meSveobiT daibrunebs yvelafers da gadawyvets iqaurobis mitovebas. magram kaci Tavisi coliT qariSxalSi moxvdeba, yvelafers dakargavs da Tavad am matyuarebis qveyanaSi aRmoCndeba.

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zRaparSi jadosnurobac xdeba da jadosnuri sagnebic figurirebs: oqrosmyreli viri, xelsafqvavi, gogra. mCuqebeli aq qajia, mamxilebeli ki — sakuTari sindisi. Tumca am ambavs ar aqvs tradiciuli zRapruli formula-dasawyisi da dasasruli. aqac zRaparia gadamuSavebuli mwerlis mier literaturuli formiT. magram arsebobs aRniSnuli zRapris metad Soreuli da ramdenadme gansxvavebuli varianti, romelic XIX saukuneSi qarTlSi Cauweria Tedo razikaSvils. am zRapars ewodeba èSmakis lagami~, Semdeg Sevida ana RviniaSvilis mier momzadebul `qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebis~ krebulSi (daibeWda 1952 wels), Semdgom ki `xalxuri sibrZnis~ II tomSi _ 1964 wels. zRaparSi gadmocemulia erTi Zunwi kacis ambavi, romelmac mgels piridan gamostaca eSmakis Svili da, misive rCeviT, mSoblebs sikeTis samagierod, maTi qoneba gamosTxova, rac eSmakis lagami gamodga, romelic Zunws piridan gadmoagdebina. Zunwi azrze movida, mixvda Tavisi siZunwis Sedegebs, gaujavrda sakuTar Tavs da saxlSi sxva kacad gadaiqca. amrigad, imis qoneba eSmakebs aRar darCaT da TviTon moixmara (qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi 1952: 102). aqac kaci figurirebs, mdidari, magram Zunwi. aqac itacebs (qajis) eSmakis Svils da kaci gadaarCens. gasamrjelos moTxovna aqac eZnelebaT (qajis) eSmakis mSoblebs, magram dasasruli aq ufro igavuria, damrigeblobiTi, vidre — zRapruli. zRaparSi figurirebs `marnis klitis~ magier èSmakis lagami~. `sibrZne sicruisas” zRapris gmiris Tavgadasavali qonebis dabrunebiTa da isev dakargviT sruldeba (`qaris motanils qarive waiRebso~), èSmakis lagamSi~ ki, piriqiT, gmiri gamofxizldeba, siZunwes zurgs aqcevs da bednierad acxovrebs Tavisianebs. aSkaraa: `bneleTisa pirsa msaxlobeli kacis~ erTi variantia èSmakis lagami~, oRond mxatvrulad gadamuSavebuli da leonis ambebSi moxerxebulad CarTuli. leonis monaTxrobi ambebidan zogierTi maTgani zRaparia (bunebrivia, literaturulad gadamuSavebuli), zogi ki mogvagonebs raspes baron miunhauzenis Tavgadasavlebs. raspemac (1737-1794) gadaamuSava mxatvrulad germanuli folklori da mogvca erTgvari sayofiero saxumaro zRaprebi `baron miunhauzenis Tavgadasavlis” saxiT. saintereso paralelebi SeiZleba daiZebnos s.s orbelianis or ambavsa(`Tavtafianni~, `maTraxiani xoxobi~) da `baron miunhauzenis TavgadasavalSi” moTxrobil istoriaSi àraCveulebrivi iremi~, rac Semdgomi tipologiuri kvlevis nawils warmoadgens. leonis ambis (matyuarebis qveyanaSi) win moTxrobilia igavebi: `lodis damgorebeli~, òri puriT maspinZloba~ da `jizi-gurgen~. òri puriT maspinZloba~ mogviTxrobs leonze, romelsac orma kacma puri SesTavazes, magram ar eyoT sams ori puri, auxirdnen stumars da nacemi daabes da miatoves. am dros movida vinme kaci erTi mowyale: mkiTxa Cemi ambavi.me yovelive movaxsene. man miTxra: Zmao, xuT swavlas gamcneb da daimarxeo. umecarsa kacsa guliT nu miendobi, Seumcnebels ususurad nu eCvenebi; yovel Jams frTxilad iyav, Seni saxlic iyos; mSiers stumrad nu ewvevi; glaxakisgan Cuqeba nu ginda! (orbeliani 1986g: 123)

igavi damrigeblobiTia, TvalsaCino, magram daaxloebiT erTi saukunis Semdeg mas galeqsavs muSa poeti ioseb daviTaSvili (1852-1887). misi rCeuli leqsebis krebulSi (tfilisi, `Sroma~ 1927) Sesulia leqsi, saxelwodebiT `xuTi swavla~. samstrofiani leqsis TiToeuli strofi TiTqos mihyveba s.s. orbelianis igavis òri puriT maspinZloba~ prozaul striqonebs: Zmao, xuT swavlas gaswavli, gaxsovdes da nu Secdebi: umecarsa da ugbilsa nurasodes miendobi; Seumcnebels gaufTxildi, ususurad ar eCveno; mswavluli xar — cuds ar mihyve, cru gverdiT ar miiyeno. ar daiviwyo, gaxsovdes, mSiers stumrad ar ewvio, glaxakisgan Cuqebasac arasodes daeCvio (daviTaSvili 1927a: 13)

magram ramdenamde gansxvavebulad XIX saukunis poets aq daumatebia umecarTan ugbilic, anu `Tavis Wkuazed daJinebuli~, axirebuli. mesame swavlaSi s.s. orbeliani sifrTxilisaken

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mouwodebs adamians, Tundac sakuTar saxlSi. es fraza, etyoba, ramdenadme gaugebari aRmoCnda i. daviTaSvilisaTvis da ar gauleqsavs. amitom CarTulia `mswavlulis~, anu mecnieri, ganaTlebuli kacisaTvis darigeba: cru da matyuara kacTan ar iamxanagos. sxvaobac teqstebiT ase warmogvidgeba: yovel Jams frTxilad iyav, Seni saxlic iyos. (orbeliani 1986d:123) mswavluli xar-cuds ar mihyve, cru gverdiT ar miiyeno. (daviTaSvili 1927b :13)

TavisTavad sayuradReboa XIX saukunis dasasrulis poetis `sibrZne-sicruisas~ galeqsvisaken swrfvac, ris nimuSadac warmogvadgeba leqsi `xuTi swavla~. s.s. orbelianis `sibrZne-sicruisa~ aSkarad mianiSnebs samomavlod mwerals, rogor unda moxdes folkloruli masalis mxatvruli gamoyeneba teqstSi. amave dros, man erTgvarad Semogvinaxa qarTuli zRapris uZvelesi teqstebis variantebi transformirebuli saxiT. damowmebani: daviTaSvili 1927: daviTaSvili i. rCeuli leqsebi. tf. : gamomcemloba `Sroma~, 1927. propi 1984: propi v. zRapris morfologia. Tb. : gamomcemloba`mecniereba~, 1984. qurdovaniZe 2001: qurdovaniZe T. qarTuli folklori. Tb. : gamomcemloba `merani~, 2001. WavWavaZe 1986: WavWavaZe i. rCeuli nawarmoebebi. III. Tb. : gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1986. xaxanaSvili 1904: xaxanaSvili a. qarTuli sityvierebis istoria. Tb. : gamomcemloba qSwkgsi, 1904. qarTuli ... 1952: qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi. Tb. : gamomcemloba `sablitgami~, 1952. orbeliani 1965: orbeliani s. s. leqsikoni qarTuli. Txzulebani oTx tomad. t.IV. gamomcemloba ~sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1965. orbeliani 1986: orbeliani s.s. sibrZne sicruisa. Tb.: gamomcemloba Tsu, 1986.

Tb. :

Tamar Gogoladze Fairy-tale, Fable and Literary Text Summary For a long time Sulkhan Saba Orbeliani’s “Wisdom of Lies”(“Sibrdzne Sitsruisa”) has been considered by scholars as the work of tables. But some scientists (S.Avalishvili, S.Iordanishvili) notice in them fairy-tales as well. And indeed in his creative activity we can distinguish the tables from the fairy-tales, with their fantastic stories and plots. The aim of this work is to find out the close relation of the plot of his stories with fairy-tales or with fables. Here are given the episodes with the elements of fairy-tales which are close to the 19th century Georgian folk stories (T. Razikashvili). The fairy-tale in Orbeliani’s works is represented as the complete and perfect literary text.

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poetikuri kvlevani Tamar barbaqaZe leqsmcodneobis sakiTxebi me-20 saukunis 90-iani wlebis presaSi me-20 saukunis ukanaskneli aTwleuli mZime gamocda aRmoCnda Cveni qveynisaTvis. erovnuli cnobierebis mkveTri gamofxizlebisa da aqtiuri qmedebisaken krizisulma svlam sabediswero damRa daasva qarTveli xalxis yofas. krizisi met-naklebad daetyo Cveni eris kulturasa da xelovnebas, mecnierebis TiTqmis yvela dargs. albaT, imitom, rom qarTuli leqsi WirTan brZolas arasodes SeSinebia, misi Semswavleli dargic araTu dakninda 90-ian wlebSi, piriqiT, gafarTovda da fundamenturi naSromebiT Seivso. marto gansaxilvel aTwleulSi gamocemuli qarTuli leqsmcodneobis sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili wignebis dasaxelebac ikmarebda, Tu raoden seriozuli da Rrma kvleva grZeldeboda erovnuli versifikaciis problemebisa: 1990 wels daistamba: akaki xinTibiZis `cezura qarTul leqsSi da guramiSvilis versifikacia~, n. TargamaZis `sparsuli da qarTuli myari saleqso formebi~. 1992 wels SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis institutSi Catarda galaktionis dabadebis 110-e wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili samecniero sesia. gamoica wignebi: ak. xinTibiZe, `qarTuli leqsmcodneoba. leqciebis Semoklebuli kursi~, `galaktioni Tu cisferyanwelebi. qarTuli leqsis uaxlesi reforma~; ap. silagaZe, ùnikaluri arabuli saleqso formis Sesaxeb~; e. dadunaSvili, `qarTuli xalxuri leqsis kompiuteruli analizisa da klasifikaciis Teoriuli safuZvlebi~. 1993 wels gamovida T. barbaqaZis `qarTuli leqsmcodneobis anotirebuli bibliografia, nakveTi pirveli (1731-1930)~ da àTi werili qarTul leqsze~. 1995 wels Teimuraz doiaSvilma filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris samecniero xarisxi moipova naSromiT: `galaktion tabiZis saxeobrivi azrovneba~; amave wels gamoica krebuli `leqsi, mxolod erTi leqsi~. 1996 wels SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis institutSi Catarda leqsmcodneobis pirveli respublikuri konferencia, miZRvnili `WaSnikis~ 265-e wlisTavisadmi. daistamba nino nakudaSvilis `himnografiuli teqstis struqtura~. 1997 weli qarTuli leqsmcodneobis istoriaSi aRiniSna saetapo naSromiT: ap. silagaZis `Zveli qarTuli leqsi da qarTuli poeziis uZvelesi safexuris problema~; aseve, daibeWda ap. silagaZis `sasuliero poeziis ritmuli organizaciis zogierTi sakiTxi~; gamovida T. bolqvaZis `paralelizmi `vefxistyaosanSi~. 1998 wels mix. qurdianma daicva disertacia Temaze: `saerTo qarTveluri versifikaciuli sistema da leqswyobis zogadlingvisturi Teoria~. amave wels moipova filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris xarisxi T. barbaqaZem naSromiT: `soneti qarTul mwerlobaSi~; meore _ Sevsebuli da Sesworebuli gamocema gamovida akaki xinTibiZis wignisa ìakob Semoqmedeli _ me-18 s. mwerali da sazogado moRvawe~; didi xnis mere xelmeored gamoica redaqtirebuli, komentarebiTurT, nikola bualos `poeturi xelovneba~, axali winasityvaobiT. 1999 wels daistamba Teimuraz doiaSvilis `versifikaciuli portretebi (baraTaSvili, ilia)~; gr. robaqiZis `13 soneti~ _ ak. xinTibiZisa da T. barbaqaZis gamokvlevebiT; t. tabiZis TxzulebaTa krebuli gamokvlevebiTurT `Sexvedra~, ir. kenWoSvilis `galaktion tabiZis samyaroSi~ da a.S. me-20 saukunis 90-ian wlebSi leqsmcodneobis sakiTxebze gamoqveynebuli werilebisa da gamokvlevebis ricxvi erT aseuls aWarbebs, romelTac Tematurad vajgufebT: a) literaturamdeli qarTuli leqsis problema; qarTuli leqsmcodneobis kvlevis istoriisa da meTodologiis sakiTxebi; b) galaktionis poetika; g) `vefxistyaosnis~ leqswyoba; d) myari saleqso formebis poetika. qarTuli leqsmcodneobis sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili gamokvlevebi moviZieT, garda tradiciuli gamocemebisa: gazeTebi: `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, àxalgazrda iverieli~, `Tbilisi~, `saqarTvelos respublika~, àlternativa~, `7 dRe~, `rubikoni~; Jurnalebisa: `macne~, `ciskari~, `mnaTobi~, agreTve, axalaRorZinebul periodikaSi: `literaturuli Ziebani~, `saqarTvelos literaturaTmcodneobis akademiis Sromebi~, `literatura da xelovneba~, `kldekari~, àxali paradigmebi~, àfra~, àrili~, gaz. `rubikoni, `kalmasoba~, ` ± literatura~ da sxv. qarTuli leqsis cnobil mkvlevarT Seemata saxeli zaza SaTiriSvilisa.

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amjerad gTavazobT naSromis or qveTavs: a) literaturamdeli qarTuli leqsis problema; qarTuli leqsmcodneobis kvlevis istoriisa da meTodologiis sakiTxebi; b) galaktionis poetika. a)

literaturamdeli qarTuli leqsis problema; qarTuli leqsmcodneobis kvlevis istoriisa da meTodologiis sakiTxebi

gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebi qarTuli leqsmcodneobis istoriisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda im zemoxsenebuli, saetapo mniSvnelobis wignebis gamocemis gamo, romelTa Sefaseba Tanadroulad verc ki moxerxda presaSi, albaT, isev maTi siRrmisa da problemaTa seriozulobis gamo. upirveles yovlisa, vgulisxmobT apolon silagaZis 1997 wels gamocemul naSroms `Zveli qarTuli leqsi da qarTuli poeziis uZvelesi safexuris problema~ (silagaZe 1997). mogvianebiT, xuTi wlis Semdeg Teimuraz doiaSvili werilSi ~hipoTezidan Teoriamde~ (doiaSvili 2002-2003: 4-5) savsebiT samarTlianad gamoTqvams gaocebas im faqtis gamo, rom es, Tanamedrove literaturismcodneobis umaRlesi standartebis doneze Sesrulebuli naSromi... ar iqca mecnieruli gansjis sagnad da miaCnia, rom amieridan mainc unda mieces dasabami apolon silagaZis am saetapo wignis ganxilvas. TviTon recenzentisaTvis ki sruliadac ar aris saeWvo, rom ap. silagaZis zemoxsenebuli naSromi `radikalurad cvlis literaturismcodneobaSi damkvidrebul Tvalsazriss qarTuli leqswyobisa da, ufro farTod, qarTuli poeziis istoriaze. pavle ingoroyvas wamoyenebuli hipoTeza, romlis Tanaxmad, umdidresi tradiciebis mqone warmarTuli saero literatura, am wignSi mecnierulad dasabuTebuli, logikur-fsiqologiurad argumentirebuli Teoriis saxes iRebs~. SeuZlebelia, ar daeTanxmo T. doiaSvilis mier gamoTqmul amgvar maRal Sefasebas zemoaRniSnuli wignis Taobaze, miT ufro, rom ap. silagaZis Tvalsazrisi qarTuli leqsis uZvelesi safexuris problemis gadaWris Sesaxeb karga xania iqcevs qarTuli versifikaciis mkvlevarTa yuradRebas. jer kidev 1987 wels Camoayaliba ap. silagaZem sakuTari Teoria qarTuli leqswyobis Taobaze wignSi: `leqsmcodneobiTi analizis principebi~ (silagaZe 1987). mkvlevarma jer qarTuli leqsis uZvelesi safexuris rekonstruqcia SeZlo, risTvisac literaturis istoriis, rogorc sistemis, gaazreba iyo aucilebeli. k. kekeliZis Tvalsazriss: `himnografiaSi embrionaluri saxiT arsebobda is versifikaciuli nimuSebi, romelTac evoluciis gziT mogvces kristaluri saero leqsi~, dResac bevri iziarebs; SedarebiT naklebi momxre hyavs pavle ingroyvas principulad sawinaaRmdego mosazrebas, rom Zveli saero mwerlobis saboloo aRmofxvra ver SeZlo ukve gvian xanaSi gadmonergilma qristianulma mwerlobam. 1997 wels gamocemuli zemoxsenebuli wigni p. ingoroyvas xsovnas eZRvneba da didi mecnieris hipoTezas mwyobri samecniero Teoriis saxiT warmogvidgens. ap. silagaZis Teoria gaiziara mix. qurdianmac, sul male, 1998 wels. 1998 wels mix. qurdianma enaTmecnierebis Teoriis, istoriisa da literaturis Teoriis erToblivi SifriT daicva sadoqtoro disertacia Temaze: `saerTo qarTveluri versifikaciuli sistema da leqswyobis zogadlingvisturi Teoria~. mix. qurdianis naSromis aqtualobas bevri mniSvnelovani momenti gansazRvravs zogadi lingvistikis, zogadi literaturaTmcodneobisa da zogadi leqsmcodneobis poziciebidan da, maT Soris, gansakuTrebiT problematuria: kerZo _ qarTveluri enebis folklorul leqswyobaTa komparativistuli kvlevis gziT saerTo-qarTveluri versifikaciuli sistemis rekonstruqcia da zogadi _ leqswyobis zogadlingvisturi Teoriis dafuZneba leqsis, rogorc metyvelebis markirebuli formis gagebaze Sesabamisi (universaluri) markerebis gamoyofiT. kvlevis obieqtSi mocemulia qarTuli, zanuri, svanuri leqsi da, agreTve, sxvadasxva enobrivi ojaxisa Tu jgufis leqsic, romelic Sedarebulia erTmaneTTan tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT. mix. qurdianis naSromis samecniero siaxleTagan CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania saerTo-qarTveluri leqsis Janrobrivi modelebisa da maTi formaluri arqetipebis rekonstruqcia, sxvadasxva sistemis leqswyobaTaTvis sinqroniaSi gamovlenili leqsis ritmuli da kompoziciuri organizaciis struqturaSi arsebuli paralelebi; fuZe-enaSi maxvilis adgilis gansazRvra leqswyobis monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT. zemodasaxelebul sadisertacio naSromSi, ZiriTadad, gaziarebulia ap. silagaZis wignSi `leqsmcodneobiTi analizis principebis Sesaxeb~ (silagaZe 1987) Camoyalibebuli Teoria, romlis Tanaxmad, qarTul ritmul leqsSi moqmedi mTavari struqturuli faqtoria ritmuli gasayari, romelic, kerZod, ganapirobebs qarTuli leqsis universalur princips _ binarul gakveTas. Tu ap. silagaZem moaxdina rekonstruireba im sawyisi, literaturulad arafiqsirebuli safexurisa, sadac orwevredSi realizebuli iyo ori toli Semadgenlis

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principi, mix. qurdiani axdens rekonstruqcias im safexurisas, roca leqsSi jer kidev ar moqmedebs ori toli Semadgenlis principi, magram aseTi tendencia ukve Tavs iCens. mix. qurdianis azriT, orstriqoneds leqsad aqcevs sariTmo klauzula da swored riTmaa orstriqonedis ritmuli organizaciis relevanturi struqturuli elementi. sadoqtoro disertaciaSi warmodgenili Teoria, dadgenili modelebi da rekonstruirebuli sistema uaxlesi sityva iyo leqsmcodneobis TeoriaSi, rasac adasturebs is swrafi reagireba, rac am naSromebs mohyva. `literaturuli Ziebanis~ aRdgenili, me-19 tomi, 1998 wels, ixsneba jondo bardaveliZis weriliT `literaturamdeli qarTuli leqsi~. j. bardaveliZe ar eTanxmeba mix. qurdianis sadoqtoro disertaciis avtoreferatSi gamoTqmul uaryofiT Tvalsazriss xelovnebis sinTetikuri formebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. mix. qurdianis azriT, leqsi arasodes yofila simReris organuli nawili da leqsi, rogorc saTqmeli, aseve sasimRero (epikurica da lirikulic) yovelTvis, yvelgan, ugamonaklisod, ukve leqsi iyo leqswyobis TvalsazrisiT _ simRera ki ar daiSala leqsad da musikad, piriqiT, versifikaciul models miusadaga akompanimenti; simReris Seqmnisas mza versifikaciuli modelis arseboba ufro ueWvelia, vidre melodiis warmmarTveli roli. mix. qurdiani ar eTanxmeba j. bardaveliZes, romlis azriT, `sametapiani strofebi da leqsebi xalxurSi SemTxveviT xasiaTs atareben, isini an fragmentebia, an poeturi defeqtebi~. mix. qurdiani fiqrobs, rom samstriqoniani leqsebi sruliad kanonzomieri movlenaa. erTmaneTs Tanxvdeba orive mecnieris Tvalsazrisi lirikul (lapidarul) leqsSi ritmis mravalferovnebis, xolo epikur (naratiul) leqsSi erTferovani riTmis arsebobis Sesaxeb. Tumca j. bardaveliZe ver iziarebs mix. qurdianis Tvalsazriss lirikuli (lapidaruli) leqsis dasabamidanve riTmianobis Sesaxeb. mix. qurdianis azriT, aucileblad gadasinjvas moiTxovs debulebebi riTmis genezisisa da evoluciis Taobaze (v. Jirmunski, v. bieri, j. driperi) da xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom riTma lirikul da epikur leqsSi sxvadasxva warmoSobisaa. j. bardaveliZe cdilobs, Tavisi werilis specifikidan gamomdinare, polemika ar warmarTos mix. qurdianis TvalsazrisTa gamo, magram ramdenime maTgans mainc exeba: pirveli da umTavresi, romelic ukve aRvniSneT zemoT, aris me-19 saukuneSi al. veselovskis mier SemuSavebuli sinkretizmis Teoria. qarTul mecnierebaSi kargad aris cnobili niko maris azri kavkasiuri poeziis mniSvnelobaze msoflio literaturaSi da panteleimon beraZis cdebi berZnuli daqtiluri hegzametris genezisis dadgenisas qarTuli cekvis, simRerisa da leqswyobis daqtiluri bunebis gaTvaliswinebis Taobaze. j. bardaveliZis azriT, uZvelesi qarTuli leqsis adreuli formebis Sesaswavlad saukeTeso masalas iZleva Cveni simReris refrenebi. mix. qurdianis azriT ki, ar SeiZleba es sakmarisi sabuTi iyos: simReris dros refreni, misamRerebi, Sorisdebuli, glosalebi sityvebsac ki xleCen SuaSi, maSin, rodesac leqsSi isini gadamwyvet rols ver asruleben: leqsis teqsti ufro stabiluri formaa, xolo simReris teqsti _ labiluri konstruqcia. j. bardaveliZes saeWvod miaCnia, agreTve, im qarTveluri enebis folklorSi daculi orstriqonedebis arqauloba, romlebsac mix. qurdiani imowmebs da maTgan umravlesoba me-19me-20 saukuneebis nimuSebad miaCnia da, saerTod, j. bardaveliZe Tvlis, rom mix. qurdianis mier damowmebuli qarTuli, megruli da svanuri leqsebis teqstebi arcTu Zvelia da literaturamdeli qarTuli leqsis nimuSebad ver gamodgeba. ak. SaniZis azriT, qarTuli leqsis uZvelesobas misi uriTmoba adasturebs. literaturamdeli qarTuli leqsis problemis ganxilvisas j. bardaveliZe dawvrilebiT exeba p. ingoroyvas Tvalsazriss ritmuli poeziis Taobaze, romelic Tavis droze ar gaiziares k. kekeliZem da ak. gawereliam. j. bardaveliZe wers: `... folkloristebs am sakiTxze aqamde Tavis mosazreba ar gamouTqvamT... p. ingoroyvas mier leqsad miCneuli nimuSebSi ki saleqso ritmis an metris aranairi nasaxic ar Cans~ (bardaveliZe 1998: 14-15). vfiqrobT, am azris gamoTqmisas avtors aucileblad unda gaeTvaliswinebina nino nakudaSvilis naSromi `himnografiuli leqsis struqtura~ da ap. silagaZis `Zveli qarTuli leqsi da qarTuli poeziis uZvelesi safexuris problema~, sadac sruliad axleburad aris Sefasebuli pavle ingoroyvas hipoTeza. nino nakudaSvilma himnografiuli teqsti, marTalia, poeturad, magram mainc sazomebis gareSe daweril Txzulebad CaTvala, sagaloblebis poeturobis safuZveli ki, misi azriT, aris saxeTa paralelizmi, romlis Seswavlis istoriac swored p. ingoroyvas saxels ukavSirdeba qarTul leqsmcodneobaSi. Cveni azriT, saxeTa paralelizmi unda iyos safuZveli `giorgi merCuleSi~ moxmobili `folkloruli Zeglebis~ poeturobisa. mkvlevari, ZiriTadad, eyrdnoba amJamad ukve miRweul, mniSvnelovan daskvnas himnografiuli teqstis struqturis kvlevisas: `... paradigmatuli struqtura da ganmeorebadoba, romlebic troparis strofad Camoyalibebisaken miswrafebas Tavidanve dahyva da, rac aqcentirebulia iseTi kompoziciuri xerxebiT, rogoricaa anafora da sintaqsuri paralelizmi, savsebiT sakmarisi aRmoCnda sagalobelTa poeturi metyvelebis nimuSebad aRqmisaTvis, xolo strofuli paralelizmi, romelsac xSirad iyenebs himnografia, xazgasmulia anaforuli kompoziciiTa da troparebis sintaqsuri konstruqciiT~

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(nakudaSvili 1996: 116). am daskvnis gaTvaliswineba aucileblad dasWirdebaT folkloruli leqsis mkvlevarebsac. j. bardaveliZe ganixilavs uZveles qarTul saleqso formebs: Sairs, fistikaurs, `sadideblebs~, `didebans~, iSveliebs dav. gogoWurisa da roland beriZis mosazrebebs maTi analizis Taobaze da did adgils uTmobs saleqso sazomebsa da terfebze msjelobas, rac, erTgvarad, aSorebs mkvlevars werilis ZiriTad sakiTxs da polemikuri paTosic mix. qurdianis naSromis mimarT, nawilobriv, neldeba. sagulisxmoa, rom 90-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi j. bardaveliZem werili gamoaqveyna qarTuli xalxuri leqsis specifikis Taobaze (bardaveliZe 1996: 27-28). avtoris azriT, qarTuli saliteraturo leqsic ki ver Tavsdeba mkacrad gansazRvrul romelime saleqso sistemaSi, miT ufro Znelia xalxuri leqsis moqceva silabur an silaburtonur sistemaSi. j. bardaveliZe ganixilavs megruli, guruli, xevsuruli da saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxisaTvis damaxasiaTebel saleqso sazoms, Sairs da miuTiTebs: `Sairi saqarTvelos yvela kuTxisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. is aSkarad dominanti metria. miuxedavad amisa, igi yvelgan erTnairad ar warmoiTqmis~ (bardaveliZe 1996: 33). j. bardaveliZe miiCnevs, rom dav. gogoWuri da r. beriZe, xevsuruli leqsisa da mTibluris analizis dros, èrTgvarad Seborkili arian leqsmcodneobaSi damkvidrebuli `terfebis~ analizis meTodologiiT. isini xalxur leqss iseve aanalizeben, rogorc literaturuls... leqsi, romelsac sazomi gaaCnia, ukve aRar emorCileba musikis ritms~. avtoris dakvirvebiT: `maRalganviTarebuli polifoniuri musika leqswyobaze uaryofiT gavlenas axdens (guruli leqsis magaliTi), xolo primitiuli musikis garemoSi leqsi ufro Tavisuflad viTardeba da maqsimalurad ixveweba (xvvsuruli musikisa da leqsis magaliTi)~ (bardaveliZe 1996: 27-28). j. bardaveliZe aRniSnavs, rom mas sakiTxis srulad gaSuqebis pretenzia ara aqvs, misi mizania sakiTxis dasma da leqsmcodneTa yuradRebis miqceva aRZrul problemaze. daskvna j. bardaveliZis werilisa amgvaria: leqss literaturamdel periodSi hqonda ZiriTadi komponentebi: ritmi da sazomi. sxva danarCeni man SeiZina ganviTarebis Semdgom etapze, literaturul leqsTan urTierTobaSi. sadavod gveCveneba leqsis formis Semqmnel komponentTagan ritmisa da sazomis gancalkevebulad warmodgena. samwuxarod, polemikis dros j. bardaveliZes sruliadac ar gauTvaliswinebia ap. silagaZis zemoxsenebuli wigni, Torem aucileblad Secvlida Tavis zogierT mosazrebas. ap. silagaZis wignis `Zveli qarTuli leqsi da qarTuli poeziis uZvelesi safexuris problema~ xuTi wlis Semdeg daweril erTaderT recenziaSi gansakuTrebiT faseulad migvaCnia: 1) Teimuraz doiaSvilis mier sarecenzio wignSi aqcentirebuli daskvna: sasuliero teqstebSi SemCneuli sazomebi Canasaxi ki araa, aramed paralelurad moqmedi erovnuli leqswyobis kvali; 2) mkvlevaris mier gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis mipyroba naTargmn prozaSi CarTuli leqsiT nimuSebze; 3) ap. silagaZis mier msjelobaSi Semotanili cnebis literaturamdeli kanonis SemzRudavi normis Taobaze: sasuliero mwerloba, ZiriTadad, eyrdnoba iambikos, magram specifikur SemTxvevebSi, Tu arasasuliero SinaarsTan uxdeba kontaqti, sxva versifikaciuli formis gamoyenebis ufleba aqvs. 90-iani wlebis damdegs presaSi gamoqveynebul werilTagan leqsmcodneobis kvlevis meTodebze gansakuTrebiT faseulia ap. silagaZis `reproduqciis Tviseba da leqsmcodneobis kvlevis masalis SerCeva~ (silagaZe 1992: 75-81). mecnieris azriT, leqsmcodneobiTi kvleva gulisxmobs or fundamentur amocanas: mocemuli leqswyobis kanonzomieri sistemisa da misi ganviTarebis kanonzomierebaTa gansazRvras. am saerTo amocanisaTvis amosavalia Semdegi ori postulati: 1. leqswyobis sistemis ganviTareba kanonzomieria iseve, rogorc leqswyobis sistema; 2. ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebi Seesabamebian an miemarTebian sistemis kanonzomierebebs; aseT SemTxvevaSi, ap. silagaZis azriT, kvlevis zogad meTods unda warmoadgendes struqturuli da istoriul SedarebiTi analizis gaerTianeba, rasac mkvlevari sistemuri midgomis saerTo saxelwodebiT aRniSnavs. amgvari kvlevisas erT-erTi rTuli sakiTxia masalis SerCevis problema. masalis SerCevisaTvis ap. silagaZe ayalibebs Semdeg wess: leqswyobis sistemisaTvis markirebul tipur ritmul agebulebad iTvleba ganviTarebis mocemul safexurze, realizebuli iseTi forma, romelic uSualod momdevno safexurze da ara safexurgamotovebiT - amJRavnebs reproduqciis unars. ap. silagaZe daaskvnis: saleqso formam, novaciiT Seqmnilma, SesaZloa, ar gamoavlinos reproduqciis Tviseba, magram, amave dros, novaciis raRac garkveul elements, garkveuli wesis saxiT, SeiZleba aRmoaCndes reproduqciis unari - masze damyarebiT, ganviTarebis raRac safexurze, SeiZleba Seiqmnas iseTi forma an formaTa mTeli sistema, romelic markirebuli gaxdeba leqswyobisaTvis. Teimuraz doiaSvili `sjanis~ meoTxe nomerSi gamoqveynebul werilSi: `sistema _ procesi _ norma~, romelSic recenzirebulia ap. silagaZis bolo wigni `qarTuli literaturis istoria, rogorc sistema da literaturuli normebis sakiTxi~ (2000),

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aRniSnavs: àp. silagaZis am wignSi, iseve rogorc mis sxva naSromebSi, aSkaraa literaturaTmcodneobiTi analizis Tvisebrivad axal stadiaze gadasvla, rodesac oden faqtebis aRnusxvasa da gamxoloebul analizs enacvleba sistemis mTlianobisa da misi ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebis gansazRvra. Tanamedrove lingvistikis fundamenturi ideebis analogiiT, faqtebi ganixileba kanonzomieri sistemisa (sinqroniis) da kanonzomieri procesis (diaqroniis) konteqstSi, rac maT daxasiaTebasac gulisxmobs da mimarTebis dadgenasac winmaval da momdevno faqtebTan~ (doiaSvili 2003: 96). interdisciplinaruli kvlevis aucilebloba 90-ian wlebSi qarTvel leqsmcodneebs sadavod ar miuCneviaT, magram mwvave diskusiis sagnad ki iqca meTodTa mimarTeba qarTuli leqsis bunebis garkvevisas. maTematikos guram TevzaZis mier SemoTavazebuli modeli kvlevisa, romelic Camoyalibebulia mis wignebSi: `qarTuli poeziis fenomeni. tipologiuri da versifikaciuli problemebis gadawyveta. sinergetikuli midgoma~ (TevzaZe 1993), xolo mogvianebiT wignSi: `qarTuli leqswyobis kompiuteruli kvlevis saTaveebTan~ (TevzaZe 1997); ufro adre leqsis kompiuteruli analizis Taobaze broSura gamosca elguja dadunaSvilma: `qarTuli xalxuri leqsis kompiuteruli analizisa da klasifikaciis Teoriis safuZvlebi~. (dadunaSvili 1992), sadac avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs folkloris kompiuteruli saZieblis zogad saxesa da misi funqcionirebis ZiriTadi principebis gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze. avtoris azriT, qarTuli xalxuri leqsis ZiriTad elementTagan kompiuteruli analizis wess eqvemdebareba marcvalTa raodenoba, metri da riTma. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, albaT, rom g. TevzaZis wigns `qarTuli poeziis fenomens~ erT-erTi pirveli swored e. dadunaSvili gamoexmaura. recenzentis azriT, g. TevzaZe, nacvlad leqsis Txzvis kanonebis aRwera _ dadgenisa, versifikaciuli problemis gadasawyvetad saWirod Tvlis am wesebisa da kanonebis erT sistemaSi moyvanas. `leqsis maTematikuri meTodebiT kvlevis safuZvelze naSromSi gamoTqmulia saTanado daskvna, romlis Tanaxmadac, qarTuli leqswyobis ganviTarebaSi dominantur mimarTulebad aRiarebulia silaburoba~ (dadunaSvili 1994: 4). el. dadunaSvilis recenziis arakompetenturobasa da araprofesionalizmSi eWvis Setanas xels uwyobs iseTi bundovani Sexedulebani, rogorebic aris: `sainteresoa msjeloba qarTuli leqswyobis istoriaSi SeniSnuli leqswyobis formebis ganviTarebis (!) ganmapirobebeli faqtorebis (sistemis) ganviTarebis bifurkaciuli gza, da aRniSnuli ganviTarebis meqanizmis Taobaze (fluqtaciebis gaZliereba, mmarTveli parametrebis cvlileba, mdgomareobis parametrTa raodenobis zrda)~ (dadunaSvili 1994: 4). Cven, piradad, gviWirs raime `sainteresos~ SemCneva recenzentis bundovan da gaugebar azrTa mdinarebaSi. gvgonia, rom TviTon el. dadunaSvilsac didad ar esmis da arc sjera `sistemis ganviTarebis bifurkaciuli gzisa~ an `fluqtaciebis gaZlierebisa~. ufro patiosnad moiqca g. TevzaZis meore wignis `qarTuli leqswyobis kompiuteruli kvlevis saTaveebTan~ (Tb., 1996) recenzenti o. goliaZe, romelmac `Tavmdablad~ aRniSna, rom `g. TevzaZis naSromebi... axali etapia ara mxolod qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis, aramed rusul evropuli masStabiTac. yovel SemTxvevaSi, CvenTvis ucnobia am tipis gamokvlevebi~. Znelia, am recenziis kiTxvisas daijero, rom mis avtors qarTuli riTmis istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebze didxans ufiqria da amitomac gaxarebia TevzaZis naSromSi mignebuli kvlevis meTodis siaxle: `g. TevzaZis mier SemoTavazebulia qarTuli riTmis axali, arsebulisagan gansxvavebuli klasifikacia (!), romelic eyrdnoba simravleTa klasifikaciis ZiriTad principebs (??): mkvlevarma Seadgina leqsis metruli struqturis maTematikuri modeli, xolo manqanuri algoriTmis dawerilia beisikis saprogramo enaze~ (goliaZe 1996: 16). raoden saocaric unda iyos, apolon silagaZis Teoria qarTuli leqsis kvlevisa, misi `leqsmcodneobiTi analizis principebi~, `Zveli qarTuli leqsi da qarTuli poeziis uZvelesi safexuris problema~, `sasuliero poeziis ritmuli organizaciis zogierTi sakiTxi~ Cvens presaSi 90-ian wlebSi SeumCneveli da Seufasebeli darCa; rom ara TviT g. TevzaZis werili ùsamarTlobis atana moTminebiT~ (TevzaZe 1999: 5), albaT, didxans iqneboda Sefaruli da miCqmaluli ap. silagaZis samecniero aRmoCena. monografiaSi `Zveli qarTuli leqsi da qarTuli poeziis uZvelesi safexuris problema~ (1997) avtorma recenzia uZRvna g. TevzaZis wigns `qarTuli poeziis fenomeni~, sadac amxila maTematikis mecnierebaTa kandidati leqsmcodneobis sakiTxebis uvicobasa da sakiTxis kvlevis araprofesionalizmSi. swored am recenzias upasuxa g. TevzaZe, romelmac farTod gaaxmaura kerZo mniSvnelobis, mxolod specialistebisaTvis dawerili, mkacri SeniSvnebiT aRsavse werili ap. silagaZisa, romelic amxelda g. TevzaZes, rogorc misi `leqsmcodneobiTi analizis principebis~ interpretators: `... avtors aRebuli aqvs Cvengan Tavisi gamokvlevis mTavari daskvna... es aris qarTuli leqswyobis Cveni modeli... yvelafer amas mosdevs gamokvleva, romelsac safuZvlad edeba Cveni sistema, misi warmomqmneli faqtori, Cveni terminebi... igive òrwevrebi~, cnebebi da meTodologia...~

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g. TevzaZe sapasuxo werilSi `Tavs icavs~: `... qarTuli leqswyobis Cemi modeli ar aris misi leqswyobis interpretacia, arc am interpretaciis cda, da, amdenad, arc misi modeli... silagaZis `modeli~ warmoadgens erT-erT qvesimravles Cems modelSi, kerZod, struqturaTa Teoriis enaze rom vTqvaT, esaa mudmivi =2 modelis mqone 4-doniani ierarqiuli qvestruqtura binaruli erTeuliT. ufro metic, principuli msjelobisas ap. silagaZis `modeli~ saerTod ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas, rogorc zogadad qarTuli leqsis modeli, risi pretenziac avtors gaaCnia... Cveni modelebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba saerTod ar SeiZleba~. TavisTavad, amgvari pasuxi `recenziisa~ gamaRizianebeli iyo, rasac Tan daerTo ambavi imis Taobaze, rom g. TevzaZe sadoqtoro disertaciis dacvas apirebda leqsmcodneobis kvlevis axal meTodologiaze, amitom ap. silagaZem saWirod CaTvala, mkacri werili daebeWda gaz. `literaturul saqarTveloSi~, sadac Camoayaliba is ZiriTadi punqtebi, ris arcodnac bralad edeboda g. TevzaZes: àr icis TevzaZem: ra principuli gansxvavebaa leqswyobasa da poezias Soris; ar icis, ra gansxvavebaa ritmsa da leqswyobas Soris; ... ar icis, ra aris izosilabizmi; ar icis, ra aris struqturuli niSani; ar icis, ra gansxvavebaa sityvaTmaxvilsa da saleqso maxvils Soris da a.S da a.S... mas surs, yvelam aRiaros, rom man miaRwia axal, jer arnaxul Sedegebs, rom universaluria da gamosadegi nebismieri erovnuli leqswyobisaTvis... da igi amas bedavs!~ (silagaZe 1999: 7). miuxedavad imisa, rom ap. silagaZe am e.w. diskusiis damTavrebas am weriliT apirebda, ase ar moxda. gaz. `literaturul saqarTvelos~ momdevno nomerSi daibeWda g. TevzaZis sapasuxo statia: ègre ar aris, Tayao...~. g. TevzaZe aRniSnavs: àp. silagaZes Tavisi ùniversaluri~ modelis dacva unda, magram imdeni ki esmis, rom ase Tqma ar SeiZleba, amitom ganazogada man Tavisi problema mxolod qarTul filologiaze~ (TevzaZe 1999: 24-31. 12; 7). rva punqtad Camoyalibebuli g. TevzaZis `pasuxebi~, arsebiTad, ver abaTilebs ap. silagaZis mier wamoyenebul verc erT braldebas diletantobisa da araprofesionalizmis gamo. `diskusia~ iZulebiT gaagrZela da daasrula kidec ap. silagaZem, romelmac zemoxsenebuli `pasuxis~ gamo aRniSna: `g. TevzaZis statia yvelafers Seicavda, pasuxis garda avtori aramarto ar uaryofda, aramed arc cdilobda uareyo Cemi arc erTi pretenzia misi, rogorc mecnieris, mimarT~ (silagaZe 2000: 7-14. 1; 12). Jurn. àxal paradigmebSi~ 1999 wels, xolo mogvianebiT 2001 wels gaz. `literaturul saqarTveloSi~ (7-13. 12, 15-16) kvlav gaagrZela g. TevzaZem Tavisi `mecnieruli aRmoCenebis~ gamomzeureba statiiT: `leqsmcodneobiT analizis axali teqnologia~. avtors saWirod miaCnia, leqsmcodneobaSi dainergos kompiuteruli kvleva, rasac, misi azriT, `win unda uswrebdes qarTuli leqsis Teoriuli analizi da misi maTematikuri modelis Seqmna~. saocaria, magram faqtia, rom g. TevzaZe ver scildeba ap. silagaZis Teorias da saWirod miiCnevs, rom leqswyobis sistemaTa principuli daxasiaTeba sam fundamentur gamokvlevas daemyaros: sistemis struqturul analizs, diaqroniis analizs da sistemis kvalifikacias. am Tanmimdevrobis avtors, ap. silagaZes, igi keTilsindisierad imowmebs. ap. silagaZesa da g. TevzaZes Soris gamarTuli diskusiis dros, ra Tqma unda, savsebiT mkafiod gamoikveTa sakiTxis WeSmariti arsi, magram sabolood misi Sefaseba mainc mogvianebiT, 2002-2003 wlebis presaSi moxda gazeT àxali epoqis. Cveni mwerlobisa~ da kr. `sjanis~ furclebze. Teimuraz doiaSvilis werilze ~hipoTezidan _ Teoriamde~ am Tavis dasawyisSi visaubreT, aseve aRvniSneT amave avtoris werili `sistema _ procesi _ norma~, sadac ap. silagaZis naSromebi saTanadod aris Sefasebuli: `Teoriul _ meTodologiuri postulati, romelsac mkvlevari eyrdnoba, mecnierulad Rirebul, damajerebel Sedegebs iZleva~. diskusiis Sesajameblad garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvs, agreTve, kr. `sjanis~ me-2 nomerSi gamoqveynebul werils ..ra aris sinergetika~, romlis avtoria nino darbaiseli. g. TevzaZis wigns ..qarTuli poeziis fenomeni~ saTaurSive axlda miTiTeba _ dazusteba _`sinergetikuli midgoma~. qarTuli poeziis fenomenis amocnobas, misi problemebis gadaWras avtori sinergetikuli meTodiT gvTavazobda. amgvari midgoma versifikaciisadmi CvenSi im dros sruliad ucnobi iyo da, bunebrivia, didi interesis gamomwvevic: `winamdebare naSromSi poeziisa, da, kerZod, aRniSnul problemaTa (qarTuli leqswyobis sistemisaTvis adgilis miCena tipologiuri klasifikaciis cxrilSi, leqswyobis ritmuli struqturis bunebis dadgena _ T.b) mimarT ganxorcielebulia swored struqturuli midgomiT. sinergetikuli principebis poziciebidan. es ukanaskneli warmoadgens yvelaze Tanamedrove da swrafad ganviTarebad mecnierul Teorias zogadi bunebis evoluciur sistemaTa ganviTarebis kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb~ (TevzaZe 1993: 7). am winaTqmas mohyveba `problemis azris dazusteba~, sadac avtori ganmartavs sinergetikas, romelic `Seiswavlis Tvisebrivad sruliad gansxvavebuli bunebis (fizikuri,

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biologiuri, qimiuri, sociologiuri, kosmologiuri da sxv.) simravleTa qaosidan wesrigSi TviTgadasvlis kanonzomierebas. am mecnierebis mier ukve dadgenilia, rom es kanonzomierebebi erTi da igive cocxali da aracocxali bunebis TviTorganizebad dalagebul struqturaTa warmoqmnis, ganviTarebisa da daSlis procesebisaTvis~ (TevzaZe 1993: 11). g. TevzaZe fiqrobs, rom `poetur formaTa ganviTarebac iseTsave zogad kanonzomierebebs eqvemdebareba, rogorsac, sazogadod, yvela TviTorganizebadi struqtura~, amitom sinergetikac, SesaZloa, saukeTeso meTodi aRmoCndes problemaTa gadasaWrelad. nino darbaiselis zemoxsenebul werilSi dawvrilebiT aris saubari sinergetikis Taobaze da damajerebeli daskvniT mTavrdeba: sinergetika svams kiTxvebs da amomwuravad ver (an _ jer ver) pasuxobs. ufro zustad, ayenebs uamrav problemas da am problemaTa mcire nawilze gvTavazobs SesaZlo axsnas. jansaRi sinergetika ar gamodis erTaderTi swori pasuxis gacemis pretenziiT. arsiT igi polilogurobis, polikonceptualobis momxrea. `... bunebrivad gaifanteba iluzoruli warmodgena, rom maSin, rodesac sxvadasxva mecnierebebi ama Tu im problemis garSemo gasaRebs eZebdnen, uceb gamoCnda axali mecniereba, romelmac ipova erTaderTi gasaRebi da gaxsna is zanduki, sadac yvela gasaRebi inaxeboda. (darbaiseli 2001: 34-35). ... daaxloebiT aTi weliwadi dasWirda qarTuli leqswyobis umTavresi problemis gadasaWrelad momarjvebuli axali midgomis àRmoCenad~ aRiarebis srul da saboloo uaryofas. b) galaktionis poetika 1998 wels 100 weli Sesrulda galaktion tabiZis àrtistuli yvavilebis~ gamocemidan. àrtistuli yvavilebis~ xana _ `1915-1919 wlebi _ oqros xanaa me-20 saukunis qarTul poeziaSi~, - am sityvebiT amTavrebs ak. xinTibiZe gaz. `literaturul saqarTveloSi~ gamoqveynebul werils saTauriT `mTeli xana wignisa: Crane aux fleurs...~ werilSi savsebiT sworad aris gaazrebuli da danaxuli amgvari poeturi krebulis Tematur-Sinaarsobrivi Sedgenis principi, romelic pirvelidan (`Semodgoma umanko Casaxebis mamaTa savaneSi~) ukanasknel (`domino~) leqsamde, ganisazRvreba erTi mTliani wignis agebis surviliT, sadac erTmaneTs miyolebuli leqsebi urTierTmisadagebulia TemebiT, ganwyobilebebiT, ritmuli xveulebiT. wigns aqvs erTiani kompozicia _ logikuri dasawyisiTa da dasasruliT. ak. xinTibiZis es dakvirveba uTuod yuradsaRebia: evropuli poeziis gamocdilebas naziarebi qarTveli poetebi me-20 s. 10-iani wlebidan iwyeben amgvari krebulebis gamocemas (mag. i. griSaSvili, òcnebis kocna~; al. abaSeli, `mzis sicili~; val. gafrindaSvili, `daisebi~ da sxv.). `leqsebi ki aRar aweria garekanze, aramed gansazRvruli saTauri aqvs, romelic ciklebad aerTianebs leqsebs da xels uwyobs emociur - mxatvruli centrebis fiqsireba _ akumulirebas. nebismieri Sinaarsis leqsebis Setana ukve aRar xdeboda 10-20-iani wlebis qarTvel poetTa krebulebSi. swored am principiT ar Seitana galaktionma àrtistul yvavilebSi~: `droSebi Cqara~, `mzeo TibaTvisa~. ak. xinTibiZe am werilSi sagangebod aRniSnavs akakis SemoqmedebiTs rolsa da avtoritets galaktionis poeziaSi, xolo Semdeg miuTiTebs, rom àrtistulma yvavilebma~ saTave daudo ramdenime motivs qarTul poeziaSi, romlebic Semdeg saerTo-qarTul motivebad iqca. kerZod, meris motivi, atmis yvavilebis simbolika, lurja cxenebis motivi... (xinTibiZe 1998: 20-29. 11; 4). ak. xinTibiZe, saiubileo werilis specifikidan gamomdinare, SedarebiT nakleb adgils uTmobs àrtistuli yvavilebis~ versifikaciaze msjelobas, magram imas ki aRniSnavs, rom es wigni, rogorc axali sityva, mniSvnelovanwilad, Tavisi versifikaciiT Sevida qarTuli poeziis istoriaSi. aqve mkvlevari axsenebs mkiTxvels: 1974 wels mis mier ganxorcielebuli àrtistuli yvavilebis~ aRdgenil gamocemas, romelic, faqtobrivad, vaxtangiseuli ~vefxistyaosnis~ aRdgeniTi gamocemis Semdeg, pirveli SemTxveva iyo qarTuli wignis istoriaSi; àrtistuli yvavilebis~ 1974 wlis aRdgeniT gamocemas darTuli hqonda riTmebis leqsikoni, Tavisi saZieblebiTa da leqsebis metruli maCvenebeli, rac mkvlevars saSualebas aZlevs, konkretuli dakvirveba SeZlos am wignis leqswyobaze. ak. xinTibiZem moxseneba: `galaktionis poezia dimitri benaSvilis TvalTaxedviT~ 1997 wels dimitri benaSvilis xsovnisadmi miZRvnil samecniero sesiaze waikiTxa, xolo Semdeg gaz. `kalmasobis~ 1998 wlis meaTe nomerSi dabeWda. ak. xinTibiZis am werilSi gamokveTilia dimitri benaSvilis Sexeduleba galaktionis poeziaze, galaktionis mimarTebaze nik. baraTaSvilis poeziasTan, romelic axali StrixebiT gaamdidra cnobilma qarTvelma mkvlevarma; sagulisxmoa dimitri benaSvilis mier galaktionis SemoqmedebiTi meTodis gansazRvra, romelic romantikuli realizmiT aris saxeldebuli mkvlevaris mier. sanimuSod igi `meris~ asaxelebs, romelSic romantizebulia obieqturi sinamdvile da `realuri grZnoba romantikuli elferiT imoseba~.

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ak. xinTibiZis werili mTavrdeba dim. benaSvilis sityvebiT: `... yoveli axali Taoba galaktionis lirikaSi ipovis esTetikuri siamovnebis keTilSobil wyaros~. 90-iani wlebis qarTul periodikaSi gamorCeul adgils imkvidrebs poetikis mkvlevarTa axali Taobis warmomadgeneli zaza SaTiriSvili, romlis werilebma `saxeli galak/qtioni~ (SaTiriSvili 1998: 54-67) da èpitafiis poetika da skulpturuli miTi~ (g. tabiZis òforti~) (SaTiriSvili 1998: 45-55) specialistTa sagangebo yuradReba daimsaxura. zaza SaTiriSvili interteqstualuri kvlevis meTodis momarjvebiT sagulisxmo Sedegebs gvTavazobs galaktionis poetikis zogierT sakiTxze: 1) 1995 wels iqmneba galaktionis teqstebis mTeli seria, romelic warmogviCens, rom akakisa da baraTaSvilis (nawilobriv, ilias) efebosidan g. tabiZe iqca `sxva~ poetad; 2) avtocitacia da avtointerteqstualoba galaktionis narcisuli ritorikis araerTaderTi strategiaa. `mkvdari mamis~ tropi, kontaqtis SeuZlebloba, rogorc erTaderTi unikaluri sxeuli, amave ritorikis mkacr instrumentaliebs ayalibebs; 3) mkvdari mamis toposi ganapirobebs imasac, rom moyolebuli `mTawmindis mTvaridan~ sikvdili da teqstis producireba (Tanatosi da poezia _ poiesisi) gaigivebulia erTimeoresTan _ poezia muSaobs sikvdilis reJimSi; 4) moxsna xorcieldeba garkveuli teqnikiT, romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT Tanatopoiesisi _ kvdomwera. misi meSveobiT xorcieldeba romantikuli diskusiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli opoziciebis moxsna, rogorebicaa mamuli (mSobliuri landSafti) da sxva, ucxo landSafti, winaparTa saflavebi (ucxo mxare). sagulisxmoa zaza SaTiriSvilis daskvna: `galaktionis~ `Zlier poetad~ qceva ganxorcielda Tanatopoiesis meSveobiT. `mkvdari mamis~ toposi da tropi, kontaqtis SeuZlebloba an/da `kontaqti SeuZlebel obieqtTan~, `siSoris siaxlove~ ayalibebs `namdvil~ galaktions da 1915-1925 wlebis poezias. 1925 wlis Semdeg iwyeba is, rasac SeiZleba vuwodoT Tanatopoiesis `waSla~. galaktioni iwyebs `meored dabadebas~, romelic, erTdroulad, gulisxmobs rogorc àxal realobasTan~ kontaqtis damyarebas, ise `mkvdari mamis~ toposisagan gaTavisuflebas. rac Seexeba `galaktionSi~ q-s k-Ti Casworebis operacias, mkvlevari ase xsnis: `galaktioni~ aris ara imdenad sakuTari, ramdenadac erTaderTi da unikaluri saxeli, romelsac ganumeoreblobis sakuTari wesi aqvs... q-s waSla da gadawera, k-s mier misi Canacvleba unda wavikiTxoT, rogorc kontaqtis SeuZlebloba, rogorc mkvdari mamis toposSi Sesvla... akaki SeiZleba wavikiTxoT, rogorc mkvdari mamis saxeli~ (SaTiriSvili 1998: 62). akaki wereTlis poetur teqstebTan galaktionis leqsebis semantikuri mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT saintereso Tanxvedras aqvs adgili. g. tabiZis òfortsa~ da akaki wereTlis èpitafias~ Soris. zaza SaTiriSvili damajereblad warmogvidgens orive leqsis konotaciur velebs: òfortis~ SemTxvevaSi es aris goiasa da kalos, bodlerisa da hofmanis, xolo èpitafiis~ dros `monumentis aRmarTvis serias~ (horaciusi _ derJavini, puSkini) ukavSirebs igi. òfortis~ interteqstualuri analizisas gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebod migvaCnia mkvlevaris daskvna: `warwerisa da Zeglis ontologiuri `simagris~ nacvlad rCeba totaluri Tovlwera; epitafiis poetikisa da prezentaciis nacvlad, gameorebis ritorika... Tovlwera anacvlebs warweras, xolo rasac galaktioni samSoblos uwodebs - aris Tovli~. zaza SaTiriSvilis es mniSvnelovani daskvna, Cveni azriT, aramarto galaktionisa da akakis zemoxsenebuli poeturi teqstebis analizisas aris marTebuli, aramed aseve miemarTeba igi vaJa-fSavelas `baxtrionis~ gmirs. kviria sanaTas ase uxasiaTebs Tavis `sxva~ samSobloSi, TuSeTSi yofnis 20 weliwads: ... sabarod gadmomavalTa ambavs vkiTxavdi weroTa. ra werilobas gagviwevs Tovlze ambavi vweroTa?!

zaza SaTiriSvilis termini `Tovlwera~ aqac zustad imave sazrisiT SeiZleba gamoviyenoT, rogorc galaktionis òfortSi~. ufro metic, aseve iyenebs mas giorgi leoniZe Tavis leqsSi `weros Tovli~, romelic poeziaSi vaJa-fSavelas naTlobiT Semovida. 60-iani wlebis qarTul literaturismcodneobaSi erT-erTma pirvelma guram asaTianma miuTiTa imis Taobaze, rom galaktionis poeziaSi mTavaria sityvebis ara mxolod garegnuli `Tanabgereba~, aramed Sinagani, simbolisturi koncefciiT gamarTlebuli, idumali Sexmianeba, e.w. ezoTeruli Tanxmovaneba. am idumalebis amocnobas bevri cnobili galaktionologi cdilobs. sasiamovnoa, rom maTs ricxvs zaza SaTiriSvilic Seemata Tavisi farTo literaturmcodneobiTi TvalsawieriT, utyuari alRoTi da gemovnebiT. galaktion tabiZis SemoqmedebaSi arcTu xSirad, magram mainc gvxvdeba myari saleqso formebi: aRmosavluri Tu evropuli. Tu aqamde cnobili iyo galaktionis poeziaSi: tercina, soneti, rondo, vilaneli, oqtava, franguli balada, aRmosavluri murabahi, yoSma Tu yazali, roland beriZis werilis `galaktion tabiZis trioletebis~ (beriZe 1998) Semdeg maTs ricxvs

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Seemateba galaktionis àlazanTan~, romelic qarTul poeziaSi gavrcelebuli trioletebis sapirispirod, 14-marcvliani (5/4/5) sazomiT ki ar aris dawerili, aramed, aTmarcvlediT (5/5) da igi Cveulebrivi trioleti ki ar aris, aramed _ ormagi. galaktionis àlazanTan~ r. beriZemde aravis CauTvlia trioletad, radgan mas, TviTon poetis nebiT, trioletis garegnuli iersaxe dakarguli hqonda. leqsis gamocdil mkvlevaris Tvals ar gamohparvia es grafikuli Tavisufleba _ ori rvataepedis SeerTeba. r. beriZe aqve ganixilavs galaktionis erT rvataepian leqss, romelsac `trioletebi~ hqvia. igi arakanonieri trioletia: meore taepi _ merve taepad rom unda gadaadgildes, aq meSvide striqonad meordeba, aseve damwyebi sarefreno ortaepedi: me momaqvs, me momaqvs yviTeli sanTlebi, yviTeli vardebis livlivi elvare _

striqonTa Sebrunebuli rigiT gadadis leqsis bolos: me momaqvs yviTeli vardebi elvare, me momaqvs, me momaqvs yviTeli vardebi! savsebiT safuZvlianad migvaCnia mkvlevaris varaudi, rom es trioleti poetis mier saTanadod damuSavebuli ar yofila, leqsis dasaTaureba `trioletebic~ saeWvoa, radgan igi mxolod erTi, rvastriqonia leqsia, amdenad, unda iyos `trioleti~. albaT, isev r. beriZis varauds unda vendoT da davelodoT im dros, rodesac galaktionis ucnob nawerebSi, adre Tu gvian, gamoCndeba `trioletebis~ varianti. damowmebani: bardaveliZe 1996: bardaveliZe j. calkeul kuTxeTa roli qarTuli xalxuri leqsis TaviseburebaTa CamoyalibebaSi. qarTveluri memkvidreoba. I. quTaisuri saubrebi. simpoziumis masalebi. quTaisis ak. wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti. dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi instituti. quTaisi, 1996. bardaveliZe 1998: bardaveliZe j. literaturamdeli qarTuli leqsi. kr. literaturuli Ziebani, XIX, Tb.: 1998. beriZe 198: beriZe r. galaktion tabiZis trioletebi. gaz. kalmasoba, 5, 1998. goliaZe 1996: goliaZe o. versifikaciuli kvlevis originaluri gza. gaz. literaturuli saqarTvelo, № 49, 1996. dadunaSvili 1994: dadunaSvili el. siaxle qarTul leqsmcodneobaSi. gaz, literaturuli saqarTvelo, 19 agvisto, 1994. darbaiseli 2001: darbaiseli n. ra aris sinergetika, kr. sjani, II, Tb.: 2001. doiaSvili 2003: doiaSvili T. sistema - procesi — norma. kr. sjani, IV, Tb.: 2003. doiaSvili 2002-2003: hipoTezidan Teoriamde. gaz. axali epoqa. Cveni mwerloba, 17.12.2002- 09.01.2003. TevzaZe 1999: TevzaZe g. qarTuli poeziis fenomeni. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1993. TevzaZe 1999: TevzaZe g. usamarTlobis atana moTminebiT. gaz. literaturuli saqarTvelo, 30.IV, 1999. TevzaZe 1999: TevzaZe g. egre ar aris, Tayao... gaz. literaturuli saqarTvelo, 24.12.1999. nakudaSvili 1996: nakudaSvili n. himnografiuli teqstis struqtura. Tb.|: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1996. silagaZe 1992: silagaZe ap. reproduqciis Tviseba da leqsmcodneobiTi kvlevis masalis SerCeva. J. macne, 3, 1992. silagaZe 1999: silagaZe ap. filologias saqarTveloSi dacva sWirdeba. gaz. literaturuli saqarTvelo, 10. 12. 1999. SaTiriSvili 1998: SaTiriSvili z. saxeli galak/qtioni. J. afra, 3, 1998. SaTiriSvili 1998: SaTiriSvili z. epitafiis poetika da skulpturuli miTi (g. tabiZis òforti~). Jurn. axali paradigmebi, 1, 1998. xinTibiZe 1998: xinTibiZe ak. mTeli xana wignisa: Crane aux fleurs... gaz. literaturul saqarTvelo, 20.27.XI, 1998.

Tamar Barbakadze Prosody Issues in Periodicals in 1990-ies Summary In the article shown, that despite of the social-political crises in Georgia in 1990-ies, Georgian prosody development was impressionable. In last 10 years of the past century research area of national versification dilated and supplemented with fundamental works.

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In the article author analyzed more than one hundred articles and reviews, which have been published in Georgian periodicals in 1990-ies. This works presents by forth thematic groups: a) Problem of pre-literature Georgian verse; issues of researches of Georgian verse’s history and theory; b) Galaktioni’s Poetic; c) Versification problems of “Vepkhistkaosani” (“Knight in The Panther’s Skin”); d) Poetry of hard verses. At this time we are publishing first and second chapters. The first chapter: Problem of pre-literature Georgian verse; issues of researches of Georgian verse’s history and theory dedicated to overview opinions (T. Doiashvili, M. Kurdiani, J. Bardavelidze) about important works of Apolon Silagadze: “Analyze Principals of Prosody” (Tbilisi, 1987) and “The Old Georgian Verse and Oldest Stage Problems of Georgian Poetry” and polemics about this books. This discussion clarified that in 90-ies of 20th century Apolon Silagadze’s hypotheses about Georgian versification and geneses of Georgian verses gained the victory. Apolon Silagadze gave this hypotheses scientific basis and asserted that Christian literature couldn’t exterminate oldest secular literature. Most valuable finding of Apolon Silagadze was opinion that in borders of one work used all metric and form of Georgian verse. Alopon Silagadze’s theory was shared by Mikheil Kurdiani at the end of 20th century and he presented commonGeorgian genre’s models and made its formal reconstruction. In second chapter: “Galaktioni’s poetic” author analyzed new visions (of A. Khintibidze, T. Doiashvili, It. Kentsoshvili, Z. Shatirishvili and others) of Galaktioni’ poetic in context of European verse which was expressed in articles published in 100-years anniversary of “Artistuli Kvavilebi” (“Artistic Flowers”). Also there are new visions about poetic of Galaktioni’s hard form verses (sonnet, triolet) (R. Beridze, T. Barbakadze). In article represents, that at the end of 20th century in Georgian prosody inculcated inter-textual research method of Galaktioni’s poetic.

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literaturuli meridianebi naTela Citauri dakvirvebani XX saukunis qarTuli emigrantuli mwerlobis Taviseburebebze XX saukunis qarTuli emigrantuli mwerloba erovnuli memkvidreobis ganuyofeli nawilia, Tumca am mwerlobis gacnobam, zogierT sakiTxze muSaobam gagviCina survili da mogvca SesaZlebloba gvemsjela misTvis damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebebze (SesaZloa, biZgi am Taviseburebebis gamosavlenad moeca romelime Teoriul naSromsac zogadad emigrantuli mwerlobis Sesaxeb, magram amgvari literatura CvenTvis xelmisawvdomi ar aRmoCnda). visaubroT uSualod am Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb. 1. emigrant moRvaweTa Semoqmedeba aRadgens ucnob istoriul monakveTs. cnobilia, rom emigrantul memkvidreobas Tavi mouyara batonma guram SaraZem qarTuli emigraciis muzeumSi, wignebsa da werilebSi. emigrantuli istoriisa da mwerlobis Sesaxeb saintereso gamokvlevebi gamoaqveynes manana kvataiam, rusudan niSnianiZem, rusudan dauSvilma. XX saukunis qarTuli emigrantuli samyaros gacnobam, masalebis moZiebam da Seswavlam bevri ram axleburad dagvanaxa. aRmoCnda, rom es mwerloba bevri siaxlisa da Ziebis Semcvelia Tundac imis gamo, rom is koniunqturisagan Tavisufali azrovnebaa, problemebis SedarebiT Tavisufali xedvaa. emgranti moRvaweebi wlebis manZilze realurad da Zaldautaneblad afasebdnen msoflioSi da, gansakuTrebiT, samSobloSi mimdinare movlenebs da aravin uwyis, isini iyvnen emigrantebi Tu aq, saqarTveloSi darCenili adamianebi. es faqti, albaT, mniSvnelovania da sxva elfers sZens XX saukunis qarTvel emigrant moRvaweTa Semoqmedebas. metad sainteresoa emigrantuli samyaros gadasaxedidan danaxuli XX saukunis qarTuli literatura, kritikuli azrovneba, istoriuli faqtebi. gavixsenoT Tundac qarTvel emigrantTa moRvaweobis sakiTxi II msoflio omSi. realoba iyo is, rom zogierTi qarTveli emigranti erovnulma suliskveTebam `faSistad~ aqcia anu isini Seecadnen ucxouri Zalis gamoyenebiT aRedginaT saqarTvelos damoukidebloba, gaeTavisuflebinaT samSoblo bolSevikuri terorisagan. es didi tragedia iyo saqarTvelos istoriaSi; metad faqizi Temaa (saakaZis sindromi). XX saukunis qarTvel emigrantTa nawerebma Semogvinaxa am yovelives maTeuli, umetesad realuri Sefasebani. am SefasebebSi Warbobs pozitiuri momentebi, rac dRes ukve sadavo aRar aris: saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis agitacia-propaganda, brZola qarTvel tyveTa problemebis mosagvareblad, germaniaSi qarTuli Jurnal-gazeTebis beWdva. faSistis farajaSi Cacmulma viqtor nozaZem berlinSi gamosca Jurnali `qarTveli eri~. am Jurnal-gazeTebSi qarTulad beWdvis saSualeba mieca grigol robaqiZes, aqve SesaniSnav werilebs aqveynebdnen gaioz maRlakeliZe, mixako wereTeli, Tamar da akaki papavebi. faqtia, es e. w. `faSisturi~ qarTuli presa dRes metad mniSvnelovania (Semdgom bevrma qarTvelma emigrantma azri Seicvala; mixvdnen, rom amaod eZebdnen ucxo ZalaSi maSvels. `Cvenive Tavi Cvenadve gveyudnes~ _ es devizi sabolood damkvidrda bevri emigrantis cnobierebaSi). 2. XX saukunis qarTuli emigraciisaTvis gasagebi mizezebis gamo damaxasiaTebelia politizirebuli azrovneba, mwerloba gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs socialur sakiTxebs, am SemTxvevaSi sakmao gavlenas axdens evropuli TvalTaxedvac. cnobilia, rom qarTvelma emigrantebma Seqmnes ramdenime partia, TiToeul maTgans Tavisi programa da miznebi hqonda. SesaZloa, swored amitomac emigrantuli memkvidreobis did nawils presa, publicistika, dokumenturi proza, epistoluri mimowera warmoadgens. dokumenturi proza literaturis saintereso Janria. miT umetes emigraciasTan dakavSirebiT is metad mniSvnelovani xdeba: avtobiografiebi, memuaruli xasiaTis Sromebi, mogonebebi sruliad warmoaCens movlenebs. sayuradRebo da sakvlevia emigrantuli presa, maTi redaqtorgamomcemelTa moRvaweoba (viqtor nozaZe da misi `mamuli~, misive `qarTveli eri~, spiridon kedia da misi `TeTri giorgi~, giorgi gvazava da misi `saqarTvelo~, revaz gabaSvili da misi `mamuliSvili~, al. asaTiani da misi `samSoblo~, leo kereseliZe da misi `TeTri giorgi~...). werilebs mravali fsevdonimiT werda, zogierTi avtoris vinaoba cnobilia, zogierTis _ ara. am presaSi gamoqveynebulia ara erTi da ori ucnobi mecnieruli gamokvleva (Tundac eqvTime TayaiSvilis naSromebi), saintereso werilebi qarTuli literaturis Sesaxeb (noe Jordanias, al. manveliSvilis, giorgi gvazavas, Salva amirejibis, samson fircxalavas da sxvaTa werilebi). am naSromebSi (mecnierulsa Tu literaturulSi) gamoTqmul mosazrebebs SeiZleba daveTanxmoT an ar daveTanxmoT, magram faqtia: maT gverds ver auvlis dRevandeli mkvlevari. epistoluri memkvidreoba SemoqmedebiTi procesis gansakuTrebuli sferoa. piradi baraTi, sul mcire Canaweric ki gasagebi mizezebis gamo ufro metad izidavs mkiTxvels, vidre

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romelime cnobili nawarmoebi. TavisTavad am unikalur dokumentur masalas gansakuTrebuli roli ekisreba emigrantuli memkvidreobis kvlevisas. emigrantuli mimoweris gacnoba gamokveTs dRevandelobisaTvisac saintereso ramdenime zogad Taviseburebas (sevda, monatreba, wuxili... es TavisTavad): Cans avtorTa didi gulistkivili urTierTdapirispirebulobis gamo, Tumca igrZnoba urTierTdaxmarebis survilic. albaT, ucxoeTSi qarTvelebs isev siyvaruli aZlebinebdaT. isic cxadia, rom emigrnt moRvaweebs gaazrebuli hqondaT Rone sulierisa da Rone xorcielis erTianobis saWiroeba, magram xSirad amas ver axerxebdnen, Tumca grZnobdnen, rom ucxoeTSi ufro sWirdebodaT Rirsebis SenarCuneba. pirad werilebSi mkveTradaa gamoxatuli antikomunisturi propaganda. dRes, albaT, yvelaze sainteresoa emigrant moRvaweTa pirad baraTebSi areklili da Sefasebuli imdroindeli sabWoTa saqarTvelo: misi yoveldRiuri politikuri Tu kulturuli cxovreba. Tu XX saukunis qarTuli emigraciis istorias gavixsenebT, bunebrivad aRviqvamT maT siZulvils bolSevikebis, komunisturi mTavrobis mimarT, Tumca am piradi baraTebis wakiTxvis Semdeg Cemi, rogorc erT-erTi rigiTi mkiTxvelis, STabeWdileba aseTic SeiZleba iyos: samans iqiT darCenilT axarebT aqeT myof TanamemaleTa yoveli warmateba, nebismier sferoSi momxdari erisaTvis sasikeTo cvlileba, Tuki SemCnevda maTi saocrad kritikulad dadarajebuli Tvali. sxvagan sad da am pirad baraTebSi gamJRavnebuli grZnobebi xom gulwrefelia... 3. XX saukunis qarTvel emigrantTa SemoqmedebaSi SeiniSneba qarTul xasiaTze msjelobis tendencia. albaT, es arc aris gasakviri. istoriis Znelbedobis gamo samSoblos sxeuls iZulebiT moglejil adamianebs gaumZafrdebodaT fiqri qarTveli kacis bunebaze, misi xasiaTis Taviseburebebze, gaawvalebdaT kiTxvebi: saidan movdivarT, saiT wavediT, ra gvelis, rogorebi varT, Cven, qarTvelebi, ratom dagvemarTa ase? cxadia, qarTveli emigranti moRvaweebi cdilobdnen evropelis TvaliTac SeefasebinaT qarTveli kacis buneba. rogorc Cans, evropelebi aRniSnavdnen qarTuli xasiaTis mkveTrad gamoxatul optimizms, sicocxlis did siyvaruls, megobrobis, naTesauri urTierTobis usazRvro survilsa da unars, mSvidobisaken swrafvas da amave dros mudmiv mzadyofnas omisaTvis, did mxedrul niWs, brZolisunarianobas, patriotizms da a. S. niSandoblivia, rom qarTveli kacis bunebis dasaxasiaTeblad viqtor nozaZem gamoiyena evropuli termini èsTetiuri upasuxismgebloba~ (nozaZe 1948: 26). rogorc mkvlevari ganmartavs, es termini aaSkaravebs qarTuli bunebis erT Taviseburebas: qarTveli eri xSirad daupyriaT, qarTveli xalxi damorCilebia kidevac ucxo Zalas, magram am batonobisaTvis mas seriozulad arasodes Seuxedavs. esaa qarTveli kacis upasuxismgebloba. rodesac am batonobas bolo eReboda (da yovelTvis ase xdeboda), qarTveli xalxi Tavisi xasiaTiT iseTive rCeboda, rogoric uwin iyo. SesaZloa, Sinaganad ufro Zlieric ki. esaa misi esTetizmi. amasve SeniSnavda grigol robaqiZec: nicSes sityva _ rac ver mZlevs, mxdis ufro Zliers _ saqarTveloze Tua gamoWrili. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom sainteresoa grigol robaqiZis dakvirvebani qarTul xasiaTze. igi fiqrobda, rom qarTvelisaTvis yofiereba lxenaa, zeimia. qarTuli bunebis `mTavari xrtili~, grigol robaqiZis azriT, aris `gaaxare — gaixare~ (robaqiZe 1989: 41). qarTveli aRmerTebs sicocxles, rogorc cecxlis moTayvane warmarTi. Semoqmedi ar xedavda dapirispirebas qarTul warmarTobasa da qristianobas Soris (robaqiZe 1917: 2). mas Tanabrad xiblavda warmarTobis xorcieleba da qristianobis suliereba, qarTvelisaTvis mze da RmerTi erTi da igivea: sicocxlis, bednierebis, sixarulis wyaroa da a. S. es Sexedulebani gabneulia gr. robaqiZis romanebsa da werilebSi. grigol robaqiZis mosazrebani qarTul xasiaTze mimoixila akaki baqraZem (baqraZe 1999: 94-95). sainteresod da realurad migvaCnia emigrant moRvaweTa dakvirvebani qarTveli kacis zogierT uaryofiT Tvisebaze: zedmeti fantazioroba, gulmaviwyoba, upasuxismgebloba, xvalindel dReze uzrunveloba, TviTkmayofileba, mflangveloba, Zalauflebismoyvareoba, ampartavneba, pirvelobis survili anu `qarTuli didkacobis fsiqologia~ da a. S. rac mTavaria, am uaryofiT TvisebaTa mizezebi TviTon qarTveli kacis bunebis TaviseburebebSia mikvleuli. 4. emigrant moRvaweTa kvlevis areali gafarToebulia. cxadia, maTTvis xelmisawvdomi iyo gacilebiT meti literatura, Sesabamisad izrdeboda interesebis sferoc. magaliTad, emigrantuli rusTvelologia (viqtor nozaZe, giorgi gvazava da sxv.). TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi iyenebs evropul literaturas. am mxriv gamoirCeva viqtor nozaZis naSromebi. mkvlevari xsnis poemis TiToeuli frazis mniSvnelobas. axsnis procesSi moixmars yvela saWiro wigns: biblias, leqsikonebs, samedicino krebulebs da a. S. maT Soris Zalian bevr ucxour wyaros. umravles SemTxvevaSi warmodgenilia am sityvebis Targmanebic sxvadasxva enaze, am TargmanTa moSveliebiTacaa axsnili sityvaTa warmomavloba. kvlevis aseTi farTo speqtri TavisTavad sasurveli da aucilebelia mecnieruli keTilsindisierebisaTvis. amave dros mas gaaCnia konkretuli Sedegebic. yovelive amis safuZvelze warmodgenilia `vefxistyaosnis~ teqstis is axsna-ganmartebani, romelnic poemis zogierTi sityvisa Tu gamoTqmis dReisaTvisac metad saintereso ineterpretacias iZleva, amave dros warmoaCens nawarmoebis mxatvrul SesaZleblobebs, warmogvidgens, Tu rogor xdeba poemaSi Cveulebrivi

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sityvebis (Tavi, kiseri, Txemi, mxari, qedi, guli) mxatvruli funqciiT, poeturi SinaarsiT datvirTva. viqtor nozaZe afiqsirebs, rom, magaliTad, sityva `guli~ da misgan nawarmoebi kompozitebi poemaSi 305 da metjeraa naxmari. teqstidan gamomdinare, mkvlevari gveubneba, rom sityva `guli~ nawarmoebSi arsad araa naxmari fizikuri, fiziologiuri mniSvnelobiT, es sityva poemaSi gamoxatavs adamianis `yovlis Sinagan~, subieqtur mxares, is `fsiqiur moqmedebaTa budea~ (nozaZe 1968: 17). masSi moazrebulia rogorc fsiqikur-zneobrivi ganwyobilebebi (xalxuri gageba), aseve gonierebac, cnobierebac (bibliuri Sinaarsi). amdenad guli moiazreba subieqtad, TiTqos `meore pirovnebadac~ adamianSi, amitomac gvxvdeba rusTavelTan frazebi: ùgulo guli~, `guli tiris~. `guli~-s subieqtad qcevis Sedegad poeti qmnis axal fsiqologiur cnebebs, magaliTad `sibrZne gulisa~, `gulis sityva~, rac niSnavs fiqrs, azrs, usityvo, uxmauro sjas Tavis TavSi, `gonebiT laparaks~, Rrma azrovnebas, sakuTar TavSi CaRrmavebas, sakuTari sulier-gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis gaazrebas, grZnobebis dafarvas. amitomac, _ gveubneba viqtor nozaZe, _ poemaSic da SemdgomSic sityva `guli~ da maTTan dakavSirebuli komponentebi qarTuli metyvelebisa da azrovnebis ganuyofeli nawilia. cxadia, yovelive amis gamo emigrantul rusTvelologiaSi mocemulia poemis zogierTi eTikur-zneobrivi sakiTxis gansxvavebuli, originaluri xedva. 5. XX saukunis qarTul emigrantul literaturul-kritikul azrovnebaSi SeiniSneba teqstze meti dakvirveba, romelime sakiTxze msjelobisas Tu literaturuli personaJis xasiaTis gaazrebisas, fsiqologiuri niuansebis wvdomisas yuradReba eqceva zogjer erTi SexedviT umniSvnelo frazebs, TiTqosda arafrismTqmel sityvebs, ubralo yofiT detalebs. es faqti gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa `vefxistyaosnis~ kvlevisas. viqtor nozaZis, giorgi gvazavas, zurab avaliSvilis, al. manveliSvilis da sxvaTa naazrevis mixedviT, `vefxistyaosnis~ zogadsakaciobrio faseulobani gamJRavnebulia iseT frazebsa da gamoTqmebSi, romelnic gamoxataven personaJTa emociebs mocemul momentSi. teqstis amgvari `Cxreka~ (termini viqtor nozaZisaa) yuradRebas migvapyrobinebs Cveulebrivi adamianuri urTierTobis amsaxveli im epizodebisa da frazebisaken, personaJTa yoveldRiuri qcevis wesebisaken, romelnic `vefxistyaosnis~ mkiTxvels da mkvlevarsac poemis maRalideuri, zogadsakaciobrio problematikis gaazrebis procesSi, SesaZloa, SeumCneveli darCes. swored amgvari kvlevis Sedegia viqtor nozaZis vrceli naSromebi `vefxistyaosnis~ Sesaxeb~ (e. w. `metyvelebani~). nawarmoebis teqsti gaazrebulia zogjer evropuli literaturis kvaldakval anu gavlebulia paraleli, warmoCenilia msgavseba an gansxvaveba. faqtia, rom teqstis siRrmiseuli Seswavla, frazeologiaze meti dakvirveba zogjer imasac gvimJRavnebs, rac avtoris undoda eTqva. viqtor nozaZis naSromebSi amgvaradaa ganxiluli: `mokiTxvis wesi~ poemaSi, patronymuri urTierTobis amsaxveli epizodebi (`gulis monazidoba~, `sruli TanagrZnoba~, `sruli keTilganwyoba~), erTgulebis, sakuTar TavSi CaRrmavebis (TviTflobis), RmerTisa da kacis urTierTobis sakiTxebi, `sruli kacis~ cneba da a. S. magaliTad, viqtor nozaZe gveubneba, rom `gulis monazidoba~ patronymur yrTierTobaSi aucileblad gulisxmobs sifaqizes, urTierTanaziarobas, sulier siaxloves, znekeTilobas, `srul TanagrZnobas~ ara garegani Zalebisagan warmoSobils, aramed gulSi dabadebuls. mkvlevari teqstis `Cxrekis~, Sedegebis erTierTSejerebis safuZvelze gvawvdis rusTavelis TiTqosda dafarul azrs: patronymur urTierTobaSi patrons ufro evaleba siyvarulis gaRviveba, gamomJRavneba, vidre ymas, radgan Zliers meti pasuxismgebloba akisria (am SemTxvevaSi urTierTobis procesSi) (nozaZe 1968: 44-47). aseve: viqtor nozaZe gvixsnis, ras niSnavs rusTavelTan `sruli kaci~ da ratomaa am fraziT daxasiaTebuli avTandili (nozaZe 1981: 93-116). teqstis dawvrilebiTi analizidan gamomdinare, mkiTxvelisaTvis aSkaraa, rom `sruli kaci~ ar niSnavs miwierebisagan, realobisagan mowyvetas, individualuri bunebis Secvlas. `sruli kacoba~ niSnavs swrafvas sisrulisaken, ganRmrTobisaken. `srul kacad~ iwodeba avTandili. es gmiri fizikuri da sulieri TvisebebiT sworedac rom iswrafvis srulyofilebisaken, rac mTavaria, es swrafva mkiTxvelisaTvis dinamiuria, sagrZnobia da, upirveles yovlisa, igi avTandilis mier samyaros Secnobisa da ufro metad TviTSemecnebis, sakuTar TavSi CaRrmavebis mudmivad ganaxlebad procesSi aisaxeba. gmiri sul ZiebaSia, gaucnobiereblad gulTanac ki uxdeba brZola, swored misTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli TviTfloba, pirovnuli Tavisuflebis SegrZneba. yovelive amis gamo uwoda rusTvelma mas `sruli kaci~ (e. i. am SemTxvevaSi zogadad adamianisa da sakuTari Tavis raobis moZiebis procesia mTavari. amasTan dakavSirebiT saintereso iqneba WaSnagiris mokvlis epizodis Sefaseba, avTandilis pirovnebaSi realurisa da idealuris Tanaarsebobis sakiTxze msjeloba). kvlevis amgvar procesSi mosalodnelia ufro konkretuli da faseuli Sedegebi. rogorc iTqva, zogierTi sityvisa da gamoTqmis axleburi interpretacia, sakiTxebis gansxvavebuli xedva da axali problemebis wamoWra, ZiebaTa gzebis gamravalferovneba da a. S. vfiqrobT, am dros mkvlevari eyrdnoba ara winaswar SemuSavebul sqemebs, aramed cocxal enobriv masalas da frazeologias, iTvaliswinebs mkiTxvelis did rols da Tanamonawileobas teqstis aRqmis procesSi. am dros didi mniSvneloba eniWeba swored mxatvrul enas, rogorc

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personaJis fsiqologiis asaxvis, misi xasiaTis arazedapiruli, uxilavi Sreebis warmoCenis, aracnobieris gamomJRvnebis saSualebas. am dros mkvlevari enobrivi niuansebidan midis ideur-mxatvrul analizamde, mxatvruli enis Taviseburebani ubiZgebs mas nawarmoebis problematikis gaazrerbisaken. am SemTxvevaSi gamoikveTeba mkiTxvelisa da literaturuli personaJis mWidro urTierToba. TiTqos qreba distancia maT Soris. varaudis saxiT gvinda SevniSnoT: aq, sabWoTa saqarTveloSi, tardeboda pompezuri iubileebi, saRamoebi. mwerali TiTqos Sordeboda mkiTxvels, ucxovdeboda literaturuli personaJic. amitomac Sefasebanic sqematuri, arafsiqologuri, Sablonuri, zogjer arabunebrivi da zedapiruli iyo. emigrantuli kritikuli azrovnebis gacnoba iseT STabeWdilebas tovebs, rom mwerlis pirovnebisa da Semoqmedebis xedva gansxvavebulia: distancia gamqralia. TiTqos axlobelTa simciris gamo, fizikuri da moraluri gadarCenis mizniT, literaturuli personaJi ufro gaTavisebulia. emigrantuli mwerlobis erTi Tavisebureba, Tu SeiZleba amas Tavisebureba vuwodoT, esaa gamokveTili interesi imdroindeli saqarTvelos, gansakuTrebiT, saqarTveloSi mimdinare literaturuli procesebis mimarT (samSoblosTan dakavSireba Zalian Zneli iyo, amisaTvis aTasnair konspiraciul xerxs mimarTavdnen). asea Tu ise, qarTveli emigrantebisaTvis mniSvnelovani iyo saqarTveloSi gamocemuli axali wignebis Sefaseba. Zalian sainteresoa emigrantul presaSi gamoqveynebuli viqtor nozaZis, vladimer baqraZis, isidore manwkavas, Salva amirejibis, aleqsandre manveliSvilis, noe Jordanias, giorgi gvazavas, zurab avaliSvilis da sxvaTa literaturul-kritikuli werilebi (magaliTad, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqcia im dros axaldabeWdili `jayos xiznebis~ garSemo Jurnal `kavkasionis~ furclebze gamarTulma kamaTma. javaxiSvilis es romani daibeWda 1924 wels `mnaTobSi~ da, rogorc irkveva, Jurnali im welsve miiRo parizSi vladimer baqraZem). mxatvruli literaturis Sefasebis procesSi emigranti filologebisaTvis kvlav da kvlav amosavalia teqsti da ara raime winaswar arsebuli da SemuSavebuli sqema. cxadia, XX saukunis qarTul emigrantul literaturaTmcodneobaze garkveul gavlenas axdenda evropuli azrovneba, Tumca gviZneldeba romelime literaturuli mimdinareobis, kvlevis romelime meTodis gavlenaze konkretulad msjeloba. ufro is SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom iq, ucxoeTSi, qarTveli mwerali mTeli ZalebiT, Tundac inerciiT cdilobda tradiciebis SenarCunebas, erovnuli faseulobebis gafrTxilebas, amitom ar aris moulodneli, rom aqtiurad ar aeba mxari axali mecnierul-literaturuli procesebisaTvis, Tundac ase vTqvaT, `SeSineboda~ werisa da kvlevis sxvadasxva, ucxo stilis morgebisa; samSobloSi, Tuki saSualeba eqneboda, ufro gabedulad SeiTvisebda siaxles. 6. XX saukunis qarTulma emigraciam ucxoeTSi Tan gaiyola qarTuli sulierebis Rirebuli faseulobani, didi inteleqtualuri potenciali. Tumca TviTon bevri qarTveli emigranti miiCnevda, rom samSoblos gareSe cxovrebam maT bevri daakargvina, mSobliur fesvebs mowyvetilebma ise ver iRvawes, rogorc SeeZloT. lavrenti kvaracxelias (Jurnal `kavkasionis~ erT-erTi damaarsebeli) werilSi gaJRerebulia amgvari fraza: àrsebobs erTnairi bunebis kanoni, romelsac ver gadauxval. Semoqmedeba samSoblos wiaRis gareSe ver gaiSleba~ (nozaZe 1964: 4; 1950-70). (werilis avtors aqve mohyavs grigol robaqiZis, bulgakovis, viaCeslav ivanovis magaliTebi, romelTac, misi azriT, veraferi faseuli Seqmnes emigrantul periodSi). es Tvalsazrisi, SesaZloa, yvelaze metad mxatvrul literaturas exebodes, radgan mas ufro metad sWirdeba erovnuli fesvebi, enis Zirebi, romelTa gaxmobis saSiSroeba ucxoeTSi namdvilad arsebobda. isic yuradsaRebia, rom dResdReobiT arsebobs erTgvari nihilisturi damokidebuleba XX saukunis qarTuli emigrantuli mxatvruli literaturis mimarT. es sakiTxebi sakamaToa Tundac is TvalsazrisiT, rom niWierebas, RvTisagan momadlebul unars win veraferi (maT Soris samSoblosagan mowyveta da emigrantoba) daudgeba (gavixsenoT daviT guramiSvili), Tumca isic ar aris gamoricxuli, rom mSobliuri garemo àTamamebs~ Semoqmeds, àiZulebs~ Seqmnas ufro faseuli da Rirebuli anu bolomde gamoiyenos Tavisi inteleqtualuri potenciali. aqve erTic unda SevniSnoT: XX saukunis qarTul emigrantul mwerlobaSi bevria werili Tu naSromi, romlebic gankuTvnilia uSualod evropeli mkiTxvelisaTvis saqarTvelos istoriis, kulturis, literaturis, qarTveli kacis bunebis gacnobis mizniT. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, XX saukunis qarTuli emigrantuli mwerlobis TaviseburebaTa Zieba, Cveni azriT, gamokveTs, erTi mxriv, mis tradiciulobas (anu imas, rom es mwerloba erovnuli memkvidreobas organuli, ganuyofeli nawilia), meore mxriv, evropuli azrovnebis gavlenasac. am TaviseburebaTa gamovlena da gaazreba metad mniSvnelovnad da aucilebladac migvaCnia, Tundac dRevandelobidan gamomdinare. vfiqrobT, dRes am sakiTxebis Sefaseba praqtikuli Rirebulebisaa: amJamad xom saqarTvelodan ucxoeTSi kvlav mniSvnelovani Zala gaedineba. albaT, sasurvelia, ganisazRvros: ras SesZleben samSoblodan wasuli qarTvelebi,

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mSobliur fesvebs mowyvetilni Tu moaxdenen an rogor moaxdenen TavianTi SesaZleblobebis realizebas. yovelive zemoTqmulSi, SesaZloa, bevri ram iyos sakamaTo, Tundac miuRebeli, magram es aris mxolod Cveni dakvirvebani XX saukunis qarTuli emigrantuli mwerlobis zogierT Taviseburebaze, survili zogadad emigrantuli Semoqmedebis xasiaTis Secnobisa. garda amisa, aRniSnuli memkvidreobis didi nawili Seuswavlelia. kvlevis Semdgomi procesi, albaT, bevr problemas axleburad warmoaCens da Seafasebs. damowmebani: baqraZe 1999: baqraZe a. kardu. grigol robaqiZis cxovreba da Rvawli. Tb.: 1999. niSnianiZe 2005: niSnianiZe r. saqarTvelo samans aqeT da samans iqiT. wigni I da II. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 2005. nozaZe 1948: nozaZe v. qarTuli modgma da xasiaTi. qarTveli kaci. nawili vrceli naSromisa - gardasul JamTa saqmeni da ambavni. wigni IV. xelnaweri (avtografi). qarTuli emigraciis muzeumi. 1948. nozaZe 1968: nozaZe v. `vefxistyaosnis~ gulTametyveleba. xelnaweri (avtografi). qarTuli emigraciis muzeumi. 1968. nozaZe 1950-70: nozaZe v. viqtor nozaZis epistoluri memkvidreoba. qarTuli emigraciis muzeumi. t. III, 1950-70. nozaZe 1981: nozaZe v. kaci var adamiani `vefxistyaosnis~ mixedviT. Jurnali kavkasioni, № XX, Tb.: 1981. robaqiZe 1917: robaqiZe gr. rainduli saqarTvelo. gaz. literaturuli saqarTvelo, № 52, Tb.: 1917. robaqiZe 1989: robaqiZe gr. gvelis perangi. falestra. Tb.: 1989. SaraZe 1991-1993: SaraZe g. ucxoeTis cis qveS. t. I, II, III. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1991-1993. SaraZe 2001-2006: SaraZe g. qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria. t. I-VIII, Tb.: 2001-2006.

Natela Chitauri Tendencies of XX century Georgian Emigrant Writing Summary Georgian Emigrant writing of XX century reestablishes unknown historical periods. Politicized thinking is typical for it. The fundamental conception of this writing is presented by publicism and documentary prose. In Emigrant creations, constant research of Georgian temper is observed. The area of research is wide, results are specific. In literal-critical thinking the main focus is made on text. The researcher leans not upon preliminarily worked out schemes, but upon vivid lingual materials and phraseology. Georgia emigrant writing’s originalities reveal on the one hand traditional nature, on the other – impact of European thinking.

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polemika bondo arvelaZe somxuri lapidaruli warwerebi saqarTveloSi Jurnal `noraSenis~ № 3 (2006) gamoqveynebulia gisane ovsepianis (fsevdonimi Tu ar aris) statia _ `somxuri lapidaruli warwerebi saqarTveloSi~. somxebi saqarTveloSi kargaxania cxovrobdnen da amdenad somxuri epigrafikis arseboba moulodneli sulac ar aris. arc dRemde ucnobi somxuri warweris povnaa gamoricxuli. am imediT Sevudeqi am naSromis kiTxvas. vfiqrobdi, iqneb ananuris taZarze raime ucnobi somxuri warwera ipovna-meTqi. magram movtyuvdi, arc axali warwera unaxavs, arc axleburad aqvs gaazrebuli adre gamoqveynebuli ananuris taZris Sesaxeb arsebuli samecniero masala. STabeWdileba iseTia, TiTqos mis avtors erTi mizani amoZravebs _ ananuris taZris xuroTmoZRvrad vinme somexi grigori gamoacxados da popularizacia gauwios mas. aris ki ase? marTla somexi iyo ananuris taZris mSenebeli _ xuroTmoZRvari? gadavxedoT am taZris istorias da ise ganvsajoT. ananuris taZari aaSena barZim erisTavma. amas misi qtitoruli warwera gvamcnobs. masSi qarTvel xelosnebTan erTad monawileoba miuRia somex qvismTlelebs. amas adasturebs warwerebTan erTad qvismTlelTa niSnebi gumbaTis yelis perantis qvebze. es niSnebi marto gumbaTis yelzea gamoyenebuli. qarTuli aso (niSani) gamoyenebulia ocdaorjer, somxuri ki samjer. es Sefardeba naTlad cxadyofs xelosanTa erovnul suraTs. aq gasarkvevia es somexi xelosnebi adgilobrivebi iyvnen Tu somxeTidan Camosulebi. amis garkveva Znelia, magram erTi kia _ isini somxeTidan Camosulebi rom yofiliyvnen ananuris taZarSi specifikuri somxuri raRac iqneboda. aq SeiZleba davasaxeloT am periodis somxeTSi agebuli rogorc gumbaTovani, ise ugumbaTo Zeglebi _ `xor-virapi (1666 w.), muRani (1669 w.), SoRakaT (1694 w.), am Zeglebis arc saerTo gadawyveta, arc fasadebis morTuloba da arc CuqurTmis detalebi ar iZleva ananuris ZeglTan mcireodeni Sedarebis saSualebasac ki~ (akad. p. zaqaraia _ qarTuli centralurgumbaTovani arqiteqtura, gv. 800). akad. p. zaqaraiam mxatvrul-arqiteqturuli TvalsazrisiT Seudara ananuris taZars qarTuli sakulto nagebobani _ sveticxoveli, samTavisi, Tbilisis sioni, algeTis xeobaSi mdebare tbisis eklesia da sxv. xolo prof. Smerlincma am taZris morTulobaze dakvirvebis safuZvelze daaskvna, _ ananuris taZris wiboebis damuSavebis daaxloebiT aseTsave saxes vxvdebiT algeTis xeobaSi mdebare tbisis (1683 w.) eklesiazec. amave dros prof. r. Smerlinci ananurisa da `gigos saydris! (qarelis raioni, sof. yinwvisi) gamosxulebaTa SedarebaTa ganxilvisas aRniSnavs _ `maTi Sedareba oriveTa gamosaxulebaTa araTu ubralo stilistikuri erTianobaa, aramed srul igiveobas mowmobs. msgavseba orive kompozicias Soris didia da SeiZleba _ vigulisxmoT, rom misi (`gigos saydris~) reliefi Sesrulebulia oatatebis imave amqris mier, romelmac kveTil saxeebiT Seamko ananuris taZris kedlebi (XVII saukunis dekoratiuli Semoqmedebis nimuSi _ gigos saydari sof. yinwvisSi, saqarTvelos ssr mecn. akad. `moambe~, 1949 w., X, № 9, gv. 70, 564). motanili samecniero da faqtobrivi masalis analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba gamovitanoT daskvna _ ananuris taZari arc ariteqturuli da arc mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, arc Sinagani da arc garegnuli gaformebis msgavsebas ar amJRavnebs rogorc saerTod, ise kerZod gvianfeodalur xanaSi aRniSnul somxur eklesiebTan, radgan igi zustad jdeba qarTuli arqiteqturuli Zeglebis xsenebul ansamblSi. kidev SeiZleba analogiuri paralelebis motana, imis naTelsayofad, rom ananuris taZari aris wminda erovnuli qarTuli arqiteqturuli azrovnebis nayofi da originaluri sakulto Zegli. ananuris ansamblis mTavar taZars samxreT fasadis marcxena nawilSi vrceli warwera aqvs. es aris cxrastriqoniani mxedruli kargad Senaxuli qtitoruli warwera. am warweris mixedviT taZris mSenebeli yofila qaixosro baRasaraSvili: `... yovlad wmidao mariam, mSobelo evmanoelisao, romelman nebiTa, SewevniTa SeniTa xel hyo erisTavis Svilman mdivanbegman patronman barZim Tvisisa sasaflaosa amis ananurisa; mRTis mSoblisa safuZveliTurT Senebad, mravalca (sic) arian welni cxovrebisa misisani da me winamdgomeli Tvisi baRasaraSvili boqaulTuxeces qaixosrovma (sic) damadgina (sic) wmidasa amasa monastersa zedan sarqarada. uwyis RmerTamn, rac SeiZleba mqonoda dRiv da Ram mousveneblad vSromobdi (sic), ar vec Zili TvalTa CemTa vidremdis gansrulebdnen monastersa amas...~ aq erTi detalia saintereso. ,arZimi xazs usvams ananuris eklesias `safuZvliTurT~ agebs da ara romelime Zveli sakulto nagebobis gadakeTeba-aRdgenas eweva. akad. p. zaqaraia SeniSnavs _ `TavisTavad am warweraSi sarqaris ase vrclad moxsenieba eWvs badebs, baRasaraSvili mxolod zedamxedveli iyo Tu Semoqmedic~ (dasax. naSr. gv. 242). p. zaqaraias es safuZvliani varaudi qaixosro baRasaraSvili ananuris taZris mSeneblobis aramarto samuSaos zedamxedveli iyo, aramed misi Semoqmedi

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(xuroTmoZRvari) adre daafiqsira akad. v. beriZem da sruliad samarTlianad Seitana Tavis wignSi _ `Zveli qarTveli ostatebi~ (1967, gv. 37). es kia ase, magram sxvagvarad fiqrobs prof. p. muradiani (Sesabamisad g. ovsesianic), romelmac arc aciva da arc acxela da qaixosro baRasaraSvili gamoacxada marto ananuris mSeneblobis zedamxedvelad da mis xuroTmoZRvrad gamoCxrika vinme `grigori~. `grigorin~, romelic qarTulad ikiTxeba `grigors~. aq ar Cans vis gulisxmobda ostati. marTalia warwerisaTvis adgilia datovebuli, magram am rva asos garda sxva warwera aq ar aris. aqve vityvi ananuris aRmosavleT fasadze xuTi somxuri asoTi mocemulia eklesiis agebis TariRi. igi emTxveva samxreT fasadze qarTulad mocemul TariRs. ai, es `grigorin~ miaCnia prof. p. muradians ananuris xuroTmoZRvrad. mxolod imitom. rom igi amokveTilia samxreT fasadis ornamentirebuli jvris qveS (somxuri epigrafika saqarTveloSi. qarTli da kaxeTi, 1985, gv. 145). es mosazreba prof. p. muradianma kidev ufro mkveTrad gadmoca statiaSi _ mcire somxuri enciklopediaSi (t. I, 1990, gv. 188, somx. emaze). am eklesiis istoria SedarebiT obieqturad aris warmodgenili _ sabWoTa somxur enciklopediaSi (t. I, 1974, gv. 336. somx. enaze). rogorc vxedavT `grigors~ araviTari zedwodeba ar uZRvis da arc arasdros hqonia. maSin gamodis es aris SemTxveviTi minaweri vinme somexi xelosnisa. Tu marTlac iyo vinme xuroTmoZRvari ananuris taZrisa ar moerideboda Tavis Rvawlis aRniSvnas. am saqmeSi somexi xuroTmoZRvrebi gansxvavebiT Zveli qarTveli arqiteqtorebisa, romelnic vinaobas ar werdnen TavianT Semoqmedebis, ar gamoirCevian mokrZalebiT da utovebdnen TavianT saxels STamomavlobas. prof. p. muradiani grZnobs Tavis mosazrebis sisustes da cdilobs Seamagros aseTi argumenti _ TiTqos vanis tbis somxuri eklesiis axTamaris (XII s.) morTulobis gavleba igrZnobodes ananuris qarTuli eklesiis ornamentebSi. TiTqos grZnobda, amgvar pretenzias wamoayenebdnen somexi mecnierebi da akad. p. zaqaraiam winaswar gasca pasuxi akad p. muradians _ ànanuris Zegli mdidaria ornamentebiT. am xanSi sxva Zegli ara gvaqvs ananuris eklesiis sididisa da, rac mTavaria, ase mravalferovnad morTuli, magram TavisTavad ornamentTa marto simravle da mravalferovneba ar gansazRvravs mis xarisxs. ananuris ornamentaciis Sesrulebis manera swored gvianfeodaluri xanisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli~ (dasax. naSr., gv. 263). radgan prof. muradianma Sesabamisad ver warmoadgina sarwmuno faqtebi da argumentebi TavianTi mosazrebis dasamtkiceblad ananuris didi taZris xuroTmoZRvrad isev qaixosro baRasaraSvili rCeba da ara vinme somexi xelosani `grigorin~.

Bondo Arveladze Armenian Lapidar Inscriptions in Georgia Summary According to Georgian Building inscription the architect of the Ananuri Big Monastery was Kaichosro Bagasarashvili. P. Muradiani and G. Ovsesian confirm Grigoriani to be the architect. This Armenian inscription of an Armenian name "Grigoriani", which has no identity of person on this inscription, cannot be supported. So, the architect of Ananuri Big Monastery is still accepted to be Kaichosro Bagasarashvili.

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amagdarni

maia jaliaSvili sulis tkivili gamoTxoveba oTar CxeiZesTan èWvic amao yofila, ueWvelobaca, yvelaferi ro amao yofila. mainca sjobian: Sen Sensas ecado, sxvas ras gaawyob amaoebasTana!..~ oTar CxeiZe `TeTri daTvi~

2007 wlis 13 dekembris susxian dilas gardaicvala oTar CxeiZe. mwuxarebisa da glovis gamosaxatavad uZluria yovelgvari sityva da epiTeti. zeciur saqarTvelos SeuerTda misi Saravandmosili suli. oTar CxeiZisnair adamianebs eris ukvdav sulTan aigiveben. sikvdili maTTvis maradiuli sicocxlis dasawyisia. isini simboloebi xdebian _ simboloebi eris niWierebisa, sindisisa da ukvdavebisa! oTar CxeiZe sicocxleSive aRiares qarTuli literaturis klasikosad! masze verasodes vilaparakebT warsulSi, radgan man ukvdaveba sityviT moipova. is aris XX saukunis saqarTvelos piruTvneli mematiane. misi kalmis namoRvawaria ocze meti romani, moTxrobebi, dramebi, eseebi, Targmanebi, publicisturi werilebi. Tavisi mwerluri da sazogadoebrivi RvawliT is iyo ilia WavWavaZisa da mixeil javaxiSvilis memkvidre. upirvelesad swored am mwerlebs enaTesaveboda. man gaamdidra maTi realisturi meTodi, gaamravalferovna. oTar CxeiZe Tavisi stiliT sruliad calke dgas qarTul literaturaSi. misi mxatvruli ena gansxvavdeba imisgan, rac Zvelad Tu dRes iqmneboda da iqmneba. mis enaSi cocxlobs da sazrdoobs qarTuli suli. oTar CxeiZe eris moZRvaria. mis cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebaze aqamdec bevri dawerila da kvlavac daiwereba, radgan man daxata mTliani saqarTvelo, Tavisi warsuliT, awmyoTi da momavliT. am TvalsazrisiT, is vizioneri mweralia. gasaocaria misi azrovnebis siRrme, sizuste, sinaTle, eqspresiuloba da sicxovele. is iyo mTawmindelTa gzis gamgrZelebelic. misi aToni xan xmauriani Tbilisis bina iyo, xan ki mSvidi yelqceulis sagvareulo saxli. dRevandelobas misi kalami moakldeba.

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is fexdafex mihyveboda cxovrebas da epoqis ritmsa da sunTqvas mxatvrul sityvaSi Seudarebeli ostatobiT aRbeWdavda. misi romanebi _ `boriayi~, `tinis xidi~, `cxrawyaro~, `jebiri~, `burusi~, `cTomilni~, `meCeCi~, àRmarT-daRmarTi~, `kvernaqi~, `nakrZali~, `landebi~, `gamocxadebai~, `veneciuri WaRi~, `Cemi savane~, `mTagrexili~, àmaRleba~, àrtistuli gadatrialeba~, `TeTri daTvi~, `2001 weli~, `bermudis samkuTxedi~, `morCili~, `lazerSou~ _ amisi dasturia. mis SemoqmedebaSi ikiTxeba ara mxolod qarTveli eris, aramed kacobriobis warsuli da momavali. oTar CxeiZe dRes ukve miTia. bolo dros senisgan dauZlurebul mwerals Svilebi rom CasZiebian, mama, ra gawuxebs, ra gtkivao: suli mtkivao, suli! _ ase upasuxia. mis SemoqmedebaSic mTavari swored esaa: sulis tkivili. da mainc: igi bednieria RvTis gadasaxedidan, radgan: patiosnad ganvlo wuTisofeli. sityviTa da saqmiT emsaxura ufalsa da ers. `Rvawli keTili moiRvawa~. eris sulieri saganZuri gaamdidra Tavisi wignebiT. igi bednieria adamianuri gadasaxedidan: radgan SesaniSnavi Svilebi aRzarda: nato da rostom CxeiZeebi. da uamravi mkiTxveli, `mowafe~, romelTaTvis is iyo da iqneba `xati Rirsebisa~. ai, ras werdnen masze: zviad gamsaxurdia: `Cven jer sad viyaviT, roca oTar CxeiZe martodmarto Seeba ruseTis imperias~. geronti qiqoZe: ìs aris namdvili mxatvari da moazrovne publicisti~. guram asaTiani: òTar CxeiZe didi mxatvaria, namdvili ostati, moazrovne, Semoqmedi... `boriayis~ saxiT Cven winaa Tanamedrove qarTuli prozis namdvili mwerali~. aleqsandre manveliSvili (emigranti): `saqarTvelosac Tavisi pasternaki gamouCnda. es aris mwerali oTar CxeiZe~. akaki baqraZe: `roca mixeil javaxiSvili `dampatiJes~ werda, igi riskze midioda. rac Rirda es riski, misma cxovrebam aCvena, magram mwerluri patiosneba ukarnaxebda eTqva simarTle da mweralmac ukan ar daixia. oTar CxeiZemac icoda, ra Rirda `burusis~ simarTle, magram aqac patiosneba gansazRvravda mwerlis saqciels~. Tamaz bibiluri: `visac qarTuli mwerlobis gzisTvis Tvali gulisyuriT udevnebia, man ar SeiZlba ar icodes, ra rTul da Znel wlebSi SeZlo oTar CxeiZem uaRresad mZafri, ukompromiso da bolomde utyuari tiloebis Seqmna~. naira gelaSvili: `mxolod saqarTveloTi rom SemovifargloT da Tundac mxolod 37 wlis Semdgomi periodiT, roca, albaT, kidev ufro gaZnelda simarTlis Tqma, radgan ukve Tvalwin hqondaT, ra sasjeli SeiZleba Tavs dastexoda simarTlis trfials, marto didebuli mwerlis oTar CxeiZis dasaxelebac sakmarisi iqneboda. mwerlisa, romelsac arc Tvali dauxuWavs rameze da arc arafriT motyuebula~. tariel Wanturia: òTar CxeiZe wmindanis cxovrebiT cxovrobs, beriviT dayudebula Tavis yelqceulSi _ Tavis senakSi _ da aqvs kidevac ufleba, aswavlos Tavis xalxs, mouwodos, daanaxvos, urCios!~ òTar CxeiZis Semoqmedeba esaa uzarmazari panorama romelsac, sxvas rom yvelafers Tavi davaneboT, moculobis, masStabis TvalsazrisiT qarTul mwerlobaSi analogi ar gaaCnia~. koba imedaSvili: `SeeZlo oTar CxeiZes eTqva simarTle maSin (1953 wlidan moyolebuli) da dRes am simarTlis Tqma axalgazrda kacs uWirs~. giorgi gaCeCilaZe: `meoce saukunis sami udidesi qarTuli romani: mixeil javaxiSvilis `jayos xiznebi~, konstantine gamsaxurdias `mTvaris motaceba~ da oTar CxeiZis `boriayi~. ahmad Samlu: `CemTvis axla ukve naTelia, sabWoTa urCxuls Tavi rogor daaRwieT. Tqven xom oTar CxeiZis dari mwerali gyoliaT~. maka joxaZe: òTar CxeiZis prozaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki mis dialogebSi, sityvis meSveobiT araCveulebrivi siRrmiseuli ganzomilebebiT warmoCndeba raRac uaRresad Soreuli, tradiciuli da Zveli, Zveli, ara arqauli, samuzeumo eqsponatad qceuli, aramed rogorc marad moqmedi, marad cocxali, marad arsebuli~. givi alxaziSvili: òTar CxeiZem Seqmna vrceli panorama, mxatvrul-dokumenturi samyaro uaxlesi saqarTvelos istoriisa. igi Tanabradaa JamTaaRmwereli da mwerali. am ori Janris SerwymiT ki axali gza gakvala qarTul literaturaSi~. giorgi lobJaniZe: òTar CxeiZis proza msoflio masStabis movlenaa da msoflio masStabisaa imitom, rom upirvelesad Zalian qarTulia~. oTar CxeiZes mamxilebeli simarTlis gamo ar mohklebia xelisufalTa Tu `karis xelovanTa~ mxridan devna, ciliswameba da kritika, Tavis realur personaJTagan `lafis srola~, magram erTxel arCeul gzas mtkiced da Seuryevlad mihyveboda, misi ganzraxva wminda

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iyo da Tumca Zraxavdnen, is mainc saqarTvelos beds eZiebda. briyvebs ar ugdebda yurs da sjeroda kargi gulisa, romelic mis nawerebSi grZnobda did mamuliSvilur siyvaruls. Cveni sulis tkivilsac veraferi daayuCebs. mis wignebSi kvlav SevxvdebiT oTar CxeiZes, romelic Cveuli siyvaruliT Segvegebeba da qarTuli sityviT uxvad gvimaspinZlebs.

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axali wignebi

ilia WavWavaZe _ 170 saiubileo krebuli SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti, 2007 saiubileo krebulSi ìlia WavWavZe_170~ gaanalizebulia 21-e saukunis qarTuli saazrovno sivrcis damokidebuleba ilias pirovnebis mimarT. krebuli Sinaarsobrivad mravalferovnia da ilia WavWavZis mravalmxrivi moRvaweobis sxvadsxva aspeqts moicavs. aRsaniSnavia masSi warmodgenil avtorTa maRali profesionalizmi. krebulis didi Rirsebaa rCeuli anotirebuli bibliografia, sadac mocemulia ilia WavWavaZis Sesaxeb Seqmnili yvela mniSvnelovani monografia da gamokvleva. amiran arabuli, eTer TaTaraiZe `SendobiT momixsenieT~ gamomcemloba `bakmi~, 2007. saqarTveloSi kargaxania mimdinareobs epigrafikuli Zeglebis moZieba da kvalificiuri kvleva. miuxedavad amisa, arcTu ise didi aRmoCnda cnobil mecnierTa Tu xelovnebis aRiarebul muSakTa mier mikvleuli da aRnusxuli, mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT unikaluri saflavis qvebis raodenoba. am xarvezisa Tu sicarielis Sevsebis Zalze mokrZalebul cdad SeiZleba CaiTvalos winamdebare wigni, romelic aerTianebs 360 ferad fotosuraTs, daaxloebiT amdensave epitafias, narkvevebs saerTo saxelwodebiT `vin iyo qvaTa amaTa mkveTi~, nawyvetebsa da amonaridebs erovnuli mwerlobis 100-mde TvalsaCino nimuSidan, xalxuri poeziidan. yovelive es sruliad garkveul warmodgenas Seuqmnis mkiTxvels qarTuli memorialuri kulturis ZeglTa erovnul Taviseburebebze, maT istoriul-SemecnebiT mniSvnelobaze.

amiran arabuli samgloviaro poezia gamomcemloba `zekari~, 2006. monografiis mizania qarTuli xalxuri samgloviaro poeziis ZiriTadi sakiTxebisa da arsebiTi Taviseburebebis xazgasma, gansja da mecnieruli kvalifikacia. poeturi folkloris ukidegano samyaroSi sruliad saCino, gamorCeuli adgili ukavia xmiT natirlebs, mosagonrebsa da saflavis qvaTa lakoniur warwerebs anu epitafiebs. mwuxarebis xmasa da intonaciaze ametyvelebul zepirsityvier nimuSebSi saucxoo sicxdaiT cnaurdeba adamianis saamqveyno daniSnulebisa da sikvdil-sicocxlis xalxuri koncefciebi. avtori imedovnebs, rom sakiTxTa farTo speqtri, romelic winamdebare naSromSia warmoCenili, ueWvelad moeqceva naivuri folkloruli SemoqmedebiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelTa aqtiuri yuradRebis areSi.

zaza abzianiZe, qeTevan elaSvili `simboloTa ilustrirebuli enciklopedia~ tomi II, Tbilisi, gam-ba `bakmi~, 2007 w. pirveli gamocema. `simboloTa ilustrirebuli enciklopediis~ ortomeuli anbanuri principiTaa agebuli da, aqedan gamomdinare, meore tomSi ganTavsebulia masala `n-aridan~ _ `h-oemde~. rogorc Txrobis manera saenciklopedio statiebisa, aseve, uxvi sailustracio masala, zustad gasdevs pirveli tomis stilistur kalapots da vizualuri masalis SerCevis principebs. ukve TavisTavad is faqti, rom enciklopediis am tomSi Sesul 351 termins 328 ilustacia axlavs, mowmobs, rom gamocema am TvalsazrisiT ukve unikaluria. Txrobis eseistur manerasTan esoden mdidari sailustracio masalis Sexameba enciklopediis II tomSi analogiuria pirveli tomisa, romelic ukve aRiniSna `parnasis~ I xarisxis premiiT nominaciaSi _ `wlis saukeTeso wigni~.

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`Suqn sad ar mivlen mzisani~ jondo bardaveliZisadmi miZRvnili krebuli `meridiani~, 2007 w. wignSi Tavmoyrilia j. bardaveliZis mniSvnelovani samecniero werilebi, literaturuli narkvevebi, eseebi, bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi Jurnal-gazeTebSi gamoqveynebuli samecniero statiebi da memuarebi. ZiriTadi Tematika: folklori _ abesalom da eTeri, literaturuli qarTuli xalxuri leqsis forma, folkloruli Canawerebi, arsenas leqsi. aseve a. yazbegi, g. leoniZe, r, inaniSvili da a. S. wignSi Sesulia mogonebebi j. bardaveliZeze nodar tabiZis, devid hantis, eTer TaTaraiZis, rusudan ColoyaSvilis, irma yvelaSvilis, goCa kuWuxiZis da sxvaTa. wignis redaqtori da winasityvaobis avtori lia wereTeli.

misani qalebi da idumali niSnebi. crumorwmeneobis teqstebi saqarTvelodan, Sedgenili, Targmnili da komentirebuli elguja dadunaSvilisa da agnes kornis mier, raixertis gamomcemloba, visbadeni 2007 (germanul enaze). wigni warmodgens calkeul publikaciebsa da saarqivo masalebSi gabneuli tabus, niSnebisa da magiuri rCevebis sistematizaciis pirvel cdas. wignSi nimuSebi warmodgenilia saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxidan, rac saSualebas iZleva Tvali gavadevnoT qarTuli kulturis mravalferovnebas. wigns darTuli aqvs Sesavali werili, sadac ganxilulia tabus, niSnebisa da magiuri rCevebis Janruli Taviseburebebi da maTi adgili erTian kulturul konteqstSi.

elguja dadunaSvili qarTuli jadosnuri zRapris tipologia Snaideris gamomcemloba 2007 (germanul enaze). wignis mizania ganixilos qarTuli zRapris adgili evropisa da aziis kulturaTa mimarTebaSi da moaxdinos qarTuli zRaparTmcodneobis evropulTan integracia. wignSi gamoyenebuli kvantitaturi kvlevis meTodi eyrdnoba Sesaderebeli sidideebis reprezentulobas. aseTia teqstebis erToblioba, romelic SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc qarTuli xalxuri zRapruli repertuaris reprezentati. kvleva emyareba umetesad saarqivo Canawerebs, kvlevis Zlier instruments warmoadgens qarTuli folkloris monacemTa eleqtronuli baza. wigni originaluria im TvalsazrisiT, rom igi warmoadgens eleqtronuli da beWduri mediis sinTezis Sedegs.

zoia cxadaia XX saukunis qarTuli lirikis istoriidan gamomcemloba `merani~, Tb. 2006. zoia cxadaias samecniero eseebis krebulSi Sesuli naSromebi 2000-2005 wlebSi gamoqveynda sxvadasxva literaturul da samecniero Jurnal-gazeTebSi. maTSi 30-40-iani wlebis qarTuli lirika ganxilulia epoqiseuli recepciebis fonze, xolo qarTuli leqsis ganaxlebasTan dakavSirebiT msjeloba grZeldeba 70-80-iani wlebis lirikiT, verlibris damkvidrebiTa da misi roliT qarTuli leqsis versifikaciuli siaxliT. calkeuli werilebi eZRvneba XX saukunis sxvadasxva Taobis qarTvel lirikosebs. wigni gankuTvnilia specialistebisTvi, studentebisa da poeziis sakiTxebiT dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisTvis. soso sigua mxatvruli azrovneba: genezisi da struqtura gamomcemloba `mwerlis gazeTi~, Tb. 2007 soso siguas am wignSi warmodgenilia SemoqmedebiTi procesis sruli meqanika ganviTarebis kanonebisa da kanonzomierebebis aspeqtSi; avtoris msjeloba mimarTulia msoflio literaturis ontologiis warmoCenisken, romelSic qarTuli literaturis mxatvruli saxeebi da simbolika organulad aris CarTuli da misi defragmentaciis mcdelobas warmoadgens.

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saSviliSilo mokavSire — dimitri yifiani, masalebi XIX saukunis qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris istoriisaTvis redaqtori rostom CxeiZe, mxatvari karlo faCulia. gamomcemloba `zekari~, Tb. 2007. krebuli dabeWdilia aleqsandre orbelianis sazogadoebis egidiT, sadac Tavmoyrilia memuaruli xasiaTis teqstebi rogorc dimitri yifianis cxovreba-moRvaweobis, aseve XIX saukunis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Zireuli movlenebis Sesaxeb, romelSic dimitri yifiani iRebda aqtiur monawileobas. wigni samtomeuli krebulis II tomia, romelic Seadgina, rusuli teqstebi Targmna, gamosacemad moamzada, winasityva, bibliografiuli SeniSvnebi, komentarebi da saZieblebi daurTo Tamaz jologuam.

rostom CxeiZe burji erovnebisa aleqsandre orbelianis sazogadoeba, 2007. iakob gogebaSvilis cxovrebis yaida TvalnaTlivi da saukeTeso nimuSia, Tu rogor SeiZleba erTma pirovnebam orTabrZolaSi gamoiwvios imperia da es uTanasworo Serkineba saswaulebrivi gamarjvebiT daasrulos. qarTuli skolis Seqmna ukiduresad mkacri da mizandasaxuli rusifikatoruli reJimis pirobebSi sxva araferia, Tu ara heroikuli Rvawli, saswaulebrivi elviT gasxivosnebuli. es yovelive xelisgulze Zevs rostom CxeiZis axal biografiul romanSi, romelSic literaturuli, istoriuli da fsiqologiuri siRrmiTaa gadaxsnili `deda enis~ Semoqmedis pirovnuli xasiaTic, cxovrebis Sinagani dramatizmica da epoqis sulic. etiudebi kulturaTa mijnaze krebulis redaqtori prof. mariam filina gamomcemloba ùniversali~, Tb. 2007. krebuli dabeWdilia Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis, saqarTvelos polonelTa kulturul-saganmanaTleblo kavSiris - `polonia~ da saqarTveloSi poloneTis respublikis saelCos egidiT, raSic Sesulia literatorebis, istorikosebis, eTnografebisa da xelovnebaTmcodneebis statiebi. maTi ZiriTadi nawili eZRvneba polonur-qarTul samecniero kontaqtebs, agreTve, rusul-qarTul urTierTobebsac. tomSi Sevida ori saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis masalebis nawili, romlebic Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi Catarda 2005 wels (ètiudebi kulturaTa mijnaze~ da à. mickeviCis xsovnis aRsaniSnavad~)

Tomas a. Smitci Tanamedrove literaturis Teoria da antikuri teqstebi Moderne Literaturtheorie und Antike Texte Eine Einführung (Hardcover) by Thomas A. Schmitz (Author). rogor aris gadmocemuli klasikur literaturul teqstebSi Txzulebis dedaazri? vin axdens mis interpretacias? rogor ukavSirdeba teqstis mTavari saTqmeli istoriul, socialur, politikur Tu pirovnul problemebs? _ Tomas Smitcis wigni megzurobas gauwevs am sakiTxebiT dainteresebul studentebsa da mecnierebs. avtori cdilobs, Tanamedrove msoflio literaturaTmcodneobis kuTxiT gaaSuqos erTi SexedviT iseTi tradiciuli sakiTxebi, rogoricaa rusuli formalizmi, struqturalizmi, genderuli problemebi, dekonstruqtivizmi, axali istorizmi, magaliTebi ki moxmobilia klasikuri teqstebidan. wigni aRWurvilia vrceli bibliografiiTa da indeqsebiT.

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SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutis samecniero publikaciebis stili 1.

literaturis institutis periodul gamocemebSi ibeWdeba naSromebi, romlebic moicavs Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneobisaTvis aqtualur Temebsa da problemebs, mniSvnelovan gamokvlevaTa jer gamouqveynebel Sedegebs. 2. naSromi warmodgenili unda iyos or calad (eleqtronuli versiiT, disketze _ floppy A:) da Tan axldes: Tavfurceli, romelSic miTiTebuli iqneba avtoris saxeli, gvari, statusi da sakontaqto koordinatebi; anotacia qarTul da inglisur enaze (1 nabeWdi gverdi). 3. damowmebani (damowmebuli literaturis nusxa) statias unda erTvodes boloSi. 4. naSromi moculobiT unda iyos kompiuterze nabeWdi ara umetes TxuTmeti da aranakleb xuTi gverdisa. 5. naSromi dabeWdili da gaformebuli unda iyos A4 formatis TeTr qaRaldze Semdegnairad: a) naSromis saTauri (iwereba SuaSi); b) naSromis teqsti; g) damowmebani (damowmebuli literaturis nusxa); d) anotacia; e) oTxive mxriv datovebuli mindori 25 mm; v) nabeWdi teqstis Srifti — Lit.Nusx 11, intervali _ 1; 6. JurnalSi miRebulia evropuli standartebis Sesabamisad SemuSavebuli citirebisa da miTiTebis wesi `literaturis institutis stili~ (list). misi moTxovnebia: a) motanili citata ZiriTadi teqstisgan gamoiyofa brWyalebiT (` ~). citirebis dasasruls, mrgval frCxilebSi, daismis indeqsi, romelSic aRniSnulia citirebuli teqstis avtoris gvari, teqstis gamoqveynebis weli, Semdeg _ orwertili da gverdi. magaliTad: (abaSiZe 1970:25). (ix. danarTSi warmodgenili nimuSi). b) saleqso strofis (da ara striqonis) citirebis SemTxvevaSi, motanili citata gamoiyofa teqstisagan da citatis fontis (Sriftis) zoma mcirdeba erTi intervaliT (mag.: Tu teqstis fontis zomaa Lit.Nusx 11, maSin citatis zoma iqneba Lit.Nusx 10). g) me-6 punqtis moTxovna ar exeba rubrikebs `gamoxmaureba, recenzia~ da àxali wignebi~, sadac Sriftis zomebia: ZiriTadi teqsti _ Lit.Nusx 10, ganmarteba-SeniSvnebi (sqolioSi CataniT) _ Lit.Nusx 9. 7. damowmebani (damowmebuli literaturis nusxa) unda dalagdes indeqsis mixedviT, anbanuri rigiT da daibeWdos garkveuli wesiT (dawvrilebiT ix. danarTis cxrili). 8. a) statiis avtoris vrceli ganmartebani inomreba da inacvlebs teqstis bolos anotaciis win; b) statiis avtoris mcire SeniSvnebi aRiniSneba varskvlaviT da Caitaneba gverdis bolos, sqolioSi. 9. avtori pasuxismgebelia dasabeWdad warmodgenili naSromis literaturul stilsa da marTlweraze. 10. Semosuli statia sarecenziod gadaecema anonimur eqsperts. 11. Semosuli masalebis ganxilvis Semdeg, damatebiTi miTiTebebisaTvis, redaqcia daukavSirdeba dasabeWdad SerCeul naSromTa avtorebs. 12. avtors, gansazRvruli vadiT (ara umetes sami dRisa), koreqturisaTvis eZleva ukve dakabadonebuli naSromi. Tu dadgenil vadaSi statia ar iqneba dabrunebuli, redaqcia uflebas itovebs SeaCeros igi an dabeWdos avtoris vizis gareSe.

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citirebis, miTiTebisa da bibliografiis formis nimuSi nimuSi: Jenetis amocanaa prustis mxatvruli maneris TaviseburebaTa gamokvleva da imis dasabuTeba, rom `metafora da metonimia SeuTavsebeli antagonistebi rodi arian. isini ganamtkiceben da msWvalaven urTierTs, meore maTganis jerovani Sefaseba sulac ar niSnavs metonimiaTa erTgvari nusxis (romelic konkurencias gauwevs metaforaTa nusxas) Sedgenas, aramed — imis gamovlenas, Tu rogor monawileoben da funqcionireben analogiis mimarTebaTa farglebSi `Tanaarsebobis” mimarTebebi. amgvarad, unda gamoaSkaravdes metonimiis roli metaforaSi~ (Jeneti 1998: 37). ratom SearCia Jenetma analizis sagnad swored prustis Semoqmedeba? imitom, aRniSnavs mecnieri, rom TviT prustis esTetikur TeoriaSi, iseve, rogorc praqtikaSi, metaforul (analogiaze damyarebul) mimarTebebs Zalze arsebiTi roli ganekuTvneba, imdenad arsebiTi, rom maTi mniSvneloba da roli, sxva semantikur mimarTebebTan SedarebiT, Zalze gazviadebulia.

cxrili damowmebuli literaturis nusxis (damowmebanis) forma indeqsis mixedviT Bibliography Form

monacemis tipi wigni, erTi avtori Book, one authors

abaSiZe 1970: abaSiZe k. etiudebi XIX s.-is qarTuli literaturis Sesaxeb. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1970. vaisi 1962:

Weiss, Daniel A. Oedipus in Nottingham: D.H. Lawrence. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1962.

wigni, kekeliZe ... 1975: kekeliZe k., baramiZe a. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tbilisi: ori, an meti avtori gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1975. naTaZe ... 1994: naTaZe k., petriaSvili v., nakaSiZe b. qarTul-rusuli literaturuli urTierTobis istoriidan. quTaisi: gamomcemloba `ganTiadi~, 1994. Book, two authors

hiutoni ... 1959: Houghton, Walter E., and G. Robert Strange. Victorian Poetry and Poetics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959.

yovelTviuri Jurnalis an sxva tipis perioduli gamocemis statia

aleqsiZe 1992: aleqsiZe z. `qarTvel ebraelTa~ saRmrTo misia saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis TvalTaxedviT. J. iveria. qarTul-evropuli institutis Jurnali, 1, 1992.

Article in a journal or magazine published monthly

someri 1988: Sommer, Robert. The Personality of Vegetables: Botanical Metaphors for Human Characteristics. Journal of Personality 56, no. 4 (December) 1988.

wigni, avtoris gareSe Book, no author given

sabiblioTeko ... 1989: sabiblioTeko saqmis organizacia da marTva. baTumi: gamomcemloba àWara~, 1989.

cxovrebis ... 1976: New Life Options: The Working Women's Resource Book. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976.

dawesebuleba, asociacia da misTanani, avtoris poziciiT Institution, association, or the like, as "author"

amerikis ... 1995: amerikis biblioTekaTa asociacia. organizaciis saxelmZRvanelo cnobari da 1995/1996 wlis wevrTa cnobari. Cikago: amerikis biblioTekaTa asociacia, 1995. amerikis ... 1995: American Library Association. ALA Handbook of Organization and 1995/1996 Membership Directory. Chicago: American Library Association, 1995.

176

redaqtori, an kompilatori, avtoris poziciiT

duduCava 1975: duduCava m. (redaqtori). literaturis Teoriis mcire leqsikoni. Tb.: gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, 1975.

Editor or compiler as "author"

hendersoni 1950: Henderson, J.N.D. (editor). The World's Religions. London: Inter-Varsity Fellowship, 1950.

eleqtronuli dokumenti internetidan Electronic document: From Internet

mitCeli 1995: mitCeli, uiliam j. bitebis qalaqi: sivrce, adgili da sainformacio nakadi [on-lain wigni] (kembriji: gamomc.: MIT Press, 1995, ganTavsebulia 29 seqtembridan, 1995); mis.: http://www-mitpress.mit.edu:80/ City_of_Bits/Pulling_Glass/ index.html; Internet. mitCeli 1995: Mitchell, William J. City of Bits: Space, Place, and the Infobahn [book on- line]. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995, accessed 29 September 1995; available from http://www-mitpress. mit.edu:80/City_of_Bits/Pulling_Glass/ index.html; Internet.

enciklopedia, leqsikoni Encyclopedia, Dictionary

vebsteri 1961: vebsteris axali sauniversiteto leqsikoni. springfildi: MA: G. и C. Merriam, 1961 vebsteri 1961: Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary. Springfield: MA: G. & C. Merriam, 1961.

interviu (gamouqveynebeli) saavtoro xelnaweri

morganisi 1996: morganisi, nensi d. interviu avtorTan, 16 ivlisi 1996, fol riviera, masaCusetsi, Canaweri

Interview (unpublished) by writer of paper

morganisi 1996: Morganis, Nancy D. Interview by author, 16 July 1996, Fall River, MA. Tape recording.

sagazeTo statia

niu iork taimsi 1990: `mariotis korporaciis profili~, gaz. niu iork taimsi, 21 ianvari 1990, Can. III, gv. 5.

Newspaper article

niu iork taimsi 1990: "Profile of Marriott Corp." New York Times, 21 January 1990, sec. III, p. 5.

yovelkvireuli Jurnalis statia

naiTi 1990: naiTi r. poloneTis Sinaomebi. J. aSS-is siaxleni da msoflios cnobebi, 10-17 seqtemberi, 1990.

Article in a magazine publis hed weekly (or of general interest)

naiTi 1990: Knight R. Poland's Feud in the Family. U.S. News and World Report, 10-17 September, 1990.

Tezisebi, an sadisertacio naSromis daskvnebi (debulebebi) Thesis or dissertation

filipsi 1962: filipsi, o. ovidiusis zegavlena lucianis zepur sazogadoebaze. sadoqtoro disertacia, Cikagos universiteti, 1962.

filipsi 1962: Phillips, O. The Influence of Ovid on Lucan's Bellum Civile. Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1962.

*erTsa da imave wels gamocemuli ramdenime naSromi (calke an TanaavtorobiT) an erTi da igive naSromi (gagrZelebebiT) ramdenime nomerSi mieTiTeba anbanuri rigiT. magaliTad: (abaSiZe 1987a: 21), (abaSiZe 1987b: 87).

177

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