qarTuli ena da erovnuli umciresoba

avTandil sonRulaSvili

qarTuli ena da erovnuli umciresoba

gamomcemloba ùniversali~ Tbilisi 2012

UDC(uak)811.353.1.323.15(47922) s_677 naSromSi axali saarqivo dokumenturi wyaroebisa da mdidari samecniero literaturis gaTvaliswinebiT, Seswavlilia qarTuli enis roli da adgili sazogadoebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze. naCvenebia qarTuli enis mniSvneloba erovnuli TviTSegnebis formirebaSi. warmoCenilia Sida da gareSe mtrebis brZola qarTuli enis winaaRmdeg. calke adgili eTmoba saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi erovnuli umciresobis damokidebulebas qarTuli enisadmi. naSromi gaTvalisiwnebulia mkiTxvelTa farTo sazogadoebisaTvis.

redaqtori:

recenzentebi:

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori zurab gamezardaSvili istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori igor kveselava istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori murman papaSvili

© a. sonRulaSvili, 2012 gamomcemloba ùniversali~, 2012 Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]

ISBN 978-9941-17-515-2

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w i n a T q m a yvelaze didi saocreba, rac kacobriobas Seuqmnia Tavisi arsebobis manZilze aris ena. ena is fenomenia, romelmac adamiani gamoyo cxovelTa samyarosagan da amiT dasabami misca msoflios dRevandel saxes Tavisi sulieri da materialuri kulturis grandiozuli ganviTarebiT. enam Seqmna adamiani, rogorc gonieri moazrovne arseba. ,,arc miwisqveS mfrinavi stiqionebi, arc varskvlaveTis etli me ise ar maocebs, rogorc enis fenomeni. romelma zenarulma Seqmna ena, ukeT rom vTqvaT, msoflios enebi? eniT wvdeba adamianis goneba yovelives samyura balaxidan dawyebuls vidre varskvlavebis legionebamdis~ – werda enis fenomenis arsiTa da genezisiT gaocebuli konstantine gamsaxurdia. magram Tu enam Seqmna adamiani, rogorc gonieri arseba da sazogadoebis wevri, meore mxriv adamianma, adamianTa sazogadoebam Seqmna ena, adamianTa koleqtivis gareSe ena verc warmoiqmneboda da verc iarsebebda. amdenad, enis arseboba gulisxmobs sazogadoebas, sazogadoebisa – ki enas. es ori fenomeni dialeqtikur erTianobaSi gvevlineba. [1, 6]. ,,deda-ena garegnobiT rodia adamianis arsebasTan SekavSirebuli, igi rodi hgavs tanisamossa, romlis gamocvla advilad da uvneblad SeiZleba. mas aqvs Rrmad gamdgari fesvebi adamianis tvinSi, nervebSi, xmis organoebSi, Zvalsa da rbilSi, mTels mis bunebaSi; igi aris uZvir

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fasesi iaraRi, romelic bunebas zed gamouWria adamianis sulsa da xorczed, mis fsiqologiurs agebulebazed~ [2, 207-208] – aRniSnavda didi qarTveli pedagogi iakob gogebaSvili. enis Seqmnis procesi aracnobieria, mravali Taobis fiqrisa da tanjvis anarekli, saukuneTa wiaRSi danTqmuli, iseve aracnobieri, rogorc bavSvis mier mSobliuri enis aTviseba. metyvelebis unari geneturad aris mocemuli, magram ara konkretuli enisa. igi iseve Sedis genebSi, rogorc SiSis an siamovnebis grZnoba, feris an gemos SegrZneba, rac cxadyofs, rom ena Zalian didi xnis win Camoyalibda, mravali aTaswleulis miRma [3, 57]. enis saidumloebis axsnis Sesaxeb azri adamianebs uZvelesi droidanve aReZraT. eZebdnen pasuxs enis warmoSobis sakiTxze, msjelobdnen saganTa saxeldebis principebze. am mimarTulebiT fiqrma Seqmna Zveli ebrauli miTebi enis warmoSobis Sesaxeb. Semdeg am miTebma erTiani Camoyalibebuli saxe miiRo bibliaSi, sadac ori gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisia warmodgenili: pirveli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT ,,RmerTma uwoda naTelsa dRe da bnelsa uwoda Rame~ e.i. ise rogorc mTeli samyaro, enac RmerTma Seqmna, RmerTia yovlis Semoqmedi da maT Soris enisac. xolo meore Tvalsazrisis mixedviT ki adamiania enis pirveli Semoqmedi, adamianis winaparma adamma uwoda sinamdvilis sagnebs saxelebi. roca bibliis avtorebi enis warmoSobaze werdnen, ra Tqma unda, mxedvelobaSi hqondaT 4

ebrauli, magram maT aseve mxedvelobidan ar gamorCeniaT sxva enebic. bibliaSi mravalenianoba asea axsnili: warRvnis Semdeg adamianebma Caidines saZageli argagonili saqme. maT gadawyvites iseTi simaRlis koSki aegoT, romelic cas miswvdeboda, raTa RmerTTan asuliyvnen. RmerTi amas rogor dauSvebda da miiRo gadamwyveti zomebi: man auria momuSave adamianebs enebi, ramac sruli gaugebroba gamoiwvia mSeneblebSi da bolos CaSala maTi wamowyeba. ase warmoiSva sxvadasxva enebi bibliis mixedviT. ra Tqma unda, enis Tu enaTa warmoSobis amgvar miTologiur axsnas araferi aqvs saerTo mecnierebasTan, magram aq mTavari problemis axsna ki ar aris, aramed dasma. amitom bibliuri legendebi enis Tu enaTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb, miuxedavad maTi aSkara miTologiuri arsisa, garkveul yuradRebas imsaxurebs da lingvistur moZRvrebaTa istoriaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia [1, 13-14]. enaSi daleqilia xalxis koleqtiuri gamocdileba. igi nacionaluri msoflxedvis gamoxatulebaa. erovnul mimarTebaTa ufaqizesi gama, ukidegano samyaros damtevia. is, rac eniT ar gamoTqmula, adamianuri cnobierebisaTvis ararsebulia an dakarguli, maradi wyvdiadiT moculi. ena aris samyaros cnobierebaSi arsebobis forma. ,,enobrivi sazrisi~ ukavSirdeba ,,eris sazriss~, radgan nacionalobis umTavresi niSani enaa da amitom aris sityvis Semoqmedi

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yvelaze Rrmad SeWrili Tavisi xalxis fsiqikisa da yofis labirinTebSi [3, 48]. eTnikur-erovnuli tradiciebi da m S o b l i u r i e n a mTlianobaSi Seadgenen erovnuli kulturis ZiriTad nawils, romelic gansazRvravs ama Tu im xalxis nacionalur iersaxes, mis erovnul fizionomias. am mTavari elementebis Sesusteba, damcireba nolze dayvana iwvevs eris mospobas [4, 7]. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom cnobili mecnieri v. h u m b o l d t i enis mniSvnelobas eris ganmartebas ukavSirebda. misi azriT ,,eris cneba unda daemyaros~ enas. ,,eris~ (xalxis) enobrivad gansazRvris principul SesaZleblobas avtori ase asabuTebs: ,,ramdenadac enis ganviTarebiT aris Sepirobebuli adamianebSi adamianuri bunebis ganviTareba, amdenad uSualod TviTon enidan unda iqnes miRebuli cneba e r i s a, r o g o r c g a r k v e u l i azriT, enis Semqmnel adamianTa jgufebisa~. h. S t a i n T a l i ase ganmartavs am adgils: ,,ramdenadac enam aqcia adamiani adamianad, amdenad eri miCneul unda iqnas im arsebaTa jgufad, romlebic adamianebad iqcnen erTsa da imave enobriv garemoSi, ramdenadac adamianTa ganviTareba arsebiTad da aucileblobiT mudam eniT iyo Sepirobebuli, amdenad eri SemdgomSi ukve gvevlineba iseT adamianTa erTianobad, romelTa sulieri ganviTareba mimdinareobs erTsa da imave enobriv garemoSi~. aqve unda aRiniS6

nos, rom cnebebi ,,xalxi~ da ,,eri~ humboldtis dros ar iyo erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli [5, 39]. enac warmoiSoba, viTardeba da zogjer ,,kvdeba~ kidec, magram es ar aris biologiuri sikvdili, es aris ,,sikvdili~, romelic socialur-ekonomikur xasiaTs atarebs. enis ,,sikvdili~ aris misi xmarebidan gasvla. es ki xdeba maSin, roca saTanado enobrivi koleqtivi, garkveuli socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebis gamo, Tavis mSobliur enas iviwyebs da gadadis sxva enaze [1, 122].

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S e s a v a l i adamiani sazogadoebrivi arsebaa. igi urTierTobaSia sxva adamianebTan. maT Soris myardeba kontaqti, romlis mizania urTierTgagebis miRweva. mas uwodeben komunikacias. es aris procesi, romlis Sedegad adamianebi erTmaneTs agebineben azrebis urTierT gadacemisa da gaziarebis meSveobiT. komunikacia urTierTobis iseTi saxea, rodesac adamianebi urTierTgagebas aRweven cnobierebis meSveobiT. igi aris adamianebis erTmaneTTan cnobieri urTierToba, e.i. azrebis Setyobineba da gagebineba. misi safuZvelia ena [6, 136]. ena yoveli xalxis nacionaluri kulturis yvelaze ufro TavisTavadi da ganuyofeli elementia. adamiani, xalxi Tavisi nacionaluri TviTmyofobisa da Semecnebis ideebs yvelaze ufro srulad Tavisi sakuTari enisa da, maSasadame, literaturis meSveobiT gamoTqvams. jer kidev e. s e p i r m a da b. u o r f i m naTelyves, rom adamianTa azrovneba, msoflmxedveloba da yofaqceva umniSvnelovanesi zomiT pirobadebulia, gansazRvrulia, TaviseburebebiT im enisa, romelzedac isini laparakoben da romelic TviT maTi erToblivi cxovrebis nayofia [7, 23]. ena arc metyvelebaa da arc damwerloba. pirveli misi gamoTqmis, xolo meore – Caweris saSualebaa. maT Soris arsebiTi gansxvavebaa. metyveleba da ena erTdroulad warmoiSva. adamiani metyvelebs garkveul enaze. magaliTad, 8

qarTveli metyvelebs qarTul enaze. rodesac daibada pirveli qarTveli, masTan erTad gaCnda qarTuli metyvelebac da enac. rac Seexeba damwerlobas, igi Cndeba mogvianebiT, civilizaciis ganviTarebis garkveul etapze. damwerlobis Seqmna kacobriobis udidesi aRmoCenaa, ramac gadamwyveti gavlena moaxdina kulturis ganviTarebaze. maSasadame, metyveleba da mwerloba enis materialuri realizaciaa [6, 137]. msoflioSi 5500-mde enaa. Wirs zusti raodenobis dasaxeleba, radgan bevri ena araa saTanadod Seswavlili da Zneli saTqmelia, damoukidebeli enaa is Tu dialeqti. zogjer enaTa dayofas politikuri an religiuri safuZveli aqvs da ara lingvisturi. magaliTad, Zalian hgavs erTmaneTs Cexuri da slovakuri, rusuli da belorusuli, serbiuli da xorvatuli, magram maT miiCneven ara dialeqtebad, aramed enebad [8, 13]. ernest gelneri SeniSnavs, rom dedamiwaze arsebobs 8000-ze meti ,,bunebrivi~ ena, maT Soris 700 mTavari, eri ki 200-ze naklebi. bevri ufro Zveli erovnuli saxelmwifo, romelSic ori an meti enobrivi jgufi erTiandeba, rogorc, vTqvaT, espaneTi Tavisi baskuri umciresobiT, dRes zewolas ganicdis, raTa yoveli calkeuli jgufis meoba aRiaros [9, 278]. msoflioSi 200-ze meti qveyanaa da aqedan 100-ze mets saxelmwifo enad ara mSobliuri, aborigenuli, aramed ucxo qveynis ena aqvs Tavsmoxveuli. magaliTad, inglisuri ena, garda sakuTriv inglisisa, saxelmwifo enis statusiT

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kidev msoflios erT mesamedze – 68 qveyanaSia dakanonebuli, maT Soris 12 qveyanaSi – adgilobriv xalxTa enebTan erTad. inglisuri ena erTaderT saxelmwifo enad dakanonebulia afrikis iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa: tanzania, zimbabve, Uuganda, Lliberia, zambia, mavrikia, botsvana, nigeriis federaciuli respublika da bevri sxva. CamoTvlili qveynebidan gamorCeulia nigeria, romelic Tavisi mravalricxovani mosaxleobiT – 135 milion 560 aTasi – pirvel adgilzea afrikaSi. nigeriaSi ramdenime eTnikuri jgufis mosaxleobaa, romelTagan mravalricxovnebiT gamoirCevian h a u s a (26 milioni), i o r u b a (21 milioni) da i g b o (17 milioni). miuxedavad aseTi didi ricxovnebisa, nigeriis am xalxTa enebma ver moipoves saxelmwifo enebis statusi. Zneli saTqmelia, miaRweven Tu ara nigeriis aRniSnuli eTnikuri jgufebi, rom axlo momavalSi TavianTi enebi TavianTi qveynebis saxelmwifo enebad aqcion. afrikaSi gamonaklisi mxolod samxreT afrikis respublikaa. xangrZlivi brZolis Sedegad inglisis am yofil koloniaSi, romelsac saTaveSi cnobili patrioti nelson mandela edga, xalxma gadaagdo ingliselebisagan Tavsmoxveuli aparteidis reJimi da damoukideblobas miaRwia. Tu adre am qveyanaSi saxelmwifo enad mxolod inglisuri iTvleboda, dRes inglisuris Tanabrad saxelmwifo enis aRiareba kidev 12 eTnikuri jgufis mravalmilionianma adgi10

lobrivma mosaxleobamac moipova; esenia: sesoto, kosa, zuli, leboa, siskati da sxvebi. aziis qveynebidan inglisuri ena saxelmwifo enad dakanonebulia singapurSi, bruneiSi da indoeTSi hindi enasTan erTad. amerikis kontinentze inglisur enas gabatonebuli saxelmwifo enis statusi miniWebuli aqvs: aSS-Si, kanadaSi, iamaikaSi, grenadaSi, belizSi, dominikis respublikaSi, bagamisa da bermudis kunZulovan saxelmwifoebSi da sxv. avstralia-okeaneTis 17 saxelmwifos samuSao enad aseve inglisuria dakanonebuli. kerZod: avstraliaSi, axal zelandiaSi, papua – axal gvineaSi, mikroneziaSi, fijis respublikaSi da sxv. evropis qveynebidan inglisuri ena saxelmwifo enad aRiarebulia irlandiaSi, gibraltarSi, maltaSi da ra Tqma unda did britaneTSi. inglisuri enis Semdeg saxelmwifo enis rangSi ricxovnebiT meore adgilze franguli enaa, ZiriTadad, safrangeTis yofil koloniebSi, romlebic dRes damoukidebeli qveynebia; kerZod: senegali, Cadi, ruanda, mali, nigeri, madagaskari, mavritania, kot-diuari (yofili spilos Zvlis napiri), kongos demokratiuli respublika da sxv. mTel rig qveynebSi, magaliTad, kanadaSi, kamerunSi da sxv. – franguli saxelmwifo enad inglisur enasTan erTadaaa dakanonebuli. evropis iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa monako, luqsemburgi, Sveicaria da belgia franguli ena sa

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xelmwifo enad iTvleba sxva enebis Tanabrad. sul safrangeTis CaTvliT, franguli ena saxelmwifo enis saxiT msoflios 30 qveyanaSi muSaobs. mesame adgils saxelmwifo enis ricxovnobiT arabuli ena ikavebs, romelic saxelmwifo enis statusiT azia-afrikis 23 qveyanaSi muSaobs. kerZod: alJirSi, marokoSi, tunisSi, libiaSi, egvipteSi, iordaniaSi, saudis arabeTSi da sxv. aziaafrikis xuT qveyanaSi – israelSi, CadSi, eritreaSi, somalsa da jibutSi arabuli ena saxelmwifo enis rolSi sxva enebTan erTad gamodis. meoTxe adgilze espanuri enaa, romelic saxelmwifo enis saxiT msoflios 23 qveyanaSi muSaobs: evropaSi – sakuTriv espaneTSi, afrikaSi – ekvatoriul gvineaSi. yvela danarCeni qveyana amerikis kontinetzea (meqsika, gvatemala, venesuela, panama, kuba, ekvadori, paragvai, urugvai, bolivia, kolumbia, Cile, argentina da sxv). portugaliuri da germanuli enebi saxelmwifo enaTa saxiT 7 qveyanaSi gamoiyeneba, upiratesad – sxva saxelmwifo enaTa gverdiT. aseve, sxva saxelmwifo enebTan erTad. zemoT CamoTvlili saxelmwifo enebidan dRes yvelaze metad mxolod inglisuri mZlavrobs, rac pirvel rigSi, inglisurenovani zesaxelmwifos – aSS-is msoflio politikaze didi gavleniT aixsneba [10, 25]. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom msoflioSi ama Tu im enaze molaparakeTa raodenobis mixedviT Cinuris Semdeg meore adgilzea inglisuri, ro12

melic 322 milioni adamianisaTvis aris mSobliuri ena (amaTgan mxolod 55 milioni adamiani cxovrobs did britaneTSi). inglisurs, rogorc meore mSobliur enas, 400 milioni adamiani iyenebs, xolo rogorc ucxo enas – 800 milioni. msoflios mraval qveyanaSi seriozulad arian SeSfoTebuli isglisuri enis masobrivi SemoWris gamo, rasac uwodes ,,mondializacia’’ – gamsofliureba; lingvistebi Tu politikuri moRvaweebi wuxan, rom bevr enaSi saocrad momravlda inglisuri sityvebi [8, 25]. frangebi uaRresad pativs scemen TavianT qveyanas, kulturas, istorias, enas. amitom molaparakebas umetesad erovnul enaze warmarTaven. saqmian urTierTobaSi inglisurad an germanulad saubars da mimoweras erovnuli Rirsebis Selaxvad aRiqvamen [11, 247]. safrangeTis senatis wamyvani specialisti benediqt ruJe erT-erT werilSi saubrobda franguli enis dacvis politikaze. aRsaniSnavia, rom yoveli wlis 20 marts 50-mde frankofonur saxelmwifoSi aRiniSneba frankofoniis msoflio dRe. ewyoba franguli enis kvireuli (SveicariaSi, kvebeksa da belgiaSic), cdiloben moqalaqeTa yuradrebis mipyrobas (e.w. sensibilizacias) franguli enisadmi. ,,TiToeul frangs unda davanaxoT~ mravali waxnagi franguli enisa: is, rom franguli ena warmoadgens pirovnulsa da koleqtiur kapitals. maT unda gaacnobieron franguli enis roli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis CamoyalibebaSi, misi saerTaSoriso

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mniSvneloba, raTa yvelasTvis misaRebi gaxdes franguli enis sicocxlisa da prestiJis mniSvneloba. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom paralelurad zrunaven regionaluri enebis ganviTarebaze (bretonuli, katalonuri, korsikuli, baskuri, oqsitanuri, kreoluri). marTlac, samagaliToa safrangeTisa da frangebis damokidebuleba mSobliuri enisadmi [8, 33] da es maSin, rodesac maTi ena isedac daculia radgan msoflio enad aris aRiarebuli. an kidev aviRoT espanuri. 1997 wlis 7 aprils meqsikis qalaq sakatekaSi gaimarTa espanuri enis saerTaSoriso kongresi [12, 182]. servantesis institutis monacemebis Tanaxnad, dResdReobiT espanurs laparakobs 400 milionze meti adamiani da am mxriv espaneTs meoTxe adgili uWiravs Cinuris, inglisurisa da hindis Semdeg [12, 192]. enobrivi pozicia politikis uSualo Semadgeneli nawilia. eTnokonfliqtebi da erovnuli dapirispirebani erovnuli enis Cagvrisa da diskriminaciis Sedegia. adamianebi mtkivneulad ganicdian enobriv damcirebas, Seviwroebas, radgan mcirericxovani erebi xSirad idevnebian da iCagrebian. kacobriobis mTeli istoriis manZilze ,,Zlierni ama qveynisani’’ enas politikis samsaxurSi ayenebdnen, krZalavdnen mSobliur enaze swavlas da aCeCebdnen misTvis gaugebar ucxour enas [8, 21]. meore msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg 1946 wlis 5 marts, CerCilis cnobili gamosvlis 14

dros fultonSi man ganacxada: ,,Tu inglisurenovani xalxebis Tanamegobroba da SeerTebuli Statebi gaerTiandebian da iTanamSromleben rogorc mecnierebasa da industriaSi, ise moralis sferoSi, maSin msoflioSi saimedo balansi da usafrTxoebis sruli garantia damyardeba~ [13, 175]. CerCilis gamosvlas imave dReebSi mkacri kritika eloda. misuris auditoriam kargad miiRo, magram meore diliT gamoqveynebul gazeTebze amas ver vityviT. ,,vol sTriT jernali~ werda: ,,SeerTebul Statebs aliansi ar surs. saerTod, aliansismagvaric araferi surs sxva romelime erTan~. ,,Cikago sani~ acxadebda, rom CerCilis ,,daxuruli sesiis sityvebis~ erTi kviriT adre SeTavazebul gamocemas auqmebda. londonis ,,Taimsic~, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, civad gamoexmaura. gansakuTrebiT mtruli pozicia ,,pravdam~ daikava. stalini ,,pravdaSi~ intervius iSviaTad beWdavda, magram CerCilis inglisurenovani xalxebis gaerTianebis araerTgzis moTxovnas swored ,,pravdaSi~ gamoqveynebuli interviuTi upasuxa da naTlad gamoavlina, rapirasac da xelketsac erTdroulad da kargad rom xmarobda: `batoni CerCili (hitleris ar iyos) rasobriv Teoriaze dafuZnebul axal oms iwyebs. acxadebs, TiTqos mxolod inglisur enaze molaparake xalxebs aqvT wminda sisixli da mxolod isini arian mowodebulni, msoflios bed-iRbali gadawyviton. faqtobrivad, batoni CerCili da misi amerikeli da ingliseli megobrebi im xal

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xebs, romlebic inglisurad ar saubroben, ultimatums gviyeneben – an unda vaRiaroT maTi upiratesoba, an omi gardauvali iqneba~ [13, 176]. Sin dabrunebul CerCils Tavis gamosvlasTan dakavSirebiT araerTgvarovani reaqcia daxvda. etlim ganacxada, rom CerCili fultonSi parlamentis saxeliT ar saubrobda da ar aris aucilebeli, misi piradi mosazreba moviwonoT an ar moviwonoT. leiboristuli partia, CerCilis konservatiuli partiis araerTi wevrisagan gansxvavebiT, amerikis vizits dadebiTad afasebda; bevins sagareo politika swored fultonis mimarTulebiT mihyavda. deputatebis erTma nawilma ki winadadeba Seitana, CerCilisTvis undobloba gamoecxadebina. yvelaze saeWvod da damafiqreblad prezidenti Trumeni iqceoda. TeTr saxlSi gamarTul preskonferenciaze prezidentma ganacxada, rom warmodgena ar hqonda, CerCili fultonSi ra Temaze apirebda saubars da rom leqciaze misi daswreba Tanamoazreobas sulac ar niSnavda. ufro metic, saxelmwifo mdivnis moadgiles, aCesons aukrZala, erTi kviris Tavze niu-iorkSi Casul CerCilTan SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis saxeliT esaubra. saboloo jamSi, am ambebs CerCilis da Trumenis urTierTobaze ar umoqmedebia. CerCilma Trumens, rogorc ruzveltis memkvidres, ufleba misca, kiborCxalas nabijebiT evlo didi miznisaken [13, 177]. erovnuli sazRvrebis moSlis da enobrivi barieris moxsnis meTods mimarTavda uklebliv 16

yvela imperia mis mier dapyrobil teritoriaze. e.i. ZiriTadi samizne erovnuli TviTmyofadobis mospobisaTvis sami ram gaxldaT: teritoria, religia da ena, anu èna, mamuli, sarwmunoeba~. msofliosaTvis cnobili dampyroblebi, sxvadasxva dros rom idgnen imperiaTa saTaveSi, TavianT Zlevamosil laSqrobas sxvadasxva mizniT niRbavdnen. erTni ambobdnen, rom civilizacia unda SeetanaT naxevrad velur tomebSi da isini kulturis gzaze SeeyenebinaT, meoreni sxva saxelmwifoTa egreT wodebuli tiraniisagan gasaTavisufleblad modiodnen, mesameni ki, da es ki ufro iSviaTad xdeboda, pirdapir religiur omebSi ebmebodnen, saerTo teritoriis warTmeviT iwyeboda da mere amuSavdeboda dapyrobili qveynis kulturul-religiuri dauTovebis sastiki manqana. am dauTovebas dampyrobeli axerxebda im formiT da meTodiT civilizaciis ra donec TviTon gaaCnda, zogjer SeniRbulad (voroncovi) zogjer ki e. w. najaxuri politikiT. gadavxedoT saqarTvelos istorias da davinaxavT ra kirTebiT, cecxliT da maxviliT cdilobdnen arabebi, sparselebi, Turqebi da sxvani saqarTveloSi qristianuli sarwmunoebis aRmofxvras. eris ganadgurebis maxvili teritoriasTan da religiasTan erTad enas daatydeboda xolme Tavs. dampyrobeli Tvlida, rom damoukidebloba dakarguli saxelmwifos ena imperiisTvis sruliad zedmeti bargi iyo da am enaze kulturis

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ganviTareba imperiis momaval mdgradobas safrTxes Seuqmnida. Sors rom ar wavideT axlo warsulis magaliTic ikmarebda. rakiRa dampyrobelma rusma saqarTveloSi mefoba gaauqma, amis Semdeg faqtobrivad kulturis upirvelsi niSnis – enis mospoba gaxda saWiro [14, 526]. swored amitom gadairecxa gacrecili palimfsestebi. masze ki axali warwerebi gaCnda. gaismoda qoraluri glovis xmebi. drom Tanabrad waSala laCrebisa da gmirebis safexurebi, JamTa denam gaaniava xmliT mogebuli saganZuri, gaaqro foliantebi, daangria sasaxlebi. qveyanas warRvnam gadauara da TiTqos yvelaferi waritaca. amitom qviTinebda damarcxebuli istoria poetis SemoqmedebaSi: SoTas meore, SoTas mesame, SoTas meoTxe wigni sad aris! an is – daviTi! daviT meoTxe! vis jars miuZRvis gmiri sardali. visi Toria uumtkicesi – aTas adgilas SubnaZgerebi! wyvdiadisferad vin gadaReba uspetakesi maTi cxenebi! Tumc... ara skiptra bagratovanTa, an sefe droSa amilaxvaris, Salvas, biZinas da elizbaris suls enatreba sami laxvari! magram sad aris xmali, – is xmali! anda sad aris fari – is fari! ukve gaWrili sami tuzia Salva, biZina da elizbari. maTTvis parakliss ar gadaixdis tyeSi Cadgmuli cicqna saydari! 18

aRar frutunebs – beri Tevdores gamxdari jori aRarsad ari. (t. W a n t u r i a) [3, 248]. dReisaTvis 200-mde saxelmwifos Soris teritoriis sididiT saqarTvelo okupirebuli teritoriebis CaTvliT (70 aTasi kv. km.) 118-e adgilzea msoflioSi, e. i. msoflios 74 suverenul saxelmwifoze didia, maT Soris: daniaze, niderlandebze, belgiaze, Sveicariaze, israelze da a. S. mosaxleobis raodenobiT Cveni samSoblo planetaze 97-e adgilzea, e.i. msoflios 96 suverenul saxelmwifos aRemateba, maT Soris: axal zelandias, TurqmeneTs, irlandias, norvegias, slovakeTs, fineTs, yirgizeTs, Cads da sxv. mosaxleobis simWidrovis mixedviT ki saqarTvelo me-80 adgilzea msoflioSi [15, 103-104]. yovel qarTvels unda axsovdes, rom msoflioSi ar arsebobs sxva qveyana, sadac qarTulad weren da metyveleben, rom mxolod Cven varT did qarTvel moazrovneTa, moRvaweTa memkvidreni. amitom gvmarTebs kargad vicodeT Cveni dedaenis istoria, misi adgili da mniSvneloba msoflio enaTa Soris. unda gavacnobieroT, rom dedaenis gareSe Cveni azrovneba ver ganviTardeba da sxvagvarad Cveni sazogadoebis winsvla SeuZlebelia.

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mSobliuri enis madli lev tolstoi moTxroba `Набег~ –is sqolioSi SeniSnavs – Лягушки на кавказе производят звук, не имеюший обшего с кваканием русских лягушек~. Tuki sacxovrebeli adgilisda mixedviT, bayayebic ki sxvadasxva ènaze~ yiyineben, ra didi unda iyos adamianTa Soris sxvaoba? mwuxareba mwuxarebaa, siyvaruli siyvarulia, sixaruli sixarulia, magram sxvadasxva eris kaci sxvadasxvagvarad ganicdis da gamoxatavs am grZnobebs. swored es Taviseburebania mimzidveli da saintereso. amitom ipyrobs Cvens yuradRebas sxvadasxva xalxis mwerloba da xelovneba. Tu es Tavisebureba davkargeT, davkargavT im andamats, uromlisobac erTferovans, mosawyens, uRimRamos xdis mwerlobas da xelovnebas, ufro metic saerTod adamianis suls [16, 48]. yovel adamians erTi dedaena aqvs, romelzedac deda esaubreba, romelzedac enas aidgams. aRsaniSnavia, rom fereidneli qarTvelebidan qarTuli ena mxolod im ojaxebma SeinarCunes, sadac bavSvebs deda qarTveli hyavdaT! esaa misi eris mSoblebis ena. rogorc wesi, adamiani mxolod dedaenaze azrovnebs, fiqrobs (cxadia, arian gamonaklisebic, romelTac SeuZliaT ramdenime enaze azrovneba, magram enis yvela niuansisa da siRrmis wvdoma mxolod dedaenazea SesaZlebeli). TiTqmis yvela genialuri nawarmoebi dedaenaze SeuqmniaT, radgan mxolod mSob20

liur enas aqvs ganumeorebeli xibli da adamianis Sinagan samyarosTan dakavSirebulia uxilavi simebiT. dedaenaze naTqvami TiToeuli sityva uCveulo feriT, surneliT gamoirCeva, rac gvagonebs ubednieres xanas – yrmobas, dedis alerssa da mSobliuri kuTxis koloritul xmebs [8, 28]. cnobilma eqimebma gamoikvlies, Tu ra gavlenas axdenda janmrTelobaze aramSobliur skolebSi swavla. magaliTad, pediatrma sikorskim Caatara eqsperimenti poloneTSi germanulenovan skolebSi (msgavsi cda Caatares iaponiaSi inglisurenovan skolebSic), profesorma irakli faRavam ki – saqarTveloSi. aRmoCnda, rom aramSobliur skolebSi bavSvebs arteriuli wneva ufro maRali hqondaT (kvira dRes ki wneva normaluri aRmoaCndaT). didi pedagogisa da moazrovnis k. uSinskis azriT, aramSobliur enaze bavSvis aRzrada-ganaTleba uaryofiT gavlenas axdens mis gonebriv ganviTarebaze. iakob gogebaSvili dedaenas uwodebda ,,gonebis bunebiTs iaraRs~. a.wereTeli werda, rom XIX saukuneSi pedagogebma SeniSnes, vinc dedaena da qarTuli wera-kiTxva icoda rusuls ukeT swavlobda, rusulad swavlis dros ki bavSvebs goneba uClungdebodaT. ,,es rom gaigo voroncovma, brZana, qarTveli ymawvilebisTvis jer, pirvel xanebSi, dedaena eswavlebinaT da mere gadaeyvanaT ucxoze~. ilia WavWavaZe Tavis publicictur werilSi ,,b-n ianovskis werilis gamo~ werda: ,,udedaenod gonebis

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gaxsna bavSvisa yovlad SeuZlebelia. maSin skola gonebis gaxsnis saxsari ki ar aris, gonebis daCagvrisaa, gonebis daxSvisa da daTrgunvisa, gaTaxsirebisa~. ufro metic, qarTvelma lingvistma, fonetistma prof. z. jafariZem eqsperimentulad daadastura, rom adamianis metyvelebis pirveli niSnebi Cvil bavSvebSic arsebobs. sxvadasxva erovnebis (kerZod, qarTvel da rus) axalSobilTa tirilis SedarebiT man gamoavlina sruliad moulodneli da sensaciuri faqti: maTi tirilis maxasiaTeblebSi gansxvaveba yofila, e.i. Turme isini gansxvavebulad tirian. es daadastura specialurma aparaturamac da xangrZlivma auditorulma analizma. mecnierma es faqti axsna qarTulisa da rusulis cnobili fonetikuri TaviseburebebiT da gamoitana eWvmiutaneli daskvna, rom mSobliuri enis sawarmoTqmo CvevaTa Canasaxi axalSobilsac aqvs. aSS-Si, SvedeTsa da ruseTSi fsiqologebisa da lingvistebis cdebiT dadasturda, rom dedis namReri ìavnana~ da bavSvTan specialurad moCleqiT, alersiT laparaki xels uwyobs misi Semecnebis ganviTarebas, dedaenis fonetikuri struqturisa da saerTod unar-Cvevebis swraf aTvisebas. ucxoeTSi Caatares cda, Tu ra zegavlenas axdens ZuZumwovara bavSvze dedaenaze saubari. aRmoCnda, rom bavSvi gacilebiT intensiurad wovs ZuZus, roca mas deda esaubreba dedaenaze da ara – romelime ucxo enaze [8, 32, 33]. 22

sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs dedaenis movlas, masze zrunvas. zogma adamianma, poliglotma, SeiZleba icodes 8, 10, 20, 40 an meti enac ki, magram dedaenis msgavsad verc erTs ver daeufleba, siRrmiseul niuansebs ver Caswvdeba da ZiriTadad mainc mSobliur enaze iazrovnebs. didi ilia ambobda: èna adamianisa, misi sityviereba mTeli xelTuqmneli istoriaa, erisa calke da kacobriobisa sazogadod~. marTlac qarTveli xalxis istoria, erovnuli fsiqologia da uZvelesi tradiciebi ukufenilia qarTul enaSi. masSi gamoxatulia Cveni xalxis suli, igrZnoba gardasul saukuneTa sunTqva, Cans Soreul winaparTa msoflaRqma, radgan enaSi Cadebulia qarTveli eris genetikuri kodi, romelic memkvidreobiT gadaecema. absurdulia ori mSobliuri enis qadageba. sxva ena adamianisaTvis verasodes gaxdeba dedaena. rac unda srulyofilad da zedmiwevniT flobdes adamiani ucxour enas, is verasodes Seucvlis dedaenas, romelic erovnebis burjad iTvleba. dedaenaze didadaa damokidebuli adamianis xasiaTis formireba da pirovnebis Camoyalibeba [8, 34]. `qarTuli ena iseTive mdidaria da mravalferovani, rogoric aris buneba kavkasionisa, sadac erTs patara manZilze polusi, tropiki da zomieri sartyeli erTad Seyrilan, sadac saukuno TovliT Semosili mTis wverebi zevidan dascqerian: broweuls, leRvs, vazs, limons, forToxals da sxva tropikul mcenareulobas

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da sadac ramdensac nabijs gadasdgam, imdens axal suraTs Sexvdebi. qarTuli ena iseTive mravalferovania, rogoric aris Cveni eris istoria, warsuli cxovreba, savse mravalgvaris moqmedebiTa, TvisebiTa, azrovnebiTa, didi sixaruliTa, Zlieri mwuxarebiTa, da romelic warmoadgens imgvars Rrmas da dausrulebels dramas, rom asi Seqspiric ver amoswuravda mas Ziramdis~. amas werda iakob gogebaSvili XIX saukuneSi da mouwodebda xalxs wmindad daecvaT es burji erovnebisa. maSin Cveni ena autanel devnasa da Seviwroebas ganicdida. dauRalavi brZoliTa da mondomebiT rom ar exsnaT Cvens did mwerlebs, vin icis, iqneb saSinel safrTxeSic Cavardniliyo. aseTi didi brZoliTa da saTuTi movliT gamoutarebia Cveni ena saukuneebis manZilze, saSinel qarcecxlsa da gaWirvebaSi. Cveni mravaltanjuli mSromeli xalxi zepirsityvaobiT gadmoscemda xolme Taobebs saocari sxartulobiTa da iumoriT momxiblav zRaprebsa da gmirul Tqmulebebs, Cveni didi mwignobrebi Rameebs texdnen da mbJutavi sanTlis mqrqal Suqze sasoebiT gamohyavdaT lamazi qarTuli anbani, qmnidnen udides erovnul sibrZnes; erTxel gadawerils kidev aTasjer werdnen da mkacri saukuneebis wyvdiadSi, – rogorc erTaderT Svebasa da nugeSs, gawamebuli sulis malamosa da vaJkacuri simxnis wyaros, romelic gaurkveveli momavlis gzas unaTebdaT, – Taobi24

dan Taobebs gadascemdnen xolme am sanukvar CiraRdans [17, 381-382]. qarTulma Semogvinaxa da gadaarCina berZnuli, bizantiuri, sparsuli da arabuli mwerlobis ZeglTa Targmanebi, romelTa dednebic dakargula (ipolite romaelis, mitrofanes da sxv.). magaliTad, sparsuli romanis `vis o raminis~ sparsuli teqstis dasadgenad iSvelieben mis brwyinvale Targmans qarTulad (`visramians~). da kvlav aRvniSnavT, rom veraviTar ucxo enas ver iswavlis kaci ise srulyofilad, rogorc dedaenas, e.i. im enas romliTac metyvelebas iwyebs. amitomac ar aris marTebuli zogierTi mSoblis gadawyvetileba, rom Svili araqarTul skolaSi miabaros, im motiviT, TiTqos qarTuls isedac iswavlis, da kidev erTi zedmeti ena ecodinebaT. faqtiurad bavSvi verc erT enas ver iTvisebs safuZvlianad, mas aRarc erTi dedaena ara aqvs. ucxo enis swavla saWiroa da aucilebeli. uamisod adamiani ver miiRebs srulyofil ganaTlebas. magram ucxo enis Seswavla unda xdebodes paralelurad, mSoblebisa da maswavleblebis didi mecadineobiTa da gulmodginebiT [17, 480-481]. rogorc didi indoeli moRvawe m a h a T m a g a n d i miuTiTebs: mSoblebi, romlebic TavianT Svilebs dabadebidan ucxo enaze àzrovnebasa da laparaks aswavlian, Svilebsac Ralatoben da samSoblosac. isini Svilebs TavianTi eris sulier da socialur memkvidreobas

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akargvineben da, amdenad, qveynis samsaxurisaTvis gamousadegars xdian~ [18, 278]. didi mamuliSvili aseve aRniSnavda: `ramxela tragediaa qveynisTvis, rom ucxo ena misi oficialuri enaa, xolo mSobliur enas tabu adevs da viRac SemTxveviTi adamianis mier oficialur viTarebaSi mSobliur enaze sityvis warmoTqma misaloci xdeba~ [18, 389]. Cveni didi winaprebi SesaniSnavad xvdebodnen dedaenis mniSvnelobas erovnuli TviTmyofadobisa da meobis SesanarCuneblad, erTianobis gansamtkiceblad. uZveles qarTvelebTan Cven gvakavSirebs mxolod ena, romelic Cvens Tavze datrialebuli mravali qartexilisa da ubedurebis mowmea. varlam Tofuria werda: `qarTul enaSi asaxulia, rogorc es yvela enaSi xdeba xolme, misi Semqmneli eris warsuli, awmyo da momavali, misi zneobrivi da gonebrivi cxovreba~, radgan èna aris xalxis meobis ZiriTadi niSani~ (arn. Ciqobava). TiToeulma dampyrobelma Semoitana enaSi Tavisi sityvebi (romauli, berZnuli, sparsuli, arabuli, Turquli...), magram qarTulma SeZlo am zewolis mogerieba, ar gadagvarebula, SeinarCuna Tavisi saxe da funqcia. marTlac, qarTul enaze ufro Zvirfasi saunje qarTvel kacs ar gaaCnia. erTi ubralo sityvis sikvdilic ki, misi gadagvareba da gadaSeneba, kacis sikvdiliviT aris... rioni ra rioni iqneba, an ra iqneba kaxeTis zvari, Tu iq rusTavelis enas ver gaigoneb. 26

muxran maWavarianis sityvebi gavixsenoT: `qarTuli marto enaa?! qarTuli qarTvelT rwmenaa, RmerTia! bedisweraa! zRva roa! – imodenaa!~ didi xani araa, rac gangaSis zarad gaisma am SesaniSnavi poetis sityvebi: `ki magram... RmerTi aRaraa?! bnela? – qarTuli iqneb vinmes norCi hgonia ena!!~ [19, 88]. iakob gogebaSvilis ài iaTi~ aRzrdilebs TiTqos aRar unda gvWirdebodes gamofxizleba da imis Sexseneba, rom moyvrad mosuli mteri ufro saSiSia! sityva ùcxo~ ar unda gvxiblavdes da gvabrmavebdes, rom ar wagvlekos inglisurma sityvebma, rusicizmebma, vulgarulma gamoTqmebma, Jargonma da bilwsityvaobam. ucxouri enebiT modurma gatacebam mSobliuri ar unda dagvaviwyos da udierad mopyroba ar gagvabedvinos. didma iakobma dedaenas uwoda `burji erovnebisa~, amitomac aRmarTes `dedaenis~ Zegli saqarTveloSi, magram qarTuls sWirdeba movla, patronoba enis winaSe, rom vweroT da vimetyveloT daxvewili qarTuliT, vikiTxoT bevri da gavamdidroT sityvaTa maragi [8, 4-5].

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gogebaSvilis `dedaena~ saqarTvelos Semkvreli wigni aRmoCnda. man Tavis droze mTeli amer-imeri gaaerTiana. mas Semdeg ki, rac misi saswavlo programidan amovardna daiwyo, dedaenam aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia dakarga. iuneskos monacemebiT `dedaena~ safrTxis winaSea. marTalia, qarTul enas gaqrobis safrTxe jerjerobiT ar emuqreba, magram, roca ena tradiciebs Sordeba da ucxour gamoTqmebs iTavsebs, sakontaqto enad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos missave teritoriaze. swored amitom iuneskom 2003 wels konvencia miiRo aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis Sesaxeb. metad mniSvnelovania, rom ài ias~ principma 1960 wels qalaq karakasSi aRiareba miiRo, rogorc erT-erTma saukeTeso modelma. rac Seexeba axal saanbane wignebs, isini ucxo enis swavlebis meTodzea gaTvaliswinebuli da Zaladobis faqtebs Seicavs. maTi Sinaarsi qarTul mentalitets ar miesadageba. es fsiqologebma, lingvistebma da pedagogebma daaskvnes. swored am daskvnis Semdeg mimarTes ganaTlebis saministros, rom `deda ena~ skolebSi dabrunebuliyo rogorc saxelmZRvanelo da rogorc swavlebis meTodi. dRes gavrcelebul saanbane wignebSi xan asoa gamotovebuli, xan 12-is nacvlad 32 weria da a.S. `rwyili da WianWvelac~ ki sapirispiro mentalobiT iswavleba, Tuki originali nawarmoebi bavSvebs megobrobasa da gaWirvebulis gverdSi dogmas aswavlis, gadakeTebuli nawarmoebi sru28

liad sapirispiros unergavs maT. magaliTad, ormoSi Cavardnili adamianisa da gamvlelis dialogi aseTia: gciva? – mciva. geSinia? – meSinia. xeli gaqvs? – maqvs. Tvali gaqvs? – maqvs. maSin Sen TviTon amodio. faqtia, mozardebs gansacdelSi myofi adamianis mitovebas unergaven. Zaladobis Semcvel nawarmoebebSi, magaliTad, aRwerilia, bavSvebma rogor dalies limonaTi daukiTxavad, rogor Caasxes masSi wyali, rogor gauries wiwaka da daalevines mamas, romlis reaqciazec isini xalisoben. fsiqologebis SefasebiT, zemoxsenebuli nawarmoebebi bavSvebze uaryofiT fsiqologiur zewolas axdens da maT mcdar aratradiciul mentalobas uyalibebs. maSin, roca iakob gogebaSvilis `deda ena~ mozards cnobierebasa da msoflmxedvelobas qarTul tradiciebze, qarTul mentalitetsa da Rirebulebebze dayrdnobiT uviTarebs [20, 10]. Tbilisis mosaxleoba mudam Wreli da mravalferovani iyo, magram igi yovelTvis Tavisi eniT metyvelebda: es iyo qalaquri ena. qarTuli enis bgeraSi xSirad ismoda arabul-sparsuli, somxuri sityvebi, magram es sityvebi yovelTvis Sesisxlxorcebuli iyo qarTuli enis cocxal gamoTqmasTan. Tbilisma frTxilad `moanaruqa~ sxvadasxva eris waxnagovani sityvebi da misca Taviseburi eSxi da mzeosnoba. TandaTanobiT es sityvebi imdenad Secvlila da xSirad qarTuli gamoTqmisaTvis ise Snoianad gakeTebula, rom am leqsikas verc sparsuli da verc sxva romelime

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eri mxolod Tavis sakuTrebad veRar miiCnevs [21, 132]. magram dRes ra xdeba dedaqalaqSi? ai, ramdenime magaliTi: ,,marSrutkaSi~ ori Tineijeri erTmaneTs emSvidobeba – damiqolinge, ra! – ofkorsunebii! mZRoli Suaxnis mamakacia, aSkarad Semcbari da gaognebuli Cans, verafers xvdeba. TargmanSi misTvis nacnob enaze asea: amerikuli ,,damiqolinge” rusul – qarTul slengze ,,damizvanoke~, xolo ,,ofkorsunebi~ – ,,kaneSna, to~. mTlianobaSi ki slengis pirveli nawili qarTulad ,,gTxov, damireke~ – d iTargmneba, meore ki – ,,ra Tqma unda~ – d. Suaxnis mZRolebi iqiT iyos da, erT-erT internetforumze axalgazrda avtomoyvarulebs didi msjeloba hqondaT gamarTuli – ra hqvia ,,pavarotniks~ qarTulad. zogi werda, rom – cimcima, zogi – moxvevis maniSnebelio. avtosagzao moZraobis wesebis TeoriaSi ,,pavarotniki~ moxvevis Suqura-maCvenebelia. avtosaxelosnoSi, anu ,,profilaktikaSi~ ki ,,JeStianCiks~, ,,eleqtriks~, ,,xadaviks~ da ,,dverSiks~ ufro advilad miagnebT, vidre meTunuqes, eleqtrobis an savali nawilebis SemkeTebels. iqneb ukanac gamogabrunon: ,,ara genacvale, me JeStianCiki var, meTunuqe aq saerTod ar gvyavso~. Cvens realobaSi damkvidrebuli slengebis aseTi simravle rusulis an CvenSi esoden ase gapopularebuli inglisuris codniT ganpirobe30

buli araa. qarTuli enis mesveurni amas mSobliuri enis mimarT upativcemulobas uwodeben. aRniSnuli sakiTxi, raRa Tqma unda, lokaluri sulac ar aris da mxolod avtomoyvarulebiT, mgzavrebiT, TineijerebiTa da avtoSemkeTeblebiT ar Semoifargleba. Cvens sinamdvileSi es ufro globaluri sakiTxia. am Temaze Jurnalistebic sakmaod xSirad scodaven (gnebavT – presisa, gnebavT – televiziis). magaliTisTvis, ratom ,,musirebs~ qarTul telesivrceSi yoveli siuJetis nabijze sityva ,,musirebs~? an ras niSnavs sruliad gaumarTavi da alogikuri fraza – àrc uaryofs da arc adasturebs~? mxolod qarTul telearxebze SeiZleba Sexvde avtomanqanis markas ,,biemdabliu~, xolo ruseTis premiers yovelgvari Radaobis gareSe ,,puwini~ uwodo [22, 15]. presa udidesi zemoqmedebis mqonea, magram rogorc adidebuli mdinaris niaRvari STanTqavs da anadgurebs napirze yvelafers, zustad aseve, emsaxureba ngrevas Tavis nebaze miSvebuli Jurnalistis kalami, magram kidev ufro meti zianis motana SeuZlia, Tuki mas vinmes karnaxiT marTaven [18, 254]. ,,mteroba enis, ars mtroba qveynis” – wminda ilia marTalma brZana da ra gamodis? yoveli fexis nabijze sakuTari qveynis ,,mtroba~ gviwevs. amis dasamtkiceblad rusTavelis gamzirze erTi uwyinari gaseirnebac sakmarisia. dawvri

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lebiT ar CamovTvliT im maRaziebsa Tu kompaniebs, romelTac sakuTar abrebze mxolod inglisurenovani warwerebi amSvenebs. kidev erTi kuriozuli faqti: samuSaos maZebarTaTvis aseTi gancxadeba iyo gamokruli – maSveli sWirdebodaT, romelmac wyalSi dasaxrCobad ganwiruli unda gadaarCinos. moTxovnebi Sesabamisi iyo – 100 metris umokles vadaSi gacurva, sportuli aRnagoba, gamocdileba da... inglisuri enis srulyofili codna (?!), ese igi, maSveli xedavs wyalSi mofarTxale subieqts, romelsac wyali aqvs blomad naylapi, sawyaloblad iqnevs xel-fexs da yviris `helf, helf~! qarTvelma maSvelma, inglisuri Tu ar icis, arc xels gaanZrevs da yursac ar gaabartyunebs, sanapirodan fexsac ar moicvlis [22, 15]. rogorc gvaxsovs rusuli enis codnisTvis msgavsi araferi gaukeTebiaT bolSevikebs [10, 25]. dimitri yifiani enas eris upirveles niSnad Tvlida. misi azriT ùkeTu romelime xalxi enas kargavs, amiT kargavs Tavis saxesa da arsebobas. mSobliur ena miviwyebul xalxs ar SeiZleba xalxis saxeli ewodos~ [23, 26-27]. cxadia, `mTeli tragizmi da saSineleba im erovnebis mdgomareobisa, romelsac aZaleben misi fsiqiuri bunebisaTvis sruliad ucxo da Seusabameli enis terminebSi iazrovnos. tragizmi norCi Taobisa, romelic iZulebulia Tavisi axali frTagaSlili azrovneba sxvis mier Seqmnils kalapotSi Casvas~ [24, 160]. 32

dRes msoflios bevr universitetSi SemoRebulia qarTuli enis kursi, aswavlian Zvel qarTul literaturas, eTnografias. yovelive es mowmobs, rom sakmaod didia interesi qarTuli enisadmi msoflioSi da cdiloben Rrmad Caswvdnen am uaRresad rTul, magram Zalze saintereso da enaTmecnieruli TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovan enas [8, 114]. gavixsenoT, rom XIX saukunis 40-iani wlebidan ruseTSi saintereso movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme. garkveuli politikuri mosazrebiT, mTavrobis dadgenilebiT 18481867 wlebSi peterburgSi qarTuls aswavlidnen yvela saswavlebelSi., sadac ki kavkasielebi iRebdnen ganaTlebas. peterburgis da saerTod, ruseTis pirveli qarTveli profesori iyo daviT CubinaSvili, leqsikografi, enaTmecnieri, literaturaTmcodne, romelic iqve ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg, 27 weli kiTxulobda leqciebs mis mier daarsebul qarTuli enisa da sityvierebis kaTedraze. imave kaTedris Semdegi gamge iyo a. cagareli, romelic 46 weli msaxurobda [25, 44-45]. metad mniSvnelovania, rom iseT zesaxelmwifoSi, rogoric amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia qarTuli enis swavleba 1986 wlidan daiwyo. man amde igi iswavleboda sporadulad, erTi an ori semestris ganmavlobaSi da, rogorc wesi, am kursebis msmeneli iyo TiTo-orola, umTavresad lingvistikiT dainteresebuli studenti. 1971-1972 saswavlo wels Camoyalibda qarTuli enis Semswavleli pirveli jgufi indianis

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universitetis mTavar filialSi, romelic am Statis qalaq blumingtonSi mdebareobs. am saqmis iniciatorad mogvevlina slavuri enebisa da literaturis ganyofilebis dekani, profesori uiliam ejertoni. pirvel jgufSi Sediodnen ara ubralod damwyebi studentebi, aramed sami profesori, batoni ejertonis CaTvliT da ori aspiranti [26, 80]. qarTuli enis Seswavlas arTulebda is garemoeba, rom specialurad inglisurenovani msmenelisTvis gaTvlili raime saxelmZRvanelo ar arsebobda. es, bunebrivia, ar iyo gasakviri, vinaidan dasavleTSi qarTuli enis akademiuri formiT swavlebis precedenti TiTqmis ar yofila. erTaderT gamonakliss warmoadgenda XX saukunis 40-iani wlebis bolos, SveicariaSi, ciurixis universitetSi, moRvawe SesaniSnavi lingvistis, kita Cxenkelis mier Seqmnili qarTvelologiuri centri. misi sami erTguli studenti qalis monawileobiT man Seadgina da 1958 wels germanul enaze gamosca dRes ukve kargad cnobili qarTuli enis saxelmZRvanelo or tomad [26, 81]. sabednierod, amerikaSi qarTul enas moevlina energiuli da WeSmaritad Tavdadebuli propagandisti, Cikagos universitetis profesori, h a u a r d a r o n s o n i, romlis damsaxureba amerikeli studentebis qarTuli eniT da saqarTveloTi dainteresebaSi fasdaudebelia. swored man Cauyara safuZveli qarTuli enis sistematur swavlebas amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. profesor aronsons indianis universi34

tetSi hqonda miRebuli diplomi da Semdgom, samociani wlebis bolos, ukve aspirantma, erTi saswavlo weli moskovSi gaatara da saqarTvelosac estumra. aqedan iwyeba mis mier qarTuli gramatikis fundamenturi Seswavla da Semdgom, samocdaaTian wlebSi misi lingvistur-Teoriuli kuTxiT swavleba Cikagos universitetis slavuri enebisa da literaturis kaTedraze. misi studentebi iyvnen dRes kargad cnobili qarTvelologebi: alisa harisi, qevin tuiti da di holiski, romlebsac dResac mWidro kavSiri aqvT saqarTvelosTan. ukanaskneli 7-8 wlis ganmavlobaSi qarTuli eniT daintereseba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. dRes igi iswavleba amerikis ramdenime universitetsa da kolejSi, agreTve specialuri daniSnulebis saxelmwifo saswavleblebSi; magram nebismier am dawesebulebaSi qarTuli enis kursi ar aris stacionaruli; kursis gaxsna damokidebulia studentebis dainteresebaze da amitom mas umTavresad droebiTi xasiaTi aqvs. sistematurad ki, ukve oc welze metia, rac igi mxolod indianis universitetis sazafxulo skolaSi iswavleba [26, 83]. qarTul enas ukvdavebis garantias is garemoebac aZlevs, rom am enaze werdnen rusTaveli, sulxan-saba, daviT guramiSvili, ilia, akaki, vaJa, galaktioni, gamsaxurdia. Cveni eris am wminda mamaTa Txzulebebis originalSi wakiTxva yovelTvis iqneba civilizebuli moqalaqis survili da ocneba [14, 636].

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dasavleT evropaSi, mxolod renesansma gamoaRviZa erovnuli TviTSegneba. warmoSva literatura xalxur enaze da laTinuri enis batonobam Sewyvita Tavisi arseboba [27, 15]. swored renesansis epoqaSi warmoiSva erovnuli enebi da adgilobrivi dialeqtebisa da laTinuris nacvlad, gaformda xalxuri literaturuli enebi. XVI saukunis pirveli naxevris dasasruls daiwyes am enebis gamarTleba da qeba. J. diu belem dawera traqtati `dacva da qebai frangulisa enisa~ [27, 38]. sagulisxmoa, rom pirvelad inglisuri sityva inglisis parlamentSi 1362 wels gaisma. 1731 wlamde ki sasamarTlo procesi laTinur enaze mimdinareobda [28, 65]. jorj I inglisuri ena ar icoda da Tarjimanis saSualebiT amyarebda urTierTobas Tavis ministrebTan. misi Svilic, jorj II (1727-1760) inglisSi Tavs ucxoelad grZnobda. enis ucodinarobis gamo, mefe ver Tavmjdomareobda saidumlo sabWos, Semdeg ki saerTod ar eswreboda mis sxdomebs [28, 73-74). Tu me mxolod saxlSi an metad viwro wreSi vlaparakob Cems enaze da vcxovrob Cemi kulturis principebiT (matriciT), xolo arsad sxvagan ar mWirdeba, arcerT socialur, ekonomikur Tu politikur doneze, ramdenime Taobis Semdeg am enaze aRaravin ilaparakebs. amis magaliTi mravlad arsebobs istoriaSi [29, 110]. Cven rodesac viyaviT imperiis nawili, imperiaSi ki iyo ena, romelic iTvleboda sakavSiro komunikaciis enad, maSin qarTul enas Cven rusu36

lis eqspansiisagan vicavdiT. im dros ruseTSi wignebic ki gamodioda imis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTveloSi rusuli enis gavrcelebasa da damkvidrebas xels is uSlis, rom qveyanaSi Zalin Zlieria qarTuli enis poziciebi. qarTulad iTargmneboda sazRvargareTis klasikosi mwerlebis nawarmoebebi. specialuri mTargmnelobiTi kolegia iyo Seqmnili amisTvis. gamdioda uamravi leqsikoni. es ki aZlierebda qarTuli enis dacvas imperiis e.w. xalxTaSorisi enis winaSe. gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan viTareba icvleba. saqarTvelo xdeba damoukidebeli qveyana. aRaravis eSinia, rom romeliRac ena saqarTveloSi qarTul enas daCagravs da konkurencias gauwevs. magram globalizaciis pirobebSi dadga sakiTxi – qarTvel kacs ra enaze hmarTebs komunikacia gare samyarosTan. daiwyo procesi, romelic TandaTan rusuls saqarTveloSi anacvlebs inglisuriT. amaSi araferia sagangaSo, Tu ki am mimarTulebiT Cven TviTonve ar wavalT ise Sors, rom qarTuli Cvens qveyanaSi ukana planze gadaiwevs. movlenebis amgvarma ganviTarebam ki zogierTebisTvis qarTul enaze sagangebo zrunva saeWvodac ki SeiZleba gaxados. yuradReba unda mieqces erT garemoebasac. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cvens qveyanaSi inglisuris sakomunikacio SesaZleblobebis gamomyenebelTa raodenoba ganuxrelad izrdeba, dRes qarTvelebis absoluturi umetesoba am enas ar flobs imdenad, rom inglisuri teqstis kiTxvisas, anu inglisurenovani mwerlis nawarmoebis

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mxatvrul Rirsebebs eziaros. Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis didi nawilisaTvis inglisurma rusuli mxolod elementarul, praqtikul-gamoyenebiT doneze Caanacvla. inglisuris aRzeveba qarTulis uflebebis SezRudvis xarjze erisTvis damRupvelia. marTalia, dRes inglisuri ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso enaa, magram veravin ityvis, ra iqneba naxevari an erTi saukunis Semdeg. gamoricxuli araa misi adgili Cinurma an romelime sxva aziurma enam daikavos. amitom movuaroT qarTul enas, romelmac aTaswleulebis manZilze mravali saerTaSoriso enis konkurencias gauZlo da dRemde qarTvelobis burjs warmoadgens [30, 17].

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qarTuli enisa da damwerlobis saTaveebTan qarTuli ena cocxal enaTa Soris erT-erTi uZvelesia msoflioSi, am sityvis pirdapiri da ara metaforuli gagebiT: saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe-ena Tanaarsebobda sivrcesa da droSi saerTo-indoevropul da saerTo-semitur fuZeenebTan, razedac cocxlad metyvelebs enobrivi kontaqtebis Sedegad urTierTnasesxobaTa povniereba fuZe-enaTa qronologiur doneze; saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe-enis istoriulad dadasturebul enebad diferenciaciis, ufro zustad, saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe-enidan qarTuli enis gamoyofis TariRad, enobrivi monacemebis, maT Soris enobrivi kontaqtebis kvalis mixedviT, Zv. w. V-IV aTaswleulebis mijna unda iqnes miRebuli. am periodidan iwyeba sakuTriv qarTuli enis damoukidebeli istoria. qarTuli enis gansakuTrebul siZveleze metyvelebs enobrivi kontaqtebis mravalricxovani faqtebi [31, 9]. qarTuli ena Tavisi leqsikuri SemadgenlobiT da wyobiT, mis monaTesave sxva adgilobriv kavkasiur enebTan erTad, gansxvavdeba yvela Tanamedrove evropuli da aziuri enebisagan. gamonakliss warmoadgens mxolod baskuri ena baskoniaSi. qarTuli ena xasiaTdeba Semdegi niSnebiT: 1. konsonansebis siWarbe; 2. gramatikuli sqesis uqonloba. qarTulma, iseve rogorc zogierTma sxva kavkasiurma enam (afxazuri da yabardouli)

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klas-kategoriebad dayofa ar Semoinaxa; 3. saxelTa brunvis formebi aRiniSneba damatebiTi marcvliT; 4. zmnebi iyofa subiqturad da obieqturad; arsebobs pasiuri konstruqcia; 6. zmnis saxe, ricxvi, dro, piri gamosaxuli prefiqsebiTa da sufiqsebiT; 7. zogierTi zmniszeda ibrunvis. qarTvelur enaTa jgufSi Sedis: sakuTriv qarTuli, megrul-lazuri (Wanuri) da svanuri, romelTac aqvT rigi dialeqtebi. enaTa am jgufs enaTesaveba wina aziis mravali Zveli ena da xmelTaSua zRvis auzis enebi [32, 16-17]. varaudoben, rom qaTul fuZeenas (preqarTuls anu winareqarTuls) pirvelad gamoeyo svanuri, daaxloebiT aTasi wlis Semdeg ki gaiyo megrul-Wanuri da qarTulic. es dadasturda leqsikur-statistikuri anu glotoqronologiuri meTodiTac. qarTvelolog giorgi klimovis azriT, svanuris gamoyofa saerTo qarTveluri fuZeenidan dawyebula Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Semdeg, qarTulisa da zanuris diferenciacia ki – Zv.w. III saukuneSi. Tamaz gamyreliZe da givi maWavariani pirvel movlenas aTariReben Zv.w. X saukuniT, qarTul-zanuris gayofas ki axali welTaRricxvis mijniT. varaudoben, rom 4-5 aTasi wlis winaT qarTuli, megrul-Wanuri da svanuri qarTveluri fuZeenis dialeqtebi yofilan, Semdeg ki Camoyalibebulan enebad. Zveli qarTuli ufro axlosaa fuZeenasTan, vidre dRevandeli qarTveluri 40

enebi. arqauli formebis rekonstruqciisaTvis Zalze faseulia zanurisa da svanuris monacemebi. samwuxarod, werilobiTi Zeglebis ararseboba am enebze SeuZlebels xdis maTi arqauli saxis aRdgenas [8, 49]. qarTuli kultura da ena saqarTvelos yvela mkvidrisTvis saerToa. qarTveluri enebis naTesaoba, erTiani warmomavloba damtkicebulia regularuli kanonzomieri bgeraTSesatyvisobiT, rac TvalsaCinoa aramecnierisTvisac ki. qarTveluri tomebis naTesaobis dasadgenad gansakuTrebiT faseulia toponimika, gasaTvaliswinebelia am enebis fonematuri, morfologiuri, sintaqsuri sistemebi, leqsikuri masala [8, 50]. qarTuli enis fiqsirebuli istoriis periodizaciaze aris azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, romlis mTavari mizezi qarTuli saliteraturo enis uprecedento konservatulobaa. Zveli qarTuli da axali qarTuli ar warmoadgenen or sxvadasxva enas, rogorc magaliTad Zveli berZnuli da axali berZnuli, laTinuri da italiuri an Zveli somxuri (grabari) da axali (aSxarabari) da sxv. q a r T u l i s a l i t e r a t u r o e n a e r T i e n a a: saukuneTa manZilze Zveli qarTuli axali qarTuliT Seicvala: cvla daetyo leqsikasa da gramatikas, magram es cvlileba, metadre gramatikuli sistema mosalodnelze mcirea: ara Tu vefxistyaosani, aramed ,,grigol xanZTelis cxovreba” da ,,SuSanikis wameba” (XI saukunis teqsti) TiTqmis srulad gasagebia axlandeli kulturuli mkiTxve

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lisaTvis. magram periodizacia xom swored erTi enis istorias sWirdeba. ori sxvadasxva enis, magaliTad, laTinurisa da italiuris istoriebs, cxadia, erTi, saerTo periodizacia ver eqneba [31, 13]. qarTuli saliteraturo enis safuZveli gaxda qarTuli zedialeqtikuri koine – dedaqalaqis metyveleba. sruliad saqarTvelos pirveli dedaqalaqi – mcxeTa – koine – dedaqalaqis metyveleba. sruliad saqarTvelos pirveli dedaqalaqi – mcxeTa – Tavisi mdgomareobis strategiuli mniSvnelobis gamo, jer kidev farnavazis mier calkeul qarTul politikur erTeulTa erT saxelmwifod gaerTianebamde, kavkasiis umniSvnelovanes ekonomikur da kulturul centrs warmoadgenda, is akontrolebda samxreT kavkasiaSi gamaval saqaravno gzaTa umravlesobas, maT Soris e.w. ,,abreSumis gzas”, romlis funqcionirebac, rogorc savaWro-satranzito magistralisa, arqeologiuri monacemebis Tanaxmad, jer kidev brinjaos xanaSi unda dawyebuliyo; akontrolebda agreTve, zafxulisa da zamTris saZovrebze cxvris gadasarek trasebs, rasac kavkasiis ekonomikisTvis tradiciulad hqonda gadamwyveti mniSvneloba. am mizezTa gamo xalxmraval antikur da elinistur mcxeTaSi qarTvelebTan erTad ramdenime angariSgasawevi diaspora binadrobda: ebraelTa, sparsTa, berZenTa, somexTa da sxv. mcxeTaSi isini kompaqturad, ubnebad iyvnen dasaxlebulni. mcxeTeli qarTvelebi, da es bunebrivia dedaqalaqisTvis, 42

sxvadasxva qarTuli tomebis konglomerats warmoadgendnen, da mcxeTis metyvelebac, aqedan gamomdinare, erT romelime, maT Soris arc adgilobriv dialeqts ar emTxveoda arc fonetikuri Sedgenilobisa Tu procesebis, da arc leqsikis TvalsazrisiT. masSi warmodgenili iyo mxolod is bgerebi, fonetikuri procesebi da leqsika, rac saerTo iyo yvela imJamindeli qarTuli dialeqtisTvis, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, dedaqalaqis metyvelebaSi calkeul dialeqtTa specifika nivelirebuli iyo, anu mcxeTis metyveleba zedialeqtur Tu interdialeqtur koines warmoadgenda. magram Tundac zedialeqtikuri, rogori mdidari leqsikac ar unda hqondes mas, ver itvirTavs saxelmwifo enis funqciebs, radgan masSi ar moipoveba sakmarisi terminologiuri baza, saxelmwifos funqcionirebis sakancelarioadministraciuli, diplomatiuri, samxedro, ekonomikuri, saganmanaTleblo, samecniero da sxva sferoebisaTvis. marTalia qarTul enaSi moipoveba socialur struqturaTa Tu dasaxlebaTa tipebis araerTi termini namemkvidrevi jer kidev saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe-enidan, magram terminTa es baza principuli xasiaTis Sefasebasa da gadaxalisebas moiTxovda Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli epoqis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. qarTuli enis saxelmwifo enad gamocxadebas win uZRoda misi terminologiuri uzrunvelyofis intensiuri procesi, romelic misi funqcionire

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bis yvela etapze Tansdevda mas da dRemde grZeldeba [31, 9-10]. evropeli mecnierebi ukve XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi dainteresdnen kavkasiuri, kerZod, qarTveluri, enebiT. cnobili enaTmecnieri franc bopi (1791-1867ww.), 1847 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi ,,kavkasiis wevrebi indo-evropul enaTa ojaxisa”, qarTvelur enebs (sakuTriv qarTuls, megruls, lazurs da svanurs) uwodebs ,,iberiuls anu qarTuls”. avtori Sesaval nawilSi gadmogvcems rozenis, klaproTis, senmartenis, broses Sexedulebebs qarTvelur enaTa Sesaxeb da Semdeg asabuTebs sakuTar Tavlsazriss. franc bopis Sromis mizania cxadi gaxados, rom enobrivi organizmis yvela nawilSi – saxelTa fleqsiaSi, zedsarTavebSi, nacvalsaxelebis fuZeebsa da brunebaSi, ricxviT saxelebSi, agreTve zmnis uRvlilebaSi – pirTa, ricxvTa, droTa da kiloTa mixedviT – qarTuli ena indoevropul enebTan naTesaobas avlens (sanskritTan da sxv.). rogorc mosalodneli iyo, bopis aRniSnul naSromSi ar aris laparaki f o n e t i k u r S e s a t y v i s o b a T a S e s a x e b; sakiTxi ganxilulia mxolod m o r f o l o g i i s a da l e q s i k i s CvenebaTa mixedviT. miuvedavad imisa, rom bopis wignSi warmodgenili enobrivi masala da Sedarebebi Tavis arsebiT nawilSi damarwmunebeli ar aris, mainc unda iTqvas, rom man gamoTqva rigi saintereso 44

da udavod swori dakvirveba, rasac garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvs qarTuli enis morfologiis kvlevis dargSi. bopis naSromis kritikuli analizi mogvca akademikosma mari brosem, miuxedavad imisa, rom isic qarTuls indoevropuli enebis monaTesaved Tvlida. qarTuli enis genezisuri urTierToba sxva ojaxis enebTan, ase dawvrilebiT, rogorc bopma ganixila, arc adre ganuxilavs vinmes da arc – Semdeg; am mxriv bopis cdas gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs [1, 93]. rogorc davinaxeT, garkveulwilad analogiuri debuleba warmoadgina jer kidev 1834 wels didma frangma qarTvelologma mari brosem. samagierod m. miuleri 1855 wels amtkicebda, rom kavkasiuri enebi Turanuli (e.i. Turqul-TaTruli) enebis Soreuli monaTesaveni arian, xolo 1888 wlidan niko mari cdilobda qarTveluri enebis semitur enebTan monaTesaoba daesabuTebina. Semdgomma kvleva-Ziebam uciloblad gviCvena yvela am mtkicebis usafuZvloba. ufro sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda jer kidev 1864 wels gamoTqmuli debuleba (fr. miuleri), rom kavkasiuri (,,iberul-kavkasiuri~) enebi ar enaTesaveba arc indoevropulsa da arc uralur-alTaur (Turqul-TaTrul) enaTa ojaxebs, isini, baskurTan erTad, narCenia odesRac mravalricxovan enaTa ojaxisa, romelic gavrcelebuli iyo kavkasiis miwa-wyalze da mis samxreTiT jer kidev manam, sanam aq indoevropuli, semituri Tu uralur-alTauri enebi gavrceldebodnen. qarTveli mecnierebidan indoev

45

ropulTan an TuranulTan naTesaobis winaaRmdeg erT-erTma pirvelma gailaSqra profesorma aleqsandre cagarelma, romelmac qarTuli aseve, calke gansxvavebuli jgufis naSTad miiCnia [33, 327-328]. dRes gaziarebuli mtkicebulebis Tanaxmad, qarTvelurs akuTvneben iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxs. TviT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli zogi ena sxva enaTa ojaxs ekuTvnis. amitom geografiuli cnebaa kavkasiis enebi, xolo genealogiuri – kavkasiuri (an iberiul-kavkasiuri) enebi sadac 40-mde ena Sedis. mag., kavkasiaSi indoevropulia somxuri (armenuli jgufis), osuri (iranuli jgufis), rusuli, ukrainuli (slavuri jgufis), berZnuli; Turqul – alTauria – azerbaijanuli [8, 20]. iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxSi Sedis enaTa oTxi jgufi: 1. qarTveluri (qarTuli, zanuri anu megrul-Wanuri, igive megrul-lazuri da svanuri. 2. afxazur-adiReuli anu afsuur-adiReuri (afxazuri qvejgufi: afxazuri anu afsuuri da abazuri; adiReuli qvejgufi: adiReuri anu Cerqezuli, yabardouli da ubixuri) 3. naxuri anu veinaxuri (CeCnuri, inguSuri, qisturi, bacburi anu wovaTuSuri 4. daRestnuri (30-mde ena); daRestnurSi gamoiyofa oTxi qvejgufi: 46

a) xunZur-andiur-didouri; b) darguuli; g) lakuri; d) lezgiuri. daRestnuri enebia aseve: arCiuli, aRuluri, axvaxuri, boTlixuri, bagulaluri, kapuWuri, kartauli, kriwuli, kubaCuri, rutuluri, udiuri, tabasaranuli, waxuruli da sxv. iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxSi yvelaze Zveli da kulturuli enaa qarTuli, romelsac werilobiTi Zeglebi moepoveba V saukunidan da Teqvsmetsaukunovani literaturuli tradiciebi aqvs. kavkasiuri enebidan mxolod cxra enas aqvs damwerloba, Seqmnili rusuli (slavur-kiriluri) anbanis safuZvelze: afxazurs, abazurs, CeCnurs, inguSurs da xuT daRestnur enas – xunZurs (avaruls), darguuls, lakurs, lezgiurs, tabasaranuls. danarCeni umwerlobo enebia. enaTa mravalricxovnobis gamo kavkasias ,,enaTa mTas~ uwodeben [8, 47-48]. qarTuli anbani erT-erTi uZvelesi da srulyofilia rogorc bgeraTa satyvisobis, ise grafikuli moxazulobis TvalsazrisiT msoflios damwerlobis sistemaTa Soris. amas xazs usvamdnen ucxoeli mecnierebi: ingliseli devid marSal aleni, germaneli baron fon lixtenbergi, rusi petre uslari da sxv. anbanis daxvewiloba da srulyofileba ar gulisxmobs grafikuli niSnebis garegnul silamazes. mTavari isaa, rom qarTul anbanSi Tavidanve TiToeuli aso Seesabameba calkeul sametyvelo bgeras – fonemas da yvelgan erTnairad ikiTxeba.

47

Tanamedrove qarTulSi 33 aso da 33-ve bgeraa, e.i. anbanSi srulyofiladaa asaxuli qarTuli warmoTqmis (artikulaciis) mTeli simdidre. am mxriv arc erTi sxva anbani araa msoflioSi ase srulyofili [8, 84]. erovnuli damwerlobis kvlevisas gverdi ar unda avuaroT umniSvnelovanes arqeologiur masalebs, mopovebuls rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi. saqarTvelos teritoriaze dadasturebuli eneoliTuri da brinjaos kulturebis maRali mxatvruli done, Salva amiranaSvilis azriT, ,,uTuod amtkicebs im garemoebas, rom Cveni qveynis mosaxleobas damwerloba unda hqonoda~. igive avtori Tvlis, rom amiranis goraze napovni Tixis WurWeli, romelic zustad Zv.w. III aTaswleuliT TariRdeba, Seicavs yuris qveS amokawvris wesiT Sesrulebul aT gansxvavebul niSans, WurWelze simetriulad gars Semovlebuls, romlebic piqtografiuli xasiaTisaa da adreuli xanis namdvili damwerlobis nimuSs warmoadgens. saqarTveloSi uZveles periodSi piqtografiuli damwerlobis arsebobas adasturebs arqeologi boris kuftinic. igi ambobs, rom TrialeTis sifel oznSi napovni fiala Seicavs simbolur niSnebs, romlebic warmoadgens piqtografiul damwerlobas da emsgavsebao protoelamur niSnebs. v. gobejiSvilis azriTac, es niSnebi uZvelesi qarTveluri tomebis tabale48

bis (RESP. tibarenebis, iberebis) mier Seqmnili xatovani damwerloba ariso [34, 34]. Zveli civilizaciis moTaveni – berZeni avtorebi, romlebic erovnuli inteleqtis ZalmosilebiT galaRebulni, yvela araberZens barbaross uwodebdnen – maT gansakuTrebiT gamoarCies kolxeTi da kolxebi. Cans, misi realuri safuZveli ucilod arsebobda. Tanac Zneli warmosadgeni iqneboda, rom berZen avtorTa mxriv warmoCenili kolxuri kulturis umaRlesi done ar ganesazRvra sakuTriv samwerlo kulturas. etyoba, faqtiurad es asec yofila. amas kolxuri oqros sawmisis uZvelesi da adre Sua saukuneebis berZnuli interpretaciebi amxels. evstaTi Tesalonikelma (XII s.), romelmac dionisios periegetis erT-erTi Txzuleba ganmarta, xazgasmiT aRniSna: i x a r q s i [pergamoneli] a m b o b s, rom oqros sawmisi iyo etratebze aRnusxuli x e r x i o q r o d a m w e r l o b i s a, romlis gamoco, amboben, rogorc Rirssarwmunoa, ,,argos~ laSqroba moewyo~ [34, 27]. sxva berZen avtorebs, paralelurad, moepovebaT iseTi cnobebi, romlebic ganamtkiceben azrs kolxuri damwerlobis arsebobis Sesaxeb TviT winaberZnul, kreta-mikenis zeobis xanaSi. ase, magaliTad, apolonios rodoselis ,,argonavtikis” IV wignSi argosi, Ze friqsesa da aietis asulis qalkiopesi, eladaSi mimaval argonavtebs mouTxrobs gadmocemas aia-kolxeTis daarsebis Sesaxeb da mis awindel viTarebasac uT

49

valiswinebs, kerZod imas, rom kolxebs dResac ki ,,Senaxuli aqvT TavianT mamapapaTagan n a w e r i k v i r b e b i, romlebzec irgvliv mogzaurTaTvis naCvenebia zRvisa da xmeleTis yvela gza da sazRvari. cnobili mecnieri k.riteri SeniSnavs, rom `kartografiuli xelovnebis gamogonebis pativ-dideba sruliad ar ekuTvnis mcire aziis berZnebs. igi, bevrad ufro adre, xmarebaSi yofila kolxidelTa mogzaur vaWarTa Soris~ [34, 29]. mkvlevarma vl. siWinavam `kirbebi~ (kvirbebi), igive `kiribiSi~, daukavSira megrulSi SemorCenil leqsemas `kiribi~, rac `cxvars~ niSnavs. am mosazrebas amagrebs Zv. w. IV-III ss. berZeni avtoris palefates Txzulebidan momdinare cnoba, romelsac gadmogvcems anonimuri avtori miTografiuli traqtatis erT-erT TavSi: òqros sawmisisaTvis~. aq naTqvamia, rom kolxeTSi daculi iyo ara oqros sawmisi, aramed tyavze naweri wigni, romelSiac aRwerili iyo qimiis saSualebiT oqros miRebis SesaZleblobani. kolxeTis oqros sawmisis analogiuri ganmartebaa Semonaxuli ioane antioqelTanac (VIIs.) da s v i d a s (Is.) leqsikonSiac. am cnobebSi gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo isaa, rom berZenTa warmodgeniT qarTul (kolxur) damwerlobas ase Zveli fesvebi aqvs [33, 767-768]. Teimuraz bagrationi qarTuli anbanis warmoSobas farnavazis winare xanaSi varaudobs, romelsac qurumebi iyenebdnen. am versias zogierTi somxuri wyaroc uWers mxars. magaliTad, 50

XIII saukunis somexi mematiane mxiTar airivaneci naSromSi `qronografiuli istoria~, romelic sxvadasxva mematianeTa monacemebzea agebuli (samuel aneci, vardan aRmosavleli, kirakos ganZakeci da sxv). qarTuli anbanis warmoSoba warmarTul epoqaSi gadaaqvs sulxan-saba orbeliansac. amave azrs icavs batoniSvili vaxuSti [1, 178-179]. da mainc, qarTuli damwerlobaTmcodneobis fuZemdeblad iTvleba iv. javaxiSvili (`qarTuli paleografia~), romelic qarTulis warmoSobis TariRad asaxelebda ara ugvianes VII saukunes. qarTul anbans Z.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT aTariRebda p. ingoroyvac. r. patariZis azriT qarTuli asomTavruli igive unikaluri warmarTuli kalendaria, romelSic daculia mzisa da mTvaris kalendaruli sistemebi, TiToeuli aso-niSani ideogramacaa, aqvs ricxviTi mniSvneloba, astronomiuli da kalendaruli daniSnuleba. `qarTul asomTavrulSi~ (1980w.) r. patariZe qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis TariRad asaxelebs: ara uadres Zv. w. 403 wlisa da ara ugvianes Zv. w. 284 wlisa (qarTuli asomTavrulis saxelmwifo damwerlobad gamocxadebis weli). Semdeg naSromSi (`qarTuli mwignobroba~, 1989w.) r. patariZem daazusta es TariRebi da aRniSna: qarTuli asomTavruli Seiqmna Zv. w. 415 wels, 412 wels man daiwyo mzis kalendaruli epoqa, Zv. w. 284 wels farnavaz mefem SemoiRo

51

sruliad saxelmwifo qarTuli mwignobroba da erovnuli welTaRricxvao. qarTuli anbani unda Seeqmna aRmosavluri da dasavluri kulturebis zedmiwevniT mcodne pirovnebas, qarTvel qurums (egeb qarTvel piTagorels), romelmac mTeli am codnis sinTezi moaxdina. anbansac da kalendarsac qurumTa wre inaxavda, rogorc saidumlo codnas, sanam farnavazma ar gamoacxada is saerTo qarTul saxelmwifo damwerlobad. qarTuli enisa da mwignobrobis aRorZinebis dawyebad samecniero literaturaSi miCneulia ax. w. 311 weli, rasac gvauwyebs davaTis stelac (367w.) [8, 91]. asomTavrulis uZvelesi nimuSebi aRmoCenilia nekresis warwerebSi (I-IIIss.), manmade ki uZvelesad iTvleboda palestinisa da bolnisis warwerebi [8, 95]. somexi istorikosis koriunis (Vs.) naSromSi da somxur èpistoleTa wignSi~ aRniSnulia, TiTqos qarTuli anbani Seqmna somexma ganmanaTlebelma mesrop-maStocma V saukunis 20-ian wlebSi somxur da albanur enebTan erTad. mesrop-maStoci (361-440) moRvaweobda maSin, roca qarTlSi mefobda bakur mefe. koriunis cnobas imeorebs mose xoreneli (Vs.), magram imave saukunis somexi istorikosi lazare farpeli maStocs miawers mxolod somxuri anbanis Seqmnas. mecnierebaSi didi xania dokumenturad damtkicebulia mesropis mier qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis 52

usafuZvloba. miuxedavad amisa bevr ucxour da sacnobaro literaturaSi swored somxuri versiaa dafiqsirebuli. aRiarebulia, rom qarTuli mxedruli damwerloba unikaluria msoflio ambanur damwerlobaTa sistemebSi. amisi mtkicebisaTvis arsebobs obieqturi, gramatologiuri kriteriumi: mxedruli warmoadgens fonologiuri damwerlobis idealuri formulis è r T i f o n e m a: e r T i g r a f e m a~ realizaciis erTaderT povnier nimuSs kacobriobis damwerlobaTa Soris [31, 19]. es maSin, roca sakuTari anbani ar gaaCniaT iseT ukvdav enebs, rogoricaa inglisuri, franguli, germanuli, espanuri da sxv.

qarTuli enis statusi qarTuli ena qarTveli eris, yovelTa qarTvelTa erovnuli ena –saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enaa. saqarTvelos gamaerTianebeli pirveli mefis farnavazis Sesaxeb mematiane aRniSnavs, rom `da ese farnavaz iyo pirveli mefe qarTlsa Sina qarTlosisa naTesavTagani~ [35, 17]. am faqts avtori ramdenjerme aRniSnavs. SeiZleba gavikvirvoT: kacma rom Tqvas, ramdenjer unda ganmeordes erTi da igiveo. ara, es gameoreba araa, esaa erTi saTqmelis gabmulad, gaxangrZlivebulad Tqma, axal-axali feradovnebiTa da surnelebiT aJRereba, raTa Rrmad da samudamod CaebeWdos mkiTxvels da aki TiTqmis ocda

53

oTxi saukunea, rac SegvenivTa àlmasiviT gamkveTavi da gamomafxizlebeli fraza~ – mauwyebeli qarTveli mefis zeobisa. axla isic gavixsenoT, Tu rogor amTavrebs avtori Txrobas: à m a n (farnavazma–a.s.) g a n a v r c o e n a q a r T u l i, d a a r R a r a i z r a x e b o d a s x u a e n a q a r T l s a S i n a T v i n i e r q a r T u l i s a, d a a m a n S e q m n a m w i g n o b r o b a q a r T u l i~ [35, 17]. Txrobis aseTi dasasruli warmoadgens erTgvar Sejamebas, kvintesencias farnavazis saqmianobisas; amasTanave, esaa apoTeozi misi moRvaweobisa. am frazaSi Caqsovilia ara marto informaciuli, SemecnebiTi funqcia, aramed, upirveles yovlisa, TvalSi sacemia mTqmelisa Tu mwerlis emociuri damokidebuleba faqtisadmi. aSkaraa, rom amas ambobs adamiani, romelic piradad itanjeba da mwvaved ganicdis, rom mis qveyanaSi mSobliur enas dakarguli aqvs moqalaqeobrivi ufleba, saxelmwifoebrivi funqcia da ai, moxda saswaulebrivi gardatexa. mSobliuri enis devniT ganawamebi da Seuracxyofili adamiani moeswro im saocnebo dRes, rodesac farnavazis sibrZniTa da qvelobiT misi qveyana imdenad gaZlierda, rom qarTuli ena saxelmwifo enad dakanonda. mSobliurma enam Tavisi Rirseba da pativi, aRiareba da uflebebi moipova da am didi erovnuli da moqalaqeobrivi aRiarebiT aRzevebuli mamuliSvili aRtacebiTa da TavSeukavebeli bednierebiT saqveynod RaRadebs – ,,arRara izraxeboda sxua ena qar54

Tlsa Sina Tvinier qarTulisa~. esaa faqtiT gamowveuli uSualo reaqcia im mamuliSvilisa, romelic swored im cxovrebiT cxovrobs, im atmosferoTia gaJRenTili, rodesac mis qveyanaSi xdeba es didi istoriuli Zvrebi. Zvrebi, romelTac saZirkveli daudes erisa da enis simtkicesa da ganviTarebas. farnavazisa da misi epoqis Sesaxeb Cvenamde rom araviTar cnobas ar moeRwia da es bolo sami striqoni SemorCenoda istorias, esec sruliad sakmarisi iqneboda farnavazis Rvawlisa da epoqis grandiozuli SemoqmedebiTi masStabebis gasaTvaliswineblad. saqme isaa, rom mwignobrobis Seqmnasa da ganviTarebas eri mxolod maSin aRwevs, rodesac uamravi socialuri da saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri problemebi warmatebiT aqvs daZleuli, rodesac cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi did aRmavlobas ganicdis da yovelive amis Tanmimdevruli da logikuri dagvirgvinebaa sulieri saganZuris, mwignobrobis dafuZneba da ganviTareba. mwignobrobis damamkvidrebelni ar etevian mxolod saxelmwifo moRvaweTa ,,rubrikaSi~, aseTi adamianebis Sesaxeb konstantine gamsaxurdia wers, rom isini an beladebi arian, an winaswarmetyvelnio. WeSmaritad rom asea! da swored am rangSi gaiazra STamomavlobam farnavazi [36, 12-13]. diax, farnavazma brZoliTa da sibrZniT SeZlo calkeuli kuTxeebis Semomkvidreba da erTiani, mTliani saqarTvelos saxelmwifos Seqmna. am didi mTlianobis xerxemlad man mSob

55

liuri qarTuli ena aqcia; saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze saxelmwifo enad qarTuli daakanona, udidesi erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis faqti da Wkviani mmarTvelis Sors gamiznuli nabijia. amiT man safuZveli Cauyara qarTveli tomebis gaerTianebisa da SemWidrovebis saqmes. am mimarTulebiT gadadgmuli nabiji swored es unda yofiliyo. es aris farnavazis mTeli moRvaweobis amosavali wertili, misi mefobis mTavari arsi [37, 177]. amdenad, farnavazis mier saxelmwifo enad gamocxadebuli qarTuli – gaxda saxelmwifo ena ara mxolod am sityvis viwro mniSvnelobiT, anu samefo kancelariis ena, aramed is aRiWurva polivalenturi funqciiT da gaxda ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, literaturis, kulturisa da religiis erTaderTi ena qarTul saxelmwifoSi [31, 6]. Zv.w. II-I saukuneebSi garesamyarosTan gacxovelebuli urTierTobis da ucxoelTa eqspansiis Sedegad, saSiSroeba Seeqmna saxelmwifo enas. antikuri xanis saqarTveloSi zewolis Sedegad farTo gamoyeneba pova damwerlobis ucxourma – berZnulma da arameulma sistemebma. rogorc cnobilia, am damwerlobiTa da am enebze Cvenamde moaRwia antikuri saqarTvelos araerTma sayuradRebo Zeglma. aRmoCenil warweraTa Soris gvxvdeba berZnuli, arameuli da, agreTve, zogjer ebraulic. gamoirCeva samSeneblo warwerebi, epitafiebi, warwerebi xelisuflebis niSnebze (insigniebze), samkaulze da vercxlis WurWelze [33, 768]. 56

oTxi saukunis ganmavlobaSi, pirvelidan meoTxis CaTvliT, miuxedavad xanmokle warmatebebisa, qveyanaSi Rrma politikuri krizisia, ramac pirvel rigSi qarTuli enis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis statusze imoqmeda. marTalia qarTvel mefes romSic epatiJebian da biustsac udgamen, magram gaurkvevelia ra konfesiis farglebSi swiravs msxverpls kapitoliumSi. am xnis ganmavlobaSi orjer, pirvelsa da meoTxe saukuneSi, samefo Suaze iCexeba, dgindeba orxelisuflebianoba. armazis kerZ samefoze sparseTi batonobs, muxranis kerZs–romi ganagebs. aRrevaa religiuri TvalsazrisiTac. mcxeTaSi wamyvani mazdeanoba Cans, es kargad aris asaxuli armazisxevis samarovnis masalebiT da im socialuri siWreliT, romelic aq aris warmodgenili samefo elitaSi. vin arian eseni – pitiaxSi, ezosmoZRvari, an saxeldebiT – serafita, zevaxi, iodmangani, xsefarnugi, agripa. niSneulia, rom Tu ara berZnul teqstSi naxsenebi ìberiis mefe~, arameuli teqstiT verc SevityobdiT, rom saqme iberiis samefo kars exeba da mis karze damkvidrebul ucxo institutebis patronebs. arameuli da berZnuli teqstebi uciloblad miuTiTebs saxelmwifo aparatis da kancelariis samuSao enaze. q a r T u l i a r a T u d a m w e r l o b a, a r a m e d m e t y v e l e b a c g a m o d e v n i l i a. qarTuls iyenebs albaT dabali fenebi, masa. Cans, rom mcxeTa kvlav mravalenovani qalaqia, SeiZleba nominalurad, magram mainc, qarTveli mefis xelSi im

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yofeba. tomTa aRrevas swored mcxeTis qveyanaSi aqvs adgili. aq aris dadasturebuli TiTqmis yvela, arameuli, falauri, berZnuli damwerlobis nimuSi, romelTa TariRic, ZiriTadad, ax.w.aR. I-III saukuneebze modis (mcxeTa, urbnisi, ufliscixe, dedoflis gora. . .). rogori SeiZleboda yofiliyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobis damokidebuleba ucxo kulturuli eqspansiisadmi, im mosaxleobisa, romelsac warmarTobidan gaaCnda sakuTari erovnuli damwerloba da sakuTari erovnuli kultura. warmovidginoT pitiaxSTa gansasvenebeli II-III saukuneebSi. samTavros samarovani damSvenebuli iyo ebrauli da berZnuli epitafiebiT, armazisxevSi ki aRmarTuli iyo arameul-berZnuli bilingva, mis axlos ki e.w. Saragasis ,,gamarjvebis stela~, romlebic elitarul gansasvenebel adgils gamorCeul saxes aZlevda. es iyo silueti qarTlis samefos socialurad da politikurad dakninebuli garemosi. magram rogori ganviTareba miiRo yovelive aman, ra suraTi gvaqvs ori saukunis Semdeg: ebrauli warwerebi ayrilia saflavebidan da samarxis kedlebad aris gamoyenebuli. berZnuli warwera, sadac qalaqis mTavari mxatvris Tu arqiteqtoris saxeli aqolisi iyo aRniSnuli, isic saflavis qvad gamouyenebiaT. meore berZnulwarweriani qvac, sadac igive aqolisi iyo moxseniebuli, eklesiis SesasvlelSi dades warweris nawiliT qveviT. rac Seexeba arameul warwerebs – bilingvas da e.w. Saragasis stelas, isini mouglejiaT adgilidan da imave samaro58

vanze qvis samarxis kedlebad gamouyenebiaT. es iyo mcxeTelebis protesti qarTlis damoukideblobisTvis brZolis gzaze. es gza ki I-II saukuneebidan unda dawyebuliyo, rodesac qarTlis sazogadoebas axli socialuri fena moevlina feodal aznaurebis saxiT, romlis istoriuli misiac, sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, erovnuli TviTmyofadobis aRdgena iyo. swored es iyo ganmsazRvreli, rodesac isini samefo karTan erTad, ar eridebian sisastikes, sparsuli ideologiis – mazdeanobis gansadevnad, da axali ideologiis, qristianobis dasamkvidreblad [38, 102-103]. arabTa batonobis dros axali ZaliT iwyeba brZola qarTuli enisa da qristianuli sarwmunoebis statusis aRsadgenad. VIII-IX saukuneebSi, axali qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis Camoyalibebis periodSi, rodesac paralelurad mimdinareobs moZraoba feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri gaerTianebisaTvis bizantiis mxridan didi winaaRmdegoba aRimarTeba. gaerTianebuli saqarTvelo bunebrivia sruli damoukideblobisaTvis yvela Rones mimarTavda. aseve bizantiac yvela Rones xmarobs sxvadasxva saSualebebiT SeinarCunos Tavisi gavlena kavkasiaSi. aq ukve yuradReba gamaxvilebulia, rogorc religiur faqtorze, aseve qarTuli enis statusTan dakavSirebiT. ,,ukve IX saukuneSi, rogorc qarTlSi, ise tao-klarjeTSi, kaxeTSi, hereTsa da afxazeTis samefoSi qarTuli ena iyo mwerlobis, saxelmwifo marTva-gamgeobis, samoqalaqo urTierTobisa

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da eklesiis erTaderTi ena. qristianobis saSualebiT qarTuli ena gadavida Crdilo kavkasiaSic. upirveles yovlisa – Cerqezebsa da alanebSi~ [39, 133]. rogorc cnobilia, dasavleT saqarTveloSi Tavidanve berZnuli eklesia gabatonda. saeklesio mRvdelmsaxurebac berZnul enaze mimdinareibda. magram dasavleT saqarTveloSi berZnul eklesiasa da berZnul enas imTaviTve upirispirdeboda qarTuli eklesia mcxeTis sakaTalikosos saxiT [40, 511]. mniSvnelovnad angariSgasawevi faqtoria, rom saqarTvelos politikur gaerTianebas win uswrebda saeklesio gaerTianeba. im dros, taoklarjeTi, kaxeTi, hereTi jer kidev damoukidebel politikur erTeulebs warmoadgendnen, eklesiurad imTaviTve yuvela eseni mcxeTis taxts eqvemdebarebodnen, xolo dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesia, Tu ufro adre ara, X saukunis Sua wlebSi, ukve gaerTianebulia sruliad saqarTvelos eklesiasTan [40, 512]. amitom iyo, rom egris-afxazeTis mefeebma eklesiuri gamoyofis mopovebisTanave daiwyes Zveli (bizantiuri) saepiskoposo kaTedrebis moSla dasavleT saqarTveloSi da maT sapirispirod axali qarTuli kaTedrebis daarseba. X saukunis manZilze moiSala gudayvis (ZiRanevis) kaTedra, foTis kaTedra, xolo aSenda Wyondidis, moqvis, bediisa da sxva saydrebi, sadac Seiqmna axali, qarTuli saepiskoposo kaTedrebi. ase TandaTan idevneboda bizantiis eklesiis 60

gavlena. bizantiis eklesia RvTismsaxurebas dasavleT saqarTveloSi berZnul enaze awarmoebda. mcxeTis taxts ki qarTuli ena Semohqonda. aRniSnuli garemoeba didad uwyobda xels mcxeTis taxtisa da egris-afxazeTis mefeebis erTobliv saqmianobas, radgan dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis didi umravlesobisaTvis qarTuli erovnulo ena iyo da amdenad bevrad ufro misaRebi, vidre berZnuli [40, 425-426]. aseT viTarebaSi SemuSavda ,,qarTlis~ politikuri mniSvnelobis is farTo gageba, romelic gvamcnobs, rom ,,qarTlad friadi qveyanai aRiracxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locvai yoveli aResrulebis...~ [41, 279-280]. niSandoblivia, rom giorgi merCules es formula IX saukunis Sua wlebis movlenebs asaxavs. saqme imaSia, rom IV msoflio saeklesio krebis kanonis Tanaxmad adgilobrivi eklesiis sazRvrebi saxelmwifo sazRvrebs unda damTxveoda, qarTulenovani liturgiis funqcionirebis arealis, anu saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciis sazRvrebic erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sazRvrebad aRiqmeboda. swored am faqtorebma gamoiwvies bizantiis saimperatoro karis gaRizianeba. diplomatiuri lavirebis moSveliebiT berZenTa Soris xSirad ismeboda kiTxva – SeZlebda Tu ara qarTuli ena mecnierebisa da azrovnebis enad gadaqceuliyo? hqonda Tu ara mas TavisTavadi mniSvneloba? aqvT Tu ara qarTvelebs ufleba da saSualeba RvTis msaxureba dedaenaze Seasrulon?

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da maT mohyavdaT bizantiaSi ganmtkicebuli Sexeduleba, rom mwerloba SesaZlebelia Turme im sam enaze, romlebzedac aRniSnuli iyo braldeba jvarcmuli qristesi, ese igi – berZnul, laTinur da ebraul enebze. amitom isini aRniSnuli argumentis moSveliebiT eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen sxva enaze arsebul qristianul literaturas. erT-erTi versiis Tanaxmad sinas mTis gamoCenili qarTveli moRvawis, ioane-zosimes piriT X saukuneSi qarTvelebma aseTi Sexedulebis winaaRmdeg wamoayenes Teoria, romlis mixedviT, qarTuli ena savsebiT gaTanasworebulia berZnulTan iqamdis, rom isini ,,orni~ dani arian, viTarca mariam da marTa, da megobarni, viTarca nino da helene ,,dedofali~. ufro metic, avtori ayenebs qarTuli enis mesianuri daniSnulebis ideas. qarTuli enis saqebrad gasaocari eqspresiiT daweril himnSi avtori aviTarebs im azrs, rom qarTul enas aqvs ufleba da SesaZlebloba ara mxolod originaluri, adgilobrivi kulturis Seqmnisa, aramed SeuZlia msoflio enad gadaiqces, msoflio kulturis mesaWeoba qarTulma enam ikisros: ,,damarxul ars enai qarTuli dRemde meored mosvlisa mesiisa sawameblad, raTa yovelsa enasa RmerTman amxilos amiT eniTa... rameTu yoveli saidumlo amas enasa Sina damarxul ars... da es enai, Semkuli da kurTxeuli saxeliTa uflisaiTa, mdabali da dawunebuli – moelis dResa mas meored mosvlasa uflisasa...~ [42, 47, 48]. … 62

aRniSnuli Zegli, romelic ,,qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai” anu mokled ,,qebais~ saxelwodebiT aris specialur literaturaSi cnobili, mcire moculobis natifi stiliT Sesrulebuli nawarmoebia. Zeglis dedaarss qarTuli enis gansakuTrebulobis mtkiceba warmoadgens, rac Txzulebis mixedviT gamovlindeba momavalSi, meored mosvlis Jams: maSin qarTuli mesiis ena iqneba. ufalTan qarTuli enis sxvebze meti siaxlove rom TvalsaCino gaxados, avtori eZiebs analogias da ,,saxarebaSi~ mis Sesatyvisad qristes usayvarles mowafesa da megobars lazares saxavs. ,,qebaiSi~ xazgasmulia, rom qarTuli enis arseba cxadyofili ar aris, amis gamo is arc saTanadod dafasebulia, magram qarTuli rom namdvilad uflis mier rCeuli enaa, amis damadasturebeli faqtebi awmyoSive gveZlevian saswaulebis saxiT. Txzuleba eldasaviTaa. mkiTxvels saxtad tovebs Zveli qarTveli mwerlis Camoyalibebuli erovnuli TviTSegneba, eTnikuri kuTvnilebiT gamowveuli daufaravi siamaye mis xmaSi. ase mkafiod, ase Zlierad, aseTi RirsebiT qarTul literaturaSi mSobliuri enis siyvarulis Sesaxeb arasodes Tqmula. amitom sruliad bunebrivia: qarTveli eris istoriisaTvis ,,qebais~ avtori ar aris martooden konkretuli mwignobari, igi aRiqmeba rogorc zogadi ,,cxovelyofili saxe qarTvelobisa~ [43, 40].

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ZeglTan da misi avtoris vinaobasTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmulia ramdenime mosazreba. erTi ekuTvnis korneli kekeliZes, romelic Tvlida, rom ,,qebais” avtori X saukunis sabawmindelsineli mwignobari ioane-zosimea. pavle ingoroyva ki Txzulebis savaraudo avtorad giorgi merCules asaxelebda. misi azriT: ès Zegli gamosulia giorgi merCulis saliteraturo skolidan. araa gamoricxuli isic, rom avtori iyos TviT giorgi merCule~. pavle ingoroyva `qebais~ wyobilsityvaobis nimuSad miiCnevda, iseve rogorc identifikaciisaTvis moxmobil giorgi merCulis `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebidan~ amoRebuli teqstis nawyvets. magram `qebai~ ar aris leqsi. marTalia, masSi SeiniSneba garkveuli ritmi, mTlianobaSi Zegli ar warmoadgens ritmulad organizebul sistemas. metic, `qebai~ araTu leqsi ar aris formiT, igi SinaarsoblivaTac ar aris poezia. Tavisi struqturiT es teqsti mecnieruli msjelobis analogiuria. masSi gamoiyofa logikurad erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli ramdenime mikroteqsti: pirveli mikroteqsti warmoadgens debulebas (qarTuli enis gansakuTrebulobis maCvenebelia misi damarxuloba); meore mikroteqsti aris debulebis sazrisis ganmarteba (qarTuli ena lazarea, nino ganmanaTlebeli da elene dedofali igiveni arian misTvis, rac lazaresTvis debi mariam da marTa, romlebic Zmis aRdgnisaTvis qristes winaSe Suamdgomloben); mesame mikroteqstiT xdeba debulebis argu64

mentireba (qarTuli ena rom 4 dRes damarxuli lazarea, amas aCvenebs qarTuli saxareba, kerZod ki, misi pirveli aso `w~, romlis ricxviTi mniSvnelobacaa 4000; es ki igivea, rac 4, radgan wminda weriliT 1000 weli udris 1 dRes, e.i. 4 udris 4000); momdevno mikroteqsti warmoadgens daskvnas (qarTuli ena qristes dabrunebiT, e.i. meored mosvliT, viTarca uflis rCeuli, lazaresaviT aRdgeba); meoTxe mikroteqsti ki damatebiTi argumentia (qarTuli enis rCeulobas, lazareobas misi sxvebze adre moqceva, qarTuli qristianobis sxvebTan SedarebiT xandazmuloba adasturebs) [43, 42]. Zeglis daTariRebas da realuri avtoris Ziebas saintereso da angariSgasawevi naSromebi miuZRvnes mecnierebma e. WeliZem da m. CxartiSvilma. axali varaudiT Zegli unda Seqmniliyo IV saukunis Sua xanebSi, xolo misi avtori unda iyos rev mirianis Ze. aRniSnuli varaudis sasargeblod mariam CxartiSvils mohyavs Semdegi argumentebi: IV saukunis damdegisaTvis qarTls Seeqmna metad rTuli sagareo-politikuri pirobebi. sasanuri iranis agresiis gardauvalobam igi daRupvis safrTxis winaSe daayena. aseT dros mefe miriani atarebda erovnuli meobis SenarCunebisaTvis gamiznul politikas. mis mier qarTuli saxelmwifos damaarseblis, qarTuli enisTvis saxelmwifoebrivi statusis mimniWeblis farnavazis saflavis `Semkoba~, ris Sesaxebac sagangebod gvamcnobs leonti mroveli, swored am kursis

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maCvenebelia. qristianobis miRebac erovnuli gadarCenis swrafviT gamowveuli aucilebloba iyo. magram axali sarwmunoebis aRiarebas qarTveli moazrovneni qarTvelobis SenarCunebis fiqrisagan ar SeiZleboda gaeTavisuflebina. paradoqsia, magram faqtia, rom pirvel etapze qristianoba, rogorc kosmopolitiuri sarwmunoeba, romelsac qarTvelTa TvalsawierSi Semohyavda sxva erebic, zogadsakacobrio kulturuli faseulobani, erovnul meobas uqmnida aranakleb safrTxes, vidre iranis samxedro agresia. amas unda gaemZafrebina zrunva yovelive qarTulisaTvis. am procesisgan ganze ar SeiZleba darCeniliyo mefis Ze [43, 47-48]. bizantielTa siamayis grZnobas imis gamo, rom maTi sataxto qalaqi RvTismSoblis sagangebo mfarvelobis qveS imyofeba, qarTulma erovnulma TviTSegnebam upasuxa swored am dros IX saukuneSi Casaxuli azriT, rom qarTlis qveyana `wilxvdomilia~ imave RvTismSoblisa. es azri, X saukuneSi mTlian sistemad Camoyalibda da Tavi iCina ilarion qarTvelis `cxovrebaSi~. ZeglSi aRniSnulia: rodesac ilarioni mivida ulumbos mTaze, adgilobrivi berZnuli lavris mamasaxlisma moindoma misi da misi mowafeebis iqidan gaZeveba. amisaTvis daimsaxura kidec RvTismSoblis mxileba: ùbadruko! – raisa inebe ganZebai ucxoTa maT, romelni mosrul arian siyuarulisaTvis Zisa da RmrTisa Cemisa? anu ara uwyia, viTarmed mravalni damkvidrebad arian mTasa amas m a T i s a e n i s m e t y v e l n i? da ro66

melni maT ara Seiwynareben, mter Cemda arian, rameTu Cemda miniWebul ars Zisa mier Cemisa naTesavi igi Seuryevlad marTlmadideblobisaTvis maTisa, vinaidan hrwmena saxeli Zisa Cemisai da naTel iRes~ [44, 517]. qarTuli enis dacvas bizantiis berZnulenovani gavlenisagan exeba giorgi mTawmindeli ,,iovanesa da eqvTimes cxovrebaSi~, sadac mogviTxrobs patara eqvTimes mZime avadmyofobis ambavs ucxoeTSi. mamas misi gadarCenis imedic ki gadaewura da yovel wams eloda Svilis sikvdils. sasowarkveTili mSobeli RvTismSoblis wminda taZarSi wavida da wminda mariamis xats evedreboda Semweobas. senakSi dabrunebulma iovanem igrZno sakvirveli surneli da dainaxa eqvTime, romelic RvTismSoblis madliT wamoweuliyo da sawolze sruliad gamojanmrTelebuli ijda. gaxarebul mamas eqvTimem uambo wminda mariamis gamocxadebis ambavi: ,,awRa warmomidga vinme didebuli dedofali da mrqva q a r T u l i T a e n i T a: – rai ars, rai gelmis, efTvime? – xolo me varqv, viTarmed: – movkvdebi dedofalo! – ararai ars vnebai Sen Tana, aRdeg, nu geSinin, da q a r T u l a d x s n i l a d u b n o b d i~ [45, 390]. marTlac eqvTime ganikurna. manmade Tu qarTulad Zlivs laparakobda, axla wyarosaviT gadmosCqefda misi piridan uwmindesi qarTuli: ,,viTarca wyaro aRmodian uwmides yovelTa qarTvelTasa~. igi qarTvelebs moevlina axal oq

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ropirad da wignTagan didad naklovani qveyana gaamdidra sulieri saunjiT. qarTuli enis Rirseba da berZnul enasTan sworuflebianoba xazgasmulia kvlav ilarion qarTvelis ,,cxovrebaSi~, sadac gadmocemulia, rom imperatorma basil II makedonelma (976-1025 ww.) Tavisi ori vaJis, aleqsandresa da leonis aRzrda miando ara berZnebs, aramed ilarionis qarTvel mowafeebs, romelTac uTxra: ,,locva yavT amaTTvis, wmidano mamano, da aswaveT amaT enai da wigni Tqveni, raTa Svilni locvisa Tqvenisani iyvnen egeni~ [44, 524]. saerTod, mas Semdeg, rac wera-kiTxva, yvelasaTvis Tu ara, bevrisTvis misawvdom da gasageb xelobad da codnad iqca, saidumlo politikuri da samxedro cnobebis Sesatyobineblad gansakuTrebuli, gareSe pirisaTvis srulebiT waukiTxav-gaugebari, anbanis Seqmna aucilebeli gaxda. amitomaa, rom yvela kulturul ers, Cveulebrivs garda, saidumlo mravali sxvadasxvanairi anbanic hqonda xolme. qarTulad, saidumlo anbanis garda, saidumlo enac, metyvelebac arsebobda, romlis mTavars, sityvaTa saxis Semcvlel elements marcvalsa da marcvals Sua ganzrax CanarTi marcvali, magaliTad ,,w” Sesatyvisi xmovniTurT Seadgenda. amis wyalobiT ,,Sikriki movida~ –s magier gamodioda ,,Sikwiriwikiwi mowoviwidawa~. saqarTveloSi aseve scodniaT kriptografiis xeloba. akad.m. broses naTqvami aqvs, rom bev68

ri sxvadasxva qarTuli saidumlo anbanis nimuSi hqonia xelT. uZveles nimuSad jerjerobiT mainc pavle ingoroyvas mier ganmartebuli X saukunis xelnawerSi Senaxuli sagalobelTa krebulis Semdgeneli miqael modrekilis ,,miqaelis~ kriptogramaa, romelSiac asoebis magier ricxviTi mniSvnelobaa gamoyenebuli: ,,ormoci aTi equsasi erTi xuTi da ocdaaTi~. raki 40 Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi aso ,,m~ – aniT, 10 ,,i~ – niT, 600 ,,q~ – aniT, 5 ,,e~ – niT, 30 ,,l~ – asiT aRiniSneboda. amitom am saidumlo anbanis mcodne pirs zemomoyvanil ricxvTa krebuli ,,miqael~ – ad unda waekiTxa. Zvelad ras uwodebdnen CvenSi saidumlo anbans, jer ar viciT, magram XVII saukuneSi ,,anjanis anbani~ –s saxeliT yofila cnobili. es termini gorgijaniZes aqvs naxmari, romelsac Tavis TxzulebaTa krebulSi saidumlo anbanze aqvs saubari da erTi amgvari nimuSic aqvs moyvanili [46, 134, 136]. xazgasasmelia, rom sruliad qarTuli saxelmwifos calkeul samefo-samTavroebad danawevrebis periodebSi, ugamonaklisod yvela am politikur erTeulSi qarTuli inarCunebda saxelmwifo enis statuss da, amdenad, qarTuli enis oficialuri funqcionirebis arealis sazRvrebi erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvrebad aRiqmeboda; magaliTad: ,,iverielTa erTobis traxtati~, xelmowerili 1790 wels qarTvelTa mefe-mTavrebis mier, Tavis preambulaSi

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gvamcnobs ,,erTobis~ safuZvels: ,,vinaidan yovelTave iverielTa, msaxlobelTa samefosa Sina qarTlisa, kaxeTisa, imerTa, odiSisa da guriisaTa aqvsT erTmorwmuneoba, arian Svilni erTisa kaTolike eklesiisagan Sobilni da e r T i s a e n i s a m q o n e b e l n i, aqvsT mavasaxelobiTica siyvaruli viTarca sisxliT naTesavTa da moyvrobiT SekrulTa urTierTTa Soris~ [31, 5].

imperiis marwuxebSi rogorc davinaxeT, mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, qarTuli Cven-jgufis wevrebi erTobad Tavs moiazrebdnen iseT faseulobebze dayrdnobiT, rogoricaa qarTuli ena, qristianuli sarwmunoeba da mefobis instituti [47, 14]. swored amitom XIX saukunis dasawyisidan moyolebuli ruseTis xelisuflebam saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis gauqmebis Semdeg mTavari Zala mimarTa qarTuli erTobis arsebobis tradiciuli elementebis, mefobis institutis, qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis da qarTuli enis Sesusteba-gauqmebisken [47, 15]. enis warTmeviT qarTvel xalxs, mozard Taobas erTmeoda Tavis qveyanaSi sulieri kontaqtis yvelaze efeqturi iaraRis gamoyenebis – azris, Wkuis, erovnuli meobis, TavisTavadobis, pirovnuli Rirsebisa da Tavisufali Semoqmedebis saSualeba [48, 24]. 70

carizmisaTvis da misi swavlulebisaTvis naTeli iyo, rom saerTo qarTuli enis daSliT da odindeli gvar-tomobrivi qarTveluri enebis aRdgeniT qarTvelebs daqucmacebisa da Suasaukuneebrivi sibnelisaken miaqanebda, rac TavisTavad erTian qarTul sxeuls klavda. carizmma icoda, rom saerTo qarTuli damwerlobisa da misi mdidari literaturis waqceva ioli rodi iyo, amitom SeniRbuli gziT jer qarTveluri enebi unda gaerusebina. am mizniT kidevac Sedgenil iqna rusuli grafikuli anbani – `deda nina~ da `luSnu abaan~. gaTvaliswinebuli iyo, rom samegrelos mosaxleoba megrul enaze, xolo svaneTis – svanurze unda gadaeyvanaT, raTa Semdeg isini iolad gaerusebinaT (aba ra literaturiT gaumklavdebodnen isini rusuls?). amis Semdeg ki ruseTs Seteva qarTulze unda gadaetana [49, 35]. es amocana garkveulwilad saTaves iRebs dekabristTa programidan. kerZod p. pestelis mier dawerili konstituciis proeqti, romelsac `ruskaia pravda~ uwoda. am saprogramo dokumentis mixedviT ruseTis dedaqalaqi niJninovgorodi unda yofiliyo, axali saxeliT–vladimiri. aqedan Cans dekabristebis miswrafeba msoflio batonobisaken. `ruseTis saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebi yvela eri da tomi unda garusdes, – naTqvamia `ruskaia pravdaSi~ – ruseTis saxelmwifos mTel sivrceze mxolod erTi – rusuli ena unda batonobdes. erT enaze molaparake xalxi mtkice kavSiriT Seikvreba da erT

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erad Camoyalibdeba. yvela erisa da tomis gansxvavebuli saxelwodeba unda moispos da saerTo rusul saxelwodebaSi Seirwyas. ruseTis mTel teritoriaze unda moqmedebdes erTi da igive kanonebi da mmarTvelobis erTnairi forma~. rogor unda moxvedriliyvnen rusebi saqarTveloSi da an saerTod kavkasiaSi? aq ukve sxva anderZi moqmedebda. amis dasturia petre pirvelis politikuri anderZi, romelic 1812 wels, ruseTTan omis dros xelSi CauvardaT frangebs. swored es dokumenti warmoadgens ruseTis sagareo politikis eqspansiur miswrafebaTa safuZvels. kerZod, petre pirveli werda: `konstantinopolisa da indoeTisaken waviwioT. am mizniT SevqmnaT saomari viTareba, xan TurqeTTan, xan sparseTTan. erTmorwmune kavkasieli ZmebisaTvis gavisarjoT. SevecadoT, rom ama Tu im mxarem mfarvelobis TxovniT mogvmarTos, mere ki maT srul damorCilebas mivaRwioT. SeviyvanoT jari droebiT da manmade davtovoT, sanam sabolood iq ar davrCebiT~ [50, 72]. imperiuli gegmis Tanaxmad, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos yofdnen qarTvelebis, rusebis, TaTrebis, somxebis, germanelebis da malaknebis mosaxleobis Sesabamisad. Tbilisic aseve narev qalaqad unda gamocxadebuliyo. yvela am nawilSi mmarTvelobac eTnikuri mosaxleobis enebis mixedviT unda warmoebuliyo Sereulad – Tanasworuflebianobis principze (?!). Tu am mxriv raime garTuleba da gaugebroba warmoiSoboda, ma72

Sin arbitris (msajulis) rolic ruseTs unda Seesrulebina (rac rusuli enis ùdidesi avtoritetiT~ aixsneboda!) [49, 37]. amdenad, koloniuri batonobis ganmtkicebaSi, uwinaresad, igulisxmeboda rusuli enis, fsiqologiis, wesebis damkvidreba. rusuli axalSenebis mowyobiT saqarTveloSi demografiuli situacia mkveTrad Seicvleboda. aseT pirobebSi ukiduresad Seviwrovdeboda qarTuli enis moqmedebis areali, mkvidri erovnebis winaaRmdegobac Zalas dakargavda da maTi damorCileba advilad moxerxdeboda [51, 85]. is vinc ruseTis xelisuflebis samsaxurSi Cadga TiTqmis yvela daupirispirda qarTul enasa da erovnul kulturas. ase magaliTad, 1804 wlis 29 maiss, imperatorisadmi wardgenil patakSi, cicianovi xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom vaxtang orbeliani rusuli mmarTvelobis mimarT gansakuTrebul erTgulebasa da Tavdadebas iCenda. amis gamo mas polkovnikoba misces da 750 maneTi wliuri jamagiri dauniSnes. am ambavma igi metad gaadidgula. mas auTvalwunebia qarTuli ena da saerTod qarTveloba. javrobda, roca bavSvebi qarTul wera-kiTxvas swavlobdnen. Turme fiqrobda: Cemma Svilebma Tu qarTuli ena ar daiviwyes uimisod ruseTSi saswavleblad ver gamodgebiano. ruseTis erTgulebisaTvis sakuTari enis uarmyofeli vaxtang orbeliani amaxinjebda axalgazrdobis sulier ganviTarebas [52, 56-57].

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swored vaxtang orbelianis msgavsi qarTvelebis gasagonad brZanebda didi ilia: `Cven rom erTmaneTs gadavudeqiT, Tavi SevyaviT Cvens patara xuxulebSi... rasakvirvelia, enac, dagvimunjdeboda da dagvikoWldeboda... Cven TviTon davcarieldiT gudafSutasaviT da enac gaRatakda, calieri sityvebiRa gvinda, calieri xmebi, rom enam pirSi iStvinos... sxva risTvis gvinda ena? – saerTo saxeli `qarTveli~ kerZoobiTi gavxadeT, `mamuli~ – danexvil nafuZrad, `pativi~ – nexvad, `Tavi~ – gograd, da Cveni kacoba iqamdin miviyvaneT, rom `kaci~ kacs aRar niSnavs, Tu zed `kacuri~ ar davumateT... [53, 94]. ganvlili wlebis gacnobierebas dro da manZili sWirdeba, raTa perspeqtivaSi mTelis sisruliT aRiqva warsuli movlenebis mniSvneloba. yoveli eris istorias Tan axlavs Wrilobebi, romelTac gaqroba da daviwyeba arasodes uweria, magram usaTuod unda moSuSdes, rom masze dinjad da obieqturad ilaparako. XIX saukunis Cvenma didma winaprebma TavianTi madliani moRvaweoba, romelic qveynisa da xalxis cxovrebis yovel dargs swvdeboda, enis siwmindis dacviT daiwyes: ilia WavWavaZem pirvelad qarTuli enis barbarosulad dammaxinjebelTa winaaRmdeg aRimaRla xma da TaobaTa Soris cnobili brZolac CvenSi enis sakiTxebiT daiwyo. es ar aris SemTxveviTi movlena. es, upirveles yovlisa, imas amtkicebs, rom Cveni sasiqadulo qarTuli ena, romlis adgili (Tuki saerTod SeiZleba enebis Sedareba) iqneb bevri 74

ar aRmoCndes qveyanaze, udidesi mzrunvelobiT movlili gadaecemoda xolme Taobidan Taobebs [17, 459]. qarTuli enis winaaRmdeg brZolas win aRudga gamoCenili sasuliero da sazogado moRvawe Ggabriel episkoposi. igi erT-erTi pirveli, mtkiced da mkacrad gamoeqomaga enasac da erovnul Tavmoyvareobasac. yvelasaTvis cnobilia mefis maRali moxelis giorgi muxranbatonis antierovnuli broSura, romelic kacobriobis progresad patara erebis mospobisa da didi erebis gabatonebas Tvlida, gardauvalad miaCnda mcire erebis gaqroba. gabriel episkoposi aRaSfoTa am didmpyrobelurma `Teoriam~, igi maSinve gamoexmaura mkacrad da dasabuTebulad. òri sruliad sxvadasxvagvari ena SeerTdes, Tan mcire xalxi... gareSe yovlisa iZulebisa, ganqardes da mis magierad sruliad sxvagvari ena miiRos, rac gind mcire iyos is xalxi, es SeuZlebelia~. mometebul decentralizacias iqneb Tavisi uaryofiTi mxare hqondes, wers igi, ,,magram isev isa sjobia pirvels, e.i. centralizacias~. Sen amtkiceb, ,,suyvela mcire xalxis enebi ganqardes, mxolod saxelmwifo gamagrdeso. magram saxelmwifo amiT ver gamagrdeba~. da jon milis Txzulebas Seaxsenebs Tavisuflebaze: gaixsene ,,mesame Tavi, sadac is ucxoT amtkicebs, rom individualoba, e.i. yoveli sakuTari ganmasxvavebeli Tviseba, xasiaTi – saWironi arian yoveli kacisa (maSasadame xalxis) keTilmdgomareobisa da bednierebisaTvis. Tu es asea,

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maSin enis gamocvla arc mcire xalxs argebs da arc didi xalxisaTvis aris sasurveli...~. gabriel episkoposis pasuxma didi gamoxmaureba hpova. ,,... gmadlob Sen enaca mSobliuri, ena, romelic mdidari hyav Sen qadagebiTa SeniTa, romlisTvisaca ebrZodi Sen medgrad im ganusjelTa pirTa, romelTaca ena petriwisa, giorgi mTawmindelisa... uarhyves... Sen gamoesarCle Cvens enas, rodesac erTma didma pirma uqadaga am enas sikvdili...~ ase mimarTavdnen mas gamoTxovebis Jams 1896 wels, Tumca im paeqrobis Semdeg meoTxedi saukune iyo gasuli [17, 51-52 qarTuli enis devnis gamo rusi moRvawe nik. durnovic ki aRSfoTebiT aRniSnavda: ,,ruseTis saeklesio ierarqias didi msxverpli moaqvs da ufro metad Rupavs marTlmadidebel qarTvelebs, vidre saracinelebi, sparselebi, Turqebi, romlebic enas mainc ar glejdnen maT “ – o. oficialuri rusuli eklesia sdevnida yovelive qarTuls. qarTvelTa taZrebSi wirvalocvis dros episkoposebi, qarTvel morwmuneebs Tarjimnis meSveobiT uqadagebdnen. sagulisxmo faqti, romelic bodbis monasterSi moxda, monasterSi, sadac qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebeli wm. ninoa dakrZaluli... moxucebulma qarTvelma qalebma episkoposs mimarTes TxovniT – weliwadSi erTxel mainc qristes aRdgomis Rames, wirva-locvis qarTulad mosmenis saSualeba mogveciTo... episkoposma ki maT `brZnulad~ urCiaT: umjobesi iqneba rusuli ena SeiswavleTo... 76

rom aRaraferi vTqvaT qarTvel episkoposTa devnis faqtebze [54, 165]. amitomac ambobda vaJa-fSavela, rom ìq vin naxa Tavisufleba, saca me Cems dedaenaze laparaks miSlian: arc maswavlian, arc maubneben, arc mamRereben, arc magalobeben?! ra guli unda mqondes maSin? ras unda vgrZnobdeT?! – sxvas arafers, garda zizRisa, mZulvarebisa. mowamlulmoSxamulia Cemi sicocxle, vgrZnob mxolod usiamovnebas, siZulvils da vwyevli im Zalebs, im mglebs... da vucdi marjve SemTxvevas Sevmusro isini... roca es dro dadgeba da mec moqmedebas viwyeb am ZalTa Sesamusravad, dasaTrgunad, maSinve iwyeba Cemi Tavisufali cxovreba; aq aris dasawyisi Tavisuflebisa...~ [55, 409]. imperiis skolebSi, gansakuTrebiT XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan, rodesac ruseTis ganaTlebis beds ganagebdnen mefis satrapebi tolstoi da pobedonoscevi skolebSi gamefebuli iyo e.w. `klasicizmi~, e.i. laTinuri da berZnuli enebi. mowafeebs suls uxuTavdnen da tvins ufitavdnen, raTa arsebiTi saxelebi da Tandebulebi mtkiced da samudamod CabeWdiliyo mexsierebaSi. es yvelaferi leqsebad iyo dawyobili da TuTiyuSebiviT azepirebinebdnen. iakob mansvetaSvili geografiis swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT Semdegs igonebs: `mogexsenebaT, rom iaponia kunZulebze sZevs, romelTagan samia mozrdili da aRsaniSnavia, saxeldobr: niponi, iezo da kiusiu. da ai rom, – RmerTma nu qnas – aramc da aramc Cven sicocxleSi ar dagviwyeboda es

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didad mniSvnelovani sami saxeli, ase galeqsilad gvaswavlidnen: `nipon, iezo–sikoko, kiu-siu drikoko!~ an kidev Crdilo amerikis axlos mdebare kunZulebi: kuba, iamaika, portoriko, gaiti, – rusulad ase iyo galeqsili: `Куба, ямайка, _ знай _ ка Порторико, Гайти, _ не забивайте~ [56, 13]. 1871 wlis 14 maiss gamoica saimperatoro karis gadawyvetileba, romlis ZaliTac qarTuli ena uqmdeboda yvela tipis saswavlebelSi. didaqtikuri mosazrebiT, qarTuli ena mxolod sasuliero saswavleblis mosamzadebel ganyofilebaze datoves. mTavrobis am gadawyvetilebam qarTveli sazogadoebis didi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. qarTul presaSi imperatoris dadgenilebis sawinaaRmdegod araerTi publikacia gamoqveynda, ramac xelisufleba aiZula, droebiT ukan daexia. ruseTis sinodma, qarTvelebisTvis Tvalis axvevis mizniT, saimperatoro gadawyvetileba odnav saxecvlili formiT Camoayaliba, romlis mixedviTac sasuliero saswavleblebSi qarTli enis swavleba daSvebul iqna, rogorc damxmare saSualeba rusuli enis Sesaswavlad, qarTuli enisa da literaturisaTvis calke saaTebi ar gamoyofila. igi sxva sagnebTan erTad gaaerTianes. dadgenilebis Sesabamisad, sasuliero saswavleblebSi swavleba rusul enaze unda ganxorcielebuliyo. qarTuli literatura da 78

saqarTvelos istoria iswavleboda rusuli literaturisa da istoriis kursTan erTad. SezRudvis miuxedavad, i. gogebaSvili da sxva qarTveli pedagogebi kvlav Zveleburad agrZelebdnen moRvaweobas. saswavleblis administraciis mxridan maTze mkacri zedamxedveloba iyo dawesebuli. 1873 wels ruseTis sinodma i. gogebaSvilisa da sxva qarTveli pedagogebis saqmianobis Sesaswavlad gamogzavna specialuri komisia. komisiis moxsenebis safuZvelze i. gogebaSvili da sxva qarTveli pedagogebi gaaTavisufles Tanamdebobidan. amis Semdeg didi pedagogi saxelmwifo samsaxurSi arasodes Camdgara da mTeli Tavisi moRvaweoba pedagogiuri mecnierebis ganviTarebas moaxmara [57, 326]. quTaisis progimnaziis yvela klasSi qarTuli, rogorc sagani iswavleboda, magram, moswavleebs Sesvenebaze sastikad ekrZalebodaT erTmaneTSi qarTulad saubari. is, vinc qarTulad dailaparakebda, mas zedamxedveli ajarimebda da sajarimo baraTs gadascemda. dajarimebuls unda moexerxebina baraTis sxvisTvis gadacema. visac dRis bolos sajarimo baraTi aRmoaCndeboda, usadilod tovebdnen [58, 201]. aleqsandre II-is mkvlelobis (1881 wlis 1 marti) Semdeg reaqciam kulminacias miaRwia. gamkacrda cenzura. carizmi imperiis sruli rusifikaciis gzas daadga. gansakuTrebuli samizne qarTuli ena gaxda. saxalxo skolebSi qarTul enaze ara Tu swavla, laparakic ki aikrZala da mis nacvlad rusuli ena SemoiRes. saqarTvelos

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erovnuli mTlianobis sazianod, samegreloSi megrul, svaneTSi svanur da aWaraSi Turqul enebze swavlebis danergva gadawyvites [59, 50]. 1884 wlis ianvarSi kavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrunvelma k. ianovskim gamosca sagangebo dadgenileba samgrelo-samurzayanos skolebSi qarTuli enis akrZalvis Sesaxeb. Catarda winaswari samuSaoc. xelisufleba imdenad did mniSvnelobas aniWebda am aqcias, rom peterburgidan specialurad gamogzavnes mecnierebaTa akademiis warmomadgeneli profesori greni [60, 7], romelsac rusuli damwerlobis safuZvelze megruli enis anbanis Seqmna daevala. aseve gadawyvites religiuri literaturis megrulad Targmna da RvTismsaxurebis am enaze gadayvana. xelisuflebis wamowyebebs adgilobrivi elitis da sazogadoebis mxridan seriozuli winaaRmdegoba Sexvda. rusulis bazaze Seqmnili megruli da svanuri anbani da am enebze gamocemuli dawyebiTi skolis saxelmZRvaneloebi praqtikulad gamouyenebeli darCa. unda aRiniSnos, rom ilia WavWavaZe sagangebod ewvia samegrelos, sadac warmoTqva cnobili sityvebi `samegreloSi movedi da saqarTvelo vnaxeo.~ [59, 50]. 1877-1878 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omis Semdeg gansakuTrebiT mizanswrafuli xdeba imperiis koloniuri politika afxazeTSi. am politikis umTavresi mizani iyo: saqarTvelos nawilis, qarTvelTa gansaxlebis teritoriis nawilis – afxazeTis – Camocileba saqarTvelodan; adgilobrivi, mkvidri, qarTuli mosaxleobis maqsi80

maluri Seviwroveba; afxazeTis asimilacia. es yoveli SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda kerZod, maSin, Tu afxazeTidan ganidevneboda q a r T u l i e n a, q a r T u l i e k l e s i a, q a r T u l i k u l t u r a, e.i. afxazebi da iqauri qarTvelebi moswydebodnen qarTul samyaros. afxazeTis kolonizaciis daCqarebuli tempebiT ganxorcieleba daemTxva ruseTSi politikuri reaqciis dasawyiss, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo imperator aleqsandre meoris mkvlelobasTan da aleqsandre mesamis mefobis dasawyisTan. koloniuri politikis umTavres praqtikul mizans warmoadgenda: pirveli – situaciis Secvla afxazeTSi, ucxotomelTa Camosaxlebis kvalobaze qarTuli mosaxleobis xvedriTi wilis Semcireba; meore – eklesiidan qarTuli enis gandevna; mesame – saeklesio samrevlo da saero skolebSi qarTuli enis swavlebis akrZalva. meoTxe – qarTuli mosaxleobis yovelmxrivi Seviwroeba; mexuTe – afxazebis garuseba, maTi asimilireba. am miznis ganxorcielebisaTvis koloniurma xelisuflebam konkretuli nabijebi gadadga. kerZod, 1898 wlis 3 seqtembris brZanebulebiT, afxazeTis im eklesiebSi, romelTa mrevls afxazebi Seadgendnen, RvTismsaxureba saeklesio slavur enaze unda aResrulebinaT. saqarTveloimereTis sinodaluri kantoris 1898 wlis 17 martis brZanebulebiT, afxazeTisa da samurzayanos skolebSi aikrZala qarTuli enis swavleba; RvTismsaxurebis saeklesio-slavur enaze aR

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srulebis da skolebSi qarTuli enis swavlebis akrZalvis ganxorcielebaze sasuliero da administraciulma xelisuflebam umkacresi kontroli daawesa [61, 92-93]. cxadi iyo, rom afxazeTis saqarTvelodan Camocileba da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis asimilacia SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda mxolod qarTuli enis gandevnis Semdeg. es ar aris gadaWarbebuli mtkiceba – qarTuli ena da misi funqcionireba gadamwyveti Zalis iaraRi iyo, rasac kargad acnobierebdnen mefis satrapebi. afxazeTis eklesiidan da skolebidan qarTuli enis gandevnis aucileblobaze mTeli SesaZleblobiT ibrZoda quTaisis general-gubernatori [61, 94]. cnobilia, rom rusma kolonizatorebma qarTveli eri dahyves xalxebad: `megrelebi~, `gurulebi~, `svanebi~, ìmerlebi~, àWarlebi~, da sakuTriv `qarTvelebi~ (qarTvelebi da kaxelebi). mizani naTeli iyo: Tu aRar iarsebebda erTiani qarTveli eri, maSin aRarc erTiani saqarTvelos moTxovna iqneboda SesaZlebeli. maSin afxazeTis saqarTvelodan `gayvanac~ ganxorcielebadi saqme iqneboda. koloniuri politikis am miznis xorcSesxmas win eRobeboda, pirvel rigSi, qarTuli enis faqtori. `megrelebad~, `gurulebad~, `svanebad~, ìmerlebad~ da `qarTvelebad~ `daSlili~ qarTveli eri mainc erT erad – qarTvel erad darCeboda, sanam megrelic, gurulic, svanic, aWarelic, imerelic, qarTlelic da kaxelic erT enaze – q a r T u l e n a z e 82

i l a p a r a k e b d a, sanam eklesiaSi RvTismsaxureba q a r T u l e n a z e a R e s r u l e b o d a, sanam skolebSi bavSvebi q a r T u l e n a z e iswavlidnen... [61, 96]. soxumis okrugSi mcxovrebi ,,afxazebis~ absoluturma umravlesobam rusuli ar icoda, ris gamoc maT hqondaT ufleba, moeTxovaT RvTismsaxurebis aRsruleba im enaze, romelic maT ufro esmodaT. am moTxovnas mosaxleobis didi nawili uWerda mxars, rac, ra Tqma unda, aSinebda koloniur xelisuflebas. quTaisis samxedro gubernatoris fraza – `Абхазцы не имея своей письменности, одинакого грузинского и славянского языков~ – aradamajerebelia. Tu afxazebma qarTuli ena ar icodnen, qarTuls da megruls ki tradiciulad flobdnen da amitomac arsebobda moTxovna eklesiebSi RvTismsaxurebis qarTul enaze aRsrulebis Sesaxeb... ruseTis eklesiis sinodis 1898 wlis 3 seqtembris brZanebulebiT, im eklesiebSi, romlis mrevls megrelebi (e.i. qarTvelebi) Seadgendnen, RvTismsaxureba qarTul enaze unda aResrulebinaT. soxumis mosaxleobis erovnuli Semadgenlobis statistika, TviT quTaisis samxedro gubernatoris cnobiT, aseTi iyo: soxumSi 1900 wlisaTvis cxovrobda 1658 megreli (e.i. qarTveli), 1300 imereli (e.i. qarTveli), 200 qarTveli da 100 afxazi, e.i. sul soxumSi 3158 qarTveli da 100 afxazi cxovrobda. maS visTvis aRasrulebdnen soxumis eklesiebSi RvTismsaxurebas

83

rusulad, Tu ki soxumSi araqarTveli mosaxleoba absolutur umciresobas warmoadgenda (100 kaci)? soxumis eklesiebSi RvTismsaxurebis rusul enaze aRsrulebis Taobaze gadawyvetileba arc ruseTis eklesiis uwmindes sinods da arc saqarTvelo-imereTis sinodalur kantoras ar miuRia, soxumis episkoposi aSkarad TviTnebobda [61, 102-103]. mefis xelisufleba aseve energiulad ibrZoda, raTa mahmadiani qarTvelebisaTvis qarTuli ena ucxo yofiliyo. mTeli misi mcdeloba iqiTken iyo mimarTuli, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis rusuli ena gamxdariyo erTaderT sasaubro enad. carizmi aviwroebda agreTve progresulad moazrovne qarTvel pedagogebs, romlebic erovnul suls aRvivebdnen adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi. Sovinisturi Zalisxmeva mimarTuli iyo swored aseT erovnul niadagze mdgari maswavleblebis winaaRmdeg. carizmis Cinovnikebis SefasebiT qarTveli pedagogebi ,,ubnelebdnen moswavleebs gonebas, araswori mimarTulebiT mihyavdaT maTi aRzrdis saqme, unergavdnen qarTul nacionalizms~! ai, rogori xasiaTis werili gaugzavna baTumis olqidan kavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrunvels adgilobrivma gubernatorma. werili exeboda qarTvel pedagogs mirian ramiSvils, romlis daniSvna Turme baTumis olqis skolaSi yovlad miuReblad CaTvales. werilSi xazgasmulia: ,,me iZulebuli var gTxovoT Tqven miaqcioT yurad84

Reba baTumis olqSi isedac Semcirebul raodenobas... adgilobrivi mosaxleoba religiuri Sexedulebebis gamo iribad uyurebs rusul skolebs da aseT skolebSi maswavleblebad qarTvelebis daniSvna da Tanac iseTebis, romlebic politikurad arasaimedoa, namdvilad arasasiamovnoa. amas isic emateba, rom qarTveli pedagogebi yovel Rones xmaroben gaavrcelon TavianTi polotikuri Sexedulebebi mahmadianebze da maTSi Seitanon qarTuli wigniereba. vimeoreb ,,qarTuli wigniereba~. Semdeg gubernatori ganagrZobs, rom qarTvelebs ara Tu SeuZlia saskolo qselis gazrda olqSi, aramed Tavis SemoqmedebiT musulmanebis TvalSi amcireben skolebis mniSvnelobas da amitom qarTvelebi ar unda iqnan daSvebuli skolebSi pedagogebad, es saxifaToa, rogorc politikurad, aseve zneobrivad. unda vecadoT pedagogebad iyos mxolod da mxolod rusebi imisaTvis, rom mZlavri tempiT daiwyos olqis skolebSi rusifikaciis procesi~. amisaTvis ki aucilebelia – rogorc miuTiTebda gubernatori – rusuli skolebis gaxsna. saWiroa pedagogebad imuSaon rusebma, somxebma da Tugind musulmanebmac, garda qarTvelebisa, romlebmac kargad ician rusuli ena. amiT es mxare (baTumis olqi) kidev ufro Seezrdeba rusul – nacionalur kulturas~ [62,40-41]. rac Seexeba samcxe –saaTabagos, jer kidev XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi osmaleTis klanWebSi Cavardnili mosaxleoba nel-nela stovebda Tavis erovnul sarwmunoebas. marTalia, mesxeTis qar

85

TvelTa erTma nawilma mahmadianoba miiRo, Tavs Turqad acxadebda, magram iyo meore nawili – qarTveli kaTolikebi, romlebic Tavs ,,frangebad~ acxadebdnen da amitom Turqebma ver SeZles qarTuli enis amogdeba. carizmis batonobis periodSi, qarTuli ena gaxda saerTo damakavSirebeli ,,Turqi~ qarTvelebisa da kaTolike (,,frangi~) qarTvelebisaTvis, e.i. qarTuli ena aerTianebda samcxe-saaTabagos qarTul mosaxleobas [63, 82]. da mainc, qarTuli enis winaaRmdeg brZolis mTavari ,,poligoni” Tbilisis sasuliero seminaria iyo. XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebi is periodia, rodesac antiqarTuli ,,triumvirati~ gaafTrebiT ebrZvis qarTul enasa da qarTul TviTSegnebas. eseni iyvnen egzarqosi pavle, kavkasiis saswavlo olqis ,,mzrunveli~ ianovski da seminariis reqtori Cudecki. 1886 wlis 24 maiss, Tbilisis sasuliero seminariidan garicxulma axalgazrdam, 20 wlis ioseb laRiaSvilma, xanjliT mokla amave seminariis reqtori pavle Cudecki! oficialuri, anu sasamarTlosa da maSindeli presis versia am mkvlelobisa aseTia: seminariis zedamxedvelma laRiaSvils qarTulad dawerili dRiuri aRmouCina, amisTvis stipendiac moexsna da pansionidanac daiTxoves... [64, 51]. momxdari faqtis Semdeg kidev ufro gaZlierda reaqcia xelisuflebis mxridan. mogvianebiT, 1896 wlis 16-24 ianvars seminariis pedagogiuri krebis gadawyvetilebiT miiRes dadgenileba: ,,moswavleTa Soris rusuli sametyvelo enis xmarebis gaZlierebis Sesaxeb~. dadgeni86

leba moiTxovda seminariis SenobaSi da mis farglebs gareTac ki qarTul enaze metyvelebis faqtebis ara marto akrZalvas, aramed qarTulad dalaparakebis sababis warmoSobasac ki. qarTulad metyveleba sruliad aekrZalaT mosamsaxureebs [65, 110]. aRniSnuli politikis Sedegad XX saukunis dasawyisSi Tbilisis quCebSi iSviaTad gaismoda qarTuli laparaki. dawesebulebebSi ucxo ena batonobda, ucxo enaze unda miemarTaT kerZo savaWroebSic. rogorc cnobili moRvawe samson fircxalava igonebs: ,,saqarTvelo gaZevebuli iyo Tbilisidam da yovelgvari zoma iyo miRebuli, rom Tbiliss dahkargoda sruliad qarTuli ieri~. qarTvels angariSs ar uwevdnen. oficialuri gamosvlebis dros qarTvelTa warmomadgenlebs ukan ayenebdnen. aseTi mopyroba fsiqikurad moqmedebda qarTvelebze, isini TavisTavad gaubedavni gaxdnen, Tavis gamoCenas eridebodnen [66, 39]. 1902 wels dekanozma vostorgovma saswavlo olqis mzrunvelTan da egzarqosTan SeTanxmebiT saeklesio-samrevlo skolebisaTvis Seadgina axali saswavlo programa, romlis mixedviTac yvela saxis skolaSi swavlebis enad aRiarebul iqna rusuli ena. zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebidan iTxovdnen ,,nacionalist” maswavleblebs da maT adgils rusi da sxva araqarTveli maswavleblebi ikavebdnen. ganaTlebis sferoze rusifikatorTa farTo Semotevam saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mosaxleobis didi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. samegreloSi,

87

aWaraSi, imereTSi da a.S. saprotesto gamosvlebsac ki hqonda adgili. bevrgan moswavleebi uars ambobdnen sagnebis rusulad swavlebaze da tovebdnen skolebs. moTxovnileba erovnul skolebze kidev ufro izrdeboda [67, 86]. ruseTis saxelganTqmuli msaxiobi aleqsandre sumbaTaSvili (iuJini), romelic TviTon swavlobda garusebul skolaSi, wers: `maswavleblebs ar SeeZloT aexsnaT, rom бык aris xari an дом – saxli, aramed unda eCvenebinaT xari da saxli. ufro ganyenebuli axsna-ganmartebisaTvisac es meTodi ixmareboda. maswavlebeli ver gabedavda gadaeTargmna qarTulad, magaliTad fraza: `курица снесла яйцо.~ is cucqiT unda damjdariyo, qaTmiseburad daekakanebia da gamoeRo qvemodan kvercxi, eCvenebia is klasisaTvis da Semdeg daevaldebulebina mowafeebi, rom motanili fraza daeswavlaT~ [68, 331]. sagulisxmoa sacenzuro komitetis Tavmjdomaris werilis Sinaarsis is adgili, romelic gaugzavna beWdviTi sityvis mTavari sammarTvelos ufross peterburgSi: ` ... quTaisSi adgilobrivi ena megrulia, romelic qarTul, lazur da svanur enebTan erTad egreTwodebul avariuli enebis (!) jgufs ekuTvnis. maT ara aqvT TavianTi mwerloba da xmaroben qarTul anbans~. motanili cnoba cxadad mowmobs mefis am ubadruki moxelis namdvil ganzraxvas [68, 333].

88

saqarTveloSi bevri gamoTqvamda wuxils, rom deda-ena ekargeboda, magram ubedureba is iyo, rom am savalalo procesSi TviT qarTveli sazogadoebis erT nawilsac miuZRoda brali. magaliTad, am SemTxvevaSi arCil jorjaZe gulisxmobda sazogadoebis, gansakuTrebiT ki Tavadaznauruli inteligenciis im nawils, romelic nebayoflobiT ugulvebelyofda mSobliuri enis xmarebas da rusulad metyvelebda iqac, `sadac qarTuli enis xmareba kanoniT ar iyo aRkrZaluli~. am e.w. sazogadoebis ganaTlebul `mowinave klass~ mSobliuri enis gareSec iolad SeeZlo cxovreba, ucxo enis codniT, magram mas unda Seegno, rom danaSauls sCadioda qarTveli xalxis winaSe, roca mSobliur enas iviwyebda [69, 59]. ilia aRniSnavda, rom egreT-wodebuli maRali sazogadoeba, gansakuTrebiT qalaqebSi, Takilobda mSobliur enaze saubars. `naTqvamia, Tevzi Tavidam yroldebao, swored egre mogvdis Cvenc; Tu Cvens egreT-wodebul maRal sazogadoebas davakvirdebiT~. aristokratiul fenas ar esmis qarTuli sityvierebis simdidre da yovelive gadaaviwyda, rac enis Rirsebas warmoadgens. `Cveni azri Cvenis eniT aRar moZraobs, Cveni guli Cvenis eniT aRar Tbeba~ [59, 70-71]. qarTuli enis Seviwroebam da SebRalvam, Sin da gareT abuCad agdebam kulminacias miaRwia. radganac skolaSi ar iTvleboda savaldebulo sagnad, ris gamoc `qarTul enas `sxvaTa

89

Soris~ misCerebia qarTveli mowafe da qarTveli mSobeli...~ qarTuli enis daviwyeba ki xels uwyobda axalgazrdebSi sakuTari qveynis istoriis arcodnas, erovnuli cnobierebis gadagvarebas: ìs ena, romelzedac bavSvobis xanaSi, mSobeli deda gvimReroda tkbil iavnanas, gvinergavda spetak siyvaruls samSoblosadmi, warsulis Rrma pativiscemas, is ena, romelzedac deda mogviTxrobda saqarTvelos Tavgadasavals, bed-iRbals, warsuls da mTel mis istorias, dRes is daviwyebia qarTvel mowafes da gadagvarebis gzas damdgara~ – gulistkiviliT aRniSnavda gazeTi `Temi~ [47, 65]. modas ayolili `vai-qarTvelebi~ skolaSi mibarebamde bavSvs uazrod atiktikebdnen rusul enaze da vinicobaa qarTuli wamocdebodaT, yursac auwevdnen [47, 68]. bavSvs aRar esmoda ojaxSi qarTuli ena, qarTuli laparaki. qarTuli àilufxa~ sxva enaSi. qarTveli inteligenciis didi nawili qarTulad Zlivs axerxebda saubars, `wamdauwum waurusulebda~. qalebi, Cveni momavali dedebi xom sul `paruskobdnen~ [47, 71]. gazeT ìmereTis~ 1913 wlis #4-Si gamoqveynebul publicistur narkvevSi – `Cven da ucxoelebi~, vxvdebiT erovnuli problemebis saintereso axsnas da warmoCenas. kerZod, avtori wers: `metad kritikul mdgomareobaSia dRes Cveni qarTveli eri, igi kargavs enas, xelidan ecleba teritoriebi, kargavs da iviwyebs erovnul kulturas, magram mkvdari mainc ar aris, maS riT 90

mogvagonebs igi mkvdars? imitom rom karga xania man ufleba dakarga da am uflebisaTvis jer kidev ar amouRia xma, brZola ar dauwyia. sanam qarTveli eri namdvil erovnul uflebas ar moipovebs, im uflebas, romlis farglebSic ganviTardeba, frTebs gaSlis da ayvavdeba Cveni erovnuli kultura, manam veraviTari Zala ver ixsnis gaqrobisagan. Civili, godeba, cremlis Rvra, Tundac wyevla-krulva veras uSvelis Zvel ers, romelic TandaTanobiT istoriuli pirobebiT gaqrobis gzas adgas, sanam qarTvel ers iseTive ufleba ar eqneba mopovebuli, rogoriTac sxva erebi sazrdooben, manam misi aRorZineba gazafxulis zRaparia. vin unda moupovos ers es ufleba, cxadia TviTon erma, Torem ucxoeli ityvis ra menaRveleba da Tu xsna aRaraa dae gaqres, vinaidan sxvebi aRmocendebian ufro turfa da Zvirfasi, maTgan TanagrZnobis garda arafers ar unda velodeT. aba sxvam rogor unda izrunos SenTvis, Tu TviTon Sen ar scem pativs Sens Tavs da sxvas SesaWmelad nebdebi. ai amitom aris rom ucxoelebi jer kviroben Cvens umoqmedobas da bolos Cveni dapatronebis survilic aRiZreba maTSi~ [70, 213]. imave gazeTis furclebze, ucnobi avtori ,,farcxanelis~ fsevdonimiT gamoTqvams Semdeg mosazrebas: qarTveli eris saWiroebisaTvis aucilebelia enis, teritoriis, saxelis da gvaris SenarCuneba, rasac sami umTavresi mteri hyavs,

91

gareSe uxeSi Zala, nacionaluri Seuguebloba, mamulis ,,usiyvaruloba~ da Tu ,,mTavrobis SkolebSi enas saTanado adgili ar uWiravs, Cven Cveni moqmedebiT ojaxSic, sadac aravin Semogvxtomia da ar aukrZalavs laparaki qarTulad, Cveni inteligenciis umravlesoba rusulad JRurtulebs Tavis col-SvilSi, ityvian es aRzrdis braliao, magram saqmec is aris, rom Cven Cvens Svilebs ise ar vzrdiT, rogorc amas nacionaluri Segneba moiTxovs~ [70, 215]. ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom yvela imperiis umTavres amocanas Seadgenda adgilobrivi enis akrZalva, an SeZlebisdagvarad, mospoba da gadayvana imperiis enaze. ,,rusifikacia~, pirvel rigSi politikuri strategia iyo, romelic enobriv gardaqmnas gulisxmobda da gulisxmobs. koloniebis mosaxleoba, bunebrivad, kolonizatorebis enaze iwyebda laparaks. marTalia, ZiriTadad cudad da sakuTar enasTan ,,nazavis~ saxiT, magram garkveuli ,,maRali~ fenebi, romlebic swavlas axerxebdnen metropoliaSi, bunebrivad iqceodnen ,,germanofonebad~, ,,frankofonebad~, ,,anglofonebad~, ,,rusofonebad~ da a.S. [29, 266267]. giorgi lasxiSvili igonebs, rom odesaSi myofi qarTveli studentebidan ,,zogma maTganma qarTuli laparakic ar icoda~ [71, 20]. ilia WavWavaZe erT-erT polemikur werilSi miuTiTebs, rom ruseTis sazRvrebSi, yovel araruss (,,inorodecs~) rwmenis sakiTxebSi qonda sakuTari, damoukidebeli mmarTveloba; somxebi, mahmadianebi, ebraelebi da sxvebi aRmsareblobis 92

saqmeSi Tavad iyvnen uflebamosilni. aseve gaaCndaT sakuTari saswavleblebi, sadac swavla maT mSobliur enaze mimdinareobda. maTi sasuliero wodebac TiTqmis sruliad damoukidebeli iyo raime zewolisagan. rogori paradoqsulic ar unda iyos, yovelive am sikeTes moklebuli iyvnen mxloddamxolod marTlmadidebeli qarTvelebi [72, 41]. pirveli msoflio omis win naTeli gaxda, rom carizmis rusifikatorulma politikam, romelsac imperiis ganapira mxareebSi axorcielebdnen, saerTo marcxi ganicada. reaqciis ukan daxeva daadastura sruliad ruseTis saxalxo maswavlebelTa pirvelma yrilobamac, romelic 1913 wlis dekembersa da 1914 wlis ianvarSi mimdinareobda. aRniSnuli yrilobis muSaobaSi mowinave qarTvel pedagogTagan arsebuli saganmanaTleblo sistemis mkacri kritikiT gamovidnen ivane gomarTeli da dimitri uznaZe. imperiis mowinave inteligenciis Zalisxmevis Sedegad yrilobam miiRo umniSvnelovanesi gadawyvetileba, romlis ZaliTac dawyebiT da saSualo skolebSi swavleba erovnul enaze unda warmarTuliyo [67, 88]. da mainc, qarTveli eris ,,gamoRviZebaSi~ udidesi roli Seasrules Cvenma ,,samocianelebma~. i. gogebaSvilis dedaenis gamocema (1876w.), qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis Seqmna (1879w.) da a.S. umniSvnelovanesia qarTuli (qarTulenovani) Teatris garSemo mimdinare movlenebi. qar

93

Tveli sazogado moRvaweebi did yuradRebas uTmobdnen Teatrs da mis rols sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebis bolos, dimitri yifianis TaosnobiT, iwyeba moZraoba qarTulenovani Teatris CamoyalibebisaTvis (,,scenis gamarTvisaTvis~), sadac daidgmeboda Seqspiris, molieris da sxvaTa nawarmoebebi. aRniSnul movlenebs exmaureba ilia WavWavaZe. misi azriT, savalalo da samarcxvino mdgomareobaSi Cayenebuli qarTuli enisaTvis scena ,,swored cisnamia damWknaris yvavilisaTvis~. ilias Teatri esaxeba ,,im adgilad, s a d a c C v e n i e n a fexzed unda wamodges mTelis Tavis SegnebiTa da simdidriTa~ [59, 71]. pirdapir gansacvifrebelia qarTvel moRvaweTa sibrZne da gamWriaxoba. marTlac ra xdeboda? aRar iyo saqarTvelo, rogorc saxelmwifo, igi ruseTis uzarmazari imperiis ori patara gubernia gaxda, amitom mas aRar gaaCnda araviTari saxelmwifo dawesebuleba. aseT viTarebaSi iqmneba banki, romelic, faqtiurad, finansTa saministros funqciebs asrulebda; Seiqmna wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba, romelic ganaTlebis saministros funqciebs warmatebiT asrulebda; daarsda saTeatro sazogadoeba, romelic kulturis saministros movaleobas eweoda! maSasadame, faqtiurad Seiqmna sami saministro! es ki xdeboda carizmis gaZlierebuli rusifikatoruli politikis pirobebSi, roca yovelgvari qarTuli idevneboda da ispoboda. aRtacebisa da madlierebis gareSe rogor 94

unda vilparakoT Cvens im winaprebze, vinc ase brZnulad, moqnilad da gonivrulad eRvawa erisTvis! maT Soris xom ilia WavWavaZe upirvelesi da udidesi iyo [73, 91].

erovnuli umciresobis sakiTxisaTvis Tanamedrove msoflioSi 340 milioni adamiani ar cxovrobs Tavis samSobloSi da erovnul umciresobas warmoadgens, aqedan 80 mln. – mde adamiani jer kidev rCeba enobriv umciresobad [74, 131]. Tu romelime xalxis gansaxlebis dros xdeba misi calke jgufebis geografiuli mowyveta, rac ufro xSiria sazRvao gziT gadasaxlebis dros, maSin ZiriTadi ,,mSobliuri~ xalxisagan gamoiyofa axali damoukidebeli eTnosebi. swored ase daemarTaT ingliselebs, frangebs, espanelebs, portugalielebs, holandielebs da dasavleT evropis sxva xalxebs, roca koloniur periodSi (XVI-XIX ss.) moxda maTi gansaxleba CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikis, avstraliisa da okeaniis mkvidri mosaxleobisaTvis warTmeul da dapyrobil miwebze. aseT axal eTnosebs warmoadgenen amerikelebi, ingliselkanadelebi, frangi kanadelebi, laTinuri amerikis TiTqmis yvela ,,msxvili~ xalxi, ingliselavstralielebi, inglisel-axalzelandielebi da sxva mravalni.

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zogierTi eTnosocialuri erTobebi Camoyalibdnen jer kidev pirvelyofili Temuri wyobilebis stadiaze, romlebic dReisaTvis SemorCnen asobiT, xolo nawili mxolod aTobiT adamians moiTvlis. maSin, rodesac sxva eTnosebis – erebis formireba moxda axalsa da uaxles periodSi milionebs Seadgenen. aRsaniSnavia, rom kacobriobis raodenobis naxevars Seadgens mxolod 11 dasaxelebis xalxi. maTgan SedarebiT mravalricxovania (100 milionze meti) [75, 7]. eseni arian Cinelebi, ukve didi xania miliardze meti, hindustanelebi (200 milionze meti), aSS – s amerikelebi (daaxloebiT 180 milioni), bengalielebi (170 milioni), rusebi (150 milionze meti), brazilielebi (135 milionamde), iaponelebi (120 milionze meti) [75, 300]. erovnuli saxelmwifoebi moicaven uamrav religiur, enobriv da regionalur dajgufebebs, romelTaganac romeliRac mainc gamoTqvams pretenzias ,,eris~ statusze. yofili iugoslavia, romelic Tavis droze versalelma mSvidobismyofelebma gansazRvres, CaTvales, rogorc ,,slavTa qveyana~. sinamdvileSi is yovelTvis dasaxlebuli iyo sxvadasxva religiur-eTnikuri erTobebiT, romelTac gaaCndaT sakuTari ena da istoria. amas mohyva eTnikuri wmendis saSiSroeba da es moxda kidec bosnieli serbebis mxridan [76, 94-95]. Tanamedrove pirobebSi msoflio politikis wamyvani Zalebi cdiloben mravalerovnul qveynebSi ori ZiriTadi modeliT daareguliron 96

nacionaluri umciresobebis da sxva eTnikuri jgufebis problema. p i r v e l i – es aris modeli, romlis arsi mdgomareobs erovnuli umciresobebis da eTnosebis asimilaciaSi (mesame-meoTxe Taoba da a.S.). igi damaxasiaTebelia amerikis, kanadis, safrangeTis, TurqeTis da sxva ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis. klasikur magaliTad SeiZleba dasaxeldes ruseTic, sadac ebraelebis TiTqmis mTliani asimilacia moxda, magram gasakviri is aris, rom ruseTSi ebraelTa umciresobam TviTon moaxdina inteleqtualuri zegavlena umravlesobaze da sxva umciresobebTan erTad didi gavlena iqonia rusuli erovnuli cnobierebis Camoyalibebaze. Tumca erovnuli sulis gamodevnis procesma mTlianobaSi uaryofiTi nakadi SesZina ruseTis sazogadoebriv-politikur, ekonomikur da fsiqologiur ganviTarebas. am modelTan axlos dgas yvela yofili sabWoTa respiblika. m e o r e modelad moiazreba mxolod kulturuli pluralizmi, rodesac qveynis masStabiT ar arsebobs erTiani normatiuli kultura da fiqsirdeba kulturuli mravalsaxeoba [77, 40-41]. XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi gamoikveTa e.w. arSemdgari saxelmwifoebis ricxvis zrda. es is qveynebia, sadac erovnuli umciresobebis separatizmis gamo saxelmwifo, faqtiurad, daSlilia calkeul nawilebad da centralur xelisuflebas ar SeuZlia Tavisi iurisdiqcia gaavrcelos

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sakuTari saxelmwifos mTel teritoriaze. mecnierTa garkveuli nawilis azriT, momavali msoflios ZiriTadi polotikuri winaaRmdegoba iqneba dapirispireba saxelmwifosa da eTnikur umciresobebs Soris [78, 47]. XXI saukunis dasawyisisaTvis msoflios suverenuli saxelmwifoebis sam meoTxedze mets hyavda erovnuli umciresobebis mniSvnelovani raodenoba, romlebic Seadgenen dedamiwis mosaxleobis erT meeqvseds [78, 149]. istoriuli da socialuri ganviTarebis Sedegad ukve Camoyalibebuli eTnikuri jgufi warmoadgens erTian cocxal organizms Tavisi Sinagani struqturiT. rogorc yovel cocxal organizmSi, eTnosSic, axal bunebriv-klimatur an ucxo eTno-kulturul garemoSi moxvedrisas, iwyebs moqmedebas adaptaciuri meqanizmi, gamomuSavebuli saukuneebis manZilze. am meqanizmis qmediTunarianobazea damokidebuli, SesZlebs Tu ara esa Tu is eTnosi Seeguos axal garemos, SeiTvisos misTvis aratradiciuli faseulobebi da warmodgenebi, Tanamedrove sazogadoebis normebi, wavides garkveul kulturul kompromisze ise, ar daarRvios misi specifikuroba da sistemuri mTlianoba, anu adaptacia ar gadaizardos asimilaciaSi. zogierTi mecnieris SexedulebiT, eTnosTa swored es madaptirebeli unari SeiZleba iqnas miRebuli eTnikur jgufTa ganmasxvavebel, saklasifikacio niSnad, maTi tipologizaciis safuZvlad. uxeSi dayofiT eTnosebi am niSnis mixedviT SeiZleba miekuTvnos ad98

viladmodernizebad da Zneladmodernizebad, an dasavlur da aRmosavlur tipebs. Tu mivmarTavT kvlevis sistemur meTodologias, eTnikuri sistemebi am maxasiaTeblis mixedviT Seesabameba Ria da daxurul sistemebs [79, 81]. erovnuli umciresobis sakiTxi zogadsakacobrio problemaa. cnobilia, rom arsebobs eTnikuri sazRvrebi da arsebobs saxelmwifoebrivi politikuri sazRvrebi. es ori cneba erTmaneTs rom emTxveodes, maSin srul harmoniasTan gveqneboda saqme. magram cxovrebaSi ase ar xdeba. es sazRvrebi yovelTvis daSorebulia. amitom politikur sazRvrebSi xSirad xvdeba mravali eris warmomadgeneli. politikuri sazRvrebi erT mTlian saxelmwifos gamoxatavs da masSi moxvedrili adamianebi ukve erTi uzarmazari sociumis anu saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebi arian. erovnuli umciresobebi, romelnic dominant, avtoqtonuri eris gverdiT cxovroben erT saxelmwifoSi, ukve politikurad dominirebuli eris ,,sakuTreba xdeba~. swored es principi aqvs aRebuli dasavleT da, Tu gnebavT, aRmosavleT qveynebsac, sadac, oficialurad Tu araoficialurad, yvela mosaxle, erovnebis miuxedavad, iTvleba im saxelmwifos kuTvnilebad, mis Semadgenel nawilad, romelic avtoqtonuri eris saxels atarebs. ar arsebobs adamianisaTvis imaze maRali ram, vidre erovnebaa. erovnebis gareSe adamiani mouwesrigebeli arsebis STabeWdilebas tovebs. erovnulobaSia akumulirebuli misi struqtura,

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Tavisi Tavis da adgilis povna. erovnuli mikuTvnebuloba miRebulia rogorc aucilebeli, TavisTavadi. igi axdens arsebiT gavlenas xalxis moqmedebaze iseT situaciebSi, roca erovnulobis dacva uTanaswordeba cxovrebis da STamomavlobis dacvas. magram araferi ar aris ise saSiSi, rogorc erovnuloba, rodesac igi sakuTari ambiciebis dasaokeblad separatistuli da politikanuri elitis manipulirebis sagani xdeba. dayofili sazogadoebebi aris arasamarTlebriobis Sedegi. Tu ar arsebobs samarTlebrioba, mRelvareba da konfliqti umciresobasa da umravlesobas Soris TiTqmis gardauvalia. s a e r T a S o r i s o o r g a n i z a c i e b i k i u f r o x S i r a d m x a r s u W e r e n u m c i r e s o b a T a m o T x o v n e b s, x S i r a d u m c i r e s o b a s g a r e d a n a q v s s t r a t e g i u l i d a i d e o l o g i u r i m x a r d a W e r a. yovelive amas Sedegad mohyveba gaxangrZlivebuli, Zvirad Rirebuli konfliqti, sazogadoebis da ekonomikis dezintegracia da, bolos, rac mTavaria, didi sakiTxis winaSe aRmoCndeba is Rirebulebebi, romelTa dacva gaxda konfliqtis Tavdapirveli mizezi, anu konfliqti Seuqmnis safrTxes Tavad eTnikuri jgufis arsebobas, eTnikur kulturas. xSirad umciresoba Tvlis, rom pirovnuli usafrTxoebis dacvas uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis avtonomiuri mowyoba. arsebobs azri, rom gadawyvetileba teritoriuli avtonomiis mini100

Webis Sesaxeb ar aris marTebuli, radganac igi warmoqmnis sxva umciresobebs avtonomiis SigniT. amitom saerTaSoriso organizaciebi mxars ar uWeren teritoriul avtonomias, isini ufro metad emxrobian kulturuli avtonomiis miniWebas. xolo imis gamo, rom kulturuli avtonomiac xSir SemTxvevaSi TavisTavad moiTxovs garkveul teritorias, umciresoba umjobesad Tvlis garkveuli doziT moipovos administraciuli da finansuri avtonomia da amiT daicvas identuroba. magram politikur samyaroSi isicaa cnobili, rom umciresobebi yovelTvis imaze mets iTxoven, vidre saxelmwifos miaCnia saWirod mianiWos maT. msoflio praqtikam gviCvena, rom erovnuli saxelmwifoebis umetesoba Tavs Tvlis monoeTnikur sazogadoebad, Tumca igi Tavisi SemadgenlobiT polieTnikuria da ar qmnis gansakuTrebul kanonebs eTnikuri umciresobisaTvis, sjerdeba mxolod adamianis uflebebis dacvas, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs jgufis dacvasac. TavisTavad polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi yvela adamians, ganurCevlad imisa, eTnikuri umravlesobis Tu umciresobis warmomadgenelia igi, unda hqondes Tanabari uflebebi da saxelmwifos winaSe Tanabari movaleoba. saxelmwifo maT, rogorc Tavisi qveynis moqalaqeebs, erTnairad unda icavdes, amitom arsebobs tendencia, rom Tavisi identifikacia yvelam moqalaqeobas daukavSiros.

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aseve problemuria saxelmwifo mowyobisaTvis eTnikuri TviTSegnebis sakiTxi. igi Tavis mxriv ukavSirdeba sxvis (arasakuTari) teritoriaze mcxovrebi xalxis TviTgamorkvevis uflebis gansazRvras e.i. im eTnikuri jgufebis, romlebic ama Tu im saxelmwifoSi warmoadgenen eTnikur umciresobebs. s a e r T a S o r i s o g a e r T i a n e b a n i e r T d r o u l a d a R i a r e b e n, r o g o r c T v i T g a m o r k v e v a s, a s e v e s a z R v r e b i s d a u r R v e v l o b i s p r i n c i p s, r a c Y T a v i s T a v a d e r T m a n e T s e w i n a a R m d e g e b a. arsebobs mosazreba `SidaTviTgamorkvevis~ Sesaxeb, romelic gulisxmobs erTi saxelmwifos SigniT eTnoumciresobaTa `TviTgamorkvevas~. amitom saxelmwifos garadqmnebis periodSi saWiroa yovelive zemoTmoyvanili sakiTxis ara marto politikuri gaazreba, aramed mecnieruli kvlevac. aseTi Seswavlis gareSe am sakiTxebis gadaWra ar SeiZleba, radgan, Tu umciresobebs gansakuTrebul uflebebs mianiWeben, warmoiqmneba saSiSroeba, koleqtiuri uflebebis moTxovnebma miiRos avtonomiis, TviTmarTvelobis, TviTgamorkvevis, damoukideblobis, politikuri gamoyofis da sxva mezobel saxelmwifosTan SeerTebis forma, rac daemuqreba qveynis teritoriul mTlianobas [79, 305-306]. amerikeli mkvlevarebi k e g l i da v i T q o f i Tanamedrove msoflioSi eTnikuri daZabulobis geografiuli ganawilebis Semdeg suraTs iZlevi102

an: dasavleTis demokratiul qveynebSi 31 eTnopolitikuri jgufia. SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi arc erTi eTnikuri jgufi ar aris Cabmuli. xuTi eTnikuri jgufi saSualo riskis pirobebSia moxvedrili (baskebi, CrdiloeT irlandielebi da sxv.) [78, 149]. aRmosavleT evropa da yofili sabWoTa kavSiri iTvlis 59 eTnopolitikur jgufs. aqdean ori eTnikur omSia Cabmuli. rva imyofeba maRali, xolo Svidi saSualo riskis mdgomareobaSi (maT Soris arian somxebi, azerbaijanelebi, qarTvelebi, afxazebi, osebi, CeCnebi, bosnielebi, kosovos albanelebi). aRmosavleTi da samxreT-aRmosavleTi azia 34 eTnopolitikur jgufs aerTianebs. xuTi jgufi omis mdgomareobaSia, sami imyofeba maRali riskis pirobebSi. kidev 12 jgufis mdgomareoba SeiZleba Sefasdes rogorc saSualo riskis done (karenebi, minebi, Sanebi birmaSi, uiRurebi da tibetelebi CineTSi). dasavleTi da samxreT azia 25 eTnopolitikur jgufs iTvlis. maTgan 11 eTnikuri omis viTarebaSi, 6 maRali da 13 saSualo riskis kategoriaSi SeiZleba gavaerTianoT xazarebi, tajikebi, uzbekebi avRaneTSi, qaSmirebi indoeTsa da pakistanSi, Tamilebi Sri-lankaSi). axlo aRmosavleTsa da CrdiloeT afrikaSi 28 eTnopolitikuri jgufi gamoiyofa. 3 jgufi Cabmulia eTnikur omSi. maRali riskis pirobebSi imyofeba 6, saSualo riskis pirobebSi ki 2 jgufi (qurTebi TurqeTsa da eraySi, Siitebi eraysa da libanSi, arabebi israelSi). tropiku

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li afrika 57 eTnopolitikur jgufs moicavs, romelTagan 11 eTnikuri omis mdgomareobaSia, 12 maRali riskis, xolo 8 saSualo riskis doneze imyofeba (hutu burundiSi, ioruba nigeriaSi, tutsi zairSi, afarebi eTiopiaSi). laTinuri amerika da karibis auzi sul 32 eTnopolitikur jgufs iTvlis. maTgan eTnikuri omis mdgomareobaSia erTi, xolo saSualo riskis mdgomareobaSia 11 jgufi (miskito–nikaraguaSi da maia–meqsikaSi da sxv.). sruli absurdi iqneboda imis mtkiceba, rom nebismier xalxs, visac erovnuli identuroba aqvs, saxelmwifo unda hqondes, am logikiT Tanamedrove msoflioSi 6 aTasamde damoukidebeli saxelmwifo iqneboda, rac sruli absurdia. saerTaSoriso samarTalSi aRiarebuli principi – xalxTa Tanasworuflebianobisa da TviTgamorkvevis principi Tanamedrove etapze srul SesabamisobaSia saerTaSoriso samarTlis meore fundamentur principTan – teritoriul mTlianobasTan [78, 151]. Tamanedrove msofliosaTvis samarTlianobisa da wesrigis garkveuli balansis moZieba da maT Soris wyalgamyofi xazis povna aris erT-erTi umwvavesi problema da mravali mkvlevaris mosazrebiT, kvlavac darCeba momaval msoflioSi. amerikeli mkvlevari g. gotlibi Tavis wignSi èri saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg~ cdilobs gadaWras es problema da gvTavazobs Tavis Teorias `saxelmwifos alus erebi~, romlis mixedviTac saxelmwifoTa sistemis gverdiT unda Se104

iqmnas axali sivrce – erebis sistema. eris statusis mqone erTeulebs SeeZlebaT gaxdnen saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis aqtorebi da warmodgenilni iyvnen saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi e. i. erebs eniWebaT saerTaSoriso statusi, romelic ar gulisxmobs axali teritoriuli saxelmwifoebis Seqmnas. daaxloebiT am poziciazea espaneli mkvlevari m. giberno. misi azriT, erovnuli umciresobani gaxdebian saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis monawileni mxolod ekonomikuri da politikuri integraciis maRal doneze. gibernos miaCnia, rom evrokavSiri warmoadgens iseT organizacias, romlis SigniTac ukve SesaZlebelia Tanabar subieqtebad gamoikveTon rogorc saxelmwifoebi, ise saxelmwifos gareSe darCenili erebi. kerZod, Sotlandias, uelss, katalonias, kastilias da baskeTs, didi britaneTisa da espaneTis msgavsad, unda hqondeT ufleba warmoadgendnen evrokavSiris sruluflebian wevrebs, sargeblobdnen politikuri avtonomiis imave doniT evrokavSirSi da hyavdeT TavianTi warmomadgenlebi evroparlamentSi. isini, faqtiurad, iZenen im uflebebs, rac adre mxolod saxelmwifosaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebli, magram saxelmwifos SigniT isini kvlav rCebian eTnikur umciresobad [78, 154]. umciresobis sakiTxi CvenTvis metad aqtualuri problemaa. ZiriTadad arsebobs ramdenime saxis umciresoba: p o l i t i k u r i, e n o b r i v i da r e l i g i u r i umciresobebi [80, 23].

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pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia ganvasxvavoT monoeTnikuri da polieTnikuri saxelmwifoebi. ris Sesaxeb SeiZleba iTqvas, rom eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT absoluturad erTgvarovani saxelmwifo warmonaqmni realurad ar arsebobs. amitom samecniero literaturaSi gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom pirobiTad monoeTnikur saxelmwifod CaeTvalaT is qveynebi, sadac mosaxleobis absoluturi umravlesoba (ukidures SemTxvevaSi 95%) miekuTvneba erT eTnoss. aseTebia, magaliTad, bangladeSi, brazilia, iordania, italia, madagaskari, norvegia, portugalia, Ggermania, iaponoa, arabuli qveynebis umravlesoba [75, 3000-301]. `sabWoTa mecnierebaSi~ cneba ùmciresobis~ aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda sinonimuri gamonaTqvamebi: èrovnuli umciresoba~ da `mcire xalxebi~ [81, 94]. ucxoeli mecnierebi iyeneben iseT terminebs, rogoricaa èrovnuli umciresobebi~, ìndigenuri xalxi~, ùrbanuli umciresobebi~ da a.S. [81, 95]. bolo periodSi qarTul istoriografiaSi gamoiTqva ramdenime mosazreba èrovnuli umciresobis~ definiciasTan dakavSirebiT. magaliTad, l. kiknaZis azriT, àma Tu im xalxis siWarbe xSirad ricxobrivia, Tumca eTnikuri jgufi, romelsac ara aqvs socialuri privilegiebi da miiCnevs Tavs uuflebod, SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc umciresoba~ [82, 32]. es ganmarteba mTlad gasagebi ver aris. marTalia, statiis 106

avtori ucxour samecniero literaturas eyrdnoba, magram ramdenad misaRebia aseTi definicia? ras niSnavs, rom àma Tu im xalxis siWarbe xSirad ricxobrivia~? xalxis siWarbe sxvas ras unda warmoadgendes TuUara ricxobriv upiratesobas! an eTnikuri jgufis socialuri privilegiebis nakleboba da uufleboba SeiZleba iyos èrovnuli umciresobisaTvis~ mikuTvnebis kriteriumi? aRmosavleT evropaSi da yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi mimdinare dramatulma movlenebma radikalurad Secvales situacia am regionSi. saWiro gaxda evropis usafrTxoebis axali sistemis Seqmna da am mizniT evroTaTbirSi struqturuli cvlilebebis Setana (e u T o). holandiis iniciativiT SemoRebuli iqna erovnul umciresobaTa saqmeSi umaRlesi komisris Tanamdeboba 1992 wlis ivnisSi helsinkSi gamarTul umaRlesi donis Sexvedraze [83, 152]. erovnuli umciresobebis amJamad yvelaze miRebuli gansazRvreba ekuTvnis gaeros diskriminaciis acilebis da umciresobaTa dacvis qvekomisiis specialur raportiors (momxsenebels) franCesko kapoports. Tumca am ganmartebam yvela eqsperti ar daakmayofila da gaero jer kidev eZebs mis definicias. am ganmartebis Tanaxmad, ,,erovnuli umciresoba aris saxelmwifos danarCen mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT mcirericxovani, aradominanturi poziciis, am saxelmwifoSi mcxovreb ama Tu im erovnebis warmomadgenelTagan dakompleqtebuli jgufi, romlis wev

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rebs aqvT danarCeni mosaxleobisagan gansxvavebuli eTnikuri, religiuri an lingvisturi maxasiaTeblebi da TavisTavad gamoxataven solidarobas Tavisi kulturis, tradiciis, religiisa da enis dasacavad [81, 96]. eTnikuri istoriis procesSi yofila SemTxvevebi, rodesac romelime eTnosis (eTnikuri erTobis) nawili gadaadgilebis, an sxvasTan Serwymis dros aRmoCenila calke ZiriTadi birTvisagan, da ganviTarebula damoukideblad. amave dros SeunarCunebia Tavisi eTnikuri erToba. saerTo kulturiTa da warmoSobiT adamianTa aseTi specifikuri jgufebi, gancalkevebiT arian irgvliv myofi eTnikuri masivisagan, xalxisagan, anu erisagan da iwodebian eTnografiul jgufebad. msgavs jgufebs, akademokos i.v. bromleis azriT, SeiZleba vuwodoT ,,eTnikosebi~ [75, 32]. (berZ. ethnikos) ixmareba ama Tu im tomTan, xalxTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelobiT [84, 123]. maSasadame, eTnografiuli jgufi aseve specifikuri erTobaa. mas SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT Turqulenovani gagauzebi bulgareTSi, iranulenovani iranelebi uzbekeTSi, manjurulenovani orokebi saxalinze da sxv. eTnografiuli jgufi ar SeiZleba gavaigivoT erovnul umciresobasTan, romelic warmoadgens eris erovnuli erTobis nawils ZiriTadi sacxovreblis sazRvrebs gareT, Tumca maT Soris SesaZlebelia zogierTi gardamavali tipi vigulisxmoT [85, 58-59]. 108

terminebi ,,umciresoba~ – ,,umravlesoba~ relatiuria. umciresoba mxolod umravlesobasTan mimarTebaSi arsebobs (da piriqiT) da Seesatyviseba sazRvrebis garkveul sistemas. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi es sazRvrebi ZiriTadad saxelmwifo sazRvrebs gulisxmobs. saxelmwifo sazRvrebis Secvlam, bunebrivia, SeiZleba gamoiwvios umciresoba-umravlesobis Tanafardobis cvlilebebic. amasTanave, garkveul sazRvrebs SigniT myofi umciresoba sxvagan SeiZleba umravlesobas warmoadgendes, an piriqiT. yvela umciresobas aqvs saerTo niSani-potenciurad konfliqturi damokidebuleba saxelmwifosa da dominantur erTan [86, 22]. ,,socialuri identifikaciis Teoriis Tanaxmad, adamianebi midrekilni arian ufro metad pozitiurad daaxasiaTon is ,,warmosaxviTi erToba~ (yvelaze xSirad ki eri), romelsac Tavad miekuTvnebian. es tendencia gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania erTobis SigniT myari kavSiris SenarCunebisaTvis. Sesabamisad, mas, vinc am erTobas ar miekuTvneba, yvelaze uaryofiT Tvisebebs miaweren [87, 73-74]. magaliTad, leki anwuxebi TavianT Tavs uwodben ,,maraxSal~ (,,Snoiani~, ,,lazaTiani~), xolo isini mezobel kapuWebs uwodeben ,,xvanalebs~, rac sapalneakidebul pirutyvs niSnavs [88, 18]. eTnikuri jgufis socialuri fsiqologiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli e.w. eTnocentrizmis fenomeni amerikelma anTropologma u. s a m e r m a gamoavlina. eTnocentrizmisaTvis mniSvnelova

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nia sxva eTnosebis Sefasebisas sakuTari eTnikuri jgufis etalonurad, referenturad aRiareba, Sesabamisad sxva jgufi miiCneva Tavisaze uaresad, rac iwvevs maTdami agdebul, mtrul damokidebulebas, undoblobas. eTnocentrizmi, rogorc wesi, Tavs iCens eTnikuri jgufisaTvis eqstremalur situaciaSi, rodesac mis identurobas safrTxe emuqreba [79, 92]. magaliTad, kategoria ,,zangi~ SesaZloa mxolod neitralur damokidebulebas gamoxatavdes da aranair negativizmis safuZvels ar qmnides, magram rodesac kategorias ,,zangoba~ daemateba misi musikaluroba, sizarmace, crumorwmuneoba, CamorCeniloba da a.S., Cven ukve saqme gvaqvs stereotipul xatebTan da warmodgenebTan. faqtobrivad, aq laparakia xat-warmodgenebze, socialur ganwyobaze, winaswar eTnikur ganwyobaze [79, 277]. adamianTa cnobierebis erT-erTi aucilebeli aqsesuari ,,Cven – isini“, ukve mkafiod ikveTeba pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi. kerZod, Tavisianisa da ucxos fenomeni. sxva tomis warmomadgenlebi mtrebad iTvlebodnen. Semgroveblebi da monadireebi ki mters araadamianad Tvlidnen. brZolis dros adamiani ar klavda mas, vinc flobda iseTive informacias, rogorsac TviTon... is anadgurebs ucxos, mters, visi ,,fizionomia~ misTvis ucnobia [89, 117]. Zveli egviptelebi sakuTar Tavs uwodebdnen ,,remeCs~ (rac maT enaze niSnavda ,,adamians~), xolo danareCni xalxi maTTvis ,,velurebi~ iyvnen [90, 42]. 110

CineTSi, cinis epoqisa da ufro adreuli xanis werilobiT ZeglebSi, agreTve gomindanis reJimis droindel literaturaSi, CineTis mcirericxovani erebis aRmniSvnel TiTqmis yvela ieroglifs, romelic klasifikatoris funqcias asrulebda da ikiTxeboda, rogorc ,,ZaRli~. es faqti, cxadia migviTiTebs Cinuri eTnocentrizmis erT-erT umTavres maxasiaTebelze – erovnuli umciresobisadmi lamis zoologiur zizRze. samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi (upiratesad indoCineTis naxevarkunZulze) mcxovrebi taiebis TviTsaxelwodebaa t a i, t h a i, rac siamur enaze niSnavs ,,adamians~. sxva eTnosebis mimarT ki isini iyeneben klasifikators meng (`mweri~, `mwerebi~). am SemTxvevaSic saqme gvaqvs eTnocentrizmis friad vulgarul gamovlinebasTan [90, 43]. afrikaSi mcxovrebi hotentotebis avtoeTnonimia k o i k o i n, rac maT enaze ,,namdvil adamianebs~ an ,,rCeul, saukeTeso adamianebs~ niSnavs. mezobel buSmenebs ki isini uwodebdnen s a n s, rac ,,veluris~ Sinaarss itevda. es sagulisxmo faqti ukve imis TvalsaCino mowmobaa, rom eTnocentrizmi kulturuli ganviTarebis dabal safexurze mdgom xalxebTanac aranakleb eqspresiuli formiT iCens Tavs [90, 44]. xamurabis kanonebis mixedviT Zveli babiloni msoflio saxelmwifos warmoadgenda. amitomac yvela Tavisufali, Tanaswori iyo kanonis winaSe. ar arsebobda raime privilegia erovnuli niSnis mixedviT. elamelis, babilonelis, qanaanelis mimarT kanoni erTnairad moqmedebda. xamurabis

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kanonebma ar icis mosulisa da ucxotomelis cneba [91, 10]. jer kidev aristotele aRniSnavda, rom ,,stumroba ucxoelebisa, romlebic aRzrdili arian sul sxva kanonebze, saxelmwifosaTvis araa sasargeblo da ewinaaRmdegeba saxelmwifos kargad marTvis saqmes~. marTlac, praqtikulad dadasturebulia, rom emigrantebis mozRvaveba, gansakuTrebiT ki mcire saxelmwifosaTvis, demokratiuli viTarebis TvalsazrisiTac wamgebiania [92, 47]. eTikuri aRzrdis principebis TvalsazrisiT, elinisturi epoqis arsebiTi maxasiaTebeli misi araeTnikurad da religiurad gaudiferencirebeli xasiaTia da samoqalaqo konvenciaSi Tvisis gansazRvra oden kulturuli maxasiaTeblebiT Semdegia: berZenia yvela vinc cxovrobs berZnul kulturaSi. elinistur epoqaSi eTnikuri sazomi daikarga monoTeizmSic – iudevelia yvela, vinc aRiarebs moses sjuls (eTnikuri warmoSobisa, Tu eTnikuri kuTvnilebis miuxedavad), risi erT-erTi mizezic aris ebrauli enis sikvdili da moses sjulis mimdevarTa ametyveleba arameul, berZnul, laTinur Tu qarTul enaze [93, 92]. berZen-romael avtorTa TvalsazrisiT ama Tu im pirisa Tu jgufis erovnuli kuTvnilebis gasarkvevad mniSvneloba eniWeboda ara mxolod sisxliT monaTesaobas (e.i. piris, jgufis) cxovrebis wessac: socialurs, ekonomikurs, religi112

ursa da kulturuls. didi, Tu ara gadamwyveti, mniSvneloba hqonda e n o b r i v faqtorsac. Zv.w. 380 wels isokrate amayad acxadebda, rom ,,elinuri kulturis wyalobiT saxelwodeba elini aRniSnavs ukve ara warmomavlobas, aramed sulier erTobas; elinebs ukve uwodeben ara maT, vinc sisxliT monaTesaoben, aramed maT, vinc Cvens ganaTlebas arian naziarebi~ [94, 14]. aristoteles SexedulebiT, barbarosi da mona bunebis mixedviT identuri cnebebi iyo. barbarosebi elinebisaTvis warmoadgendnen Tavisufal cxovelebs. aristotele imowmebda evripides, romelic ambobda: ,,berZenT neba aqvT batonobdnen barbarosebze~ [93, 125]. mis sawinaaRmdegod ki, mociquli pavle galatelTa mimarT epistoleSi wers: ,,ukve aRar arsebobs arc iudveli da arc berZeni, arc mona da arc Tavisufali, arc mamri da arc dedri, vinaidan Tqven yvelani xarT qriste iesoSi~ [95, 408]. maSasadame maT yvelas aqvT erTi da igive adamianuri Rirsebebi da Tanabari movaleobani maTi zneobrivi qmedebebisadmi. yoveli adamianis Tanasworuflebianoba mxolod qristianuli moZRvrebis saSualebiT iyo SesaZlebeli. saerTod, demokratiis fuZemdeblebi berZnebi xasiaTdebodnen lamis zoologiuri qsenofobiiT, da ara marto barbarosebis mimarT, aramed sxva berZnuli polisis (qalaq-saxelmwifos) moqalaqe berZnebis mimarTac ki: klasikuri berZnuli epoqis samoqalaqo samarTlis Tanaxmad, bavSvebi moqalaqisa da ucxoelis (anu sxva ber

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Znuli polisis moqalaqis) qorwinebidan umravles SemTxvevaSi ver iRebdnen moqalaqeobas. aseTi mdgomareoba dakanonebul iqna aTenSi perikles mier Zv.w. 451 wels. amis gamo gaCnda praqtika specialuri SeTanxmebebisa, romelTa Tanaxmad aseTi internacionaluri qorwinebani iTvlebodnen kanonierad SeTanxmebaSi monawile qalaq – saxelmwifoTa moqalaqeebs Soris. es iyo xelSekrulebebi e.w. epigamiis Sesaxeb [93, 108-109]. rac Seexeba Zveli msoflios klasifikatorul-kvalitatiur terminTa Soris upopulares ,,barbaross~, is berZnul enaze Tavdapirvelad niSnavda zogadad ,,ucxos, ucxoels, elinisaTvis gaugebar enaze molaparakes~ da faqtobrivad moklebuli iyo raime odiozur niSans, Tumca mogvianebiT man SeiZina ,,uxeSis, veluris, ukulturos semantikuri niuansic~ [90, 44 aris mosazreba, rom berZnebi barbaross yvela ara elins anu ara berZens uwodebdnen. ucxoenovani xalxebis saubari berZnebs, bunebrivia, ar esmodaT da maTi smenisaTvis gaugebrad aRiqmeboda. zogierTi avtoris SexedulebiT, aqedan gamomdinareobs sityva ,,barbar-os~ – i. TandaTanobiT Zvelma berZnebma maTgan gansxvavebuli kulturis xalxebs qedmaRlurad dauwyes yureba. isini maT ufro dabla mdgomad, velurebad miiCnevdnen. amitom TandaTan termini ,,barbarosi~ veluris sinonimi gaxda [96, 49]. Tumca, rogorc Cans, termini ,,barbarosis~ gamoyenebas ,,elinTan~ dapirispirebaSi gansakuTrebiT farTo gasaqani eZleva maSin, rodesac 114

berZen tomebs sabolood uyalibdebaT eTnikuri erTobis Segneba da maTTan myarad ikidebs fexs is azri, rom ,,Zveli elinebi~ barbarosi xalxebisagan gansxvavdebodnen rogorc meti mosazrebulobiT, ise ufro sruli TavisuflebiT sulieri miamitobisagan (herodote). Zveli berZnebi afrikis CrdiloeT sanapiroze jer kidev ,,didi kolonizaciis~ xanaSi (Zv.w. VII-VI ss.) ikideben fexs. adgilobriv avtoqtonur mosaxleobasTan intensiur kontaqtSi Sesvlis Semdeg isini niadag ecnobian b e r b e r T a Soris imxanad farTod gamoyenebul eTnonims ,,braber – brabars~ an ,,beraber – baraba – barabars~, romelsac iTviseben ,,barbar – barbarosis~ formiT. rogorc Cans, berberebma Tavisi egzotikuri yofiT, kulturiT, ucnauri garegnobiT da wesCveulebebiT, agreTve berZenTaTvis sruliad gaugebari eniT, imdenad Zlieri STabeWdileba moaxdines evropel kolonistebze, rom isini elinTaTvis ,,sruliad ucxo, ucnauri, araCveulebrivi xalxis~ erTgvar etalonad iqcnen. aseTnairma eTnokulturulma stereotipma Tavis mxriv, ,,elini – araelinis~ dixtomiur Sepirispirebas Cauyara safuZveli da droTa ganmavlobaSi termini ,,barbarosic~ TandaTan daicala dasabamiTi viwro – eTnikuri Sinaarsisagan da aRniSnul dixtomias moergo rogorc zogadad ,,ucxos, ucxotomelis, ucxoelis~, ,,gaugebrad molaparakis~ sinonimi... mogvianebiT, sxva araelin eTnosebTan urTierTobis negatiuri gamoc

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dilebis dagrovebis pirobebSi ki, `barbarosma~ ara marto ùcxos~, ucxoelis, ucxo tomelis~, aramed ùxamsis, uxeSis, ukulturos, veluris, warmarTis~ damatebiTi mniSvneloba SeiZina [90, 49-50]. terminis – `barbarosis~ berberTa tomobrivi saxelwodebisagan momdinareobis sasargeblod unda metyvelebdes is faqtic, rom Zvel qarTvel mwignobarTac barbarosebi maincdamainc afrikelebad hyavdaT warmodgenili. Tqmulis sailustraciod sakmarisia davimowmoT sulxan-saba orbelianis `sityvis kona~, sadac vkiTxulobT: `barbarozi – afrikis Temi Savni. afrikaSi Temi erTi SavTa, warmarTi, mona ucxoTesli~ [97, 50]. romaelebma pirvelebma SemoiRes moqalaqis cneba (`romis moqalaqe~. romis moqalaqd yofnisaTvis romaelad (e.i. eTnikur laTinad) yofna ar iyo aucilebeli. romi ara Tu ar ganarCevda Tavis moqalaqeebs eTnikuri da religiuri niSniT, metic, is aniWebda romis moqalaqeobas mis mier dapyrobili qveynebis moqalaqeebs, riTac aTanabrebda romis mkvidrTan. romis moqalaqeobis aucilebeli pirobac da Sedegic romaul samoqalaqo konvenciaSi gawevrianeba iyo [93, 114]. amave dros romauli formula RaRadebda divide et impera – e.i. saxelmwifoSi dasaqmebul erovnebaTa Soris sTese Suri da gaTiSe, arevdarevasa da erTmaneTTan kinklaobaSi amoxade suli maT erovnul da politikur miswrafebeb116

so [98, 150]. Zveli romis 12 tabulis kanonebis mixedviT ki romis teritoriaze mxolod romis moqalaqes hqonda miwis sakuTrebis ufleba. ucxoelebi am SesaZleblobas moklebuli iyvnen [91, 16]. romSi sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgeneli danaSaulisaTvis gansxvavebul sasjels iRebda. magaliTad, jvarze gakvras hqonda mkveTrad gamoxatuli klasobrivi da erovnuli xasiaTi: romis moqalaqis da, saerTod, Tavisufali adamianis sikvdiliT dasja jvarze mkacrad iyo akrZaluli yvelaze mZime danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSic ki [99, 39]. aseve, adrefeodalur sazogadoebaSi eTnikuri gansxvaveba ganuyofeli iyo samarTlebriv gansxvavebasTan. saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdebloba jer kidev Camoyalibebis process ganicdida da adamians asamarTlebdnen ara im teritoriis, mxaris kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, sadac cxovrobda, aramed im tomis tradiciidan gamomdinare, saidanac iyo misi warmoSoba. amitom, marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba, pirvel rigSi, miznad isaxavda gansasjelis eTnikuri vinaobis gamorkvevas. arsebul saqmis warmoebas dokumentebSi, nawilobriv adrefeodaluri xanis naratiul wyaroebSi, eTnonimebi miTiTebulia adamianis pirad saxelTan erTad. zogjer is pirdapir dasaxelebulia goTad, frankad, romaelad da a.S. zogjer naTqvamia, rom is cxovrobs ama da am xalxis kanonebis mixedviT [100, 228].

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oficialuri bizantiuri samarTali ar mijnavda adamianebs eTnikuri niSniT, yvela Tanaswori iyo, Tuki aRiarebda marTlmadideblobas da icavda basilevsis erTgulebas. am samarTliT, marTlmadideblobis aRiareba, faqtobrivad, savaldebulo iyo berZnebTan gasaTanabreblad, rac eTnikuri Tanasworobis kanons fiqciad aqcevda. eTnikuri Tanasworobis kanoni praqtikaSi yovel nabijze irRveoda: imperiaSi mravlad iyvnen sxvadasxva erovnebis monebi, maSin rodesac ikrZaleboda berZeni monis floba. marTalia, xelisufleba did sifrTxiles iCenda ucxo eTnosTan damokidebulebaSi politikuri garTulebebis dros, magram roca es garTulebebi cxreboda, uxeSad devnidnen orTodoqsidan gansxvavebul konfesiebs da Zalas mimarTavdnen qalkedonizmis dasanergad [101, 79]. Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi ucxoelis beds mTlianad is mefe an feodali swyvetda, romlis samflobeloSi savaWrod an sxva saqmianobisTvis ucxo piri aRmoCndeboda. evropis qveynebSi, rogor Cans, sakmaod mZime adaT-wesebi iyo gabatonebuli ucxoelTa mimarT, miuxedavad dacvis sigelis qonebisa, am ukanasknelTa pirovnebisa da sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba ar iyo uzrunvelyofili. safrangeTSi, germaniasa da evropis zogierT sxva qveyanaSi moqmedebda wesi, romlis mixedviTac, Tu sxvis samflobelo teritoriaze myofi ucxoeli erTi wlis da erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi ver moipovebda adgilobrivi feodalis mfarvelobas, ukanasknels uf118

leba hqonda ucxo piri Tavis ymad eqcia, qoneba ki CamoerTva [102, 214]. marTalia sasanianTa iranSi sparselebi Tavs aravis uyadrebdnen, maT Soris arc sxva iranuli modgmis xalxebs, magram eTnikuri niSniTac aravis Cagravdnen da esec aqemeniduri iranis memkvidreoba iyo, Tumca TviT aqemenidur iranTan SedarebiTac ki, sasanidi mefeebis aRzrdis instituts axasiaTebda eTnikuri Semwynareblobis arnaxuli done – sasanuri iranis imperiaSi Semavali arcerTi xalxi ZalmomreobiT ar gadaSenebula da maTma absoluturma umravlesobam dRemde moaRwia Tavisi eTnografiuli kulturiTa da dedaeniT; metic, Tavisi istoriuli sazRvrebiT. SesaZleblobis miuxedavad, sparselebs ar mouxdeniaT da arc ucdiaT maTi eTnikuri asimilacia. am mxriv axlo aRmosavleTSi iranis imperias erTaderTi analogi moeZebneba saqarTvelos samefos saxiT, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom farnavazma pirveli sruliad qarTuli saxelmwifo sparsTa samefos msgavsad moawyo [93, 197]. saqarTvelo mxolod qarTveluri tomebiT ar unda yofiliyo dasaxlebuli, aseve rogorc sxvagan, CvenTanac iyo intensiuri Serevis zonebi. gzebi sagrZnob gavlenas axdenda ara mrto ekonomikuri, aramed xalxTa Soris urTierTobis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaze. am gzebze mdebare dasaxlebebisaTvis ucxo ar iqneboda kavSirebi sxvadasxva ekonomikurad gan

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sxvavebul jgufebTan da kulturebTan (sxva suraTia gzidan moSorebul punqtebSi). garda mSvidobiani urTierTobisa, xSiri iqneboda rogorc samezoblo, ise Soreuli Semosevebi, agreTve aborigenTa mier sxvaTa dapyroba da tyveTa wamosxma. momTabareTa masebis dausrulebeli moZraobebi, sxvadasxva tomTa Tu calkeul individTa gadaadgilebani, rac istoriuli wyaroebiT SesaZlebelia ar iyos asaxuli da rac warmoadgenda demografiul da anTropologiur procesebs, romlis drosac mosuli mosaxleobis nakadis infiltracia aborigenebTan mimdinareobda. misi saboloo Sedegi Zalze mniSvnelovani xdeboda eTnikurad gansxvavebuli elementebis ,,daleqviT~ da maTi Semdgomi gamovlinebiT drois sxvadasxva monakveTSi, mravalferovani kombinaciebiT [103]. mraval obieqtur garemoebaTa Sedegad, qarTli msoflios sxvadasxva regionebidan sxvadasxva mizeziT mosuli eTnosebis samSobloc gaxda. swored aq, qarTlSi Caeyara safuZveli, saxelmwifos Tanacxovrebis fenomens, rac qarTul miwaze Camosaxlebulebs yvela pirobas uqmnida SeenarCunebinaT sakuTari ena, religia, tradiciebi da amasTanave gaeTavisebinaT qarTvelTa kulturul-zneobrivi Rirebulebebi [104, 3]. `qarTlis cxovreba~ ar gamoxatavs mtrisadmi siZulvils. calkeuli adamianis daxasiaTebis dros, is nakleb yuradRebas aqcevs mis eTnikur warmoSobas. adamiani kargia da keTili, 120

an cudi da `mesisxle~, miuxedavad misi eTnikurreligiuri kuTvnilebisa. gansakuTrebiT Tbiladaa ganwyobili `qarTlis cxovreba~ saqarTvelos mezobeli, kavkasieli xalxebis mimarT. am mxriv Txzulebas gamokveTili pozocia aqvs: rodesac qarTvelebi, somxebi, albanelebi da sxva kavkasieli xalxebi erTad ibrZvian, maT mteri Znelad Tu daamarcxebs [96, 35]. istoriulad qveynis SigniT gadaadgilebis, Tu qveynis garedan mosuli ùcxos~ socialuri statusi saqarTveloSi mkveTrad icvleboda. es vlindeboda cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi – miwaTsargeblobaSi, mmarTvelobaSi, dasaxlebis formaSi, qcevis normebSi [105, 92]. XI saukunis avtoris leonti mrovelis mixedviT qarTlSi mosulma ebraelebma mcxeTis mamasaxlisisagan dasaxlebis nebarTvis safasurad xarkis gadaxda ikisres. igive avtoris cnobiT, qarTlis xelisufalT qveyanaSi miuRiaT da dausaxlebiaT Turqebi, berZnebi, asurelebi da xazarebi im pirobiT, rom isini aaSenebdnen axal qalaqebs, xolo ukve arsebulT gaamagrebdnen [105, 93]. arqeologiuri Ziebebis saSualebiT mopovebuli epigrafikuli Zeglebi damatebiT informacias gvawvdian qarTlis samefo dedaqalaqis – mcxeTis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis, kerZod ki, misi eTnikuri siWrelis saCveneblad. samecniero literaturaSi xSirad aRniSnaven: `SesaZlebeli xdeba qarTvelebis garda dedaqalaq mcxeTaSi

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gavarCioT berZen-romaelebis, sparselebis da ebraelebis mcire jgufebi mainc!~ [106, 45]. `moqcevai qarTlisai~ ganarCevs erTmaneTisagan mcxeTis mkvidrs da aramkvidrs, ucxos. mcxeTis mkvidrebi Seadgenen TavisufalTa fenas, romelsac Sesabamis statuss aniWebda mefe. samecniero literaturaSi mcxeTis mkvidrobis ufleba-movaleobaTa gansazRvrisas Cveulebriv eyrdnobian ninos mier mogvi sparsis gankurnebis epizods, sadac miriani eubneba ninos: ùkueTu gankurno mTavari ese, gangamdidro da gyo mkvidr mcxeTas Sina msaxurad armazisa~. mirianis sityvebidan Cans, rom mcxeTis mkvidroba mefes SeeZlo ucxoelisaTvisac mieniWebina, Tu armazis ymobas aRiarebda. aseTi piri xdeboda `mdidaric~, e.i. miwis mflobeli da samxedrovaldebuli, anu samoqalaqo Temis sruluflebiani wevri [107, 178]. mirianma qristianobis aRiarebis Semdeg mcxeTis ebraelTagan mxolod isini datova mcxeTaSi, romlebic qristianobaze moiqcnen. aseTTagani iyvnen barabeanni, `romaelnica moinaTlnes ormeocda aTi suli saxelisa maTisai. da mkvidr iqmnes mcxeTas Sina. da miuboZa mefeman dabai erTi, romelsa hrqvian cixedidi~ [107, 180]. qarTul naratiul wyaroebSi aborigeni mosaxleoba, qarTveli tomebis warmomadgenlebi, araqarTvelebisagan gansxvavebiT, terminiT – `naTesaviT qarTveli~ moixseniebian. sainteresoa, rom leonti mroveli ebraelebs `qarTvelTa naTesavad~ moixseniebs – ùcxoni igi naTe122

savTagan~ gansxvavebiT. vaxuStic `naTesavni qarTlosianSi~ gulisxmobs qarTlosianebs da ebraelebs [108, 37]. Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi erovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis politikis humanur principebs, jer kidev taos samefos politikur wreebSi unda Cayroda safuZveli. aseTi varaudis SesaZlebloba garkvulwilad emyareba Tavad taos samefos xasiaTs, romlic Tavisi eTnikuri siWreliT momavali didi kavkasiuri qarTuli saxelmwifos erTgvar models warmoadgenda, da bunebrivia, iseTsave eTnokonfesiuri problemebis winaSe unda damdgariyo, romelTa pirispirac aRmoCnda XII-XIII saukuneebis saqarTvelo [101, 72]. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom rusTavelis azriT ucxoeloba ar niSnavs mis bunebriv monobas, ucxoelic namdvili, srulyofili adamiania da is SesaZlebelia didi megobari iyos. `vefxistyaosanSi~ sxvadasxva erovnebisa da sarwmunoebis adamianebis, rogorebic iyvnen tarieli, avTandili, fridoni, urTierToba megobrobis iSviaT nimuSad gvevlineba [27, 227]. qarTl-kaxeTis mefis giorgi XII memkvidrem daviT bagrationma peterburgs dawera naSromi – ,,saqarTvelos samarTlisa da kanonebis mimoxilva~. sxva mraval sakiTxTan erTad, avtori exeba saqarTveloSi mcxovreb erovnul umciresobebs da momavalSi maTi dasaqmebis miseul perspeqtivebs. daviT bagrationi aRniSnavs, rom sqarTveloSi qarTvelebis gverdigverd cxovroben berZnebi, somxebi, ebraelebi, Turqebi, TaT

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rebi. gabatonebuli naciis warmomadgenlebi (qarTvelebi) ikaveben yvela saxelmwifoebriv Tanamdebobebs. berZnebis funqcias Seadgens samTamadno warmoeba, somxebisa da ebraelebisa – vaWroba [109, 238]. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, rodesac, ruseTis saimperatoro karma aRmosavleT saqarTvelo xuT mazrad da xuT distanciad dayo, saubno erTeulebi – distanciebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos araqarTvel mkvidrTa dasaxlebebisaTvis Seiqmna [110, 7]. rogorc vxedavT, ruseTis xelisuflebam Tavidanve gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia saqarTvelos erovnul umciresobas. bunebrivia, ara raRac demokratiuli Rirebulebebidan gamomdinare, rac dampyroblis fsiqologias arasdros axasiaTebs, aramed es nabiji iyo Sorsgamiznuli politikuri manevri, momavalSi dasayrdenis gasaCenad, Cveni qveynis srulyofili damonebisaTvis. XIX saukuneSi, rodesac Tavad saqarTvelos dakarguli hqonda saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba, aq mcxovrebi araqarTvelebi pirobiTad SeiZleba CavTvaloT erovnul umciresobad. ruseTSi Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg samxreT kavkasiaSi, kerZod saqarTveloSi – TbilisSi somxebma da sxva erovnebebma Seqmnes erovnuli sabWoebi, romelTac mniSvnelovani politikuri datvirTva eniWebodaT – yofiliyvnen TavianTi erebis politikuri xelmZRvanelebi. situacia Seicvala 1918 wlis maisSi samxreT kavkasiaSi sami damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seq124

mnis Semdeg. erovnulma sabWoebma dakarges winandeli xasiaTi da statusi, saqarTvelo saxelmwifoebrivad Camoyalibda da aq mcxovrebi danarCeni erebi erovnul umciresobad iqcnen [111, 191]. metad mtkivneul sakiTxs warmoadgenda is faqti, rom TiTqmis yvela sasazRvro zolSi kompaqturad cxovrobdnen araqarTvelebi. isini xSir SemTxvevaSi mtrulad iyvnen ganwyobili qarTvelebisadmi. mexadiridan dawyebuli respublika rkaliviT iyo garSemortymuli an ucxo tomis xalxiT, an kidev iseTebiT, romelTac ar gaaCndaT qarTuli TviTSegneba [112, 312]. sabWoTa reJimis damyarebis pirvel wlebSi bolSevikebi adamianis erovnul kuTvnilebas yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen, TiTqos arc ainteresebdaT. grafa erovnebis aRsaniSnavad, rogorc cnobilia, mxolod 1924 wlidan Cndeba. Tumca arc amis Semdeg gaumaxvilebiaT yuradReba am sakiTxze. ai, erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli SemTxveva: q. goris 1924 w. saqorwino aqtSi 24 wlis Toroz grigolis Ze Torozovs, erovnebis grafaSi uweria, rom is aris ,,internacionalisti~ [113, 68]. mniSvnelovania, rom Tu 1800 wels araqarTuli mosaxleoba saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mxolod 11% Seadgenda, 1897 wels araqarTvelTa xvedriTi wili 32%-mde gaizarda. XIX saukunis damlevisaTvis saqarTvelo kidev ufro mravalerovani qveyana iyo, vidre wina saukuneebSi. am periodSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze Seqmnili iyo mravali sofeli, romelTa mosaxleoba mTlia

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nad araqarTvelTagan (somxebi, berZnebi, rusebi) Sedgeboda da yofa-cxovrebiT didad gansxvavdeboda aborigeni mosaxleobisagan. kidev ufro mravalerovani gaxda qalaqebi, sadac aReb-micemobas umTavresad araqarTvelebi misdevdnen [114, 766-767]. XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi araqarTvelebi 851 557 suls, anu mosaxleobis 32,3% – Seadgendnen. am droisaTvis saqarTveloSi cxovrobda 19 kompaqturad da 33 gafantulad dasaxlebuli erovneba [115, 33]. mosaxleobis dinamika gviCvenebs, rom 20-30-ian wlebSi SeimCneoda qarTveli mosaxleobis zrdis Semcireba. magaliTad, 1922 wels qarTvelebi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 74,7%-s Seadgendnen, 1926 wels 70, 9%-s, xolo 1939 wlis monacemebiT 64,6%-s [116, 51]. nebismieri civilizaciisaTvis Tvisisa da ucxos garCevis aRsaniSnavad sagangebo sityvebic aris napovni ama Tu im enaSi: iavan – sanskritSi, barbarosi – berZnulSi, goi – ebraulSi, ajam – arabulSi, kaiCi – iaponurSi, nemec – slavurSi da a.S. arc erTi maTgani ar niSnavs wminda saxiT velurs. is SeiZleba am sityvis mTqmelze maRali kulturisa da civilizaciis warmomadgenelic ki iyos. magaliTad, sparseli – barbarosi iyo berZnisTvis da ajami arabisTvis. orive am xalxma icoda, rom sparselebs meti Tu ara maTze naklebi kultura ar hqondaT, da bevri ram TviTon aTvisebulic hqondaT maTgan. egvipteli, misi brwyinvale ci126

vilizaciiT, damonebuli ebraelisTvis mainc goi iyo da sxv. mTavari, am erTa mimarTebaSi sxvebisadmi maT civilizaciasTan sxvaTa uziarebloba iyo. sxvebi sxva, ucxo konvenciaSi imyofebodnen [117, 10-11]. XX saukuneSi rasobrivi, nacionaluri (resp.eTnikuri), religiuri Tu politikuri Seuwynareblobis arnaxuli maStabebi moxda – ori msoflio omi (maT Soris erTi – masobrivi mospobis, birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebiT). revoluciebi, samoqalaqo omebi, politpatimarTa da tyveTa sakoncentracio banakebis qselebi, aparteidi, mkvidri mosaxleobis deportaciebi da kidev mravali moulodneli cvlilebebi XXI saukunis dasawyisSi. drom Seitana cvlilebebi eris gansazRvrebaSic. Tu adre ,,kacobriobis dayofa enebad udrida kacobriobis dayofas erebad~ (humboldti), axla samSoblo gagebul iqna, rogorc ,,erTiani saarCevno sivrce~ da am sivrceSi registrirebuli amomrCevlebi identificirebul iqna erad. Sesabamisad, saarCevno uflebisaTvis brZola (qalTa, feradkanianTa da sxv.) gamocxadebul iqna moqalaqeTa TanasworobisaTvis brZolad – anu erad gagebul iqna ,,samoqalaqo~ konvenciis wevrebi [117, 52-53]. Tumca es recepti yvela qveynisTvis misaRebad ver gamodgeba. msoflioSi arsebobs ori modeli, romliTac ganisazRvreba pasportSi erovnebis grafa. erTia – tradiciuli modeli, meore – evropu

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li. tradiciuli modeliT, pasportSi erovnebis grafa imis gaTvaliswinebiT ivseba, romeli naciaa ama Tu im qveyanaSi avtoqTonuri, anu ZirZveli. evropuli modeliT ki, sapasporto grafaSi iwereba ,,moqalaqeoba~. magaliTad, safrangeTSi moqalaqeobis gaswvriv iwereba ,,franguli~ (frangi). rodesac 1975 wels safrangeTSi Catarda gamokvleva, xelisuflebam naxa, rom mosaxleobis mxolod 28 procenti iyo ZirZveli frangi. amitom, adgnen da safrangeTis yvela moqalaqes pasportSi moqalaqeobis gaswvriv Cauweres ,,frangi~ [14, 167-168]. iseT tradiciul qveyanaSi, rogoric saqarTveloa, mosulisa da mkvidris problemas ver gadaWris piradobis mowmobidan da pasportidan erovnebisa da mamis saxelis amoReba. saqarTvelos moqalaqis statusi somexis, azerbaijanelis, rusis, osis, ebraelis, qurTis, afsuas da a.S. erovnuli TviTSegnebis Secvlaze ver imoqmedebs, rac kargad Cans sinamdvileSi. amitom gasaTvaliswinebelia saerTaSiroso organozaciebis rekomendaciebi Zveli istoriis mqone saxelmwifoebisadmi, sadac cxovroben erovnuli umciresobebi da Tavad am qveynebis kompetenciaa maTi statusis gansazRvra. dReisaTvis SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TiTqmis yoveli Zlieri saxelmwifos swrafi an TandaTanobiTi gadaqceva mravalerovan qveynad – ufro metad kanonzomieria, vidre gamonaklisi. es procesi erTnairad mimdinareobda dedamiwis yvela 128

nawilSi, sadac Camoyalibdnen saxelmwifoebi [75, 173]. aSS-s magaliTi albaT miuRebeli iqneba sxva qveynebisaTvis am saxelmwifos TaviseburebaTa gamo. zogierTi eTnografis azriT, amerikeli xalxi jerjerobiT ar SeiZleba miviCnioT eTnosad, aramed, ufro metad metaeTnikur erTobad. harvardis universitetis enciklopediis monacemebis Tanaxmad, masSi Sedis asze meti eTnikuri jgufi, da 170 jer kidev gadarCenili indielTa tomi [75, 288]. samoqalaqo omamde (1861-1865ww.) aSS mosaxleoba ZiriTadad Sedgeboda irlandielebis, Sotlandiel-irlandielebis, Sotlandielebis, britanelebis, germanelebis da skandinavielebisagan. maTi ,,SereviT~ Camoyalibda ,,amerikelis~ sruliad gansakuTrebuli tipi. samoqalaqo omis kvaldakval daiwyo SeuzRudavi imigracia, ris Sedegadac ramdenime aTeul weliwadSi aRmosavleT da samxreT evropidan mravali milioni adamiani damkvidrda amerikaSi, maT Soris iyo ruseTidan da ,,ruseTis poloneTidan~ sakmao raodenobis ebraeli [118, 229]. identobaTa istoriaSi xSirad aris iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca identobis markerebs gamokveTs ara dabadebiT Cvenjgufis wevri, aramed swored mkvidrad qceuli ucxo, romelmac ukeT SeigrZno miRebuli identobis buneba [119, 106]. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi Tavidanve mozaikur safuZvelze Seiqmna. Tumc, rogorc sabWoTa imperia Tavidan ,,erTa gadafqvevis~ wis

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qvilad aRiqmeboda. swored aSS magaliTi adasturebs, rom mozaikuri principis (sxvagvarad, ,,kulturul avtonomiuri principis~) safuZvelSi devs racionalisturi gageba er-saxelmwifosi, romlis erovnul gansazRvrulobas da koleqtiur ,,Cven-s~ qmnis mxolod moqalaqeoba da kanonebisadmi damokidebuleba anu civiluroba moqalaqeoba cvlis erovnuli kuTvnilebis yvela sxva maxasiaTebels da niSans. am TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aSS-is moqalaqeebs ara aqvT `mistiuri erovnuli meoba~ anu is metafizikuri koordinata romelic realurad arsebuli eris metafizikuri simboluri gansaxiereba iqneboda. es niSnavs, rom àmerikeli eri~, am sityvis ontologialuri gagebiT ar arsebobs. arsebobs federaluri saxelmwifo – aSS da misi moqalaqeebi, romelTa mozaikur enobriv da kulturul matricas urTierT Sejaxebisgan ìWers~ kanonmdebloba (romelmac, espanurenovani mosaxleobis zrdis gamo espanuri enis arasruli Tanabroba daadgina jerjerobiT da sadac, Tu CinelTa matebas gaviTvaliswinebT, Cinuri ìnkrustracia~ sakmaod rTuli problema SeiZleba gaxdes momavalSi... da a.S.) mozaikuri saxelmwifos amerikuli forma da principi Rrmad paradoqsulia. rogorc èmigrantebis qveyana~ is gaxsnili unda iyos, magram rogorc saxelmwifo, romelsac sakuTar moqalaqeebze zrunva evaleba is e r-s a x e l m w i f o e b r i v formas iZens. SesaZloa, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis arsebobis yvelaze mZlavri ar130

gumenti aris is, rom igi ar warmoadgens saxelmwifoebrivi arsebobis dasrulebul formas. dasrulebuls ara istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, aramed Tavisi ganuwyveteli procesualurobiT da àmerikelobis~ ara erovnuli aramed legalur-uflebrivi konteqstiT. es aSS-s erTTavad da principulad masobrivi civilizaciis formas aniWebs. oras wels gadacilebuli istoria, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT erebis Camoyalibebis (anu pirvel-saxis, arsebis, gamoTqmis) aTaswlovan procesebs, mxolod dasawyisia am gzisa. amitomac, aSS-is winaSe mTelis ZaliT jer ar wamoWrila is èrovnuli~ problemebi, romlebic wamoiWra Zveli msoflios erTa da saxelmwifoTa winaSe [29, 200]. migraciuli da demografiuli procesebis Sedegad, eTnikurad erTgvarovan garemoSi Cndebodnen da Cndebian mravalricxovani da sxvadasxvagvari erovnuli umciresobani, romlebic integrirebulni xdebian mkvidr erebTan da Tanmimdevrulad ebmebian maTs ekonomikur, politikur da kulturul cxovrebaSi. isini amdidreben mosaxleobis erovnuli Semadgenlobis mravalferovnebas, rac gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia did qalaqebSi da qalaqis tipis dabebSi. èrovnuli umciresobis~ cneba CvenSi karga xania damkvidrda oficialur dokumentebSi, samecniero da publicistur literaturaSi [120, 13]. terminiT èrovnuli umciresoba~ igulisxmeba erovneba, romelic cxovrobs sxva eris teritoriaze gafantulad, an Tundac kompaqturad

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da mTlianobaSi Seadgens umciresobas adgilobriv (aborigen) mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT. mravalerovani saxelmwifo, rodesac icavs da uzrunvelyofs erovnuli, an religiuri umciresobis pirTa an jgufebis uflebebs, aucilebelia agreTve daicvas umravlesobis uflebebi maTi erovnuli suverenitetisa da saxelmwifoebrivi mTlianobis xelyofis usafuZvlo mcdelobisagan. gansakuTrebiT unda dafiqsirdes im pirTa moRvaweoba, romlebic ekuTvnian erovnul umciresobebs. maT mkacrad unda moeTxovoT kanonebis Sesruleba da pativi scen erovnul suverenitetisa da im saxelmwifoebis teritoriul mTlianobas, romelSic isini cxovroben. sxvanairi midgoma gamoiwvevs erovnul umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis gaucxoebas da adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis erT-erT umTavres mizezad iqceva. amrigad: 1.

2.

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saqarTvelo ar aris monoeTnikuri saxelmwifo. aq cxovroben sxvadasxva erovnebis adamianebi, romelTac aqvT TavianTi eTnikuri, religiuri Tu lingvisturi maxasiaTeblebi. isini qveynis ZiriTad mosaxleobasTan mimarTebaSi erovnul umciresobebs miekuTvnebian. mravalerovnul qveyanaSi saWiroa swori, samarTlebrivi politikis warmoeba calkeuli erisa da erovnebis mimarT. erovnul um-

ciresobaTa ufleba-movaleobebs icavs 1995 wels miRebuli konvencia, romelsac evrosabWos 27 qveyana awers xels. saqarTvelo mierTebulia am knvencias. saqarTvelo odiTgan gamoirCeva eTnikuri da religiuri SemwynareblobiT, qveyanaSi mcxovrebi sxva erovnebebisadmi saxelmwifoebrivi da tolerantuli midgomiT. am eTnoistoriul tradicias qarTuli saxelmwifo arc dRes Ralatobs: icavs erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebs, Tumca, zogjer igives ver axerxebs erovnuli umravlesobis uflebebis dasacavad. xelisuflebam meti unda gaakeTos am mimarTulebiT, raTa xelyofili ar iqnes erovnuli suvereniteti da saxelmwifoebrivi mTlianoba. meti pasuxismgebloba unda daekisros erovnul umciresobaTa politikur liderebs, sainformacio saSualebebs, raTa ar gaRvivdes xalxTa Soris SuRli da mtroba, xeli ar Seuwyos separatistuli reJimebis warmoqmnas, ar dairRves saxelmwifos erTianoba. qarTvel xalxs unda mieces Tavisi enis, kulturis, saxelmwifos, sulieri da materialuri faseulobebis srulyofilad dacvis SesaZlebloba.

3.

4.

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1005 dRe 1918 wlis 25 maiss xaSurTan axlomdebare sofel aZvisSi erTi ubralo qarTveli glexi kaci, daviT kapanaZe, gardaicvala. 26 maiss saqarTveloSi istoriuli kviradRe gaTenda – gamocxadda saqarTvelos Tavisufleba da damoukidebloba. istoriam Semoinaxa saocari saflavis qva, romliTac Svilebma ara marto sakuTari mamis – daviT kapanaZis saxeli ukvdavyves, aramed im Taobebis qarTvelTa gulisTqmac gaacxades, samSoblos bednierebisaTvis rom ibrZodnen, magram am sanukvar dRes ver moeswrnen. ai, ra weria im saflavis qvaze: `monobaSi tanjulo, dauviwyaro mamav! Seni natvra aRsrulda – saqarTvelo ganTavisuflda! 1918 w. 26 maisi~. diax, 1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelo ganTavisuflda: qarTvelma xalxma gadaigdo ruseTis imperiis 117 wlovani koloniuri uReli, daibruna dakarguli saxelmwifoebrioba da Seqmna sruluflebiani damoukidebeli saxelmwifo – saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika [121, 5]. didi xnis manZilze saqarvelos damoukideblobis wlebis qarTul kulturas da inteleqtualur azrovnebas tabu hqonda dadebuli. raki maSindeli social-demokratiuli (`menSevikuri~) mTavroba xalxis uborotes mtrad iyo gamocxadebuli, iseve, rogorc yvelaferi arasabWoTa da arakomunisturi. meqanikurad amoSales Cveni istoriidan isic, rasac im wlebSi TviT xalxi 134

qmnida, xazi gadausves mis maSindel Semoqmedebas. erTaderTi risi ugulebelyofac ver moxerxda, Cveni universitetis daarseba iyo (rac, ramdenime TviT uswrebda damoukideblobis oficialur gamocxadebas). sxva mniSvnelovan faqtebs an sul ar axsenebdnen, an – calybad, gakvriT, agdebulad da gaborotebiT. namdvilad ki is wlebi didad nayofieri iyo swored sulieri, SemoqmedebiTi TvalsazrisiT. kulturis yvela dargSi – mecnierebaSi, ganaTlebaSi, literaturasa da xelovnebaSi – drois im sul mcire monakveTSi, mZime ekonomikuri pirobebis miuxedavad, yoveli mxriT mtruli ZalebiT garSemortymulma saqrTvelom bevri ram axali da mniSvnelovani Seqmna (erTaderTi dargi, im wlebs rom kvali ar dautovebia, xuroTmoZRvrebaa). gasaocrad mravalmxrivi da intensiuri iyo SemoqmedebiTi cxovreba. aseTi aRtyineba mxolod erovnuli aRmavlobis drosaa SesaZlebeli [122, 7]. saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi qarTuli ena WeSmaritad saxelmwifo enad iqca. swored maSin Caeyara safuZveli skolisa da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoTa gaerovnulebas, erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebas. moiWra qarTuli fuli. damoukidebel saqarTveloSi Tanasworad iyo uzruvnelyofili yvela moqalaqis samoqalaqo Tu politikuri uflebebi ganurCevlad erovnebisa, sarwmunoebisa, socialuri mdgomareobisa da sqesisa. saqarTvelos demokratiulma

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respublikam ganviTarebis Tavisufali asparezi misca mis teritoriaze mosaxle yvela ers, gauxsna maT erovnuli skolebi. pativs scemda maT enebs. sakanonmdeblo organoebSi saqarTvelos erovnul sabWoSi, Semdeg ki damfuZnebel krebaSi arCeuli iyvnen saqarTveloSi mcxovreb erovnebaTa warmomadgenlebi – afxazebi, osebi, rusebi, somxebi, azerbaijanelebi, ebraelebi, berZnebi, germanelebi. sagulisxmoa, rom TviT 26 maiss damoukideblobis aqts qarTvel politikur da sazogado moRvaweebTn erTad xels awerdnen saqarTveloSi mcxovreb xalxTa warmomadgenlebic [123, 25]. miuxedavad amisa, erovnul umciresobaTa mxridan garkveul paradoqssac qonda adgili. kerZod, somex deputatebs erovnul sabWoSi surdaT rusuli enis xmareba, da saerTodac, saxelmwifo enad rusuli enis damkvidrebis aucileblobas Tvlidnen saqarTveloSi. pirvelive dRes, 1918 wlis 27 maiss, saqalaqo sabWos sxdomaze deputatebi: social-demokrati iaSkovi, socialist-revolucioneri xudadovi, daSnaki xatisovi, ebraeli gruzenburgi – rusulad gamovidnen. xatisovmac, qalaqis sabWos Tavmjdomarem, ganawyenebulma aRniSna, rom saqarTvelos damoukidebloba somxebisaTvis moulodneli iyo da maSin miiRebdnen mas, Tu aq demokratia gabatondeboda. grigol veSapelma qarTulad warmoTqva sityva, ris gamoc aRSfoTebulma deputatebma mas yvirili dauwyes. veSapelis sityva krebis Tavmjdomarem – aleqsandre lomTaTiZem rusu136

lad Targmna, ramac kidev ufro gaanawyena erovnul-demokrati veSapeli da Tqva: qarTuli enis xmareba aqamde yvelas ufleba iyo, amis Semdeg ki yvelas movaleobaao. marTlac, 1918 wlis 1 oqtombers erovnulma sabWom miiRo kanoni dedaenis Sesaxeb, riTac qarTuli ena saxelmwifo enad gamocxadda. Tanamdebobaze myof yvela pirs 6 Tvis vada mieca qarTuli enis Sesaswavlad, vinc ar iswavlida, samuSaodan ganTavisufldeboda [124, 222]. magram, samwuxarod am kanons aRniSnul etapze sruli ganxorcieleba ar eRirsa, radgan sul male parlamentma gamosca `wesi enis xmarebisa~, romlis mixedviT deputatebs, vinc qarTuli ena ar icoda, SeeZloT gamoeyenebinaT rusuli enac. rusuli erovnuli umciresobis enad iqca da somexi deputatebi qarTulad arc arasodes gamodiodnen. es Secdoma konstituciam gaaswora, rodesac erTmniSvnelovnad dakanonda saxelmwifo organoebSi qarTuli enis gamoyenebis aucilebloba [124, 245]. administraciuli mmarTvelobis, fosta-telegrafis da sxva saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis ena qarTuli gaxda. saqarTvelos dedaqalaqic gaqarTulda: qalaqis Tavic da administraciis sxva organoebis meTauric – qarTvelebi gaxdnen [124, 251]. qarTvel moRvaweTa Soris gansakuTrebuli kamaTi iyo aWaris mahmadiani mosaxleobis swavlebis enaze, zogi fiqrobda, sanam erovnuli moZraoba susti iyo da Turqebi mbrZaneblob

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dnen am regionSi, ZiriTadi ena Turquli yofiliyo, masTan erTad eswavlebinaT qarTulic. sazogadoebrivi azris didi nawili winaaRmdegi iyo amisa, igi aWaraSi swavlebis ZiriTad enad samarTlianad miiCnevda qarTuls, romelic mosaxleobam kargad icoda. ivane gomarTeli ayenebda swavlis proforientirebul formas, ZiriTad enad qarTuls miiCnevda, Turquls ki – damxmared, amasTan winadadebas iZleoda gaezardaT mahmadianTa Soris pedagogi qalebi, romlebic ukeTesad aswavlidnen, vidre mamakacebi. misi azriT, moswavleebisaTvis unda miecaT samedicino da sasoflo-sameurneo codna, baTumSi unda gaxsniliyo pedagogTa daxelovnebis kursebi [124, 287-288]. Tu damoukideblobamde saqarTvelos skolebSi swavla ZiriTadad rusul enaze mimdinareobda, gansakuTrebiT ki TbilisSi didi raodenobiT rusuli skola iyo, qveynis damoukideblobis Semdeg moxda skolebis kvalifikacia: bevri Zveli skola gauqmda, magram amasTanave daarsda axali skolebi. skolebisa da dawesebulebebis `gaerovnebis~ procesi, sinamdvileSi warmoadgenda qarTuli enis ganviTarebisadmi axal, farTo saxelmwifo programas, romelSic CarTuli iyo mTeli qarTveli inteligencia, sazogadoebis farTo wreebi, xelZRvaneli ki am kampaniisa Tavad xelisufleba iyo [125, 72]. maswavlebelTa Zveli kadrebis gaSvebis gamo axliT Sevseba droze ver xdeboda, rac skolebis muSaobas aferxebda. bevri maswavlebe138

li cdilobda, axali moTxovnilebis pasuxad, qarTuli enis Seswavlas, iTxovda daxelovnebis kursebze gagzavnas, zogi ki – Tavs anebebda pedagogobas da sxva saqmianobas iwyebda. gansakuTrebiT simwvaviT dadga qarTuli enisa da literaturis, saqarTvelos istoriisa da geografiis swavlebis sakiTxi ara marto qarTul, aramed respublikaSi arsebul erovnul umciresobaTa skolebSic. sazogadoebrivi azris mixedviT, qarTuli enis maswavleblebi ver psauxobdnen Tanamedrove moTxovnebs. rogorc gazeTi èrToba~ aRniSnavda, isini maswavleblebad im wlebSi iyvnen daniSnulni, rodesac saqarTveloSi rusuli skola iyo da xelisufleba mSobliuri enis swavlebas ara Tu xels uwyobda, aramed devnida kidec. unda iTqvas, rom am sakiTxs jer kidev amierkavkasiis mTavrobam miaqcia yuradReba da 1918 wlis 29 ianvars gamosca kanoni qarTuli enis swavlebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos skolebSi. rogorc aRvniSneT damoukideblobis Semdeg qarTuli enis swavleba savaldebulo gaxda yvela skolaSi, magram, vinaidan araqarTvelebma qarTuli ena sul ar icodnen da zogierTi CvenSi droebiT cxovrobda, SeuZlebeli iyo maTTvis saxelmwifo enis swavlebis daZaleba. mxolod I klasSi gamocxadda qarTuli ena savaldebulod, zeda klasebSi ki – survilis mixedviT irCevdnen. vinaidan kanoni krZalavda saxelmwifoSi saqmeebis sxva enaze warmoebas da qarTuli enis ucodinarebs warTmeuli hqondaT sa

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muSaos Sovnis SesaZlebloba, amitom, yvela, vinc saqarTveloSi apirebda cxovrebas, Tavis nebiT swavlobda saxelmwifo enasac. yvela tipis saswavlebels daemata 1 Statis maswavlebeli qarTul enaSi, risTvisac, droebiT, jamagiri saswavleblis specialuri xarjidan unda miecaT. aseve savaldebulo gaxda saqarTvelos istoriisa da geografiis swavlebac. maT, vinc qarTuli ena ar icoda, am sagnebs rusul enaze aswavlidnen [125, 69-70]. qarTuli skolis `gaerovnebam~ qarTuli enis saxelmwifo enad qcevam, gansakuTrebuli reaqcia gamoiwvia saqarTveloSi mcxovreb somxebSi. isini paralelurad – qarTulisa – saxelmwifo – administraciis enad iTxovdnen somxursa da rusuls. ra Tqma unda, saqarTvelos xelisuflebam, amaze uari ganacxada, ris gamoc somxuri presa, saqarTveloSi Tu sazRvargareT, cils swamebda qveynis demokratiul mTavrobas, adanaSaulebda mas sxva erovnebaTa CagvraSi, adamianis uflebebis darRvevaSi. gansakuTrebiT somex-qarTvelTa omis Semdeg maTi avantiura saqarTvelos mTavrobis erovnuli politikis mimarT gaaqtiurda. miuxedavad Seqmnili politikuri daZabulobisa, saqarTvelos samTavrobo Zalebi demokratiuli meTodebiT udgebodnen rogorc yvela sxva erovnebis, aseve somexTa kulturul cxovrebas, maT aZlevdnen sakuTari presis, kulturul-saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebisa da 140

erovnuli skolebis daarsebis uflebas, SeuzRudavi iyo maTi religiuri kerebis saqmianoba da sxva [125, 74-75]. erovnul umciresobaTa skolebi imazec ki gamoxatavdnen protests – ratom avalebdnen qarTuli enisa, saqarTvelos istoriisa da geografiis swavlebas, rac kanonzomier movlenas warmoadgenda erovnul-demokratiul saxelmwifoSi [125, 76]. 1919-1920 wlebis saswavlo gegmis Tanaxmad pirveli klasidanve iwyeboda ucxo enis Seswavla. skola irCevda erT-erT ucxo enas, germanuls an franguls. miuxedavad presaSi gamoqveynebuli mravali publikaciisa, sadac msjeloba iyo inglisuri enis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze saerTaSoriso urTierTobaSi, saqarTvelos skolebSi inglisur enas iSviaTad aswavlidnen. es faqti albaT, politikur motivs ukavSirdeba. 1919-1920 wlebSi saqarTveloSi inglisis politika imdenad uaryofiT reaqcias iwvevda, rom qarTuli sazogadoeba am enasac boikots ucxadebda [126, 197]. 1919 wels saxalxo ganaTlebis saministros iniciativiT Sedga komisia dabal skolaTaTvis axali programebis SesamuSaveblad. komisiis Tavmjdomared miwveuli iqna ivane javaxiSvili, komisiaSi Sevidnen profesorebi: dimitri uznaZe, Salva nucubiZe, dabal skolaTa mTavargamge – giorgi WumburiZe da sxva damsaxurebuli moRvaweebi.

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ganaTlebis saministroSi imarTeboda TaTbirebi Tbilisis skolebis direqtorebisa da cnobili pedagogebis monawileobiT. umaRles da saSualo skolaTa mTavargamgis – sergi danelias TavmjdomareobiT – saSualo skolebisaTvis yvela saganSi programebis SesamuSaveblad. saministros mier muSavdeboda da skolebs egzavneboda saskolo programebi, rasac yvela skola Taviseburad anxorcielebda, skolis pirobebis Sesabamisad. ucxo enebis swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT saministro Tavis mimarTvaSi werda: `sxvadasxva istoriul mizezTa zegavleniT Cveni mozardi Taoba friad aranormalur swavlebis pirobebSi imyofeba. am pirobaTa gamo norC bavSvebs, romelTac jer Tavisi deda-ena ver SeuTvisebiaT rigianad, ramdenime ucxo enis erTdroulad Seswavla uxdeba, xSirad amisTvis mowafe ise amTavrebs saswavlebels, rom arc erTi ena ar icis warCinebulad. garda amisa, mraval enaTa Seswavla im zomaze ipyrobs mowafis energias, rom mas naklebad rCeba dro realuri codnis misaRebad. es naklovaneba moiTxovs Cveni skolis saswavlo gegmis Secvlas, raTa erTi mxriT, verbaluri swavlebis SekveTiT meti adgili dauTmos realur swavlebas, meore mxriT ki, TviT enebis swavleba ufro racionalurad warmoebdes moswavlis energiis meti koncentraciis dacviT~ [125, 57-58]. miuxedavad yovelgvari integrirebis gaTvaliswinebisa, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma erov142

nulma da religiurma umciresobam saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis konstituciis sajaro ganxilvis dros rigi sakiTxebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva proeqti Semoitanes. kerZod, rusTa da somexTa erovnulma sabWoebma, amierkavkasiis germanelTa kavSirma, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma ebraelebma – yvelam sakuTari proeqti (sul 7 proeqti) waradgina da yvela maTgani saqarTvelos axlad Seqmnili damoukidebeli saxelmwifosadmi garkveuli undoblobiT iyo ganmsWvaluli. miuxedavad imisa, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi umciresobaTa mier moTxovnili uflebebis dakmayofileba da maTi konstituciaSi Cadeba TavisTavad kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebda Tavad saqarTvelos, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifos arsebobas (magaliTisTvis rusTa erovnuli sabWos mier e.w. ènaTa Tanasworuflebianobis~ sakiTxis dRis wesrigSi dayenebac kmara, romlis cxovrebaSi gatarebis SemTxvevaSi faqtobrivad, qreboda saxelmwifo enis cneba, radgan aRniSnuli statusiT sargeblobis pretenzia saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT 16-mde enas uCndeboda). yovelive amis miuxedavad, maSindeli saqarTvelos mesveurebma SeZles am tipis winaRobebis gadalaxva da Tan ise, rom am fonze arcerTi eTnikuri da religiuri umciresobis ufleba ar Selaxula [127, 92]. bneli Zala ki Tavisas akeTebda.. Cveni qveynis mcire òqros xana~ – demokratiuli saqarTvelos arseboba 1921 wlis TebervalSi damTav

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rda. ruseTma meored daipyro saqarTvelo da sabWoTa reJimi daamyara...

sabWoTa reJimi diax, dedamiwis patara nawilaki, romelsac hqvia saqarTvelo, is saqarTvelo, istoriam geopolitikur jvars rom acva, saswaulebrivad gaxda yvela im ubedurebisa da winaaRmdegobis Sesayari, romlebic imperiam Caimkvidra Tavis genetikur kodSi, romlebsac niadag iwvevda provokaciulad, da romlebic axlac ki, misi daRupvis Semdeg gvazanzarebs [128, 253]. XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da XX saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi TviTmpyrobelobam SeZlo qarTuli enis rolis daknineba – mkveTrad SezRuda misi moqmedebis sfero, dauSva ra misi moqmedeba mxolod sakulto adgilebis farglebSi da agreTve mcirericxovan-saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi [129, 192]. SemdegSi, rac mefis mTavrobam daaklo qarTul enas, is bolSevikurma ruseTma Seusrula. TvaslaCino xdeba sabWoTa xelisuflebis damokidebuleba erovnuli enisadmi da erovnuli kulturisadmi, rodesac vecnobiT qarTvel bolSevikTa erT-erTi lideris f. maxaraZis msoflmxedvelobas am problemisadmi. igi miuTiTebda, rom `CvenTvis nacionaluri kultura ar arsebobs, nacionalur enas mxolod pirobiTi da warmavali mniSvneloba aqvs; rac Seexeba na144

cionalur zne-Cveulebebs, eseni mxolod konservatorobis gamomxatvelia~ [130, 129]. `leninuri gvardiis jariskacs~ stefane Saumians miaCnda, rom Turme mTavari yofila ìs, rac unda aswavlon bavSvebs da ara is, Tu ra enaze iqneba swavla-ganaTleba~. saxelmwifo enisadmi mcdari damokidebuleba qarTvelma bolSevikebma gamoTqves jer kidev rsdmp (b) kavkasiis samxareo (saolqo) yrilobaze 1917 wlis oqtomberSi. yriloba `moiTxovda saxelmwifo enis privilegiis mospobas da enaTa Tanasworuflebianobas yvela saxelmwifo da sazogadoebriv dawesebulebaSi~ 131, 329]. bolSevikebma xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave daiwyes aRniSnuli moTxovnis cxovrebaSi gatareba. amitomac iyo, rom 1921 wlidanve qarTul enas pirvel rigSi rusuli ena daupirispirda. rusuli ena gabatonda sabWoTa aparatis TiTqmis yvela rgolSi, gaerTianebul saxalxo komisariatebSi mTeli saqmis warmoeba da adgilebTan urTierToba rusul enaze iyo. TbilisSi mokalaTebuli Zveli Savrazmuli Cinovnikoba yvela movlenas iseT Sefasebas aZlevda, rom `saqarTvelos bolo moeRo. èrTiani ganuyofeli ruseTi iqnebao~ [132, 180]. xSirad zogierT dawesebulebaSi Statebis Semcirebis sababiT aTavisuflebdnen Tanamdebobidan mxolod erovnebiT qarTvels. mokle droSi gauqmebul Tanamdebobas aRadgendnen da daniSnavdnen rus an sxva araqarTuli erovnebis warmomadgenels, romelmac qarTuli ena saer

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Tod ar icoda. `bolSevikebma Tavisuflebisa da eris damcveli gvardielebi, qarTveli oficroba, Rirseuli mamuliSvilebi, mwerloba – yovelive qarTveli da qarTuli saqme eWvis qveS daayenes, jaSuSebi miuCines samsaxurSi, dawesebulebebSi, rkinis gzebze, depo-saxelosnoSi – yvelgan da TviT sakuTar ojaxSic qarTveli devnili Seiqna, ucxoelebi gaabatones..~ [133, 58]. marTalia, ukve 1921 wels saqarTvelos revkomma ramdenjerme gamosca brZaneba, rom saqarTvelos respublikaSi saxelmwifo ena qarTuli ena yofiliyo. brZanebis mixedviT respublikis teritoriaze arsebul saxwelmwifo Tu sazogadoebriv dawesebulebebSi valdebuli iyvnen mtkiced SeesrulebinaT es miTiTeba. swored am periodSi daiwyo moqmedeba provokatorTa jgufma TbilisSi, romlebic duqnebze, maRaziebze da sxva dawesebulebebze Slidnen qarTul warwerebs... [134, 59]. TbilisSi maRaziebis mflobelTa umravlesoba araqarTveli iyo, ris gamoc Zneldeboda aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis cxovrebaSi gatareba [135]. samarTlianad aRniSnavda gazeTi `tribuna~, rom `ra gind gulwrfeli ar iyos `komunizmis~ mqadagebeli, raoden Zlieri surviliTac ar undodes mas am moZRvrebis Zliereba saqarTveloSi, igi ver ipovnis swor gamoZaxils manamde, sanam ar miva qarTvel xalxTan im eniT ra enac mas esmis da romelzedac mas SeuZlia azrovneba~ [136]. 146

qarTuli ena saxelmwifo enad aRiarebuli iqna 1922 wlis sabWoTa saqarTvelos konstituciis mier, magram misi faqtobrivi mdgomareoba ar Seesabameboda am saxelmwifoebrivi enis statuss. xazgasasmelia, rom pirveli qarTulenovani oqmi daTariRebulia 1922 wlis 11 seqtembriT [137, 86]. saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis I yrilobaze, 1922 wlis ivnisis bolos orjonikiZe aRniSnavda, rom `qarTvelebi saqarTveloSi – esenia velikorusebi ruseTSi. esaa `mpyrobeli~ eri – mas ar SeuZlia ilaparakos imaze, rom mas Cagraven, radgan is aris gabatonebuli eri saqarTveloSi~ [138, 192]. mware Rimilis momgvrelia saqarTvelos da qarTvelebis Sedareba velikorusebTan. orjonikiZis sityviT gamodis, rom Tavis samSobloSi gabatonebuli eri `mpyrobeli~ eri yofila. e.i. ar yofila kanonzomiereba, rom safrangeTSi frangi, inglisSi ingliseli da saqarTveloSi qarTveli yofiliyo baton-patroni Tavisi qveynisa. iqve `brZen politikoss~ (da sxva gamosvlebis drosac) aWarlebi qarTvelebisagan calke erovnul umciresobad miaCnia [138, 92, 193, 244, 150]. orjonikiZis azriT, `Cven somxebs unda vuTxraT: Tqven SegiZliaT axalqalaqSi awarmooT saqmeebi somxur enaze. Tu qarTvelebs surT awarmoon TavianTi saqmeebi qarTul enaze, maSin somxebsac da afxazebsac mieciT neba awarmoon saqmeebi TavianT mSobliur enaze~ [138, 193-184]. ai, kidev erTi nimuSi saxelmwifo enis abuCad

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agdebisa. gamodis, rom saqarTveloSi ramdeni erovneba yofila imden enaze unda yofiliyo saqmis warmoeba. renegat qarTvelebs ra gamolevda, romlebic mtris wisqvilze asxamdnen wyals da gamoCndnen mravlad rusuli enis apologetebi. magaliTad, T. Rlontis azriT Turme `rusuli ena iyo saqarTvelos ekonomikis erT-erTi didi wyaro. is iyo saqarTvelos simdidris erTi didi saSualebaTagani..~ rusuli enis mexotbe iqve miuTiTebda: `qarTuli enis gamagreba mxolod rusuli eniT SeiZleba... is revoluciis enaa, is Cveni inteligenciis arsbobis enaa, Cveni marCenali enaa, Cveni gazrdis iaraRia~ [139]. salaparako enaTa Tanasworobis ideam mkvidr erovnul mosaxleobas momavalSi aumxedra erovnuli umciresobis nawili. lozungma: `sakiTxi savaldebulo saxelmwifo enis Sesaxeb kargavs simZafresa da mniSvnelobasac ki~ saqarTvelos teritoriaze, marTlac, daukarga qarTul enas is upiratesoba, rac yvela civilizebul qveyanaSi mSobliur, saxelmwifo enas eniWeba. faqtobrivad somexs, azrebaijanels, ossa da sxv. iseTive survilebi da uflebebi gauCnda, rogoric maT unda hqonodaT Tavis sakuTar respublikebSi [140, 35]. 1923 wlis ivnisSi saqarTvelos kp centraluri komitetis dadgenilebaSi miTiTebuli iyo, rom `... urTierTobis ena axalqalaqis mazrasTan – somxuria, borCalosa da axalcixis mazrebSi – rusuli an Turquli, TviT mosaxle148

obis arCevanis mixedviT. yvela saxalxo komisariati, agreTve yvela dawesebuleba valdebulia gasces pasuxi im enaze, romelzec Semosulia gancxadeba~. imave wlis 9 agvistos saqarTvelos kp centraluri komitetis dadgenilebiT axalcixis mazraSi dawesda azerbaijanuli, qarTuli, rusuli da somxuri; mocemuli Temis erovnuli Semadgenlobis Sesabamisad axalqalaqis mazraSi mTavar enad somxuri, xolo TemebTan urTierTobis ena – rusuli, azrebaijanuli, qarTuli da somxuri [141, 45]. Sesabamisad amierkavskaiis cakis 1923 wlis ivnisis deklaraciisa da 13 agvistos dekretisa mazris im dawesebulebebSi, sadac mcxovrebTa umravlesoba araqarTuli erovnebisa iyo, saqme unda ewarmoebinaT am umravlesobis enaze. rac Seexeba sasamarTlo warmoebas, gansazRvruli iyo, rom mxares romelmac ar icoda saxelmwifo ena da ama Tu im adgilis mcxovrebTa umravlesobis ena, ufleba eZleoda saCivari, gancxadeba da sxva daewera am mazris erovnul umciresobaTa enaze da moeTxova pasuxi amave enaze [142]. amrigad, dekreti icavda erovnul umciresobaTa enis uflebebs da ugulebelyofda qarTuls, rogorc saxelmwifo enas. zemoaRniSnuli aqtiT Cagruli mxolod qarTuli ena gamodioda. aseTi midgomiT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovreb araqarTvel mosaxleobas aravin avalebda eswavla da aucileblad scodnoda im

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eris ena, romlis teritoriazec iyo damkvidrebuli. piriqiT, qarTveli xdeboda iZulebuli saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovreb araqarTvelebisaTvis miemarTa rusulad an mis mSobliur enaze. erovnuli umciresobis enebis Tanasworuflebianoba im enasTan, romelic saxelmwifo enaa, erebis politikur Tanasworuflebianobasac gamoricxavs. calkeul raionsa Tu mazraSi mcxovreb mcire erebs gauCndaT sindromi maT mier dasaxlebuli qarTuli teritoriis mSobliurad miCnevisa da dasakuTrebisa. 1922 wlis TebervalSi Tbilisis mazris aRmaskomma cirkularebi daugzavna Tavis ganyofilebebs da miuTiTa, rom yaraiazis, aRbulaRis da walkis Temebis aRmsakomebTan saqmis warmoeba rusul enaze hqonodaT. am gadawyvetilebas Tbilisis xelisufleba ususuri argumentiT amarTlebda. kerZod, CamoTvlil aRmaskomebs Turme ar hyoliaT qarTuli enis mcodne TanamSromeli, TiTqos Zneli yofiliyo qarTveli TanamSromlis gamoZebna [143]. aseTi moqmedebis Sedegs warmoadgenda (somxebis siWarbeze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT) Tbilisis gadaqceva arsebiTad rusul qalaqad. qarTuli enisadmi aseTi damokidebuleba Tanamdebobis pirTa upasuxismgeblobas rodi miewereba. aq saqme gvaqvs centris kargad organizebul da Sors gamiznul CanafiqrTan, rasac mravali qarTveli komunisti – xelmZRvaneli adgilze axorcielebda. 150

memarcxene socialist-federalistTa gazeTi `tribuna~ sistematurad aSuqebda qarTuli enisa da qarTuli eTnikuri elementis Seviwroebis faqtebs, ramac gaaborota somxuri gazeTi `karmir astRi~. somxurma gazeTma aSkara brZola wamoiwyo `tribunas~ winaaRmdeg, riTac gamoxata Tavisi pozocia da mdgomareoba ufro gaarTula [144]. foTSi, sadac mosaxleobis 99%-s qarTvelebi Seadgendnen, arsebobda WiaTuris marganecis eqsportis aqcioneruli sazogadoeba `Cemo~-s ganyofileba. samwuxarod saqmis warmoeba aqac rusul enaze mimdinareobda da yvela sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdeboba araqarTvelebs ekavaT. analogiuri mdgomareoba iyo soxumis saxalxo bankSi [144]. axalcixis mazraSi xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobaze upiratesoba eZleoda Turqulenovan mosaxleobas. saqmis warmoeba, rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, erovnul enebze mimdinareobda [142, 2]. borCalos mazris xelmZRvaneloba ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda saqmis warmoebaSi qarTuli enis danergvis moTxovnis gamo. rogorc Cans, mTels aparatSi ar moipoveboda erTi qarTveli an qarTuli enis mcodne. amitom moiTxovdnen, rom respublikis mTavrobis yvela uwyebas saqme ewarmoebina mxolod rusul enaze [146, 12]. sainteresoa, rom am periodSi mraval xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobaze dawinaurdnen somexi erovnebis warmomadgenlebi. magaliTad, 1924 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos cekavSirSi 217 Tanam

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Sromlidan 35, socialuri uzrunvelyofis saxalxo komisariatSi 50-dan 11, xolo iusticiis saxalxo komisariatSi 268 TanamSromlidan 58 somexi iyo. 1925 wlisaTvis respublikis saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi, savaWro organizaciebsa da sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebSi dasaqmebuli 43 878 kacidan 5 892, xolo axalcixis mazris yvela dawesebulebasa da sawarmoebSi 1254 kacidan 335 somexi muSaobda. aseTive mdgomareoba iyo sxva mazrebSi, qalaqebsa da raionebSi [147, 44-45]. rogorc cnobilia, aWaris avtonomiis Seqmnis iniciatorebad qemal faSa da lenini gvevlinebian. osmalTa uRelqveS mravaltanjul aWaras yvelaze metad sWirdeboda saTuTi mopyroba da qarTuli sulis aRorZineba. sabWoTa xelisuflebam da komunisturma partiam Tavidanve ar miaqcies yuradReba saqarTvelos am ganuyofel nawils. sainteresoa, rom aWaris saxalxo sameurneo sabWoSi sul 233 TanamSromeli iyo; aqedan 90 rusi, 48 somexi, 7 poloneli, 2 ukraineli, 13 berZeni, 10 rusi ebraeli, qarTveli ki mxolod 53. sabWos gamged da saerTod yvela sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobaze araqarTvelebi iyvnen daniSnuli. amasTan xazgasasmelia, rom arc erTma maTganma qarTuli ar icoda. aseTive mdgomareoba iyo sxva xelmZRvanel organoebSi. marTalia, qarTvelebi araqarTvelobiT aravis iwunebdnen, magram Tanamdebobis pirebisagan 152

samarTlianad moiTxovdnen qarTuli enis codnas. yalbad gagebulma internacionalizmma, Tu kadrebis SerCevis Segnebulad gaazrebulma politikam aWaraSi, saSiSroeba Seuqmna erovnuli kulturis ganviTarebas [148]. amave periodSi damkvidrda yovlad gaumarTlebeli praqtika, roca aWareli ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo mmarTveli (bolSevikuri) partiis saolqo Tu raionuli komitetebis pirveli mdivani. saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetisa da misi raionuli ganyofilebis xelmZRvaneli, zogjer TanamSromelic ki. faqtobrivad es iyo uzneo RonisZiebaTa mTeli Taiguli, romelic miznad isaxavda mudmiv dapirispirebaSi hyoloda avtonomiuri respublikis mkvidri mosaxleoba da danarCeni qarTveloba [149, 54]. baTumis sagangebo komisiis Tavmjdomare xrucki aSkarad acxadebda: àxla iseTi kursia aRebuli, rom sagangebo komisiidan yvela qarTveli SeiZleba daiTxovoo~ [132, 179]. 1924 wels saqarTvelos cakma gamosca dekreti `respublikis saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi saxelmwifo enis xmarebis Sesaxeb~, romlis mixedviT saqarTvelos ssr saxelmwifo enas qarTuli warmoadgenda. dekreti nebas rTavda saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi gamoyenebuli yofiliyo araqarTveli erovnebis mcxovrebTa umravlesobisa da agreTve erovnul umciresobaTa salaparako ena.

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xelisuflebis adgilobrivi organoebis mier gamocemuli savaldebulo dadgenilebebi, gankarguleba da gancxadeba qarTulTan erTad unda gamoqveynebuliyo mazris mcxovrebTa umravlesobisa da erovnul umciresobaTa salaparako enaze. dekretis VI muxli nebas rTavda respublikis yvela moqalaqes misTvis mSobliur enaze Seetana gancxadeba, saCivari Tu cnoba (werilobiT da sityvierad) centraul saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi da pasuxic mieRo misTvis sasurvel enaze. im mazrebSi, sadac qarTvelebs araqarTvelebi Warboben saqmis warmoeba unda yofiliyo umravlesobis enaze. mazrebis urTierToba centralur organoebTan da piriqiT warmoebda mocemuli `mazris dawesebulebebSi saqmis warmoebisaTvis miRebul enaze~. dekretis XII muxliT `pirs, vinc ar ekuTvnis im erovnebas, romlis enac saxmareblad cnobilia mTlad respublikis teritoriaze an romelsame mazraSi, neba eZleva yvela dawesebulebaSi, am dekretis VI muxlSi gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT, ixmaros rusuli ena~ [150, 5]. warmovidginoT ra babilonis godoli iyo saqarTveloSi am `brZnuli~ dadgenilebis Sedegad. axalcixis, bolnisis Tu sxva mazris xelisufleba da mosaxleoba Turqulad ebaaseboda respublokis centralur organoebs, xolo bogdanovkis mcxovrebni somxurad da ase yvela danarCeni. 154

faqtiurad dekreti uaryofda imave dokumentiT miRebul uflebas qarTulis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis Sesaxeb. analogiurad, saqarTvelos respublikis saxkomsabWos 1924 wlis 2 ivlisis dadgenilebaSi aRiniSna, rom `winadadeba mieces yvela saxalxo komitetebs, raTa saqarTvelos centraluri aRmaskomis a/w. aprilis 4-is TariRiT gamocemuli dekretis Tanaxmad, respublikis saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi saxelmwifo enis xmarebis Sesaxeb, samxreT oseTis da afxazeTis s.s. respublikebTan da axalqalaqis da borCalos samazro aRmaskomebTan yovelgvari miwermowera awarmoon rusul enaze~ [151, 4]. Tbilisis universiteti iyo inteligenciis, namdvili qarTveli patriotebis ukanaskneli cixe-simagre. aq daaxloebiT xuTi aTasi studenti swavlobda xuT fakultetze. leqciebi bunebrivia qarTulad tardeboda. `wiTeli~ diqtaturis damyarebis Semdeg cxadia, normaluri viTareba didxans ver gagrZeldeboda. reqtori, Cveni eris siamaye ivane javaxiSvili universitets Camoaciles. igi Secvala bolSevikebis samsaxurSi Camdgarma vinme Rlontma, gaunaTlebelma kacma, romelic axalgazrdobaSi, studentic ki ar yofila. pedagogebs ebrZanaT leqciebi rusul enaze CaetarebinaT, im cru sababiT, rom studentebi kargad dauflebodnen rusuls da swavlis damTavrebis Semdeg, ruseTSi muSaobis saSualeba hqonodaT... am cinikurma qmedebebma studentTa

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reaqcia gamoiwvia. aRelvebuli axalgazrdebis dasawynareblad universitetSi wiTeli razmebi Sevidnen. gadmocemiT mokles 13 da daiWra 60-ze meti adamiani [152, 28-29]. Cveni mwerlobis warmomadgenlebi fxizlad idgnen erovnuli interesebis sadarajoze. `Cekas~ mxriv mosalodneli mkacri represiebis miuxedavad aSkarad ilaSqrebdnen bolSevikuri xelisuflebis antierovnuli politikis winaaRmdeg. amis magaliTia 1925 wlis 22 ivniss qarTvel xelovanTa erTi jgufis memorandumi, romelSic gakritikebulia saqarTvelos sabWoTa mTavrobis sakadro politika, oficialuri xelisuflebis mier qarTuli enis ugulebelyofa da a.S. memorandums xels aweren konstantine gamsaxurdia, ia kargareTeli, anastasia wereTlisa. ai es dokumentic: `saqarTvelos saxelgamis gamged dainiSna moqalaqe virapi, kaci, romelmac srulebiT ar icis qarTuli ena. Tqven mogexsenebaT, rom nawili qarTveli inteligenciisa da mwerlobisa qarTul komunistur xelisuflebasTan TanamSromlobs qarTuli erovnuli kulturis aRorZinebisaTvis, rac Tavis droze aRniSnuli iyo qarTvel xelovanTa kavSiris deklaraciaSi. moq. virapis daniSvnaSi Cven vxedavT sabWoTa saqarTvelos respublikis konstituciis darRvevas, radganac Cven moklebuli varT saSualebas uSualo kavSiri viqonioT mTavrobis moxelesTan, romelTanac Cven saqme gvaqvs Cveni profesiis mixedviT, da Cven imdenad loialuri varT, rom ar gvinda davarRvioT 156

saqarTvelos mTavrobisave dekreti saxelmwifo enis savaldebulo xmarebis Sesaxeb. Cven gamovsTqvamT gancvifrebas, nuTu qarTvelobas ar moeZeva iseTi qarTveli komunistebi, romelTac ufro maRali Tanamdebobebis Sesruleba SeuZliaT? nuTu saqarTveloSi ar aris TviT komunistur wreebSic iseTi kaci, romelsac qarTuli saxelgamis xelmZRvaneloba SeeZlos? Cven darwmunebuli varT, mTavroba ar dainaxavs amaSi araloialobas da uyuradRebod ar dastovebs am gancxadebas, romelic gamowveulia mxolod da mxolod qarTuli enis siyvaruliT da qarTuli saxelmwifosadmi loialuri ganwyobilebiT~ [153]. qarTuli enis devnisa da Seviwroebisadmi aseve ver malavs aRSfoTebas saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis wevri – imJamad politikuri patimari andro WiabriSvili. xelisuflebisadmi gagzavnil werilSi politpatimari aRniSnavda: `qarTvelebs rusuli enis arcodnis gamo devnian samsaxuridan, formalurad datovebuli saxelmwifo ena, faqtobrivad gandevnilia yvela organizaciidan... rusuli ena gabatonebulia komkavSirsa da profkavSirSi... enis Sesaxeb Tqvenma dekretebma gamoavlines mTeli Sinagani siyalbe~. amaze obieqturi Sefaseba arsebuli viTarebisa SeuZlebelia. miT ufro, rom a. WiabriSvili gansakuTrebiT akritikebs xelisuflebis enobriv politikas saqarTvelos regionebTan dakavSirebiT. igi gulmosuli miuTiTebs: `qarTuli enis statusi ar vrceldeba regioneb

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ze, oseTSi arcerTi rusuli enis mcodne ar cxovrobs, aseve soxumSi... osebsa da afxazebs arc osurad wera-kiTxva ar SeuZliaT. maS, ratom unda isaubron iq rusulad, rodesac ician qarTuli? ra enaze unda swavlobdnen somxebi da berZnebi? maT xom kargad ician qarTuli da ratom aswavlian maT skolebSi rusul enaze? ra enaze unda swavlobdnen aWarlebi? isini xom eTnikuri qarTvelebi arian?~ is, rom a. WiabriSvilis werilSi moyvanili informacia saqarTvelos regionebSi qarTuli enis saxelmwifo statusis ignorirebis Sesaxeb, marTlac WeSmaritebas Seefereba, dasturdeba dokumenturi wyaroebiT. magaliTad, 1923 wels afxazeTis Sinagan saqmeTa komisars – agrbas saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis centralurma komitetma sastiki sayveduri gamoucxada swored imis gamo, rom man ugulebelyo qarTuli enis saxelmwifo statusi da Tbilisidan ar miiRo qarTul enaze Sedgenili oficialuri dokumenti im sababiT, rom àfxazeTSi oficialur saxelmwifo enas warmoadgenda rusuli [154, 70-71]. qarTuli enis mowinaaRmdegeni xSirad aSkara mtrul pozicias avlendnen. magaliTad, Tbilisis saqalaqo sadguris rkinigzis inspeqtorma laxterma qarTul enaze Sedgenili da xelmosawerad gamzadebuli dokumenti daxia da moiTxova misi Sedgena `gasageb enaze~ da Tan dokuments demonstraciulad xeli ebraulad moawera. Tbilisis telegrafis me-3 ubnis ufrosma vinme rogovskim qarTvel muSebs ganucxada: `me 158

ar mesmis Seni ZaRluri ena, ilaparake rusulad~. gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo mdgomareoba rkinigzaze. aq zogierTi rusi erovnebis TanamSromeli aSkara sabotaJs uwevda qarTuli enis saxelmwifoebrivi statusis gansamtkiceblad warmoebul saqminaobas, cdilobda saqmis arev-darevas, zogjer erTi mimarTulebiT mimaval matarebels sruliad sxva mimarTulebiT uSvebdnen, radgan maT qarTulenovani dokumentebi hqondaT da sxv. [137, 87-88]. 1928-1929 wlebSi respublikis rigi wamyvani sawarmos xelmZRvaneli araqarTvelia: 26 komisris saxelobis qarxnis direqtori iyo Cexi – bureSi, orTqlmavalvagonSemkeTebeli qarxnis – aruTinovi, leninis saxelobis Tambaqos fabrikis – abramiani, borjomis SuSis qarxnis – eganovi, baTumis TuTiis qarxnis – Jeglovi, kalininis saxelobis qarxnis avetikovi, baTumis Tujis Camosasxmeli qarxnis – mecleri, Tbilisis Zafsaxvevi qarxnis –xurda da a.S. [155, 86-87]. abrebis, reklamebis qarTul enaze warmoCenas mtrulad ekidebodnen Tbiliseli somxebi. magaliTad, RviniT vaWrobis firmam òborotma~, romlis mflobeli iyo vasil pininovi (sololakis q. #5) gancxadebiT mimarTa saTanado uwyebebs, rom firmis qarTuli saxeli `brunva~ ver iTargmneboda da rusuli sityva unda darCeniliyo qarTuli asoebiT [156, 2]. garda imisa, rom maRaziebsa da dawesebulebebze Zneldeboda rusuli warwerebis Secvla

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qarTuliT, sadac cvlidnen iqac rusulis gavleniT amaxinjebdnen qarTul enas. magaliTad, aRniSnul periodSi gvxvdeboda aseTi warwerebic: `kampeti rdziT~, `wignakTa pereregistracia~ da sxv. maSindeli WeSmariti qarTveloba Zalian mwvaved ganicdida qarTulisadmi amgvar barbarosul damokidebulebas [157, 211]. 1926 wlis bolos quTaisSi 45 238 suli cxovrobda. aqedan rusul enas dedaenad Tvlida 1001 kaci, ufro meti, vidre rusi erovnebis mcxovrebi iyo [158, 18]. es faqti rusifikaciis warmatebiT aixsneba. 1927 wels saqarTvelos kp (b) xelmZRvanelobam aSkarad gadadga nabiji ukan: axalcixis mazraSi ZiriTad enad gamocxadda Turquli ena. gadaisinja adgilobrivi administraciuli kadrebis erovnuli kuTvnilebis sakiTxic, rac gulisxmobda adgilobrivi partiuli da sabWoTa aparatis nacionalizacias – adgilobrivi umravlesobis warmomadgnlebis aqtivizacias, mahmadiani mosaxleobis warmomadgenlebisaTvis upiratesi xelSewyobis reJimis damkvidrebas partiul da sabWoTa Tanamdebobaze vakansiis dros. magram Turquli enis mcodne inteligenciis TiTqmis ararsebobis pirobebSi metad gaZnelda dadgenilebis am moTxovnebis Sesruleba. amitom mizanSewonilad CaiTvala rusuli enis gamoyeneba saswavlo dawesebulebebSi, rac ufro gasagebi iyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis. 160

aSkaraa, rom es gadawyvetileba ewinaaRmdegeboda saqarTvelos erovnul interesebs, radgan xels veRar Seuwyobda regionSi saxelmwifo enis – qarTuli enis uflebrivi mdgomareobis ganmtkicebas da am mxaris enobriv inkorporacias centrTan – TbilisTan. msgavsi procesebi damaxasiaTebeli iyo axalqalaqis mazrisaTvis, borCalosaTvis. Seiqmna rTuli viTareba: istoriuli saqarTvelo – mesxeT-javaxeTi, istoriuli bedukuRmarTobis Sedegad saqarTvelos erTian sxeuls Camocilebuli, gamahmadianebuli, gasomxebuli, mSobliur ena dakarguli, TurqeTis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi xangrZlivad myofi, Turquli orientaciiT, ruseTis samxedro Carevis Sedegad ukan mierTebuli, ruseTis imperiuli politikis wyalobiT qarTul samyarosTan gaucxoebuli, saqarTvelos kp (b) ck-is am gadawyvetilebiT kvlav unda yofiliyo formalurad saqarTvelosTan, faqtobrivad ki TavisTvis [159, 164-165]. Cveulebriv movlenad iqca, rom qesalosa da nazarloSi saqmis warmoeba rusul enaze mimdinareobda. braldebuli da mowme sasamarTlo uwyebas rusul enaze iRebdnen, sasamarTlo aqtebi aseve rusul enaze formdeboda [160, 142]. 1929 wlidan rusuli enis gabatonebam saqmis warmoebaSi, romelic gaugebari iyo adgilobrivi erovnuli umciresobisaTvis dakanonebuli xasiaTi miiRo. amdenad, ZiriTad mizans warmoadgenda qarTuli enis ignorireba da erovnul umciresobaTa enebis moCvenebiTi yuradRebis fon

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ze rusulis damkvidreba, rac bolSevikuri reJimis qvakuTxedad iqca. Turquli Tu azerbaijanuli enis ucodinarobis gamo ver axerxebdnen samedicino profilaqtikuri codnis propagandas mosaxleobaSi. qarTul enas ki ar cnobda sabWoTa xelisufleba saqarTvelos teritoriaze [161, 3]. samagierod ki sabWoTa reJimis damyarebis dRidan, kremlis miTiTebiT samegrelos mosaxleobis garkveulma wreebma mravaljer daayenes megrelebisaTvis nacionaluri olqis an okrugis Seqmnis moTxovna. 1929 wels maT SeZles gamoecaT megrul enaze (qarTuli anbaniT) gazeTi. sasamarTlosa da sabWoTa aparatis muSaoba gardaqmnes megrul enaze. aseve, megruli salaparako ena gabatonda dawyebiT klasebSi da werakiTxvis salikvidacio skolebSi [162, 4]. megrul enaze gamodioda broSurebi da saxelmZRvaneloebi pirveli safexuris skolebisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom pirveli safexuris 15 skolaSi swavla mimdinareobda megrul enaze da momavalSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo yvela skolaSi saswavlo procesis megrul enaze gadasvla [162, 12]. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom erovnuli umciresobebisaTvis 1932-1933 saswavlo wels Sedgenil saxelmZRvaneloebis gamosacem siaSi megruli saxelmZRvaneloc aris dasaxelebuli. wera-kiTxvis ucodinarTaTvis saxelmZRvaneloebis gamocemis xelSekrulebis teqstSi, romelic dadebul iqna ganaTlebis saxalxo komisris erik bedias mier saxelmwifo gamomcemlobasTan ru162

sul, somxur, Turqul, berZnul, qarTul da aisorul enebze; Setanilia saxelmZRvanelo megrul enazec 5 aTasi egzemplaris raodenobiT [163, 1]. `marTalia – aRniSnulia saqarTvelos cakis dokumentSi–megrelebi arian igive qarTvelebi da gansakuTrebul ers ar warmoadgenen... megruli salaparako ena, romelzec laparakobs megreli glexobis ZiriTadi masa da maT cudad esmiT qarTuli ena... ~ yuradRebas saWiroebda xelisuflebis mxridan [164, 3]. 1933 wels saTanado organoebi mividnen im daskvnamde, rom `megrul enaze swavlis SemoReba Tundac 1-l jgufSi arafriT ar SeiZleba gamarTlebul iqnes~ [163, 41]. jer kidev 1904 wels ìveria~ aRniSnavda: `sulieri interesi da ekonomikuri aucilebloba yovelTvis qarTul enasTan miiyvans megrels, is ver Seeleva am enas, rogoradac ver Seeleva haers, sarwmunoebas, Tavis miwa-wyals~ [165]. zemoT aRniSnuli procesebis Semxedvare mraval eTnografiul jgufs gauCnda survili Seeqmna anbani. magaliTad, lazebi, romelTa raodenobda mxolod 639 suls Seadgenda gadawyvites anbanis Seqmna. afxazeTSi isini sul 85 komls Seadgendnen da gafantulad cxovrobdnen oTx sofelSi. aq lazurad swavlas arc moswavleebi etanebodnen da arc saswavlebels hqonda avtoriteti. aWaraSi, kerZod, sofel sarfSi, sadac 50-ze meti komli cxovrobda, iyo qarTuli skola.

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1932 wels laTinizaciis komitetis xelSewyobiT Seadgines anbani lazurad da laTinuri SriftiT, ganaTlebis saxalxo kamosariatis unebarTvod dabeWdes afxazeTSi. anbanis Seqmnis iniciatorebi lazurad swavlebas moiTxovdnen oTxwledSi, Semdeg klasebSi ki – rusul enaze gadasvlas. laTinuri anbanis safuZvelze SemoRebas imiT asabuTebdnen, rom TurqeTis laTinizaciis gamo ufro advili gaxdeboda TurqeTis lazebTan dakavSireba. sarfis skolam da mosaxleobam am saxelmZRvanelos da, saerTod, lazurad swavlebas mxari ar dauWira, radgan, rogorc prof. arn. Ciqobava werda: `qarTuli ena mTeli Tavisi agebulebiT da ZirTa umetesobiT emTxveoda megrulsac da Wanursac, gonebrivi fsiqologia erTia. amitom aRmzrdelobiTi TvalsazrisiT mas SeuZlia uzrunvelyos moswavlis fsiqikis bunebrivi, Seuferxebeli ganviTareba, miT umetes, rom qarTulad mas SeuZlia miiRos saSualo da umaRlesi ganaTleba. Caswvdes Tavis metyvelebas, Tavis warsuls. amgvarad, qarTuli anbani srulebiT faravs lazuris saWiroebas, maSin rodesac laTinur SriftSi mTeli rigi damatebiTi niSnebi unda Seiqmnas~ [147, 83]. amave periodSi qarTvelma komunistebma kidev erTi `kacTmoyvareoba~ gamoiCines. 1930 wels xelisuflebis umaRlesi organoebis gadawyvetilebiT, germanelebiT dasaxlebul soflebSi: luqsemburgSi, asureTSi da traubenbergSi gadawyvites moewyoT sasoflo-sabWoebi, sadac 164

mxolod germanelebi iqnebodnen aparatis muSakebad. amiT undodaT uzrunveleyoT mTlianad saqmis warmoeba germanul enaze. Tbilisis saqalaqo komitets miTiTeba mieca Seemowmebina sasoflo-sabWoebis deputatTa erovnuli Semadgenloba da xeli Seewyo mxolod germanelebiT dakompleqtebaSi [166, 30]. bolSevikuri reJimi ganmeorebiTi dadgenilebebiT kvlav adasturebda adre miRebul gadawyvetilebebs. magaliTad, 1932 wlis 29 Tebervals amierkavkasiis cakis dadgenilebis Tanaxmad axalqalaqis raionSi saqmis warmoebis enad miRebul iqna somxuri, yaraiazis, luqsemburgis, baSkiCeTis, axalcixis, adigenis raionebSi Turquli [167, 6]. am droisaTvis axalcixis mazris qurTi mosaxleoba Turqul enaze laparakobda [168, 12]. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom gansakuTrebiT 30iani wlebis dasawyisidan erovnul umciresobaTa raionebSi sasamarTlo saqmis warmoeba xdeboda rusul enaze. am droisaTvis saerTod ugulvebelyofil iqna qarTuli, rogorc saxelmwifo ena. araqarTvels Tu rusuli ar ecodineboda Tarjimans auyvandnen. qarTuli, mxolod qarTvelTa salaparako enas warmoadgenda. rogorc vxedavT aRniSnul periodSi saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi erovnuli umciresobisaTvis qarTuli enis arseboba arafers niSnavda. saqarTveloSi e.w. `leninuri erovnuli politika~ mxolod araqarTvelebisa da rusuli enis interesebis dacvas emsaxureboda. cnobilia, rom bog

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danovkis raionSi cxovrobdnen somxebi, rusi duxoborebi, TaTrebi da Turqebi. umravlesobas somxebi Seadgendnen. rogorc zeviT aRiniSna yvela erovnebas mowyobili qonda e.w. ,,qveda sabWoTa aparati~ mSobliur enaze. raionul centrs saqmis warmoeba sasoflo – sabWoebTan da piriqiT hqonda im enaze, romelic iTvleboda ZiriTadad ama Tu im sasoflo sabWosa da sofelSi. sasamarTloSi laparaki warmoebda rusul da somxur enaze, xolo ganaCeni da gadawyvetileba gamohqondaT mxolod rusul enaze [169, 5-6]. gansxvavebiT sxva erovnuli umciresobisagan komunistebi xSir SemTxvevaSi antiebraul politikas atarebdnen. magaliTad, e.w. ,,samxreT oseTis~ teritoriaze mcxovrebma qarTvelma ebraelebma samarTlianad moiTxoves, rom saskolo ganaTleba ebraul enaze mieRoT, ise, rogorc es sxva erovnebebisadmi keTdeboda. magram qarTvel bolSevikebs ratomRac ar awyobdaT ebraelebisaTvis xelis Sewyoba. saqarTvelos cakis Tavmjdomare f. maxaraZe 1932 wels aRniSnavda: ,,davisaxoT miznad Zveli ebrauli enis aRorZineba, ewinaaRmdegeba Cvens leninur erovnul politikas. es ena warmoadgens religiis enas, ebraul nacionalur-Sovinisturi partiis – sionistebisa da burJuaziis enas. am enis aRorZineba, ewinaaRmdegeba Cvens erovnul politikas. am enis aRorZineba iqneba politikuri Secdoma” [170, 5]. am dros qarTuli enis Senaxva – patronobaSi mesxeTis ebraelobas didi Rvaw166

li miuZRvis da aseTi misi samsaxuri arasoden unda iqnas daviwyebuli. 900-iani wlebis axalcixes Tu kidev qarTuli ieri SerCenili hqonda, es ebraelebis wyaloba iyo [171, 135-136]. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi erovnuli umciresobis Sesaxeb geronti qiqoZe aRniSnavda, rom ,,Cven aravis vaiZulebT Cven samSobloSi eZios bedniereba. magram raki ucxoelebi Tavisi surviliT modian da Cvens miwa-wyalze esaxlebian, Cven zneobrivi ufleba gvaqvs vurCioT, rom Cveni kultura SeiTvison, Cveni ena Seiswavlon~ [24, 32]. grigol lorTqifaniZe ,,daujerebel ambad~ Tvlida, rom saqarTvelos xelisufleba avtonomiur respublikebsa da ,,erovnulad Wrel~ kuTxeebTan urTierTobas rusulad awarmoebda, ,,rom erovnuli umciresobani saqarTvelos xazinas ratomRac rusulad unda gaenaTlebina da rusuladve emarTa~ [172, 157]. qarTuli enis problemebs grigol lorTqifaniZe qarTuli kulturis mdgomareobasac ukavSirebda. ,,saukunis ganmavlobaSi dakodili da dasaxiCrebuli qarTuli kultura, misi skola, wigni, gazeTi, Teatri da sxva erTgvar socialistur anazRaurebas unda Rebulobdes wminda rusuli e.i. rsfsr-is biujetidan, namdvilad ki xdeba daujerebeli ambavi, qarTuli xazina udides xarjs aZlevs rusuli kulturisa da enis saqmes~. saqarTveloSi wignebisa da Jurnal-gazeTebis didi raodenoba rusul enaze gamodioda.

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,,rogor SeuZlia pawia qarTvel xalxs iseTi giJuri flangva, rogoricaa saerTo or enaze cxovreba~ – kiTxulobda g. lorTqifaniZe [172, 157-158]. qarTuli enis dakninebis naTeli magaliTia saqarTveloSi leninis tomebze xelmoweris kampania, romelic mimdinareobda tomebis qarTul da rusul variantze. es Tanabari kompleqtebi (25 tomi) rusul enaze Rirda 15 maneTi da unda dabeWdiliyo erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, qarTulad ki 100 maneTi. daibeWdeboda xuTi wlis manZilze. aqve avRniSnavT, rom rusulenovani gazeTi ,,raboCaia pravda~ Rirda 2 kapiki, xolo qarTuli gazeTebis fasi 5 kapikze naklebi ar iyo [172, 160]. siamayis grZnobiT aris aRniSnuli ruseTSi gamosul saxelmZRvaneloebSi, rom 1926 wlidan mniSvnelovnad Semcirda im pirTa ricxvi, romlebic mSobliurad Tvlis Tavisi erovnebis enas da, piriqiT, gaizarda im pirTa raodenoba, romlebic mSobliurad Tvlis rusul enas. (magaliTad, mansebis, selkupebis, nivxebisa da oxoCebis 50%) [173, 377]. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1926 wlidan 1979 wlamde erebis raodenoba sabWoTa kavSirSi TiTqmis ganaxevrda: 194-dan 101-mde davida [174]. ekonomikurad da kulturulad CamorCenili erovnebebisadmi 20-ian wlebSi dawyebulma daxmarebam 30-wlebSi garkveuli Sedegi gamoiRo. amdenad, ,,adre CamorCenilma xalxebma daiwyes da168

winaureba im xalxebTan SedarebiT vinc maT daxmareba aRmouCina. SemdgomSi aseTi viTarebis SenarCunebam saSiSroeba Seqmna axali, faqtiuri uTanasworobis warmoSobisaTvis~ [175, 150]. sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebisTanave enaTa Tanasworuflebianobis gamocxadebam saTave daudo aramkvidri erovnebis nihilistur damokidebulebas saqarTvelos warsulisa da qarTvelebisadmi. safuZveli Cauyara erebs Soris eTnokonfliqtebis warmoSobas, ramac gansakuTrebiT XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi iCina Tavi. sxva saqme iyo da savsebiT kanonzomieri respublikaSi mcxovrebi erovnuli umciresobebisaTvis qarTvelebTan erTad politikuri Tanasworobis damkvidreba. warmovidginoT, rom inglissa Tu safrangeTSi Tundac kompaqturad yofiliyvnen qarTvelebi dasaxlebuli, inglisurTan da frangulTan romeli WkuaTmyofeli mianiWebda qarTuls Tanabar uflebebs. an dRevandel germaniaSi kompaqturad dasaxlebul Turq emigrantebs germanuli enis Tanaswori uflebebi rom miniWeboda. sainteresoa, Tu aseTi politika marTebuli iyo, ratom sabWoTa ruseTma ar misca iseTive Tanabari uflebebi ararusi erovnebis enebs, romlebic federaciis teritoriaze cxovrobdnen? SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom mogvianebiT somxebs, osebs da zogierT sxva erovnebas qarTuli miwis sakuTrebad miTvisebis survili gauCnda. raSi Wirdeboda da risTvis daeufleboda qar

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Tul enas somexi Tu azerbaijaneli, osi Tu afxazi, rodesac saqarTvelos xelisuflebis umaRles organoebSi nebismier erovnebas SeeZlo Tavis enaze miemarTa da pasuxic misTvis sasurvel enaze mieRo. ra Tqma unda, amas araviTari internacionalizmi ar hqvia. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es iyo qarTveli eris winaaRmdeg mimarTuli agresia im xelisuflebis mier, Tavs saqarTvelos mTavrobas rom uwodebda. ebraeli xalxi, romelic 2000 welze metia saqarTvelos miwaze cxovrobs, Tavs mainc mosulad Tvlis da saqarTvelo israelis wminda miwis Semdeg meore samSoblod miaCnia. xolo osebi, somxebi da zogierTi sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi, romelTa ltolvili winapris sasoebiT mopyrobili saxe dResac cocxalia, maspinZlis rolSi gvevlineba. araswori iyo zogierTi bolSeviki xelmZRvanelis azri, rom respublikaSi mcxovrebma erovnulma umciresobebma qarTuli ena ar icodnen. jer erTi valdebuli iyvnen eswavlaT. meorec, jer kidev 1922 wels akad. niko mari aRniSnavda, rom qarTuli sazogadod kavkasiis sazogadoebriv enas warmoadgens. mecnieris dakvirvebiT, im droisaTvis qarTulad laparakobda ,,kavkasiis mTianeTis samxreTi ferdobebis osTa mosaxleobis didi nawili, afxazTa eris garkveuli fenebi iseve, rogorc saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi mobinadre somxebic... agreTve lekebis erTi nawili, saxeldobr – didoelni, da Turqebic ki...~ [176, 42]. 170

saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis (b) centralurma komitetma 1933 wlis oqtomberSi miiRo dadgenileba ,,rusuli enis swavlebis dayenebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos yvela safexuris saswavlo dawesebulebebSi~. sagulisxmoa, rom 1934 wlidan saxelmwifo universitetTan Camoyalibda rusuli enisa da litaraturis ganyofileba. rusuli enis swavlebisadmi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis daTmobam TandaTanobiT wamyvani adgili daikava saqarTveloSi. amas xels uwyobdnen partokrati ,,wiTeli profesorebi~, romlebic rusuls TavianT ZiriTad samuSao da salaparako enad iyenebdnen. zogma maTganma qarTuli xeirianad arc icoda. maT Soris iSviaTad Tu vinme flobda ucxo enas. amitom ,,wiTel profesorebs~ aRizianebdaT ucxo enis propaganda da mis mimarT yuradRebis gamaxvileba [177, 90]. skkp XX yrilobis Semdeg stalinis pirovnebis kultis kritikam farTo xasiaTi miiRo. ruseTis presaSi bevrjer es kritika, faqtobrivad, qarTveli eris lanZRvasa da damcirebaSi gadaizarda. bunebrivia, ioseb stalinis kulti saqarTveloSi ufro mtkiced iyo fexmokidebuli. wlebis manZilze stalinisa da samSoblos siyvaruls erTnairi ZaliT unergavdnen axalgazrdobas. saqarTveloze zewola qarTuli eniT daiwyo. 50-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi aSkarad igrZnoboda qarTuli enis Seviwroebis faqtebi. xSir SemTxvevaSi adgili hqonda qarTuli enis

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ignorirebas, sxvadasxva organizaciebSi amaxinjebdnen qarTul enas. dedaqalaqis quCebSi kinoTeatrebis rogorc reklamebi, ise warwerebi, mxolod rusul enaze sruldeboda [178, 163]. kompozitorTa yrilobaze, mxatvarTa Sekrebaze qarTulad xmas aravin iRebda da iqmneboda iseTi STabeWdileba, rom qarTuli ena gadaiqca ojaxuri urTierTobis gamomxatvel enad [178, 194]. XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi sakavSiro mTavrobam moiTxova, mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemlobas qarTulis nacvlad SemoeRo rusuli ena. aseve Seumcira dafinanseba istoriis, literaturis, enaTmecnierebis da xelovnebis samecniero-kvleviT institutebs. saqme iqamdec ki mivida, rom erovnuli gansxvavebulobis wasaSlelad Semoitanes axali cneba – ,,sabWoTa xalxi~ [179, 43]. qarTveli eri ar Serigebia imperiul erovnul politikas da mis winaaRmdeg sxvadsxva forumebze, yrilobebze gamodiodnen. am mxriv, gamoirCeoda qarTveli samecniero inteligencia. akademikosma niko kecxovelma mtkice protesti gamoxata da Tavis gamosvlebsa da werilebSi amxila antierovnuli politika. amisaTvis niko kecxovels akademiis prezidiumi daatovebines. cnobilma qarTvelma maTematikosma viqtor kupraZem, roca gaigo, rom akademiis qarTvelologiur dargebs mkveTrad Seumcirda dafinanseba, moiTxova maTematikosebs, saerTod sabunebismetyvelo da teqnikur mecnierebaTa kvleviT insti172

tutebs, maTze gamoyofili Tanxebis mniSvnelovani nawili gadaecaT qarTvelologiis kvleviTi institutebisaTvis. vinaidan sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaSi kvleva-ZiebiTi muSaoba msoflios yvela qveyanaSi warmoebda, xolo qarTvelologiur dargebSi mxolod saqarTveloSi. mweralTa sakavSiro yrilobaze, romelic 60-ian wlebSi gaimarTa kritikosma besarion JRentma mkacrad gailaSqra xelisuflebis antierovnuli politikis winaaRmdeg da sajarod dagmo mcdeloba, erovnuli mwerlebi gadasuliyvnen rusul enaze. man moiTxova rus gamoCenil mwerlebs eCvenebinT magaliTi frangul da inglisur enebze TavianTi leqsebisa da mxatvruli nawarmoebebis werisa. publicisti da mecnieri oTar egaZe gamovida rusuli Sovinisturi plitikis winaaRmdeg. amis gulisaTvis igi gazeT ,,zaria vostokas~ redaqtorobidan gaaTavisufles [179, 43-44]. 70-ian wlebSi erTgvar liberalizacias, rac helsinkis SeTanxmebasTan sabWoTa kavSiris mierTebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, respublikaTa erovnul Rirebulebebze Setevis axali talRa mohyva. sapasuxo reaqciamac ar daayovna: saqarTveloSi gaCnda araformaluri organizaciebi – helsinkis kavSiri, ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoeba. amave periodSi erovnul enaze umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT, mxolod Tbilisisa da erevnis universitetebSi iyo SesaZlebeli. sxva respublikebSi erovnuli istoriis kaTedrebic ki iSviaTobas warmoadgenda.

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sxvadasxva Sekrebebis dros kievis universitetis profesor-maswavleblebi arc ijerebdnen, rom Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi leqciebi qarTulad ikiTxeboda [180, 58]. saqme is aris, rom saxelmwiofo enis statusi sabWoTa respublikebidan gaaCnda mxolod saqarTvelos erovnul enas. mogvianebiT, sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvanelobis gadawyvetilebiT, imisTvis, rom saqarTvelo ar yofiliyo erTaderTi gamonaklisi, aseTive statusi mieniWaT amierkavkasiis sxva respublikebis erovnul enebsac. yvela danarCen sabWoTa respublikebSi, maT Soris – ruseTis federaciaSic, saxelmwifo enis statusi ar arsebobda. qarTuli enis gansxvavebuli statusi xels ar uSlida ssr kavSiris xelmZRvanelobas iseve mopyroboda mas, rogorc litvur, estonur da a.S. enebs. es statusi aranair privilegias ar aniWebda qarTul enas sxva mokavSire respublikebis erovnul enebTan SedarebiT. isic unda iTqvas, rom sabWoTa konstituciiT garantirebuli bevri ufleba cxovrebaSi saerTod ar moqmedebda. rac Seexeba ama Tu im enis saxelmwifo statusis sakiTxisadmi komunistebis damokidebulebas; jer kidev 1903 wels, leninis mier daweril da rsdmp II yrilobaze miRebul partiis pirvel programaSi erovnul sakiTxze ori ganmsazRvreli punqti iyo dafiqsirebuli: 1. yvela enis Tanasworuflebianoba da 2. erTa TviTgamorkvevis ufleba. 1918 wels miRebul ruseTis xalxTa uf174

lebebis deklaraciaSi, Semdeg ki rsfsr konstituciaSic es muxlebi ucvleli saxiT gadavida. lenini Tvlida, rom romelime eris enisaTvis saxelmwifo statusis miniWebis moTxovna aris `burJuaziuli~ moTxovna da igi laxavs sxva erebisa da enebis uflebebs. misi azriT, ruseTis federaciaSi mcxovreb xalxebs Soris rusuli enis saurTierTo enad aRiareba moxdeboda bunebrivad, nebayoflobiT da amisTvis saWiro ar iyo misi gansakuTrebuli konstituciuri statusi. rsfsr-s Semdeg warmoqmnili yvela sxva sabWoTa respublikis konstitucias safuZvlad leninuri rusuli konstitucia daedo. sabWoTa saqarTvelos konstituciaze muSaoba 1922 wels mimdinareobda. sakonstitucio komisiis muSaobaSi komunistebTan erTad monawileobas memarcxene federalistebic Rebulobdnen. swored maTi warmomadgeneli – simon xundaZe gamovida winadadebiT – konstituciaSi SeetanaT muxli qarTuli enis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis Sesaxeb. es statusi qarTul enas gaaCnda demokratiuli saqarTvelos konstituciis mixedviT. Tu Cven uars vityviT am statusze, amiT seriozul arguments mivcemT emigraciaSi myof menSevikur opozicias amtkicos sabWoTa xelisuflebis araerovnuloba, – ganacxada man komisiis sxdomaze. xundaZis es argumenti qarTvel bolSevikebsac WkuaSi daujdaT. bunebrivia, maT konstituciisaTvis kremls, lenins da stalins mimarTes. sabWoTa xelmZRvanelebma maSin SesaZleb

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lad CaTvales saqarTvelosTvis gamonaklisis daSveba. leninis azriT, koniunqturis gaTvaliswinebiT, sabWoTa xelisufleba unda wasuliyo iseT kompromisebze, romlebic mocemul momentSi xels Seuwyobdnen sabWoTa wyobilebis ganmtkicebas. konstituciidan mcdari muxlebis amoReba ki merec SeiZleboda, rodesac sabWoTa xelisufleba fexze myarad dadgeboda. 1937 wels egreT wodebuli gamarjvebuli socializmis konstituciis proeqtze muSaobisas, iuristebma qarTuli konstituciidan saxelmwifo enis muxlis amoReba moiTxoves, Tumca, stalinma es nabiji maSin naCqaravad miiCnia. 1978 wels, ukve `ganviTarebuli socializmis~ konstituciis proeqtze muSaobisas, iuristebma kvlav daayenes konstituciidan aRniSnuli muxlis amoRebis sakiTxi. saqme is iyo, rom nebismieri momdevno sabWoTa konstitucia ucvlelad imeorebda yvela enis Tanasworobis leninur debulebas. leninis kultis pirobebSi am muxlis konstituciidan amoRebaze laparakic ki ar SeiZleboda. ara da, es debuleba pirdapir winaaRmdegobaSi iyo saxelmwifo enis punqtTan. marTlacda, Tu yvela ena Tanasworuflebiania, maSin ras niSnavs erTi enis gamorCeva saxelmwifo statusiT? swored amitom iuristebi moiTxovdnen konstituciaSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobis aRmofxvras [181, 36-37]. sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobas esmoda, rom konstituciidan qarTuli enis statusis amoRebas saqarTveloSi viTarebis daZabva mohyveboda. 176

amis miuxedavad, misi amoReba mainc gadawyda. qarTveli xalxis mosalodneli aRSfoTebis gasaneitraleblad ki saxelmwifo enis nacvlad konstituciis proeqtSi Caiwera, rom saxelmwifo yvelanairad Seuwyobs xels qarTuli enis ganviTarebasa da ayvavebas. aman saqmes ver uSvela. rodesac sabWoTa kavSiris xelisuflebam es RonisZieba momwifebulad da kanonzomier movlenad miiCnia da respublikis mTavrobac amas daTanxmda, saqarTvelos inteligenciam, saxeldobr Tbilisis mecnierebma da studentobam gaanaliza, Tu ras niSnavda uwindeli konstituciidan qarTuli enis statusis amoReba da SeniRbulad `misi xmarebis uflebis datoveba~ – yvelaferi gasagebi gaxda. amitom mecnierebaTa akademiis istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis institutis saerTo saxalxo krebam Sesabamisi xmauri atexa. krebaze gamovida rva kaci, romelTac daasabuTes, rom qarTuli enis saxelmwifo enis statusis amoReba niSnavda qarTuli enis xelyofas da amiT qarTveli xalxisaTvis metyvelebis warTmevas: e.i. Tavisi ganaTlebis, saqmis warmoebis, sakuTari swavlebis qselis, mecnieruli kvlavwarmoebis fsiqikur-fsiqologiuri TviTSegnebis, warsulisadmi pativiscemis, saukuneobrivi literaturis da a.S. akrZalvas (sxvaTa Soris, roca am sakiTxis ganxilva saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis istoriis institutSi gaxmaurda, krebaze 8 mecnieris gamosvlis 35 gverdiani oqmi Sedga, romelic umal cekam moiTxova misi mdiv

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nis viqtoria siraZis meSveobiT). amis Semdeg cekam mweralTa kavSirs saqmis ganxilvis oqmis Sedgena aukrZala. saqmis ganxilvam mwvave debatebi gamoiwvia agreTve saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis janaSias saxelobis saxelmwifo muzeumSi da saerTod Tbilisis mraval saxelmwifo dawesebulebaSi, saerTod mTel inteligenciaSi. rasac mohyva Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis studentobis da mTeli inteligenciis Tavdadebuli protesti quCaSi gamosvliT (rusTavelis gamziri da leninis moedani demonstrantebiT gaivso) [182, 36]. xelnaweris saxiT gavrcelebuli poetis striqonebi sazogadoebas gamosvlebisaken mouwodebda:

sixliT morwyul qarTul miwas isev sisxlis wvima elis, mterma bevrjer daamiwa bevrjer aRsdga risxva mteris. am ubadlo mdinareebs, am usazRvro zRvas, cisferi ar Rirsebia mxolod sisxli rwyavs. vai, Cemo saqarTvelov Sen ar gevxar sxvas ra patara, ris patara vin gibedavs Tqmas. 178

mitom RmerTis rCeuli xar, RmerTi gaCnda SeniT, Tu ar RmerTi, vis SeeZlo Soba SoTas enis. ukan gidgas farul Ralats SeCveuli mteri, vaglax mteric rom ara gyavs Seni Sesaferi. Seni zurgi ar unaxavs sulTans, Sahs Tu bizantias. gaiRviZe, Torem Semdeg yvelaferi gviania. uqarqaSo xmalo aRsdeg moZraoba gSvenis, Sen ara xar im rjulisa eSinia visac mteris. ra patara, ris patara ra vuyoT, rom didi gebrZvis didi? ara bevri mxolod Seni fexis mtveri. gklavdnen zRaprul devis msgavsad, Tavs gWridnen da ifaravdi, didi rom ar yofiliyav devi rom ar yofiliyav RmerTi rom ar yofiliyav ras izamdi?

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eris sulo geZeb, geZeb o, ra iSviaTad gxvdebi, eqvsjer aTi weliwadi umiwawylod vcdebiT, vcdebiT. saqarTvelos gulo Cemo, sisxlo Cemo vcxovrob SeniT winaparTa Zvlebis darad mjera Seni gadarCenis! ra Znelia rusTavelo, metexo da diRmis velo, midiode da fiqrobde es ar aris saqarTvelo. momitingeebi acxadebdnen, rom sisxliT daicavdnen qarTuli enis saxelmwifo uflebebs. mRelvarebis eqom kremlamde miaRwia. miuxedavad amisa saqarTvelos xelisuflebam saqmis ganxilva (winaswar dakveTili sqemis mixedviT) mainc gadawyvita umaRlesi sabWos sesiaze. roca momxsenebeli e. SevardnaZe darwmunda, rom quCaSi gamosuli inteligencia ar xumrobda da protestma saSiSi xasiaTi miiRo – ikadra da suslovs daukavSirda. rodesac misgan sanugeSo verfaeri miiRo, iZulebuli gaxda breJnevisaTvis miemarTa (am dros mSfoTvare inteligenciam alyaSi moaqcia mTavrobis sasaxle da mis pirvel sarTulSi kidevac SeiWra, sadac sesia mimdinareobda). sakavSiro mTavroba Sedrka, radgan 180

ganviTarebulma movlenebma saSiSi xasiaTi miiRo, breJnevma neba darTo xelisuflebas ZalaSi daetovebinaT uwindeli konstituciis formulireba qarTuli enis saxelmwifo statusis Taobaze. amis Semdeg SevardnaZemac igive gaimeora, rasac breJnevi daTanxmda (mtknari sicruea TiTqos SevardnaZem raime moindoma da gadawyvita. `nebayoflobiT~ – mas rogorc marionets, TanamdebobisaTvis da karierisaTvis Tavdadebul pirs, Tundac am SemTxvevaSi araferi mousurvebia da gadauwyvetia, inteligenciis (ra Tqma unda studentobasTan erTad) mrisxane protestma aiZula is da misi moskoveli favoritebi saqme Zveleburad daetovebinaT. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli enis winaaRmdeg kremlis Seteva iqamde iyo misuli, rom saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministroSi ukve miRebuli iyo direqtiva – respublikis yvela umaRles saswavlebelSi qarTulis adgilze rusulad warmarTuliyo leqciebi yvela ZiriTad saganSi [182, 37]. saqarTvelos konstituciaSi qarTulma enam jerovani adgili daikava. es iyo sabWoTa kavSiris istoriaSi pirveli erovnuli gamosvla. romelic gamarjvebiT dasrulda... [183, 227]. 1978 wlis 14 aprils qarTvelma axalgazrdebma daamtkices erovnuli idealebisadmi TavianTi erTguleba. mTel sabWoTa sivrceSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, es iyo pirveli precendenti, rodesac xelisuflebam ver gabeda iaraRiT dapirispireboda demonstrantebs. am TvalsazrisiT, qarTveli studentebis gamarjveba iyo sab

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WoTa xelisuflebis kuboSi CaWedebuli pirveli lursmani. 14 aprilma gamarjvebis rwmena Caunerga ara mxolod qarTvel xalxs, aramed sabWoTa kavSirSi Semaval sxva xalxebsac. man cxadyo, rom axlovdeboda sabWoTa imperiis aRsasruli [181, 38].

erovnuli umciresoba da saxelmwifo ena komunisturi reJimis strategiuli politikidan gamomdinare, rac iTvaliswinebda `dayavi da ibatone~ – miznis realurad gatarebas, saqarTvelo erovnul raionebad daiyo, rasac axali administraciul-teritoriuli dayofa ewoda. maTi SefasebiT es iyo leninuri erovnuli politikis cxovrebaSi ganxorcieleba. saqarTvelos erovnul umciresobaTa momsaxurebis mizniT gamoiyo administraciul-teritoriuli erTeulebi, sadac saqmis warmoeba erovnul enaze iqneboda. e.i. romeli erovnebac cxovrobda mocemul teritoriaze, maTi salaparako ena xdeboda yvela sferoSi gabatonebuli. sad aris aq `ZaRlis Tavi~ damarxuli? bolSevikTa erTi umTavresi mizani erTa sruli asimilacia iyo. sabWoTa liderebis (pirvelyovlisa leninisa da stalinis mcdelobiT) `nacmenTa~ enebi cxaddeboda lamis yvela ubedurebis saTaved. Seiqmna mTeli fsevdomecnieruli spekulacia, romlis mixedviT enebs braldeboda erebis gaTiSva, urTierTdapirispireba. `naTeli momav182

lis~ aSenebis erT umTavres pirobad ki miCneuli iyo jer enaTa, Semdeg ki erTa `daaxloeba da Serwyma~, erTiani komunisturi enis da eris warmoSoba. swored am mizniT, momavalSi rusuli enis gabatonebisaTvis bolSevikurma xelisuflebam `mokavSire~ respublikebSi mcxovreb erovnul umciresobebs yovelgvari piroba Seuqmna, rom maTi salaparako ena saqmis warmoebaSic gaTanabreboda da xSir SemTxvevaSi privilegirebuli yofiliyo im enasTan, romel respublikaSic cxovrobdnen. ukve 20-iani wlebis bolos sakavSiro da amierkavkasiis xelmZRvaneloba sabWoTa xelisuflebis miRwevad miiCnevda saqmis warmoebis gadasvlas erovnul enebze [184, 38]. es ki faqtiurad ama Tu im respublikis saxelmwifo enis ignorirebas niSnavda. saboloo jamSi ki xels uwyobda rusuli enis privilegiis zrdas. xelisufleba yvela Rones xmarobda, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovreb osebsa da lekebs eswavlaT mSobliuri ena da saqmis warmoeba yofiliyo maT enaze. qarTuli ena osebmac da lekebmac kargad icodnen, es ki ewinaaRmdegeboda `msoflioSi yvelaze internacionaluri politikis gatarebas~. es iyo obieqturi gagrZeleba im poziciisa, romelsac 1921 wels Caeyara safuZveli. kerZod, saqarTvelos suverenitetis ugulebelyofam, antiqarTuli politikis gatarebam, saqarTvelos revkomi da qarTveli bolSevikebi antiqarTuli misiiT movlenil emisrebad aqcia. sa

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magierod, isini araqarTuli mosaxleobisadmi gansakuTrebul Tanadgomas avlendnen. maTi kulturulad da ekonomikurad dawinaurebisa da uflebrivad mkvidr mosaxleobasTan enobrivi gaTanabrebis mizniT, maqsimums akeTebdnen. am mimarTulebiT pirveli qmediTi nabiji xelisuflebam 1921 wlis aprilSi gadadga, rodesac agitacia-propagandis ganyofilebasTan erovnul umciresobaTa qveganyofileba Seqmna. mis ZiriTad funqcias warmoadgenda: saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobebis saerTo mdgomareobis dawvrilebiT Seswavla da masze dayrdnobiT saTanado gadawyvetilebebis miReba. 1921 wlis ivlisSi Seqmnilma erovnul umciresobaTa sabWom da misma operatiulma biurom 1921-1922 wlebSi eTnikur umciresobaTa mSobliur enaze saswavlo programebi, saxelmwZRvaneloebi da Jurnalebi gamosca. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobebis socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli RonisZiebebis koordinaciis mizniT, saqarTvelos centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis prezidiumis 1926 wlis 22 oqtombris dadgenilebiT, centralur aRmasrulebel komitetebTan èrovnul umciresobaTa saqmeebis Semswavleli biuro~ Seiqmna, xolo imave wlis 8 dekembris dadgenilebiT, èrovnul umciresobaTa saqmeebis Semswavleli komisia~. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen: mirza daud huseinovi (Tavmjdomare – azerbaijaneli), aSot xumariani (Tavmjdomaris moadgile – somexi), vasil bogdanovi (rusi), 184

ilia dimoevi (berZeni), gerSon zonenaSvili (qarTveli ebraeli), riza najafovi (Turqi), aleqsandre tarnozovi (asirieli), paSa isabekovi (qurTi), albert ceebi (germaneli), Wanba (afxazi), abaevi (osi) [184, 472-473]. saqarTvelos kompartiis ck 1929 wlis 6 ivnisis plenumisa da saqarTvelos sabWoebis V yrilobis gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze ganxorcielda axali administraciul-teritoriuli dayofa. amave wlis 1 oqtombrisaTvis yofili damoukidebeli mazrebisagan Seiqmna 4 olqi, romlebic dayofili iyo raionebad da sasoflo sabWoebad, xolo droebiT darCenil damoukidebel mazrebSi, magaliTad, axalqalaqisa da axalcixis mazrebSi, Temebis nacvlad Seiqmna raionebi da sasoflo sabWoebi. aseTma daraionebam kidev ufro meti uflebebi mianiWa erovnul umciresobebs [141, 51]. erovnul umciresobaTa aseTi erTeulebi gamoiyo mxolod sasoflo adgilebSi. aRniSnuli procesi ZiriTadad dasrulda 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, rogorc respublikis masStabiT, aseve avtonomiur formirebebSi. xazgasasmelia, rom saarqivo dokumentur wyaroebSi saqarTvelo gamijnulia avtonomiebisagan, rogorc calke respublika, TiTqos xelovnurad Seqmnili avtonomiuri warmonaqmnebi saqarTvelos istoriul teritoriaze ar yofiliyo. Tu gerTianebamde axalaqalaqisa da axalcixis mazrebsa da Tbilisis olqSi saqmis warmoeba azerbaijanul enaze iyo 16 saTemo sabWoSi, somxur enaze – 10 sabWoSi, daraionebis Sem

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deg saqmis warmoeba azerbaijanul enaze xorcieldeboda ukve 35 sabWoSi, somxur enaze – 21... [141, 51]. erovnul umciresobaTa interesebis `damcveli~ xelisufleba Seudga Seswavlas Sereuli erovnebebiT dasaxlebuli sasoflo-sabWoebisa, Tu rogor ganesazRvra maTi adgili administraciul dayofaSi. mogvianebiT, saqarTvelos axali niSniT daraionebis Semdeg Seiqmna 59 administraciul-teritoriuli raioni, aqedan 25-is statusi ganisazRvra erovnul umciresobaTa raionebad. arsebuli TemsabWoebis gamsxvilebis Semdeg Camoyalibda 688 sasoflo-sabWo. avtonomiuri respublikebis gareSe 537. ufro metic, SesaZleblad CaTvales kidev gamoeyoT ufro meti eTnografiuli, erTgvarovani qveda sabWoTa erTeulebi. Sedegad miviReT 205 erovnulumciresobaTa sasoflo sabWo da 16 mravalerovnuli (avtonomiuri respublikebis gareSe pirveli ricxvi 108-s udrida [164, 2]. afxazeTSi 93 sasoflo-sabWodan afxazuri iyo 35, qarTuli – 27, somxuri – 8, berZnuli – 3, estonuri – 2, danarCeni 18 – Sereuli, sadac saqmis warmoeba rusul enaze mimdinareobda. saqmiswarmoebis dokumentebis Targmna erovnul enebze mTlianobaSi ver xorcieldeboda, radgan ar hyavdaT momzadebeli kadrebi. ZiriTadad am movlenas adgili hqonda afxaz mosaxleobaSi. amitom erovnebebze da erebze `mzrunvelma~ xelisuflebam 1929 wels oqtomberSi sasoflosabWos mdivnebisaTvis moawyo mosamzadebeli 186

kursebi. kursebze teqnikur momzadebasTan erTad mTavari yuradReba mieqca saqmis warmoebis Targmnas erovnul enebze, gansakuTrebiT e.w. àxali afxazuri anbanis~ cxovrebaSi gatarebas [164, 2]. amdenad, mTavari iyo qarTul enas, rogorc saxelmwifo enas ar gaedga fesvebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze. mxolod rusuli da erovnul umciresobaTa enebi unda yofiliyo prioritetuli, raTa saqarTveloSi qarTvels ar egrZno Tavi qveynis baton-patronad. e.w. `samxreT oseTSi~ 28 sasoflo-sabWodan 7 qarTuli iyo, 21 osuri. rac Seexeba aWaras – 26 sasoflo-sabWodan 24 aWaruli yofila, sadac saqmis warmoeba Turme qarTul enaze mimdinareobda [164, 2]. (daakvirdiT dokumentis SemdgenelTa pozicias) amave dros 1 berZnuli, 1 Sereuli. droTa ganmavlobaSi limitirebul zonaSi mcxovrebma erovnulma umciresobebma gabatonebul mdgomareobas miaRwies (iq, sadac qarTvelebi umciresobas Seadgendnen, aseTi ki 20 raionia) da daiwyes Tavis mikro teritoriaze mosaxle qarTvelebis (am SemTxvevaSi umciresobis) Seviwroeba, gasaqani mieca asimilaciis process. dairRva adamianis uflebebi. saqarTveloSi momxdarma movlenebma gviCvena, rom daZabuli kerebi swored iq gaCnda, sadac mosaxleoba Tavis Tavs mosazRvre saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebi xalxis monaTesaved Tvlis, Tumca, xSirad, isini im qveynis ZirZveli mosaxleni ar arian. magaliTad, somxebis ZiriTadi masa saqarTveloSi movida ara somxeTidan, ara

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med TurqeTidan; azerbaijanelebi ki iranidan arian wamosulebi da ara azerbaijanidan, magram eTnikurad Tavs miakuTvneben am respublikis mkvidrT, rogorc aq daakanona sabWoTa aRwerebma [80, 114]. afxazeTis rusuli saero xelisufleba da eklesia yvelafers akeTebda imisaTvis, rom afxazeTis qarTveloba Cqara gaerusebina an ganedevnaT afxazeTidan. amisaTvis ara mxolod rusul wirva-locvas, saqmis warmoebas da dawyebiT swavlebas iyenebdnen, aramed adgilze darCenili afsuebis naZirala pirebsac, romlebic rusuli politikis fexdafex ukiJinebdnen qarTvelebs, rom maT daetovebinaT TavianTi samkvidro saxl-kari da gaqceuliyvnen afxazeTidan [185, 285]. ruseTidan afxazeTSi gadmosaxlebul marTlmadideblebisaTvis xelisufleba, pirvel rigSi, rusul eklesias aSenebda, romelic regionSi cdilobda Seemcirebina saeklesio-samrevlo saswavleblebis ricxvi da, rac mTavaria, qarTuli ena gamoedevna iqidan. qarTul enas devnidnen ara marto afxazeTidan, aramed samegrelodan, svaneTidan da samaCablodan [186, 83]. qarTul enas aramarto gudauTaSi aviwroebdnen yovelmxriv, aramed mTlianad qarTvelebiT (megrelebiT) dasaxlebul galSic ki. qarTvelma mosaxleobam imas miaRwia, rom saegzarqosom maT neba darTo galis samrevlo-saeklesio skolaSi swavla qarTulad warmoebuliyo. magram es uflebac formaluri gamodga, radgan 188

qarTuli enis swavleba, mxolod bolo, meeqvse gakveTilze dauSves da male programidan saerTod amoiRes [186, 85]. xazgasasmelia, rom 1810 wels, rodesac afxazeTis samTavro ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sevida dokumenti daiwera qarTul enaze da saerTod, afxazeTis xelisuflebis kancelariaSi mTeli XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSic ki saqmiswarmoeba mxolod qarTulad xdeboda. aseve, kavkasiis mefisnacvlis kancelarias àfxazebi~ qarTulad mimarTavdnen. XIX saukunis meore naxevramde ar arsebobs arcerTi dokumenti, arcerTi nawarmoebi, romelic dawerili iqneboda àfsuaafxazur~ enaze [187, 19-20]. orive periodis imperiuli ruseTi – carizmi da bolSevikuri – gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda enobriv politikas, romelic dafuZnebuli iyo qarTul-afxazuri lingvisturi konfliqtis provocirebaze. ai, ras ambobda carizmis rusifikatoruli politikis apologeti e. veidenbaumi: àfxazuri ena, romelsac ar gaaCnia damwerloba da literatura, axlo momavalSi ganwirulia gaqrobisaTvis. sakiTxis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, Tu romeli ena Secvlis mas? naTelia, rom mosaxleobis kulturuli ideebisa da gagebis roli unda gamoxatos rusulma da ara qarTulma enam. me mgonia, rom afxazuri damwerlobis damkvidreba TviTmizani ki ar unda iyves, aramed saSualeba, romelic Seasustebs eklesiisa da skolis gav

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leniT qarTul enaze moTxovnas da TandaTanobiT Seicvleba rusuli eniT~. àfxazuri anbanis~ Seqmnis komisiis Tavmjdomare, mecnieri da generali p. uslari miiCnevda, rom kavkasiis mTis xalxebs ar SeuZliaT hqondeT sakuTari damwerloba da literatura~. generali amtkicebda: `tuzemcebis wera-kiTxvis codna unda emsaxurebodes mxolod imas, rom maT gauadvildeT rusuli enis Seswavla~ [187, 34-35]. rogorc cnobilia rusebi kavkasiis mosaxleobas `tuzemcebs~ uwodebdnen. maTi azriT `tuzemci~ iyo bunebis mier SecdomiT gaCenili biologiuri arseba, romelsac arc warsuli hqonda, arc awmyo da, bunebrivia, rom arc momavali eqneboda [188, 14]. yovelive amas, rogorc wesi separatistebi dumiliT xvdebian. samagierod, rodesac saubaria enobriv politikaze, isini uapelaciod adanaSauleben saqarTvelos xelisuflebas laTizinirebuli anbanis qarTuliT SecvlasTan dakavSirebiT. gavixsenoT, rom pirveli àfxazuri~ anbani Seiqmna 1862 wels afxazuri enisaTvis sruliad ucxo kirilicas – SriftiT. 1926 wels afxazeTis assr mTavrobam gaauqma rusuli grafikis safuZvelze SemuSavebuli àfxazuri~ anbani da mis nacvlad SemoiRo akademikos n. maris mier Sedgenili laTinizebuli anbani. Semdeg 1929 wels SemoRebul iqna anbani, SemuSavebuli aseve laTinuris safuZvelze n. iakovlevis mier. 1938 190

wels afxazeTSi miiRes axali afxazuri anbani, romelsac safuZvlad edo qarTuli grafika. am anbanis proeqtis avtori iyo afxazuri literaturis fuZemdebeli d. gulia, romelTanac erTad mis SemuSavebaSi monawileobdnen agreTve qarTveli mecnierebi s. janaSia da a. SaniZe. 1954 wels ki miRebul iqna axali amJamindeli anbani rusul grafikul safuZvelze [129, 51-51]. jer kidev 1919-1920 wlebSi afxazeTis mosaxleobis didi nawili rusulad laparakobda. da es xdeboda ara mxolod afxazeTSi, aramed samurzayanoSic, sadac mosaxleobis umravlesobas megrelebi Seadgendnen [189, 51-52]. rogorc cnobilia, afxazeTis konstituciis safuZvelze 1925 wlidan saqmis warmoeba mxolod rusul enaze xdeboda, ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli respublikis erovnuli Semadgenloba, daamcires roli da mniSvneloba rogorc àfxazuri~, aseve qarTuli erovnuli enebisa [190, 102]. mxolod 1926 wlis 27 Tebervlis samTavrobo gadawyvetilebiT, saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi rusuls uflebrivad gauTanabres àfxazuri~ da qarTuli[190, 104]. rusuli enisadmi prioritetis miniWebis Sedegi iyo, rom 1926 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis ZiriTad centralur dawesebulebebSi momuSaveTa erovnuli Semadgenloba Semdegnairad gamoiyureboda: rusebi 44,9%, qarTvelebi 22, 3%, afxazebi 8, 9%. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1926 wels afxazebi Seadgendnen 27, 8%, qarTvelebi 36, 6%, xolo rusebi 6,2% [190, 121, 122].

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saerTod unda aRiniSnos, rom am periodSi yvela sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobaze mxolod afxazebi iniSnebodnen. afxazebs eZleodaT upiratesoba miliciaSi, navsadgurSi muSad miRebis dros sxva erovnebebTan SedarebiT. Sovinizmis TvalsaCino suraTs iZleva komkavSiris saolqo komitetis cirkulari yvela komkavSiruli organizaciisadmi, sadac naTqvamia, rom komkavSirSi unda mieRoT mxolod afxazi axalgazrdebi. marTalia, es cirkulari mogvianebiT uaryofil iqna, magram misi am saxiT gamoqveyneba aSkarad aCvenebs ramdenad iyo Sovinizmi gabatonebuli axalgazrdebSic [145, 28, 29]. sabWoTa afxazeTis xelmZRvanelobam Tavisi erovnuli politikiT aamxedra mosaxleobis sami meoTxedi. 20-ian wlebSi afxazs yvelgan da yovelTvis eniWeboda upiratesoba da amitom araafxazuri erovnebis warmomadgeneli iZulebuli xdeboda Tavi afxazad gamoecxadebina (gaafxazebuliyo), raTa samsaxuri eSovna. swored amis Sedegi iyo, rom 1926 wlis aRweris dros `ramdenime aTasma kacma Tavisi Tavi afxaz erovnebas miakuTvna. Tumca maTi ena iyo ara afxazuri, aramed qarTuli (megruli)~ [191, 213]. 30-ian wlebSi afxazeTSi kvlav qarTuli moqmedebda, magram afsuebSi ukve rusuli ena inergeba – ara mxolod dawyebiT skolebSi, aramed moqmed eklesiebSi (gansakuTrebiT axal aTonSi), agreTve samrewvelo raion tyvarCelSi da sxvagan. amas xeli Seuwyo ara mxolod rusu192

lis saxelmwifo enad gamocxadebam da rusuli swavlebis gaZlierebam, aramed afxazeTis kolonizaciam da meore msoflio omis win (bunebrivia gansakuTrebiT omis dros) aq ruseTis jarebis dasadgurebam. amasTan, afsuebis mizidvam ruseTis sxvadasxva saswavleblebSi afsuebs niadagi moumzada qarTuli swavlebisa da qarTuli enisadmi zurgis Sesaqcevad. maT 1946 wels brZola gaaCaRes afxazeTSi qarTuli skolebis rac SeiZleba SezRudvisa da likvidaciisaTvis, xolo samagierod afsuuri da gansakuTrebiT rusuli skolebis gafarToebisaTvis [182, 72-73]. osTa mier qarTuli enis codna garkveul farglebSi qarTuli damwerlobis codnasac gulisxmobda. mTeli, saqmiani mimowera qarTlis da imereTis mmarTveli wreebisa osebTan, Tu piriqiT, qarTul enaze sruldeboda. XVIII saukuneSi Seqmnilia mdidari dokumenturi masala osebis Sesaxeb qarTul enaze. es imas niSnavs, rom qarTuli ena da damwerloba sakmaod fexmokidebuli iyo osTa Soris. is ki ara, xSirad ruseTis administraciisadmi mimarTuli osTa werilebic qarTul enazea Sesrulebuli. 1784 wlis 10 Tebervlis werili nareli `starSinebisa~ pavle potiomkinisadmi Sesrulebulia qarTulad os vasil (yarajaevis) xeliT, werilSi isini iTxoven ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi miRebas [192, 230]. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi osi mwerlebi sargeblobdnen qarTuli anbaniT. amis safuZvelze iwereboda osuri wignebi. gamocdilebam yovelmxriv daadastura osebisaTvis qarTuli

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anabnis upiratesoba yvela danarCen anbanTan SedarebiT [193, 15]. XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisidan raWis mazris `rCevis ganyofilebas~ xelmZRvanelobda dekanozi aleqsi giorgobiani, romelic amave dros kurirebda saeklesio samrevlo skolebis `sablaRoCino olqs~. dekanozi aleqsi aqtiur mzrunvelobas iCenda, rogorc qarTveli, aseve erovnuli umciresobis warmomadgenelTa Svilebze. 1891 wlis dasawyisSi saxeldaxelod TavSeyril osebs aleqsim aseTi sityviT mimarTa: `Svilebo, me gavige, viTomc Tqven skolaSi aRar agzavniT... amas wineT yovlad samRvdeloeba aRtacebuli darCa am skolaSi naswavli Tqveni pawia baRnebis codniT, Tu gaxsovT, locvakurTxevasTan maTma meufebam madloba giZRvnaT, rom Tqvens Svilebs pirjvris gamosxva, locvebis warmoTqma da mcire wera-kiTxva SeeswavlaT. Tqven aRuTqviT, rom skolis saqmes ar uRalatebT da SeZlebisdagvarad ar movaklebT aRzrdas Cvens Svilebso. dRes ra pasuxs aZlevT an RmerTs da an maT meufes, rom Svilebis aRzrdaze xeli agiRiaT da SesulxarT codvaSi, Tu am keTil saqmes meti sicocxle ar elodeba TqvenSi, risTvis gaswieT Sroma, risTvis aageT Senoba.~ darcxvenilma osebma mokrZalebiT upasuxes: `vin mogaxsena batono dekanoz, rom Cven, osebma skolebSi Svilebi ar gavgzavneT. vin uTxra Tu osebs swavla ar ginda, hai, hai, ginda swvala osebs, mara vin gaswavla. mRvdeli sul 194

sofelSi waxval, misi popoSniki aq ar aris da visTan waiyvane Svilebi Seni Wirime, Tu iqneba mowyaleba, kargi uCiteli daayenebs da skolaSi iqneba, Cvenc gvinda, Tu ara tyuilad biWebi ar gaacdinebT, Seni Wirime~ – mimarTa osma gogiam giorgobians da xalxis yrilobas. – àvTe~, erTxmad daiRriales osebma (ase ariso da ase gaxlavTo) [194, 75]. 1923 wlis agvistoSi `samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis~ cakma miiRo dadgenileba òlqis farglebSi osuris, rogorc saxelmwifo enis SemoRebis Sesaxeb~. dadgenilebaSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom `SemoRebul iqnas TandaTanobiT mSobliuri osuri ena yvela saxelmwifo da partiul dawesebulebebSi samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis SigniT. mezobel respublikebTan urTierTobis enad datovebul iqnas rusuli ena da moeTxovos respublikas samxreT-oseTTan xsenebul rusul enaze urTierTobis warmoeba~ [195]. e.w. `samxreT-oseTis~ mxareTmcodneobis sazogadoeba farTo RonisZiebebs axorcielebda saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi osuri enis SemoRebasTan dakavSirebiT. ganzraxuli iyo yvela dawesebulebis saqmis warmoebis osur enaze gadayvana [196]. amave periodSi Seiqmna laTinizebuli osuri anbani. gamocdilebam aCvena, rom anbani ar Seesabameboda osuri salaparako enis bunebas da ver amarTlebda daniSnulebas. amave dros, Zalian rTuli iyo asaTviseblad. laTinizebuli anbanis Secvlis sakiTxi ufro misaRebi axali

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anbaniT didi xnis manZilze mwifdeboda, magram mis ganxorcielebas xels uSlidnen osi erovnebis antiqarTuli Zalebi, romlebic olqis xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobaze imyofebodnen. maTTvis mTavari iyo, rom osebi yovelive qarTulisagan Sors yofiliyvnen. xelisuflebaSi jansaRi Zalebis mosvlis Semdeg, anbanis Secvlis sakiTxi axal relsebze gadavida. problemis ganxilvaSi aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo inteligenciam [193, 13]. warmoadgines ori proeqti. erTi iTvaliswinebda osuri anbanis qarTulze dafuZnebas, meore proeqtis avtorebi moiTxovdnen rusuli anbanis bazaze Seqmnas. qarTuli anbani didi xnis manZilze stiqiurad vrceldeboda osebSi. olqis erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli muSakis sanakoevis sityviT àrc Tu ise didi xnis winaT yizlarSi yofnis dros iq myofma osma mwyemsebma ojaxebidan miiRes 19 werili. aqedan 3 werili Sedgenili iyo laTinuri asoebiT osur enaze.~ osuri soflis mcxovrebi raJden Tedeevi acxadebda: `ramdenic ar unda maswavloT wera laTinuri asoebiT... sul erTia verasodes ver SevZleb Seviswavlo da davimaxsovro. me vici qarTuli anbani da maswavleT qarTuli anbani~ [193, 16]. zemoTaRniSnuli da sxva sagulisxmo faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, 1938 wlis 1 ivliss respublikis xelmZRvaneli organoebis gadawyvetilebiT miiRes dadgenileba òsuri anbanis qarTulis bazaze gadasvlis Sesaxeb~. 196

am gadawyvetilebas win aRudgnen antiqarTuli Zalebi CiCoevis, abaevis, kulaevis, jatievisa da sxvaTa saxiT, romlebmac werilobiT mimarTes berias [193, 17]. am faqtis Sesaxeb saintereso informacias iZleva ck-is pirveli mdivnis k. Carkvianis mier g. malenkovisadmi gagzavnili werili, romelic 1938 wlis 5 oqtombriT TariRdeba. k. Carkviani wers, rom l. beriam maT gadmougzavna `samxreT oseTidan~ sakavSiro cekaSi gagzavnili anonimuri werilis asli, romelic osuri anabnis SemoRebas Seexeba, amasTan dakavSirebiT man saWirod miiCnia centris informireba saqmis namdvili motivebis Sesaxeb. werilSi naTqvamia, rom laTinizebuli osuri anbanis gamoyenebis 14 wlianma gamocdilebam cxadyo misi sruli Seusabamoba da uvargisoba osuri bgerebis gamoxatvisa da aTvisebisaTvis. olqis xelmZRvanelobam axali osuri anbanis Seqmna daavala ganaTlebis adgilobriv saxkoms. mis momzadebasa da ganxilvaSi monawileobdnen mecnierebi, maswavleblebi, mwerlebi, xelmZRvaneli muSakebi, kolmeurneebi, muSebi da sxv. am sakiTxis garSemo orenovan gazeT `komunistis~ mier organizebul iqna azrTa gacvlagamocvla. warmodgenili iyo Zveli anbanis reformirebis ori varianti – qarTuli enis safuZvelze da rusuli enis safuZvelze, maTi yovelmxrivi ganxilvis Sedegad adgilobrivma ganaTlebis saxkomma da aRmaskomma miiRes pirveli varian

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tis arCevis gadawyvetileba, romelic mowonebuli da damtkicebuli iyo partiuli organoebis mier. qarTuli anbanisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba am werilSi imiT aris axsnili, rom is srulad da zustad asaxavs kavkasiuri enebis TiTqmis yvela bgeras. naTqvamia, rom kavkasiuri enebi Seicaven specifiur Tanxmovnebs (w, W, Z, j, R, q, f, y, T), romelTa analogebi ar moipoveba evropul, maT Soris rusul enebSi. rusuli enis 38 bgeridan yvela SeiZleba iyos gamoxatuli qarTuli asoebiT, maTgan 33 axali qarTuli anbanidan, 4–Zveli qarTuli anbanidan da mxolod 1 modificirebuli à~ asoTi. amrigad yvela osuri bgera gamoixateba erTi normaluri asoTi, romelsac qarTulSic igive mniSvneloba aqvs. amiT aixsneba striqonzeda niSnebis (rogorc es aris laTinizirebuli anbanis SemTxvevaSi) gamoyenebis aucilebloba, rac bunebrivia, rom didi dabrkolebis Semcvelia, msjelobs k. Carkviani. is imasac aRniSnavs, rom qarTuli anbanis safuZvelze osuri anbanis Seqmna ganpirobebuli iyo sameurneo-kulturuli cxovrebiTa da istoriuli warsuliT [197, 212-213]. dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sanam afxazisa da osisaTvis qarTuli ena iyo mwignobrobis, saxelmwifos, religiis ena, isinic qarTuli erovnuli samyaros nawilad Tvlidnen Tavs. rogorc ki qarTuli rusulma Secvala da mwignobrobis, saxlemwifos, religiis enad afxazisa da osisTvis rusuli gaxda, isini rusul 198

erovnul samyaroSi gadasaxldnen da qarTuli araTu daiviwyes, mtradac moekidnen [198, 13]. XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi aWaraSi 1000-mde lazi cxovrobda, xolo afxazeTSi 2000. aRmosavluri enebis institutma Seadgina laTinizirebuli lazuri anbani. soxumSi am alfavitze gamovida gazeTi `maCita murucxi~ (wiTeli varskvlavi). es iyo msoflioSi pirveli gazeTi lazur enaze. kavSiris masStabiT mcxovrebi lazebis Txovnis gamo gazeTis tiraJi 500-dan 1000 egzempliaramde gaizarda [164, 8]. saqarTveloSi mcxovreb qurTebSi werakiTxvis mcodneTa ricxvi 1-2%-s udrida. axalcixis mazrisa da Tbilisis mTel qurTul mosaxleobas hqonda mxolod 2 skola da 1 klubi. erT skolaSi aswavlidnen qurTuli anbaniT, romelic qurTi pedagogebis Sedgenili iyo, meoreSi–TurquliT. 1922 wels erevanSi SemoRebul iqna e.w. `qurTuli damwerloba~. gamoqveynda pirveli anbanis wignic – `Samsi~. 1944 wels i. orbelma da qurTma mecnierma arabe Samom rusuli grafikis safuZvelze laTinuris nacvlad Seadgines qurTuli anbani [199, 126]. arameul enas Cvens qveyanaSi didi xnis istoria aqvs – igi 20 saukuneze metia saqarTveloSi ismis, ufro metic, savaraudoa, rom arameulis gamoyenebas samwerlo enad (Tundac saqmis warmoebaSi) saTave unda hqondes aqemenianTa imperiis (e.i. Zv. w. VI-IVss.) xanidan. swored `saxelmwifo arameulis~ xangrZlivi xmarebis niadagze Seiqmna àrmazuli damwerloba~ – arameu

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li damwerlobis saxeoba, romelic ZiriTadad saqarTvelosTvisaa specifikuri. axali arameuli saqarTvelos teritoriazec fiqsirdeba; kerZod, aq SexvdebiT misi aRmosavluri dialeqtebis mTel jgufs (urmiuls, salmasurs, vanurs, jilus, botanis). amave dros, Tanamedrove aRmosavlurma dialeqtebma, romelTa warmomadgenlebi dRes saqarTvelos mkvidrni arian, ZiriTadad daicves Zveli semituri enis tipi, Tumca misma struqturam mravali cvlileba ganicada. saqarTveloSi àisorebi~ asiriulis garda ver flobdnen sxva enebs, rac aZnelebda maT CarTvas maSindeli saqarTvelos ekonomikursa da politikur cxovrebaSi. mwvave moTxovna iyo asiriul beWdviT sityvaze. aRsaniSnavia, rom Srifti asiriul enaze mxolod TbilisSi hqondaT. orkvireuli Jurnali `madinxa~ (àRmosavleTi~) gamodioda TbilisSi 1913-1914 wlebSi asiriul enaze. Jurnali ZiriTadad gankuTvnili iyo samxreT kavkasiisa da ruseTSi mcxovrebi asirielebisaTvis, Tumca, rogorc Cans, am JurnaliT ucxoeTSic sargeblobdnen [199, 137-138]. erovnebis gansazRvra yovelTvis ver xerxdeboda salaparako enis mixedviT. ase magaliTad, qarTveli ebraelebi, romlebic XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi 20 aTass iTvlidnen laparakobdnen qarTulad. somxebis nawili laparakobda qarTulad da maTi kulturuli TviTSegneba qarTuli iyo. isini qarTvelebisgan gansxvavdebodnen mxolod religiuri aRmsareblobiT [164, 2]. 200

cnobilia, rom XIX saukunis TbilisSi mcxovreb somexTa ZiriTad salaparako enas rogorc ojaxSi, ise mis gareT qarTuli ena warmoadgenda, xolo somxuri ena TviT somxebis udides nawils arc ki scodnia [200, 31]. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi berZnebis 54 aTasze meti laparakobda Turqul enaze [164, 2]. pontoeli berZnebis is masa, romelic saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlda da romelmac sxvadasxva regionebSi daido bina, ar yofila Tavidanve erTgvarovani. saqarTvelos berZnebis dayofa SeiZleba or ZiriTad jgufad: elinofinur, anu berZnul enaze molaparake da Turqulenovan jgufad [201, 7]. berZnebis nawilma, romlebic Savi zRvis sanapirodan da mTiani adgilebidan Camosaxldnen, SeinarCunes Tavisi ena. saqme imaSi iyo, rom sulTan hamidis brZanebis mixedviT berZnebs, romelTac survili hqondaT SeenarCunebinaT Tavisi religia, Turqulad unda elaparakaT. ra Tqma unda, brZaneba orive SemTxvevaSi asimilacias iTvaliswinebda [202, 22]. sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom walkaSi mcxovrebi berZnebi laparakobdnen Sereulad – berZnul-somxur-Turqul enaze [203, 35, 77]. amasTan, berZnebi romlebic cxovrobdnen osmaleTis imperiaSi, ar atarebdnen gvarebs. saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebis Semdeg saWiro gaxda mieRoT gvarebi [204, 12]. samcxe-javaxeTSi SedarebiT metia politikuri ganaTlebis done. maT ufro ician saxel

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mwifo ena vidre azerbaijanelebma da Sesabamisad, somexTa Temic ufro gaxsnilia. somexTa 4,5% qarTul enas miiCnevs mSobliur enad. sainteresoa, rom Tbiliselma somxebma somxurad laparaki mxolod XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebis Semdeg daiwyes. manamde maTi salaparako ena ZiriTadad qarTuli iyo [205, 333]. samcxe-javaxeTSi rusuli respodent somexTa 10% miaCnia mSobliur enad. muslimi qarTvelebis 17% mSobliur enad miiCnevs azerbaijanuls (albaT gulisxmobdnen Turquls), rac adasturebs, rom am SemTxvevaSi maTSi religiuri kuTvnileba SeiZleba iyos ganmsazRvreli enobrivi identobisac [206, 96-87]. informaciis miRebis mTavar wyarod gvevlineba televizia. rac Seexeba Jurnal-gazeTebs, am gziT yvelaze naklebad informacias Rebulobs azerbaijanuli mosaxleoba. amis mizezi SesaZloa iyos is, rom azerbaijaneli mosaxleobis didma nawilma ar icis qarTuli wera-kiTxva da Sesabamisad, maTTvis problemas warmoadgens Jurnal-gazeTebis qarTul enaze gacnoba. amave dros, romc icodnen saxelmwifo ena, savaraudod beWduri media mainc naklebi popularobiT sargeblobs. qarTuli media sivrcis realobaSi da gavrcelebis arealic, regionebis SemTxvevaSi sakmaod SezRudulia. rac Seexeba internetiT miRebul informacias, aq gamokveTilad dabali maCvenebelia yvelgan, garda marTlmadidebeli qarTvelebisa [206, 99]. 202

XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolos, rodesac dmanisSi svaneTidan pirveli axalmosaxleebi Camaosaxales, am droisaTvis raionSi 43 aTasi kaci cxovrobda, romelTagan qarTvelebi umciresobaSi iyvnen, xolo umravlesobas azerbaijanelebi warmoadgendnen. viTareba iseTi rTuli iyo, rom azerbaijanelebTan saurTierTobo enas azerbaijanuli warmoadgenda. axladdaarsebul qarTul skolaSi mxolod 21 bavSvi swavlobda [207, 347]. dmanisis azerbaijanul mosaxleobaSi erTi saintereso tendencia SeiniSneba. dRes dmanisis mosaxleoba, rogorc mTel saqarTveloSi, serialebis yurebiT cdilobs mZime cxovrebis Semsubuqebas. dmanisSi am process Tavisi dadebiTi mxarec aqvs. qarTulad gaxmovanebuli serialebi azerbaijanul mosaxleobas qarTul garemosTan enobrivi TvalsazrisiT daaxolebas uwyoben xels. pirobiTad, rom iTqvas, XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi dabadebul dmanisel azerbaijanelebs serialebs qarTulidan SviliSvilebi da Svilebi uTargmnian, rac xels uwyobs maT mier qarTuli enis Seswavlas. zogadad ki enobrivi integracia garemosTan urTierTobiT xdeba. kerZod: skolaSi qarTvelebis gverdiT swavlisas, bazarSi qarTvelebis gverdiT vaWrobisas, qarTvelebTan erT sofelSi cxovrebisas, qarTul enaze gaxmovanebuli teleserialebis meSveobiT [207, 349]. Tu erovnuli umciresoba TavianTi istoriuli samSoblos mimdebare teritoriaze cxov

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robs da kritikul situaciaSi iqidan realuri daxmarebis imedi aqvT, am dros mravalerovani sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli dapirispireba – `Cven~ da ìsini~, Zalze mZafrdeba [208, 63]. Cveni tolerantuli Semwynareblobis gamo, qarTul daba-soflebs Camosaxlebulma ucxo tomis Svilebma iseTi saxelebi daarqves verc ki mixvdebiT, rom es dasaxlebebi saqarTvelos teritoriazea. Tavad gansajeT: filipovka, miasnikiani, kirovakani (axalqalaqis r-ni), yaurma, yulalisi, vladimirovka, gorelovka, efremovka, orlovka, spasovka, orojolari, asfara, rodionovka (bogdanovkis r-ni), magirlo, jafarlo, injaoRli, asaxonjalo, muRanlo, taStikulari, qoSaqilisi, ahmedlo, abdalo, yaraTiqani, yaradaSi (bolnisis r-ni), aRTaRala, yaraTaRali, yarajali, nazarlo, muRanlo (gardabanis r-ni) da a.S. saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis wess gansazRvravs saqarTvelos konstitucia [209, 9-10]. saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis mopovebis meore ZiriTadi saSualeba aris n a t u r a l i z a c i a, anu ucxo qveynis moqalaqis an moqalaqeobis armqone piris mier garkveuli procedurebis gavlis Semdeg saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis miReba. Tumca adamianis survilis garda aucilebelia garkveuli moTxovnebis dakmayofileba da procesis gavla, rac gansazRvrulia 1993 wlis 25 marts miRebuli saqarTvelos organuli kanoniT ,,saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb~. CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa aRniSnuli ka204

nonis 26-e muxlis b) da g) punqtebi, sadac naTqvamia, rom moqalaqeobis msurvelma ,,dadgenil farglebSi icodes saxelmwifo ena; aseve ,,dadgenil farglebSi icodes saqarTvelos istoria da kanonmdebloba~ [210, 221]. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom ara mxolod naturalizaciiT, aseve saqarTveloSi dabadebiT mcxovrebi somxebisa da azerbaijanelebis didi nawili qvemo qarTlsa da mesxeT- javaxeTSi ver (an ar) floben saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enas, ar ician minimaluradac ki saqarTvelos istoria da saxelisuflebo struqturebTan dRemde rusuli enis meSveobiT urTierToben.

qarTuli ena da evropuli qartia XIX-XX saukuneebSi ucxotomelTa saqarTveloSi Semosvla da gansaxleba organizebul, marTul xasiaTs iZens. saqarTvelos administraciul dayofaSic gaTvaliswinebulia ,,mosulTa~ da ,,mkvidrTa~ iseTi demografiuli proporciebis Seqmna, rom mudmivad yofiliyo saWiro am koleqtivebs Soris urTierTobaTa daregulirebaSi ,,mesamis~ Careva. ,,mosulTa~ interesebis meurveobas kisrulobs ,,mesame~ (ruseTi), romelic deklaraciulad ,,sustis~ (umciresobis) mxarezea. ,,mosulisa~ da ,,mkvidris~ urTierTobaTa ena xdeba ara mkvidri ena, aramed ,,mesamisa~. XX saukuneSi sxva paradoqsic gvxvdeba – ,,mkvidrs~

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gamiznuli demografiuli politikis Sedegad ,,mosulis~ ena uwevs diskriminacias [74, 65-66]. 1992 wlis 5 dekembers evrosabWos wevrma saxelmwifoebma strasburgSi miiRes ,,evropuli qartia regionul da umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb~, xolo 1995 wlis 1 Tebervals aqve, xeli moewera ,,CarCo konvencias erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb~. konvenciis SemuSavebis dros, evropis sabWom didi yuradReba gaamaxvila imaze, rom konvencias gaeTvaliswinebina evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciis (euTo-s 1993 wels miRebuli e.w. ,,venis deklaraciis~ debulebebi da principebi [211, 30]. aRniSnuli dokumentebi evrosabWos wevrebisa da wevrobis msurvelTaTvis saxelmZRvanelo debulebebis krebuls warmoadgens erovnul da lingvistur umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvis sferoSi; kerZod, qartia da konvencia iTxovs: saxelmwifos ZiriTadi mosaxleobisagan gansxvavebuli avtoqtoni, aborigeni eTnikuri Tu enobriv-kulturuli sazogadoebisaTvis umciresobis statusis miniWebasa da saTanado uflebebiT aRWurvas. t. futkaraZes miaCnia, rom ,,evropis qartiisa da konvenciis fundamenturi principebidan gamomdinare, enobriv umciresobad iTvleba is sazogadoeba, romelic erovnul-eTnikurad gansxvavdeba ZoriTadi mosaxleobisagan da avtoqtonia, ZvelisZveli mkvidria am saxelmwifos teritoriaze. CeCnebi, azerbaijanelebi, osebi, somxebi, berZnebi, rusebi da sxva saqarTveloSi 206

araavtoqtonebia, aramed sxvadasxva drois migrantebi arian. Sesabamisad, evropuli qartiis debulebebidan gamomdinare, isini saqarTveloSi ver CaiTvlebian erovnul Tu eTnikur umciresobebad. garda amisa, am xalxebs mezoblad aqvT erovnuli saxelmwifoebi: somxeTi, azerbaijani, oseTi (ra Tqma unda Crdilo oseTi!), CeCneTi, ruseTi, saberZneTi... amJamad saqarTveloSi erovnuli umciresobebis yvela ufleba mxolod afxazebs unda mivaniWoT, vinaidan qarTvelobis axlomonaTesave am xalxs sxvagan arsad aqvs perspeqtiva, hqondes is uflebebi, romlebsac iTvaliswinebs evro-sabWos dokumentebi~ [212, 39-40]. am Sefasebidan ar Cans ra statuss aniWebs dRemde èrovnul umciresobad~ miCneul zemoCamoTvlil erovnebebs avtori. Tavad mas kargad moexseneba da igive naSromSi aRniSnavs kidec, rom strasburgis dokumentebze xelismomweri xelisuflebis azriT, am cnebebis-terminebis gaazreba da eTnikuri umciresobebis Tu umciresobaTa enebis CamonaTvalis Seqmna konkretuli saxelmwifos kompetenciaa, vinaidan dasaxelebul terminTa mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb evropaSi ver moxexrda SeTanxmeba dava-kamaTis Semdegac ki [212, 10]. konvenciisa Tu qartiis mixedviT, umciresobaTa uflebebi StambeWdavia: umciresobis enaze saqmis warmoeba da swavleba baga-baRSi, skolasa da umaRles saswavlebelSi (ix. qartiis me-8 muxlis I e. punqti): saxelmwifom unda miiRos

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zomebi, raTa xelmisawvdomi gaxados sauniversiteto da sxva saxis umaRlesi ganaTleba Sesabamis regionul da umciresobaTa enebze. konvenciis me-12 muxlis me-2 punqtis Tanaxmad, erovnul umciresobad aRiarebuli sazogadoebis ena mocemul regionSi administraciuli organoebis saqmiswarmoebis enad gamocxaddeba, Tuki saxelmwifoSi trdaciulad mcxovrebi umciresobebi am regionSi dResac umravlesobaSi arian, an didi raodenobiT cxovroben da, Tuki, amave dros maT es surT. maSin ratom vakritikebT bolSevikebis politikas? aRsaniSnavia, rom 1930 wels amierkavkasiis caki-s gadawyvetilebiT saqmiswarmoeba yvela erovnuli umciresobiT dasaxlebul raionebSi unda gadasuliyo maT mSobliur enaze [213, 5]. qartiasa da konvencias dRemde SeuerTda 44 qveyana, ratifikacia ki ocdacxrametma moaxdina: belgiis, irlandiisa da luqsemburgis parlamentebs mTavrobis xelmowerili dokumentebi jerjerobiT ar daumtkicebia. evropul saxelmwifoebSi, eTnikuri warmomavlobis miuxedavad, sxva kontinentidan Camosulic ki, Tu is mocemuli qveynis moqalaqe gaxdeba, saxelmwifos ZiriTadi (saxelmdebeli) eris Semadgenel nawilad iTvleba, ramdenadac is ukve flobs saxelmwifo enas da emorCileba saxelmwifo kanonebs. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi erovnuli umciresobebi evropasTan integraciis lozungis moSve208

liebiT maTi enis privilegiebs moiTxoven, rac momavalSi sxva Canafiqrebis ganxorcielebas Seuwyobs xels. 1999 wels saqarTvelo evropis sabWos (evrosabWos) sruluflebiani wevri gaxda. SevardnaZis mTavrobam qartiisa da konvenciis dokumentebs 2000 wels moawera xeli. saqarTvelos parlamentma 2005 wlis 13 oqtombers, daamowma konvencia; uaxloes xanSi ki qartiis dadasturebac igegmeba. faqtia, rom SevardnaZis administracia 2000 welsve cdilobda orive dokumentis ratifikacias; enis kanonis miRebiT sazogadoebrivi azris formirebasac Seecada. Tumca qarTul sazogadoebaSi gaCenilma winaaRmdegobam aiZula maSindeli faqtobrivi reJimi, uari eTqva Tavisi gegmis ganxorcielebaze. qartiis da konvenciis lingvisturi cnebebis arakompetenturi ganmartebiT Seqmnili SevardnaZis reJimis dokumentebi saqarTvelos daSlas aformebda. kerZod, terminebis (erovnuli umciresoba, umciresobaTa ena, dialeqti...) ulogiko gaazrebiT Cndeboda saSiSroeba, saqarTveloSi dakanonebuliyo aTamde regionuli saxelmwifo ena; avtoqtonad aRiarebuliyo amdenive eTnikuri jgufi, romelsac, sakuTar enaze saSualo skolebisa da umaRlesi saswavleblebis gaxsnis garda, ufleba eqneboda saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi saqmis warmoeba qarTulisagan gansxvavebul enaze ewarmoebina da a.S. [212, 8-9].

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dRes evrokavSirisaken swrafva gaaqtiurda, Sesabamisad dRis wesrigSi dgas evrosabWos warmodgenili dokumentebis miRebac. yovelmxriv cdiloben saqarTvelo gamoacxadon mravalerovan da mravalenovan saxelmwifod. Sesabamisad ibrZvian, saqarTveloSi dakanondes aTamde erovnuli umciresoba da amdenive saxelmwifo ena [212, 9]. aseTi pozicia did saSiSroebas uqmnis ara mxolod qarTul enas, rogorc saxelmwifo enas, aramed, angrevs qarTul erovnul TviTSegnebas da gadagvarebas uqadis qarTvel erovnebas. aqve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom ar aris aucilebeli evrosabWos qveyanam miiRos evropuli qartiis yvela dokumenti. magaliTad, umciresobebis enebis qartiisa da erovnuli umciresobebis konvencias safrangeTi dRemde ar aris mierTebuli. xsenebul dokumentebSi, aseve ar aris ganmartebuli cnebebi: erovnuli umciresoba, kulturuli umciresoba, ena, dialeqti, enis saxesxvaoba da sxv. strasburgis dokumentebze xelmomweri xelisuflebis azriT, am cnebebis–terminebis gaazreba da eTnikuri umciresobebis Tu umciresobaTa enebis CamonaTvalis Seqmna konkretuli saxelmwifos kompetenciaa [212, 10]. mxolod arsebuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo, konvenciasTan SeerTebis momentSi akeTebs Sesabamis gancxadebas, romelSic gansazRvravs èrovnuli umciresobebis~ terminis mniSvnelobas (avstria, estoneTi, germania, luqsemburgi, ruseTi, slo210

venia, Sveicaria) an asaxelebs konkretul erovnul umciresobebs, romlebzec gavrceldeba CarCo-konvenciis debulebebi (dania, germania, slovenia, makedonia) [211, 31]. CvenTvis mTavaria Tavis sasargeblod ar gamoiyenon evropuli qartiidan àmoglejili~ muxlebi aq mcxovrebma araqarTvelebma, rasac sagangebo yuradReba unda mieqces, radgan saqarTvelos saxelmwifo valdebuli ar aris sxvadasxva droSi TavSefarebul jgufebs TavianT enebze dauarsos baga-baRebi, skolebi, universitetebi. agreTve maTi kompaqturad Camosaxlebis velSi saxelisuflo struqturebis saqmis warmoeba migrantTa enaze daiweros. imas rasac dasavleTi axal msoflio wesrigs uwodebs, faqtobrivad kacobriobisadmi Tavsdatexili mixakisferi Wiria. es aris vandalizmi da qarborbala, romelic msofliosa da saqarTvelos Tavze trialebs. eWvia, rom es cunamebi da wyaldidobebi, qariSxali, avadmyofobebi da misTanebi xelovnurad gamowveuli da malTusisa da ZmaTa maTTa programis safuZvelze xorcieldeba [214, 4]. SemTxveviTi namdvilad ar aris, rom bolo wlebSi axalgazrdebis nawilSi istoriisa da tradiciebisadmi nihilisturi damokidebuleba SeimCneva, romlebic `pop-kulturis~, dasavleTis sxvadasxva Rirebulebebis Tayvanismcemlebi gaxdnen. praqtikosi pedagogebi aRniSnaven, rom qarTveli axalgazrdoba aseve cudad swavlobs saqarTvelos istorias... am SemTxvevaSi zogier

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Ti cudad Sedgenil saxelmZRvanelosTan erTad damnaSavea globalizaciis tendencia; aseve zogierTi seqtisa da organizaciis saqmianoba, romlebic aRmerTeben yovelive dasavlurs, dasavluri cxovrebis wess, sadac ukve aRar rCeba erovnuli, mSobliuris adgili. mSobliuri istoria, ise rogorc mSobliuri literatura, ZiriTadad saskolo sagnebia. eseni aris pirovnebis, moqalaqis Camoyalibebis safuZveli. pirovneba, romelic iqneba patrioti da ara Sovinisti, unda aRvzardoT toleranti da ara globalisti. adamiani, romlisTvisac mTavari iqneba, rogorc tradiciuli – marTlmadidebluri Rirebulebebi, aseve msoflio civilizaciis miRwevebi [215, 52]. rodesac globalizaciaze vlaparakobT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom `globalistebis~ radikaluri frTis warmomadgenlebi eris cnebas saerTod uaryofen da erTgvari ironiiTac acxadeben, rom erovnuli aRqma (idenity) mxolod romantikuli fantaziaa. xolo termini èri~ aRniSnavs saxalxo sazogadoebas dafuZnebuls saerTo sakuTrebasa da interesebze (romlis wevrebic iziareben azrs genealogiuri da geografiuli fesvebis Sesaxeb da swamT saerTo bedisa) [74, 123-124]. globalizzma ,,gadasinja~ religiis, genetikis, istoriuli erTobis sakiTxebi; eWvqveS dayena terminebis – ,,patriotizmi~, ,,erovnuloba~, ,,avtoqtonoba~, ,,erovnuli ena~ – da sxvaTa pozitiuroba; seqtebis, calke administraciuli erTeulebis, idologiuri Tu sqe212

sobrivi uflebaTa dacvis humanuri motiviT sazogadoeba dayo ,,dasacav~ nawilebad da gaarTula maTi tradiciuli erTobis dacva; samagierod, danawilebul koleqtivebs SesTavaza sxva gamaerTianebeli niSnebi warsuli tradiciis gareSe – saerTo (magram ucxo) ena, saerTo (magram mxolod ekonomikiT dakavSirebuli) sivrce, saerTo fuladi niSnebi, erTnairi samosi, erTiani kanonmdebloba, erTnairi masmedia, erTnairi cnobiereba,saerTo mteri da saerTo moyvare [74, 131]. globalizaciam planetaze yovelmxrivi eqspansiis xasiaTi miiRo. mas axorcieleben calkeuli pirebi, koleqtivebi, saxelmwifoebi da saxelmwifoTaSorisi gaerTianebebi iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa: vaWroba, finansebi, mrewveloba, komunikacia, informatika, mecniereba, teqnika, kultura, religia da a.S. am process Tan axlavs konvergencia. kacobrioba Tavisi arsebobis metad rTul epoqaSi Sevida, sadac samyaro erTdroulad organizebuli da qaoturi, globaluri da lokaluri, gaerTianebuli da gayofili xdeba. amdenad, globalozaciis axali talRis epoqaSi, qarTvelma erma Tanamedrove civilizaciis miRwevebi unda miiRos da gaiTavisos ara romelime saerTaSoriso enis, aramed erovnuli qarTuli enisa da damwerlobis saSualebiT. Tanamedrove teqnikuri miRwevebi, axali teqnologiebi qarTulenovani unda iyos. Cveni mezobeli xalxebi ufro momzadebuli Sexvdnen globalizaciis Tanamedrove Semotevas. magaliTad avi

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RoT TiTqosda umartivesi mobiluri telefoni – saqarTveloSi am teqnikuri saSualebisaTvis viyenebT laTinur Srifts, maSin, roca amisaTvis azerbaijanSi, somxeTSi, ukrainasa da yvela mezobel qveyanaSi erovnuli saanbano Sriftebi gamoiyeneba. amis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom Cveni mozardi Taobis erT nawils laTinuri asoebiT ufro emarjveba azrebis Cawera, vidre aTaswlovani qarTuli SriftiT. es Tavzardamcemi momentia. axla aris mowodeba sayovelTaod SeviswavloT saerTaSoriso enebi (inglisuri da a.S.) da maTi saSualebiT veziaroT Tanamedrove msoflio civilizacias. es mcdari gzaa. gvaqvs winaprebis kargi magaliTi. aToneli mamebis dros XXI saukuneebSi saerTaSoriso civilizaciis da globalizaciis ena bizantiur samyaroSi iyo berZnuli, dasavleT evropaSi ki laTinuri. maTi codnis gareSe TiTqosda veravin eziareboda imJamindel civilizacias, magram aTonelma qarTvelma mamebma sxva gza airCies, maT ki ar mouwodes qarTvelebs, rom yvelas Seeswavla berZnuli ena, aramed TviTon daiwyes berZnulidan Targmna uzarmazari literaturisa da berZnulenovani civilizacia qarTuli enis meSveobiT gaaTavisebines qarTvelTa Taobebs. amJamd saWiroa, Tanamedrove teqnikuri saSualebebi aRiWurvos qarTuli SriftiT, dainergos sayovelTao kompiuteruli Tu satelevizio qarTulenovneba da globalizaciis talRa miviRoT erovnuli identobis sruli SenarCunebiT. ase 214

ukve iqcevian azerbaijanelebi, somxebi, ukrainelebi, Tu ararafers vityviT TurqeTsa da ruseTze, bulgareTsa da rumineTze [216, 12-13]. da bolos, unda aRiniSnos, rom erovnul umciresobas ar SeiZleba hqondes saxelmwifo enis statusi. rogorc didi ilia brZanebda, ,,sxvisi ar vici da Cven ki mSobel mamasac ar davuTmobdiT Cven mSobliuri enis miwasTan gasworebas. ena saRmrTo ram aris, sazogado sakuTrebaa, magas codvili xeliT aravin ar unda Seexos~.

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qarTuli ena da erovnuli TviTSegneba xalxi Tavis enas rom hkargavs, amiT is hkargavs sicocxles, Tavis adgils istoriaSi. mTeli Tavisi mravalsaukunovani istoriis manZilze, qarTveli xalxi icavda Tavis deda enas sisxlis ukanasknel wveTamde, ukanasknel amosunTqvamde. ramdeni magaliTi axsovs istorias, roca kaci safrTxeSi agdebda Tavis sicocxles oRond gadaerCina wignebi da xelnawerebi, qarTuli kulturis uZvirfasesi Zeglebi. arnold Ciqobava wers, rom vaxtang VI-is amalis STamomavlobas ena daaviwyda da amitom TandaTan gvartomobac SeecvalaT. bulgaruli ena slavuri enaa, tomiT ki bulgarelebi Turquli modgmisani arian. axla bulgarelebs slavebad miiCneven, radgan enam Secvala xalxis meobis Segnebao. ase, rom ena gansazRvravs erovnulobas da saxelmwifos arsebobisaTvisac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs. ucxo enaze sityvebis `raxaruxi~ oden Sirmaa sakuTari ususurobis dasafaravad. ucxo enebis codna sazogadoebis TvalSi pirovnebas graciiT mosavs da inteleqtad aRiqmeba. gavixsenoT bernard Sous SesaniSnavi nawarmoebi `pigmalioni~, sadac ubralo meyvavile gogona elize diulitli daxvewili, aristokratiuli inglisuris dauflebis Semdeg miiRes elitarul sazogadoebaSi da eWvic ar SehparviaT mis mda216

bio warmomavlobaSi. ase didi mniSvneloba aqvs metyvelebis daxvewilobas, leqsikis simdidres. XIX saukuneSi didma iakob gogebaSvilma Tavis brwyinvale moTxrobaSi ìavnanam ra hqmna?~ kidev erTxel Segvaxsena dedis namReri ìavnanas~ saswaulmoqmedi Zala. anda ra tkivili igrZnoba mixeil javaxiSvilis `miwis yivilSi~! samSoblo – da enadaviwyebul moxuc andre kaSorSi TandaTan iRviZebs qarTveloba da xdeba saocreba: mas aviwydeba franguli, veravis cnobs da qarTulad ametyveldeba. sikvdilis win dedaenam is isev andro kaiSaurad aqcia. nostalgiis mtanjvelma grZnobam sakuTari fesvebi moaZebnina, gauRviZa bavSvobisa da samSoblos suraTebi. dedaenis da mamulis monatreba bevr qarTvels eqca mouSuSebel tkivilad. bevrs Cahyva samareSi ukanasknel natvrad, saqarTvelos erTi muWa miwa mainc moebniaT maTs mkerdze... wlebis win germaniaSi gardaicvala qarTveli kaci nikoloz janeliZe, romelic omis Semdeg iq darCa da samSoblo aRar unaxavs. is sicocxlis bolomde qarTul saqmes emsaxureboda: aswavlida qarTuls germanelebs (maT Soris prof. vinfrid boeders), erT-erT skolaSi Camoayaliba qarTuli Teatraluri dasi da germanel bavSvebs qarTul simRerebs aswavlida. Targmna da dabeWda `qarTuli zRaprebi~, moTxrobebi, `qarTuli samzareulo~. marTlac, mas ar aklda saxeli, pativiscema, magram mainc ucxo da marto iyo, amitomac werda erT-erT pirad ba

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raTSi: `Cemi Zvlebic ki tirian saqarTvelozeo~ [8, 10]. da marTlac, dedaenis zemoqmedebis Zalas kaci yvelaze Zlierad maSin gebulobs, roca samSoblodan Sorsaa! sailustraciod fereidnel qarTvelTa erovnuli TviTSegnebis magaliTic ikmarebda. ucxo mxareSi gadakargulebma Tavi ar dauxares SahinSahis veragul zraxvebs. mtris gasakvirad vaJkacurad gauZles yvela gaWirvebas, damcirebas da saqveynod gamoitanes qarTveli xalxis Seudrekeli buneba da sulieri simdidre. fereidneli qarTvelisaTvis yvelaze saamayo da sanukvaria qarTveloba da yvelaze mSobliuri adgili dedamiwaze – ocnebadqceuli saqarTvelo, romlis siyvaruls akvnidanve unergavs Svils fereidneli deda [217, 26-27]. fereidanSi arsebobs gadmocema, rom maT winapars saqarTvelodan wamoRebuli vazis rqa daurgavs, romelsac iq mourwyvelad gauxaria da gamravlebula. am adgils `papas baRi~ darqmevia da mis midamoebSi yovel gazafxuls salocavad miaSureben martyofelebi. aq xdeba axalagazrdebis gacnoba da erTmaneTis arCevac. `papas baRi~ martyofelebs dakarguli samSoblos simbolod miaCniaT. `RmerTma nu qnas misi gaxmoba, maSin xom mama-papaTa da didi saqarTvelos maxsovroba daekargeba Cven xalxs~ [217, 21]. fereidnelma qarTvelma jariskacebma erTi meoris gatana da qomagi ician. XX saukunis 20ian wlebSi erTma maTganma, cudad mopyrobisaT218

vis, Tavis ufros oficers xeli hkra da auzSi gadaayirava. amis gamo gaasamarTles da sasjelad asi rozgis dartyma gadauwyvites. roca sasjeli sisruleSi unda moeyvanaT, jaris ufrosebi da TviT jaric moiyvanes sayureblad. ukanasknel wuTSi jaridan gamovida misi amxanagi, martyofeli jariskaci m o h a s e b d a v i T a S v i l i da ganacxada: sasjeli gayaviT Suaze. aqedan ormocdaaTi me damkariTo. – Sen raRa dagiSavebia? – ekiTxeba ufrosi. – me araferic ar damiSavebia, magas rom asi SaRali dahkraT, ver aitans. SeiZleba mokvdes kidevac. maSin me Tavi cocxali raRaT minda?!. – yoCaRi yofilxar, – eTqva ufross gakvirvebiT. garozgva sxva droisaTvis gadadves da Semdeg sruliad apaties [218, 91-92]. baxTiarebisa da qurTebis soflebSi qarTvelebic cxovroben, romelTac deda-ena SemounaxavT. fereidneli qarTvelis mustafa papaSvilis naambobi: `wavediT yaCaRebis dasaWerad, qurTis erT sofelSi davbinavdiT. Cven ori qarTveli erTs ojaxSi SevediT Ramis gasaTevad. daRlilebi viyaviT. wamovweqiT, magram gvSioda. Zili ar mogvekida. cota xnis Semdeg qalebma qarTulad laparaki daiwyes Cven Sesaxeb: – axla amaT saWmeli ar CavaxeTqoTo?... – Tvalebic davsebiaT da SimSiliTac amowyvetilan. magaTi dardi maqvs? – Uupasuxa meorem.

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Cven jer gavitruneT. Semdeg vifiqreT, aq keti ar dagvcxon TavSi-Tqo. gamovexmaureT qarTulad: ras iwyevlebi, jer xom arasa viTxovT. es rom gaiges daiwyes TavSi cema: vai Cvens Tvalebs, es vin yofilxarT, Cven ki baxTiarebi gvegoneTo. Semdeg sanam ar wamovediT, sul iq viyaviT da didi pativi gvces~ [218, 104]. fereidnel qarTvelTa erovnuli TviTSegnebis Sesaxeb lado aRniaSvili sam elements gamoyofs: pirveli maTgani aris ena, meore elementi aris is, rom yoveli maTgani ganurCevlad asakisa da sqesisa aRiarebs Tavs wminda qarTvelad. veravin gaubedavs maT sxvafriv moxseniebas, Tu ara gurji. `mas esmis, rom is gurjia da esmis srulis SegnebiT. esmis da Tavi moswons amiTi. pirveli qarTveli mas jer kidev Tavisi Tavi hgonia da mere sxvebi~. mesame elementi aris tipi da zne: keTili da saTno, stumarTmoyvare, patiosani, Tavmoyvare, mamaci, gambedavi, lmobieri da pirSi mTqmeli [219, 200]. bunebrivia, erovnuli enis codna dRemde ganapiroba qarTvelebis kompaqturad dasaxlebam fereidanSi. Tumca zogerT sofelSi mmarTvelobam SeZlo aekrZala qarTul enaze laparaki [220, 171]. XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi fereidnelma qalebma muqariT ifrines molebi, romlebic urCevdnen maT sparsul-arabuli enis Seswavlas, romelzedac unda elocnaT yovel220

dRe. molebis moTxovnaSi qalebma qarTuli enis mospobis safrTxe dainaxes [221, 62]. saqarTveloSi sabWoTa reJimis damyarebis Semdeg pirveli qarTveli qali iyo sara WeliZe, romelmac fereidani da iqauri qarTvelebi naxa.. pirvel xanebSi, banki sadac misi meuRle muSaobda kviras da paraskevs isvenebda. uqme dRes ambako WeliZe meuRlesTan da aleqsandre WeliZesTan (bankis mZRoli) sanadirod gavidnen Teiranidan. mamakacebi goras auyvnen gareul frinvelebze nadirobisTvis, sara ki manqanasTan datoves. ai, ras igonebs am SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebiT sara WeliZe: iqve axlos xexilis mSvenierma baRma momajadova... verc ki SevniSne, rogor aRmovCndi baRis SuagulSi... uceb xmauri momesma. Tvali gavaxile da SevkrTi: Cems win brge iraneli vaJkaci aRmarTuliyo, raRacas meubneboda, xan me miyurebda da xan Cvens avtomanqanas. Zalian SevSindi, magram ar SevimCnie. avdeqi, mSvidad gavuare win da daviwye Zaxili: àmbako, aleqsandre!~ kargad vicodi, xmas ver mivawvdendi, magram mindoda im kacs scodnoda, rom marto ar viyavi. uceb Cqari fexis xma momesma, guli sixaruliT amevso, radgan Cvenebi megonen. magram sastikad movtyuvdi, Cvenebis nacvlad sami iraneli jariskaci moiWra CemTan aqoSinebuli. SiSma da gakvirvebam kidev ufro Semipyro. Cemma gaocebam imata, roca erTi maTgani aRelvebuli momvarda da momaZaxa qarTulad:

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– vina xar, saidan xar, saidan ici Cveneburi? (e.i. qarTuli a.s.). – imedi momeca da sxapasxupiT vupasuxe: – saqarTvelodan Camosuli qarTveli qali var, Cemi qmari Teiranis bankSi msaxurobs. amJamad igi aqvea, axlave mova. gaocebuli micqerodnen, TiTqo raRac warmoudgeneli ambis mowmeni gamxdariyvnen. mec gavTamamdi da vkiTxe: – Tqven vina xarT? jariskacma mipasuxa: – fereidneli qarTveli var, sofel vaSlovanidan saxelad alia mqvia. es jariskacebi Turme maxlobel sofelSi midiodnen. Cemi Zaxili rom gaugoniaT, fereidneli qarTveli qali vgonebivarT; ufiqriaT: raRac uWirso da mosaSveleblad gamoqceulan [222, 85-86]. aq aris Zalian mniSvnelovani momenti. yvela xalxs erovnebidan gamomdinare salaparako enis gansakuTrebuli diqcia gaaCnia. sara WeliZe mxolod adamianebis saxels gamoTqvamda xmamaRla. magram mis xmaSi gaisma qarTuli aqcenti, gaixsna enobrivi kodi, rac fereidnelma qarTvelebma myisve amoicnes da mixvdnen, rom Tvistoms uWirda. marTalia, aSkarad xeli ver SeuSala a. WeliZes `vizits~ fereidanSi, magram yvela garemoebiT Canda, rom iranis xelisuflebas ar siamovnebda ucxo Tvals enaxa gaWirvebuli da gaRatakebuli sofeli. sam saukuneze meti xnis 222

winandeli qarTvelTa STamomavloba daxvda ambakosa da mis meuRles 1927 wels fereidanSi. didi cnobismoyvareoba gansakuTrebiT qarTveli qalis misvlam gamoiwvia. qarTveli qali umetesobas jer ar enaxa. jarad exveodnen, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrda qalebi. yvelas undoda dalaparakeba da amasTanave, xeliT Sexeba. kocnidnen tanisamosze, xelebze... yoveli ezodan gamorbodnen, esalmebodnen da ematebodnen xalxs. vinc salams ver gabedavda, imaT sxvebi eubnebodnen: – salami mie, Cvenebi arian. Cveneburi namaaT (lamazad) ician [218, 32-33]. SigadaSig gaiZaxodnen: `did saqarTvelodan mosulan!~ [218, 34]. rodesac maspinZlebTan Sexvedris dros ambako da sara WeliZeebma imReres – `qarTvelo xeli xmals ikar~, saras mogonebiT fereidnel qarTvelebs Tvalebi enTebodaT, tuCebi uTrTodaT, nestoebi eberebodaT da erTxel kidev gamoxatavdnen did grZnobas, rom isini qarTvelebi arian, rom maT ver gatexs sulierad veraviTari gaWirveba. roca esmodaT simRera – àx netavi Citi viyo~, yvelani did sixaruls grZnobdnen, Tvalebi ubrwyonavdaT. yvela mixvdeboda maT usityvo natvras: gadaqceuliyvnen Citad, gadafreniliyvnen da enaxaT mSobliuri saqarTvelo... [222, 89]. da es imitom, rom fereidneli deda qarTuli nanaTi akvnidanve unergavda Svils dakarguli samSoblos siyvaruls da zRaprebiTa da legendebiT saqarTvelos Sesaxeb zrdida maTSi samSoblos Ziebis farul survils da interess.

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fereidanSi myof a. WeliZes baxTiarma uTxra: `Cven baxTiarebi bevri varT, magram Tqven, qarTvelebs rom erTi meoris siyvaruli gcodniaT, Cven ase ar viciT. piriqiT erTi meores Tavze vesxmiT da vanadgurebT~ [223, 183]. 1944 wlis pirvel aprils Tbilisidan manqaniT gaemgzavra iranSi irakli kandelaki. mis winaSe friad pasuxsagebi amocana idga – Casuliyo fereidanSi da enaxa 328 wlis winaT dasaxlebuli qarTvelebi – Seeswavla maTi yofacxovreba. ramdenime dRis Semdeg qarTveli mogzaurebi dabindebisas isfahanSi Sevidnen. qalaqis ganapiras, erTi quCis gadasasvlelze, iraneli policieli gadaeRobaT da xmamaRla sparsul enaze braziani kiloTi daiwyo laparaki. xelebze TeTri samajurebi hqonda, rac regulatori yofila. rogorc Cans mZRolma moZraobis wesebi daarRvia da amitom gaaCeres. policielma da mgzavrebma erTmaneTs veraferi gauges. maSin i. kandelakma mZRols uTxra gza ganegrZo. policieli mainc ar eSveboda. iraklim TavisTvis Cailaparaka qarTulad – ra gaaWira am kacma saqmeo! am sityvebis Semdeg policieli Semoaxta manqanis kibes da daiwyo qarTulad laparaki. – qarTveli xar? Seni Wirime, mec qarTveli var, Tqveni sisxli da Zvlebi, fereidneli var, sofel avWalidan, sad midixarT? aseTi didebuli Sexvedra moulodneli iyo. iraklim aRar icoda saidan daewyo laparaki. isini male damegobrdnen. policieli gvarad xuciSvili aRmoCnda. man sTxova, rom diliT isfahanSi kidev oTx 224

qarTvels moiyvanda. maTTan meore dRes, dilis 10 saaTze, fereidneli qarTvelebi marTlac mividnen sakonsulosTan. Zneli dasajerebeli iyo, rom iq, iranis Zvel sataxto qalaq isfahanSi elaparakebodi samSoblos mowyvetil qarTvelebs... kandelakis dakvirvebiT `martyofSi didi Tu patara, ojaxSi Tu gareT, yvela mSobliur enaze laparakobs. Cadrs aravin ar atarebs. sakmaod lamazebi arian qarTvelebi. Zlier gansxvavdebian saxiT da feriT sparselebisgan. sparseli qalebi moyviTalo feris arian. fereidneli qalebi ki moTeTro-mowiTalo ferisa. albaT, imitom, rom qarTveli qali iSviaTad Txovdeba sparselze. kiTxvaze, Tu ratom ar Txovdeba qarTveli sparselze isini pasuxoben: `Cven qarTvelebi varT, Cveni sisxli namazia, sparselebs ki areuli sisxli aqvTo~. iqauri mamakacebi maRali, mxrebganieri, SavTvalwarbni arian. aqvT arwiviseburi cxviri [224, 12]. cnobili iranisti nomadi barTaia ramdenime wlis win fereidanSi avtobusiT mgzavrobis dros aseTi faqtis mowme gaxda: ùceb Cveni avtobusi SeCerda... win gavixede, gamego raSi iyo saqme. vnaxe, ori mZRoli, msubuqi da sabargo avtomanqanis, mSvidad ebaseeboda erTmaneTs, ris gamoc moZraoba droebiT SeCerebuli iyo. TiTqmis mTeli irani momivlia, magram msgavsi suraTi arsad minaxavs. vigrZeni, rom qarTvelTa qalaqSi viyavi...~ [225, 23].

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saqarTvelos pirvel elCs iranSi jemSid giunaSvils 11 wlis fereidnelma gogonam werili gaugzavna. Tavis mxriv batonma jemSidma Tavad mimarTa patara qarTvels, gamoegzavna Tavisi an misi nacnob-naTesavebis mier qarTul enaze dawerili leqsebi. elCma Tavisi sapasuxo werili daamTavra sityvebiT: `Seni papa jemSidi~, rasac kvlav gogonas pasuxi mohyva. `Cemo Zvirfaso papa! imdeni rom Tqveni werilis gakiTxviT guli gamixaTrda jerki sicocxleSi arafersaviT ar gaxarebuli viyav. axla damejera rom marTali qarTveli var. Tqven rom iyoT Cemi papa emisgan meti minda raRa? me oTxi natvri maqvs magram leqsi ki ar miTqom. qarTuli ena imdenaT me mainteresebs rom Cveulebrivi savbaric qarTulad leqsiviT kai da sainteresori. Cemi pirveli natvri ari saqarTvelos damSvideba, ayvaveba, aSeneba, winsvla da saqarTvelos xalxis jamrTeloba da bedniereba. meore Cemi natvri isi ro Zalian miyvars wavide saqarTveloSi Cemi da Cemi winaprebis samSobloSi da Cemi guli, suli, sisxli vaCuqo da Tavis miwa da wyals vakoco. mesame ese ro minda wavide Tbilisis universitetSi qarTuli ena kargad viswavlo da Semdeg movide iranSi fereidnel qarTvelebs vaswavlo da gavamravlo. Cemi bolo natvri da survili es ari ro mudam RmerTs vexvewebi da vTxov Cemi Zmas Tavis wignis dabeWduSi rom hqvian qarTvelTa roli iranis istoriaSi da kulturaSi meSelos da uSvelos. mapatieT Tu Secdomilvar. 226

Tqveni patara gogona farvin muliani~ [226, 11]. am werilis wakiTxvis Semdeg, SeuZlebelia ar gagaxsendes muxran maWavarianis striqonebi: ,,Tuki winapars SanTebiT ver daaviwyes qarTuli, Tu dResac mReris qarTveli FfereidanSi fanduriT, Sen aq ra RmerTi gagiwyra vin iyo Seni gamzrdeli, Seni gulisTvis damiwda roca amdeni qarTveli?! ~. . . metad mniSvnelovani faqtia, rom fereidnelma axalgazrdebma 2003 wlis 14 aprils (diax, 14 aprils, qarTuli enis dRes) qalaq fereidunSahrSi (martyofi) qarTuli enis dacvisadmi miZRvnili pirveli kongresi Caatares. kongresis mizani iyo fereidnel qarTvelTa mier martyofis enad qarTuli enis SenarCunebis problemaze msjeloba. fereidnel qarTvelTa erovnul TviTSegnebaze ufro naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis werilis fragmenti, romelic fereidnel qarTvels gaugzavnia TurqeTSi mcxovrebi misi TanamemamulisaTvis 2004 wels. mozRvavebul nostalgiur grZnobaTa emociuri simZafriT warmomsaxveli es werili metad mniSvnelovan dokuments im TvalsazrisiTac warmoadgens, rom misi avtori istoriuli avbedobis gamo mSobliur fesvebs mowyvetili da ucxo garemoSi mcxovrebi Cveni Tanamemamuleebis erovnulad SemkavSireblis rolSic gamodis. am adamianebis

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zogadad aRmniSvnel terminad man erTi gasaocari sityvac ixmara pirvelad – T a n a f e s v i, riTac zusti adekvaturobiT gamoxata umTavresi arsi maTi erTobisa da ganuyoflobisa. ,,fereidun Sahri. 2004 weli (stili daculia). Zvirfaso Zmao rejeb, salam aleiqum va rahmalah! gaumarjos TurqeTis yvela qarTvels! ar vici, rogor giTxra, rasa vgrZnobdi da rogor viyavi, rodesac vkiTxulobdi Sens werilsa. rogorc frinveli zecaSi frinavdes, ise viyav. tyavSi da qerqSi ver vdgebodi sixaruliT. Tvalze cremli da gulSi dardi mqonda. netav ratom Zmebi ase Sors iyvnen. . . ~ iranSi mcxovrebi Cveni Tanamemamuleebis erovnuli cnobierebis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs iq dafuZnebuli sazogadoeba – ,,iraneli qarTvelebi~. maT mier gamoqveynebul nabeWd produqcias aweria: ,,a r s e b i T i n i S a n i e r o v n e b i s a, m i s i g u l i d a s u l i e n a a!!! ~ gvxvdeba aseTi preambulac: ,,q a r T u l e n i s d a m k a r g a v s a d a m m a r x v e l i a r a h y a v d e s~ [227, 87-88]. da bolos erTi epizodi: 1969 wels TurqeTSi imyofeboda qarTveli inteligenciis jgufi. maT Soris cnobili poeti fridon xalvaSi bursaSi Sexvda unaxav mamidas, romelic Tvalcremliani, yovel sulismoTqmaze ekiTxeboda: miTxar, rogoraa memleqeTi? samSoblos monatrebuli mamidas nafiqrali poetma Semdeg striqonebSi gamoxata: 228

miTxar, rogoraa memleqeTi , Cemi sanatreli saqarTvelo rame imnairi gamagone, guli dakodili gavamTelo. miTxar, rogoraa memleqeTi, me sul misi fiqriT davdiodi, axlad davibade, Tbilisidan xma rom daviWire radioTi. kai meqarTule veRara var, magram suli miduRs imodena, rom Sig sityva marad mSobliuri, rogorc gazafxuli, itoteba. miTxar, rogoraa memleqeTi, mcxeTa, qobuleTi, kaxaberi, igi niadag Tu ar vaxsene, ise erTi wuTic damaberebs. lukma ar maklia, marTalia, magram samSobloiT Raribi var. ai, amnairad, usicocxlod, mTelma sicocxlema gairbina. miTxar, rogoraa memleqeTi, aq Cven ar gegonoT Camqralebi, izmiTs, egeosis napirebzec vageT saqarTvelos saxl-karebi. miTxar, rogoraa memleqeTi, Cemi sanatreli saqarTvelo, rame imnairi gamagone, guli dakodili gavamrTelo. Cveni Tanamemamuleni, romlebic avbedobis gamo saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ucxo miwaze dam

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kvidrdnen, erovnuli TviTSegneba, qarTveloba, mxolod enam SeunarCuna. faqtia, rom iseTi fanatikuri religia, rogoric islamia uZluri aRmoCnda qarTvelebis asimilacia moexdina. iransa Tu osmaleTSi arc ,,gasparsda~ da arc ,,gaTurqda~ mainc ,,gurjad~, qarTvelad darCa. termini – eris ganmartebis mravali versia arsebobs. umravlesoba wina planze enis erTobas miiCnevs. arian erebi, romlebic sxvadasxva enaze laparakoben. aseve sxvadasxva eri erT enaze laparakobs. qarTvelis identifikacia, eris kodi swored enis meSveobiT ganisazRvreba. amitom Cvens mTavar saunjes didi gafrTxileba sWirdeba.

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223 . l. fruiZe, fereidnidan Camosaxlebuli qarTvelebi, `macne~, istoriis seria, 1975, #2 224 . i. kandelaki. qarTvelebi iranSi, Jurn. `droSa~, 1958, #3 225 . n. barTaia, iranuli Canaxatebi, Tb., 2001 226 . `megobrobis macne~, 2005, #4 227 . a. nikoleiSvili, fereidnel qarTvelTa erovnuli cnobierebis zogierTi sakiTxi, saliteraturo-samecniero Jurnali `paraleli~, 2011, #1

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Sinaarsi winaTqma ..................................................................................................3 Sesavali.................................................................................................8 mSobliuri enis madli ...........................................................20 qarTuli enisa da damwerlobis saTaveebTan ..39 qarTuli enis statusi............................................................53 imperiis marwuxebSi ...................................................................70 erovnuli umciresobis sakiTxisaTvis....................95 1005 dRe...................................................................................................134 sabWoTa reJimi.................................................................................144 erovnuli umciresoba da saxelmwifo ena..........182 qarTuli ena da evropuli qartia ..............................205 qarTuli ena da erovnuli TviTSegneba................216 gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura ...............231

gamomcemloba ùniversali~ Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30

E-mail: [email protected]

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qarTuli ena da erovnuli umciresoba

qarTuli ena da erovnuli umciresoba

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