qartuli qvevri.cdr

Rvinis dayeneba qvevrSi

Rvinis dayeneba qvevrSi

Tbilisi, 2010

gamocemulia biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia `elkanas~ mier finansuri xelSewyoba:

yvela ufleba daculia

masala moamzada giorgi barisaSvilma recenzentebi: maia mirvelaSvili, Teimuraz Rlonti, levan fruiZe. redaqtori: manana gigauri saredaqcio kolegia: mariam jorjaZe, Tamaz dundua literaturuli koreqtura: nodar ebraliZe dizaini da dakabadoneba: manana gigauri gamoyenebulia Tamaz dunduas, giorgi barisaSvilis ydaze: Tamaz dunduas foto

ISBN 978-9941-0-2611-9

da ia ebraliZis fotoebi

sarCevi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6

Sesavali ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8

winaTqma

qvevris saxelebi Zvel saqarTveloSi

--------------------------------------------------------------------

meqvevreoba saqarTveloSi, istoria da dRevandeloba qvevris sikeTe

qvevris damuSaveba cviliT sarqveli

----------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

qvevrebis kiriT daduRabeba da maTi recxva

--------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

qvevris Rvino

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

zedaSis qvevri da Rvino qvevris damRebi boloTqma

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

gamoyenebuli literatura

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5

10 10 13 16 21 25 28 32 34 36 37

winaTqma

liT Secvlis politikas, 1846 wels aRiarebda qarTuli

qvevris

upiratesobas

evropuli

kas-

rebisa da Canebis mimarT. biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia `elkana~

ra fenomenia qvevri da ratom unda davayenoT

gTavazobT broSuras - `Rvinis dayeneba qvevrSi~,

masSi Rvino? am kiTxvaze pasuxi mkiTxvels SeuZlia

romelic eZRvneba Rvinis qarTulad dayenebis

miiRos

teqnologiis

`elkanas~

diciuli qvevri moSoba

popularizacias.

Rvino

ki

fenomenaluri saTaves

qarTuli

warmoudgenelia WurWelia,

saqarTvelos

tra-

uqvevrod!

romlis

istoriis

biologiur

Seicavs

war-

mier

meurneobaTa

gamocemul

monacemebs

asociacia

naSromi,

saqarTveloSi

romelic

meqvevreobis

istoriis, qvevris rolze yurZnis Rvinis alko-

wiaRSi

holuri

iRebs. broSura mokled gagacnobT qvevrisa da

duRilisa

da

misi

davargeba-Senaxvis

procesSi, qvevrebis momzadebis da movlis sakiT-

meqvevreobis rogorc uZveles, ise axlo warsuls

xebze.

da dRevandel mdgomareobas, qvevris movlisa da

moipovebs ara erT rCeva-darigebas qvevris mov-

Rvinis dayenebis teqnologias. TavisTavad cxadia,

lisa

dainteresebuli da

momzadebis

mkiTxveli

Sesaxeb

am

rTvelis

naSromSi sezoni-

rom erTi, Tundac vrceli naSromi ver daitevs

saTvis. es sasargeblo naSromSi metad droulia

informacias

unda miviCnioT erTgvar gzamkvlevad iseT sain-

mTeli

saqarTvelos

kuTxeebidan

qvevrebisa da meqvevreobis Sesaxeb; aqedan gamom-

tereso

dinare, Cven SevecadeT SevxebodiT im ZiriTadsa

qarTuli

da aqtualur sakiTxebs, romlebic interesmok-

imeds, rom `elkanas~ mier gamocemuli naSromi _

lebuli ar unda iyos Cveni mkiTxvelisaTvis.

`Rvinis dayeneba qvevrSi” am sapatio misias aRas-

asociacia `elkanas” da saqarTvelos mebaRe-

da

mniSvnelovan

tradiciuli

samyaroSi,

meRvineoba.

rogoricaa gamovTqvamT

rulebs.~

obis, mevenaxeobis da meRvineobis instituts Soris arsebuli farglebSi,

urTierTTanamSromlobis institutis

direqtoris

SeTanxmebis

Teimuraz Rlonti

profesor

teqnikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, alaverdis

Teimuraz dekanosiZis xelSewyobiT, dargis wamyva-

monastris tradiciuli marnis meRvine konsultanti,

ni specialistebi gaecnen broSuris teqsts da

mevenaxeobisa da meRvineobis saerTaSoriso akademiis

moamzades vrceli recenziebi. gTavazobT ramde-

namdvili wevri.

nime amonarids am recenziebidan:

`qvevris

mniSvneloba

Rvinis

daduRebisa

da `naSromi

davargebisaTvis odiTganvea cnobilia, jer kidev

- `Rvinis dayeneba qvevrSi~ eZRvneba

XIX saukunis I naxevarSi specialisti g. lenci,

Rvinis mama-papurad, qarTulad, dayenebis popu-

romelic

larizacias

emsaxureboda

adgilobrivi

tradi-

da

tradiciuli

movlis RonisZiebebs.

ciebis, wes-Cveulebebisa da vazis jiSebis evropu-

6 5

WurWlis

qvevris

naSromSi

farTodaa

ganxiluli

saqarTvelos yvela mxareSi qvevrs Taviseburad

qvevris

saxeobebi, sarqveli, qvevris damRebi, misi Tbo-

iyeneben, magram principi erTia: mTlian WaWaze an

izolaciuri unari da

WaWis erT nawilze tkbilis saboloo daduReba.

movlis RonisZiebebi (da-

duRabeba, recxva, cviliT damuSaveba). agreTve

Rvinis

qvevrSi

mimdinareobs.

Rvinis

dayenebis

tradiciuli

teqno-

Semdgomi weli

davargeba-damwifeba,

Rvinis mainc

srulfasovnad

sWirdeba.

xuTi

qvevrSi dayenebas

logiebi calkeuli kuTxeebis mixedviT: kaxuri,

xuTi

wlis

imeruli, qarTlis (xidisTavi). mcire moculobis

miviRebT didebul brends _ WeSmaritad bunebriv

Tavze

miuxedavad, naSromi mniSvnelovnad tevadia da

qarTul Rvinos, romlis badali msoflio meRvi-

eyrdnoba wyaroebs.

neobam ar icis. meqvevreoba mxolod saqarTve-

Cveni azriT, wignis gamoqveyneba saSuri saqmea,

loSia Semonaxuli da metad dasanania, rom is

radganac igi gankuTvnilia rogorc specialis-

xelmadliani ostatebi, romlebic qvevrebs ake-

tebisaTvis, ise am saqmiT dainteresebuli kerZo

Teben, TiTebze CamosaTvlelni darCnen. vidre

pirTaTvis, da emsaxureba momavali TaobebisaTvis

droa, maT unda mivxedoT, miveSveloT, TiTo-

umetes,

eulis uaRresad mZime, magram qarTuli erovnuli

rom bolo wlebSi amgvari wignebiT ganebivrebuli

Rirsebis matarebeli urTulesi Sroma saTanadod

ar varT.~

gavacnobieroT

qarTuli

tradiciebis

Semonaxvas.

miT

da

yovel

moqmed

ostats

meti

asparezi mivceT. maia mirvelaSvili

`elkanas~ mier gamocemuli winamdebare narkvevi,

soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa doqtori.

romelic miznad qvevris popularizacias isaxavs,

mevenaxeobis agroteqnologiuri kvlevis

misi

ganyofilebis ufrosi mecnier TanamSromeli

praqtikulad

gamoyenebisaTvis

maRalpro-

fesiul rCeva-darigebas iZleva. bunebrivia, igi xelmisawvdomi unda gaxdes qarTuli erovnuli mevenaxeoba-meRvineobiT

dainteresebuli

yvela

pirovnebisaTvis. dadga Jami, rodesac qarTvelebi qarTuli cxovrebis wessa da erovnul tradiciebs unda daubrundnen _ Rvinis qarTulad dayeneba `qvevri uZvelesi qarTuli originaluri saRvine

ganaxorcielon. Tu amas mivaRwevT, msoflioSi

WurWelia, gamoyenebuli marcvleulis Sesanaxad

Seudarebeli

da

Rvinos metoqeobas veraferi gauwevs.~

sxvadasxva

daniSnulebiTac,

magram

misi

Rirsebis

da

xarisxis

qarTul

umTavresi funqcia Rvinis dayeneba da Senaxvaa. swored am mizniT unda warmoSobiliyo es friad

levan fruiZe.

Taviseburi WurWeli neoliTis xanidan swored

istorikosi _ eTnologi,

qarTul niadagze. qarTuli Rvinis teqnologia

agraruli eTnologiis specialisti.

msoflioSi erTaderTia da TavisTavad mTlianad qvevriTaa

ganpirobebuli.

meRvineobiT

cnobil

7

Sesavali mecnieruli da arqeologiuri kvlevebis safuZvelze SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom `saqarTvelo vazisa da Rvinis klasikuri qveyanaa, sadac venaxis WeSmariti samSoblo egulebaT, sadac vazyurZnis uTvalavi jiSi gamouyvaniaT, `sadac iseT Cinebul Rvinos svamen, rogorsac arsad~, sadac cocxalia

mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis

arqauli

wesebi~... mravalsaukunovani

istoriis

manZilze,

qarTvelebma SeimuSaves Rvinis dayenebis unikaluri meTodi - yurZnis tkbilis CatovebiT miwaSi Rrmad

Camarxul

Tixis

mozrdil

WurWelSi

–

qvevrSi. antikuri xanidan moyolebuli mravali

yenebeli WurWlis dargi, yvelaze metad saqarT-

saukunis manZilze es codna TandaTan viTar-

veloSi iyo ganviTarebuli. am mxriv qarTvel ers

deboda

namdvilad aqvs Seqmnili msoflios mevenaxeobisa

da

ixveweboda

axal-axali

gamocdi-

da meRvineobis istoriis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

lebebis SeZeniT. qarTveli

arqeologebis

mier

furceli. amaze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom zogi-

aRmoCenil

keramikul nawarmTa Soris qvevrs gansakuTrebuli

erTi mecnieris azriT, sityva “Rvino” savaraudod

adgili ukavia. Tixis WurWlis damzadebis qarTu-

swored qarTuli warmomavlobisaa da msoflio

li

tradiciuli

xeloba

mravali

enebSi swored Cveni enidan unda iyos Sesuli da

wlisaa.

gavrcelebuli.

gaTxrebisas aRmoCenili Zveli Tixis nakeTobebi

qvevrma, Tavisi Seqmnis dRidan dRevandlamde,

naTlad asaxavs Zveli qarTvelebis maRali donis ostatobas am xelobaSi. qvevrebi gamoiyeneboda

marTalia,

marcvleulis, erbos, WaWisa Tu sxva aryis, mwni-

magram, miuxedavad amisa, man Cvenamde, mravali sa-

ganicada

garkveuli

saxecvlileba,

leulisa da sxvaTa Sesanaxadac, magram misi war-

ukunis Semdeg, TiTqmis ucvlelad moaRwia. aRsa-

moSoba

ukav-

niSnavia isic, rom TiTqmis ar Secvlila qvevrebSi

Sirdeba da igi konkretulad Rvinis WurWels

Rvinis dayenebis teqnologiac. es ukanaskneli ki

warmoadgens.

imdenad unikaluri da daxvewili Sinaarsisaa, rom

swored

meRvineobis

ganviTarebas

ganviTarebas arc ki eqvemdebareba.

ra Tqma unda, didi zomis keramikuli WurWeli ara marto CvenSi, aramed sxvaganac mzaddeboda,

qvevrebs jer kidev axlo warsulSi aqtiurad

romelic ise, rogorc aq, sxvadasxva daniSnulebiT

iyenebdnen, dRes ki maTi gamoyenebac da damza-

gamoiyeneboda, magram SegviZlia Tamamad vTqvaT,

debac Zalze SezRudulia - dRes qvevrebs TiTze

rom

CamosaTvleli ostatebiRa Tu amzadeben.

meqvevreoba,

rogorc

meRvineobaSi

gamosa-

8

amas emateba isic, rom meqvevreoba, da gan-

ki, magaliTad, Tonisa, magram qvevr-Wurebis dam-

sakuTrebiT, didi zomis qvevrebis damzadeba, did

zadeba da am dargis codna ki yovelTvis calke

codnas, gamocdilebasa da aseve danaxarjebs mo-

sagani iyo qarTul meTuneobaSi.

iTxovs da am dargs sul ufro da ufro cota mim-

dResdReobiT qvevrebi saqarTvelos mxolod

devari hyavs. arada meqvevreoba saqarTveloSi erT

xuT-eqvs sofelSiRa mzaddeba. Zvelad ki qvevrebi

dros, SeiZleba iTqvas, erT-erTi wamyvani dargi

Zalian bevr adgilas mzaddeboda. meqvevreobiT

iyo meTuneobis xuTi ZiriTadi dargidan. meqvev-

ganTqmuli yofila saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuT-

reoba rom Zalze rTuli dargia, isic metyvelebs,

xis soflebi: sairme, cxavaTi, uwlevi, anaga, bod-

rom, magaliTad, meagures Tavisuflad SeeZlo

bisxevi, Cxiroula da sxv.

kramitis damzadebac an piriqiT, xolo meWurWles

9

qvevris saxelebi Zvel saqarTveloSi

WurWeli), dasavleT saqarTveloSi ki dRes Wuri qvevris mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. saintereso cnobebs gvaZlevs akad. iv. javaxiSvili: “guriasa da samegre-

TavisTavad cxadia, saqarTveloSi iarsebebda da arsebobda kidec Tixis sxvadasxva zomisa da formis, Rvinis Sesanaxi WurWeli, romelTac TavTavianTi saxelebi erqva maTi formisa da daniSnulebis Sesabamisad. CvenSi gavrcelebul qvev-

loSic or-ori saxeli arsebobs da aqac orive gansxvavebuli sididis WurWlis aRmniSvnelia. saxeldobr, didi da saSualo tanis WurWels guriaSi Wuri, odiSSi lagvani ewodeboda; xolo momcros, romelic 5 vedromde tkbils, anu Rvinos Caitevada, guriaSi qvibari, odiSSi laxuti erqva~.

rebs xSirad metad gansxvavebuli forma da zoma aqvT. cxadia, yvela formisa da zomis qvevrs dRe-

amrigad

saqarTveloSi

ZvelTaganve

gavrce-

lebul saxelTagan, romlebiTac Rvinis Sesanax,

vandeliviT erTi saerTo saxeli ar eqneboda; yve-

sxvadasxva zomisa da formis WurWels moixse-

la WurWels Tavisi Sesabamisi saxelebi erqmeoda.

niebdnen, CvenTvis cnobilia Semdegi saxelebi:

am

vxvdebiT

qvevri, Wuri, dergi, lagvini, lagvani, lagvinari,

`... Wuri ars kecTagan WurWeli: qvevri, yvibari, qoco,

da qoco. SesaZloa Soreul warsulSi sxva sa-

mxriv

Zalze

saintereso

cnobebs

sulxan-saba orbelianis “sityvis konaSi”.

yvibari, qvibari, qubari, laxuti, Casavali, xalani xelebic arsebobda, romlebiTac Rvinis Sesanaxi

xalani, dergi, lagvni, lagvnari da misTanani...”. sagulisxmoa, rom Zvel qarTulSi `Wuri~ ram-

WurWeli iyo saxeldebuli, magram cnobebi amis

denime mniSvnelobis mqone sityvaa (iaraRi, abjari,

Sesaxeb jerjerobiT ar mogvepoveba.

meqvevreoba saqarTveloSi, istoria da dRevandeloba

losnebi. aseTi soflebia: sarTiWala, xaSmi, sagarejo, diRomi, axalqalaqi (kaspis r-ni), kavTisxevi da sxv.

qvevrebi saqarTvelos bevr sofelSi mzaddeboda. am soflebisa da adgilebis saTiTaod ganxilva Zalze Sors wagviyvans, amitom am sakiTxze aRar SevCerdebiT. amjerad Cven ganvixilavT im ZiriTad da cnobil adgilebs, sadac mzaddeboda ganTqmuli qarTuli qvevrebi. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi qvevrebis keTebiT cnobili iyo Semdegi mxareebi da soflebi: siRnaRis raionis soflebi: anaga da bodbisxevi; Telavis raionSi - vardisubani; sagarejos raionSi anToki da sxv. qvevris keTebas qarTl-kaxeTis sxva soflebSic misdevdnen sezonurad mosuli xe-

10

qvevrebi vardisubnidan

XIX saukuneSi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi meq-

da iyideboda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos bevr so-

vevreobiT ganTqmuli yofila sofeli anToki

felsa Tu qalaqSi. cxavaTeli meqvevreebi didi

kaxeTi), rasac mowmobs eTnografiuli masala da

zomis qvevrebs ar amzadebdnen, aq ZiriTadad qo-

literaturuli cnobebi. ai, ras wers T. l. e.

coebi da maTze cota mozrdili qvevrebi mzad-

jorjaZe Tavis naSromSi (mevenaxeoba da Rvinis da-

deboda, xolo didi zomis qvevrebi qsnis xeobaSi,

yeneba, keTeba da gaumjobeseba xelTmZRvanelo-

rogorc m. zandukeli mogviTxrobs Tavis naSromSi

bisaTvis kaxuri Rvinis myenebelTa. Tbilisi, 1876.)

(qarTuli xalxuri keramika (qsnis xeoba). Tbilisi

am soflis Sesaxeb: `rogoraTac uwindels egreTve axlandels droebSi, Tfilisis uezdSi sarTiWalis uCastkaSi sofel anTokSi gakeTebuli qvevri yvela sxva adgilebis qvevrze kargi gamodis da visac am adgilidan aqvs waRebuli qvevri anu uwindeli da anu axlandeli, igini yvelani kmayofilni arian da amboben rom Rvinos kargad da didxans inaxamso da am soflis qvevrebze yvelgan qebis xma aris gavrcelebuli.~ vaxuSti

batoniSvili

aliswylis

xeobis

aRwerisas (qarTlis cxovreba IV) aRniSnavs:

1982) imereTidan SemohqondaT. Tavad imereTSi ki meqvevreobiT ganTqmuli yofila soflebi: boslevi, Cxiroula, maqaTubani da sxv. Cvens mier aseve Seswavlili iqna Zvel droSi,

rogorc zogadad meTuneobiT, ise konkretulad qvevrebis keTebiT guriis ganTqmuli soflebi akeTi da acana. am adgilebSi sakmaod xarisxiani qvevrebi

mzaddeboda

mzaddeba

amJamadac,

Tumca am dargs mimdevrebi, samwuxarod, TiTqmis aRar

darCnen

aTeulobiT

`als zeiT ars, lixis mTis kalTas, cixe alisa. cixes ukan ars sofeli uwlevi, mTaSi. aq akeTeben Wursa Rvinisasa keTilsa,

da

-

Tu

ostati

warsulSi misdevda,

meqvevreobas dResdReobiT

sofel acanaSi qvevrebs ori ostatiRa amzadebs.

yovelTa umjobessa”... Cven

SeviswavleT

xaSuris

raionis

sofeli

uwlevi da misi mimdebare soflebi. dasanania, rom rogorc sofel uwlevSi, ise mis siaxloves amJamad ukve didi xania meTuneobas aRaravin misdevs, Tumca

adgilobriv

mosaxleobas

da

gansakuT-

rebiT xandazmul xalxs jer kidev axsovT, rom Zvel droSi sofel uwlevSi umzadebiaT kramiti, sxvadasxva WurWeli da qvevrebi. mosaxleobas jer kidev moepoveba adgilobrivi warmoebis WurWlis Zveli nimuSebi. meTuneoba da konkretulad meqvevreoba qsnis xeobaSi da, kerZod, sofel cxavaTSic yofila kargad ganviTarebuli, Tumca am mxareSi dReisaTvis meTuneobas ukve karga xania imeruli qvevrebi Tbilisis eTnografiuli

aRar misdeven. cxavaTuri WurWeli ganTqmuli iyo

muzeumis ezoSi

11

xalxuri rewvis am dargiT cnobili iyo sairme. samwuxarod, garda kaxeTisa, imereTisa da guriisa, dResdReobiT qvevrebi aRarsad mzaddeba. meqvevreobis cnobili kera iyo Telavis raionis sofeli vardisubani, sadac am dargs odiTganve misdevdnen. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi vardisubani erTaderTi sofelia, sadac, Zveli droidan moyolebuli, meqvevreobas amJamadac misdeven (am sofelSi Zvelad amzadebdnen aseve Toneebs, agurs, kramitsa da sxvadasxva WurWels). es sofeli ganTqmuli iyo masiuri da amavdroulad didi moculobis qvevrebis damzadebiT. amJamad vardisubanSi mzaddeba maqsimum 2_2,5 tonis teva-

qvevris damzadeba sof. maqaTubanSi

dobis qvevrebi. adgilobrivi mosaxleobisa da meqvevreTa gadmocemiT, adre aq ufro didi zomis qvevrebic umzadebiaT. saerTod, kaxeTi gamoirCeoda gansakuTrebiT didi zomis qvevrebis damzadebiT.

magaliTad,

sofel

SildaSi

dResac

vxvdebiT 6_8 aTasi litris tevadobis qvevrebs. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, meqvevreobas zemo imereTis ramdenime sofelSic misdevdnen da misdeven dResac. imereTSi, kaxeTisgan gansxvavebiT, SedarebiT mcire zomis qvevrebi mzaddeba, Tumca ki aqacaa SesaZlebeli 2_2,5 aTas litramde tevadobis qvevrebis damzadeba. es pirvel rigSi, almeqvevre acanidan

baT, imiTaa gamowveuli, rom imereTi, kaxeTTan Se-

SroSeli meqvevre

darebiT mciremiwiani mxarea da aq venaxebi Sesofel akeTSi, gansakuTrebulad maRali xa-

darebiT mcire farTobebzea gaSenebuli, amitom

risxis saqvevre Tixis arsebobis gamo, qvevrebi da,

yurZnis mosavalic SedarebiT mcirea da Zalze

zogadad, WurWeli da sxva nakeTobac (kramiti,

didi zomis qvevrebis saWiroebac naklebia. zogadad

Tone, aguri, Wis gvimi.), amave sofelSi mopovebuli

saqarTveloSi

qvevrebis

moculoba

Tixisagan mzaddeboda rogorc Tavad akeTSi, ise

meryeobda 2—3 litridan 6—8 aTas litramde.

acanaSic; samegreloSi qvevrebi mzaddeboda sof-

Tumca arsebobs varaudi, rom saqarTveloSi Zve-

lebSi: namkolao, muxuri, jvari, Wale, namyoli,

lad ukeTebiaT aseve giganti qvevrebic, romelTa

WkaduaSi, paxulani, korcxeli da sxv. leCxumSi

moculoba 10-15 000 litramdec ki aRwevda.

12

qvevris sikeTe

xniT SeinarCunebs, vidre dauduRabebeli qvevrisa. rogorc irkveva, qvevris kedlebi swored imden

qvevrebis warmomavlobisa da tipebis Sesaxeb Cven mokled ukve visaubreT da amjerad am Temas aRar SevexebiT, aramed SevCerdebiT qvevris im sikeTeze, romelic bolomde jer kidev gamoukvlevelia, da vfiqrobT, rom es Tema Zalze mniSvnelovania qarTuli tradiciuli meRvineobisaTvis. Cven SevexebiT sam ZiriTad da Zalze sakvanZo moments: bunebrivi temperaturuli balansi qvevrSi, Rvinis daduReba-davargeba da qvevris Rvinidan Rvinis qvis gamoyofa. unda aRiniSnos, rom imas, rasac qarxnul pirobebSi sxvadasxva qimiuri danamatebi da danadgarebi esaWiroeba, raTa Rvinom SeiZinos stabiluroba da gamWvirvaloba, qvevrebSi, Tuki, ra Tqma unda, qvevrica da Tavad maranic rigi wesebis dacviTaa damzadebuli da mowyobili, bunebrivad mimdinareobs da aranair qimiur danamats

xans inarCunebs siTbos, ra droc vaSl-rZemJavur, anu, rogorc amas xSirad uwodeben, meorad duRils esaWiroeba. aRniSnuli duRilis periodi daaxloebiT erT Tvemde grZeldeba Sinaur pirobebSi. vaSl-rZemJavur duRili gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri wiTel RvinoebSia, Tumca mas garkveuli mniSvneloba TeTr RvinoebSic eniWeba, gansakuTrebiT ki maRalmJaviani Rvinoebis SemTxvevaSi. am dros RvinoSi klebulobs vaSlmJavas Semcveloba da Rvino iZens garkveul gemovnur sisrules da daxvewilobas da masSi aRar igrZnoba arasasiamovno da maRali mJavianoba. ZiriTadad amave process emsaxureba Rvinidan Rvinis qvis gamoyofis procesic, romelzec SemdgomSi gveqneba saubari da romelic Rvinis teqnologiaSi sul sxva process warmoadgens. qvevris Rvinis dayenebis dros meore da erT-

ar saWiroebs. pirveli da ZiriTadi sikeTe qvevrisa aris is, rom masSi Rvinis temperatura Senaxvis dadgenil zRvars ar scildeba da igi zamTarsa da zafxulSi sul ramdenime gradusiT icvleba - is temperatura, rac miRebulia Rvinis SenaxvisaTvis da romelsac qarxnuli meRvineobis pirobebSi rigi danadgarebi da danaxarjebi esaWiroeba, qvevrebSi bunebrivadaa daculi. temperaturul reJims ara

erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani procesi aris qvevrSi Rvinis daduReba-davargeba. qvevri, ara marto Rvinos kargad inaxavs, aramed monawileobs kidec duRilisa Tu daRvineba-davargebis procesSi; da imaze metad, vidre sxva WurWeli, da amrigad dRemde gavrcelebuli azri, TiTqos qvevri Rvinis teqnologiuri procesis mimdinareobaSi monawileobas ar iRebdes, usafuZvlo da mcdaria. qvevrSi, kaxuri an imeruli tipis Rvinis dayene-

marto Rvinis SenaxvisaTvis, aramed alkoholuri duRilis procesisTvisac Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs. ufro konkretulad, rogorc wesi, qvevris gareTa zedapirs kiriT aduRabeben, aseve didi zomis qvevris kedlebs adgilze kirqviT amoaSeneben. kiriT daduRabebuli qvevris kedlebi, alkoholuri duRilis dros warmoqmnil, garemosTan SedarebiT, maRal temperaturas ufro didi

bisas, swored rom qronologiurad mimdinareobs yvela is procesi, rasac qarxnul pirobebSi sxvadasxva danadgarebi da qimiuri danamatebi esaWiroeba. qarxnul pirobebSi, liTonis cisternaSi alkoholuri duRili, rogorc wesi, evropuli, masobrivad warmoebuli safuvris wminda kulturis gamoyenebiT mimdinareobs.

13

Cveni azriT aseT SemTxvevaSi Rvino, sadauric

uwyobs xels aseve WaWis Carevac. wnevis zemoq-

ar unda iyos igi, qarTuli Tu evropuli, abso-

medebiT

luturad erTnairi xasiaTisaa da, uxeSi Seda-

sakmaod Zlierad daawveba, ris Sedegadac xdeba

rebiT, emsgavseba koka-kolas, romelic msoflios

wipwisa da Rvinis erTmaneTisagan izolireba. du-

romel kuTxeSic ar unda CamoasxaT igi, abso-

Rilis dasrulebis Semdeg, radgan WaWa garkveuli

yurZnis

wipwas

leqi

gadaefareba

da

luturad erTnairia. aseT Rvinos TiTqmis ar gaaC-

drois ganmavlobaSi ar iZireba masSi alkoho-

nia tipuroba.

luri

duRilis

Jangis

arsebobis gamo, mis CaZirvas leqis daleqva

qvevris Rvinis aseTi erTgvarovneba da aratip-

dros

gamoyofili

naxSiror-

uroba gamoricxulia. rigi wesebiT dayenebuli

uswrebs win, xolo Semdeg ukve WaWa iwyebs CaZirvas.

qvevris Rvino xasiaTdeba tipurobiT, bunebrivi

amrigad, Rvinos Sexeba mxolod da mxolod WaWas-

stabilurobiT, daZvelebis didi potencialiT,

Tan aqvs, saidanac mas maqsimalurad gamoaqvs ada-

bunebrivi sikrialiTa da gamWvirvalobiT, gamor-

mianis

Ceuli gemoTi da surneliT, taninebis, alkoho-

erebebi. miCneulia, rom kaxuri tipis TeTr Rvi-

lisa da eqstraqtis maRali SemcvelobiTa da sxva

noSi ufro meti sasargeblo da adamianis orga-

dadebiTi TvisebebiT. qvevrSi temperaturuli re-

nizmisaTvis aucilebeli nivTierebaa, vidre evro-

janmrTelobisaTvis

sasargeblo

nivTi-

Jimis bunebrivi balansisa da alkoholuri duRi-

puli

lisaTvis optimaluri temperaturis TavisTavad

faqti, rom qvevris Rvino bunebrivad stabiluria

tipis

(uWaWod

daduRebul)

RvinoSi.

is

arsebobis gamo gamoiricxeba evropuli, masob-

da faqtobrivad aRar saWiroebs sxvadasxva qimiuri

rivad warmoebuli safuarebis gamoyenebis auci-

nivTierebebis

lebloba. amasTan arsebobs varaudi, rom evro-

saTvis, imiT unda aixsnas, rom magaliTad, kaxuri

puli warmoebis mSrali safuarebis gamoyenebis

tipis Rvino taninebiT sakmaod mdidaria, tanini ki

danamatebs

misi

SemTxvevaSi, rasac dRes, ratomRac Rvinis didi Tu

TavisTavad

mcire sawarmoebis umravlesoba yovelgvari kont-

romlebic amRvreven Rvinos.

boWavs

RvinoSi

dastabilurebi-

arsebul

rolis gareSe mimarTavs, iklebs Rvinis daZvelebis potencialic. kaxuri tipis Rvinis SemTxvevaSi Rvino Tavissave WaWaze xSirad adre gazafxulamdec ki rCeba. bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxva, Tu riTia ganpirobebuli is momenti, rom am dros Rvino ar ganicdis leqis uaryofiT gavlenas? es gamomdinareobs isev da isev qvevris unikaluri da daxvewili formidan. mogexsenebaT, qvevris Ziri erTgvar

wawvetebul

konuss

warmoadgens.

al-

koholuri duRilis dasasruls yurZnis wipwebis didi nawili marcvals moscildeba, iZireba da grovdeba qvevris ZirSi, romel processac didad

14

alkoholuri duRili

cilebs,

amitomac kaxur Rvinos aRar axasiaTebs am tipis

efeqts, rogorsac RvinoSi Rvinis qvis damateba

simRvrivisaken midrekileba. swored amiT unda

iZleva. meore mxriv qvevris kedlebSi kaJis, anu

aixsnas kaxuri tipis Rvinis bunebrivi stabilu-

siliciumis Semcveloba Zalze dadebiTad moq-

roba da sikriale, rasac emateba is momentic, rom

medebs Tavad qvevris simtkicezec. garda amisa,

duRilis dasrulebidan iwyeba garemos tempera-

Rvinidan

Rvinis

qvis

gamoyofis

provocirebas

turis TandaTanobiTi kleba da aciveba, rac aseve

iwvevs RvinoSi arsebuli alkoholic, romelic

dadebiTad moqmedebs Rvinis dawmendis procesze

qvevris RvinoSi da konkretulad kaxuri tipis

da Rvinis qvis gamoyofaze.

RvinoSi yovelTvis maRali SemcvelobiT gamoir-

rac Seexeba Rvinis qvis gamoyofas Rvinidan, sayuradReboa erTi Zalze mniSvnelovani faqti:

Ceva, rac, bunebrivia, ukeT uzrunvelyofs Rvinidan Rvinis qvis gamoleqvis process.

Zveli qvevrebis kedlebis gadanatexebSi SeimCneva

amrigad, rogorc zemoT iTqva, qvevri Tavisi

Zalze wvrilad damsxvreuli kaJis qvis namtvre-

SinaarsiT swored rom fenomenaluri WurWelia,

vebi, TixaSi minarevis saxiT (gvxvdeba aseve sxva

romlis Tvisebebi da Rvinoze dadebiTad zemoq-

saxis minarevebic, romlebic aseve araa Seswav-

medeba, samwuxarod, jerjerobiT bolomde Seswav-

lili Rvinis teqnologiis mxriv), rasac sava-

lili araa. saerTod, unda aRiniSnos, rom qvevrs

raudod Semdegi datvirTva unda hqonoda: rogorc

saqarTveloSi, ratomRac naklebi yuradReba eq-

cnobilia, Rvinidan Rvinis qvis gamoyofas esaWi-

ceva, arada qarTuli qvevrebis fasi ukve evropaSic

roeba, erTi mxriv, sicive, xolo, meore mxriv, is

kargad gaacnobieres, sadac ukve karga xania aye-

meTodi, romelsac zogjer Rvinis qarxnebSi mimar-

neben Rvinos saqarTvelodan gatanil qarTul

Taven da igi sakmaod efeqturia. kerZod, iReben

qvevrebSi. Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarT-

Rvinis qvas, recxaven spirtSi, fqvaven da umateben

velodan gatanili qvevris Rvino, magaliTad ita-

Rvinos,

liaSi

ris

Semdegac

Rvinidan

gamoileqeba,

rogorc damatebuli, ise masSi bunebrivad arse-

Tu

sxvagan,

ratomRac

“amforis

Rvinis”

saxeliTaa cnobili. sasurvelia, ar davkargoT

buli Rvinis qva. vinaidan Tavad kaJic aseve war-

qvevris saxeli da Tu SesaZlebelia, qarTul Rvi-

moadgens kristals da sakmaod maRali xarisxisas,

nos etiketze davaweroT `qvevris Rvino~, xolo Tu

Rvino qvevrSi kaJis kristalebs uSualod exeba,

ras niSnavs qvevri, avxsnaT kontretiketze.

SesaZloa es garemoeba iZleodes swored iseTive

15

qvevrebis kiriT daduRabeba da maTi recxva

rac uxeSi darRvevaa. marTalia, simtkice cementsac aqvs, magram misi eqspluataciis vada kirTan SedarebiT gacilebiT mcirea, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, rodesac qvevri Warbtenian da nestian miwaSia

qvevrebSi Rvinis dayenebasa da maTs Semdgom

dafluli. Tuki qvevrze kiri saukuneebis ganmav-

movlas udavod didi yuradReba eqceoda da eq-

lobaSi Zlebs, cementi qvevrs SesaZloa erTi-ori

ceva, rogorc warsulSi, ise amJamadac. qvevrebis

aTeuli weli SerCes dauzianeblad, ris Semdegac

recxva da higiena imdenad aqtualuri yofila sa-

igi iwyebs daSlas. amis garda, kirisagan gansxvave-

qarTveloSi, rom arsebobda specialuri profesia

biT, cements tenian pirobebSi axasiaTebs daSmo-

`qvevris mrecxavi~.

reba, ramac SesaZloa Rvinis xarisxzec ki imoqme-

kargad garecxili qvevri erTgvari winapirobaa

dos uaryofiTad, xolo kiri araTu ar aSmor-

xarisxiani Rvinis miRebisaTvis, magram, garda rec-

deba, aramed mas antiseptikuri moqmedebac ki axa-

xvisa, aseve Zalze mniSvnelovania qvevris winas-

siaTebs. praqtikulad SesaZlebelia aseve qvevre-

wari momzadeba misi miwaSi Caflvis win. saubaria

bis

qvevris gareTa zedapiris kiriT daduRabebaze da

magram kiriT daduRabeba qvevrebs simtkices matebs

qvevris Sida zedapiris gamdnari cviliT damu-

da aumjobesebs qvevrebSi mimdinare Rvinis teqno-

Savebaze. pirvel rigSi SevCerdeT qvevrebis dadu-

logiur process. qvevrebis kiriT daduRabebis Se-

Rabebaze. ise, rogorc axlo warsulSi, dResac

saxeb sainteresoa a.boxoCaZis mosazrebebi (mevena-

xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac qvevrebis dasaduRabeb-

xeoba-meRvineoba Zvel saqarTveloSi arqeologi-

lad kiris nacvlad gamoiyeneben cementis xsnars,

uri masalebis mixedviT. Tbilisi 1963): `Sua feo-

dafvla

yovelgvari

daduRabebis

gareSec,

daluri xanidan vidre ukanasknel xanebamde, gaTxril marnebSi aRmoCenili qvevrebis mixedviT, maTi duRabiT dakirva dasturdeba. qvevris dakirvisTvis iye-nebdnen kirxsnars (1kg

qvevrebis qvitkiriT daduRabeba (sof. qvemo maRaro)

kiri — 2kg qviSa g.b.), riyisa da qviSaqvis natexebs, zog SemTxvevaSi qvevrisa da sxva Tixis WurWlis na-texebsac ki. qvevris dakirva, rogorc Cans, miwaSi adgi-lobrivad xdeboda. aseT SemTxvevaSi qvevrisTvis maranSi Txrian ormos, mis Zirze deben brtyel qvas, romelzec qvevris Ziri an quslia dabjenili; Semdeg qvevrs garSemo Semouw-yobdnen qvebs da daasxamdnen kirxsnars. qvevris dakirva nawil-nawil xdeboda. rodesac Semowyobil qvebs amoavsebdnen, Semdeg meore rigis Semowyoba iwyeboda da ase Semdeg. duRabis sisqe 10-25 sm-s udris. duRabi ise mtkiced aris SekavSirebuli, rom misgan qvevris gaTavisufleba SeuZlebelia.

16

dakiruli qvevris gadaadgileba da gadatana erTi adgilidan meoreze Znelia, radgan misi wona zogjer ramodenime tonas Seadgens da qvevris amoReba miwidan umravles SemTxvevaSi misi gatexviT mTavrdeba, amitom erT adgilze dafluli, dakiruli qvevrebi samudamod imave adgilze rCebian, im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac marnis gadatana da mowyoba sxva adgilzea saWiro~.

mniSvnelobas aniWebs avtori qvevris sisufTaves. Rvinis daxasiaTebisTvis gamoyenebuli frazebi `qvevris gemo~, `WurWlis xeli~, da `xeliani Rvino~, gvafiqrebinebs, rom Cvens winaprebs scodniaT cudad garecxil qvevrebSi dayenebuli Rvinis gemos aRmoCena da, rac mniSvnelovania, misi garCeva Rvinis sxva daavadebebisa Tu naklovanebebisagan. Tuki qvevri saTanadodaa garecxili, rac dRes

amjerad visaubroT qvevrebis recxvis praqtikaze.

ufro did problemas warmoadgens, vidre uwin,

rogorc TavSive aRiniSna, qvevris recxvaze bevra-

maSin Rvinos araviTari `xeli~ Tu `gareSe~ gemo da

daa damokidebuli Rvinis xarisxi da Tuki es uka-

suni ar gaaCnia, Tuki, ra Tqma unda, Tavad Rvino

naskneli dauduRabebeli qvevrebis an maTi Sida

saRi da janmrTelia. arcTu ise iSviaTia SemTx-

zedapiris cviliT daumuSaveblobis SemTxvevaSi

veva, rodesac qvevrebis arasaTanado recxvas gamo-

sulac ar uaresdeba, recxvis dros daSvebul Sec-

usworebeli Sedegebi mohyveba da Tuki magaliTad

domas SesaZloa gamousworebeli Sedegi mohyves

wina wlis mosavals zadi an daavadeba hqonda,

da saqme Rvinis xarisxis gafuWebiT dasruldes.

romlebic ZiriTadad gamowveuli iyo higienis

qvevrebis recxva, rogorc ukve iTqva, yvela droSi

wesebis daucvelobiT, es yovelive xSirad Semdegi

iyo mniSvnelovani da Zalze aqtualuri. sanam

wlebis mosavalsac gasdevs da amrigad erTxel

sakiTxs Zireulad SevexebodeT, vfiqrobT, rom

daSvebuli Secdoma meurnes mravalgzis azara-

mkiTxvelisTvis interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos

lebs.

amonaridi gazeT `meurnedan~, romelic gamocemulia

1888

wels,

sadac

saubaria

qvevrebis

recxvaze.

rogorc zemoT moyvanili werilidan Cans, kirwyali erT-erTi saukeTeso saSualebaa qvevrebis recxvisaTvis. amisaTvis iyeneben Camqrali kiris

`Cven viciT, rom qvevrsa aqvs xolme kedlebze mikruli da mimxmari WaWa, leqi, prke da bevrgvari sxva WuWyi. amaT mosaSoreblad me vurCev yvelas, manam qvevrebis recxvas daiwyebdes, jer es WuWyi moacilos. amisaTvis unda Caiyaros gejaSi an dids kasrSi axlad damwvari kiri, daesxas zed wyali da meore dRes, roca kirs daileqavs, im wminda wyliT SeaSxapos qvevrs gverdebi. kiris wyali mosWams WuWys, amis Semdeg amoiRvreba kiris wyali, Caisxmis mduRare da daixureba qvevri; oSxivari srulebiT moalbobs mimxmars WaWa-leqs da mas ukan Tamamad SeiZleba recxva~.

wyalxsnars. marTalia, zustad dadgenili proporciebi qvevris sarecxad kirwyalis nazavis momzadebisa ar arsebobs, magram Cveni praqtikidan, vfiqrobT, kargi Sedegis momcemia kirisa da sasmeli wylis Semdegi proporciebiT Sezaveba: 10-15 litri wyali da 3_5 kg kiri. rodesac kiri Caqreba da wyalSi kargad gaixsneba, amis Semdeg (sasurvelia minimum 2_3 saaTi), kirwyali da misi WurWlis fskerze daleqili kiris gauxsneli nawilakebi unda ganvacalkevoT, ris Semdegac kirwyali mzadaa qvevris sarecxad.

es mcire werili cxadyofs, Tu ramdenad did

17

bunebrivia, didi zomis qvevris gasarecxad meti raodenobis

kirwyali

iqneba

saWiro.

kirwyali

qvevrs aucileblad yvela adgilas unda waesvas, ris Semdegac qvevri saguldagulod ixexeba sarcxiT, mcenare krazanas fesvebisgan damzadebuli qvevrebis sarecxiT an sulac xelis jagrisiT, amis Semdeg qvevri unda gairecxos jer civi wyliT da Semdeg cxeli (sasurvelia daaxl. 60ºC) wyliT or-samjer. qvevrebis recxvis zustad dadgenili raodenoba ar arsebobs. qvevri irecxeba imdenjer, sanam ar miiRweva sasurveli Sedegi. amis garda, qvevrebis recxviswina sisufTavec gansxvavebulia, romelic

didad

ganapirobebs

qvevris

recxvis

xangrZlivobas. qvevris recxvis dasrulebis Semdeg sasurvelia, misi saboloo gavleba nelTbili an civi wyliT. qvevris saboloo recxvisas miRebuli narecxi wyali unda iyos absoluturad sufTa, mas ar unda gaaCndes raime gareSe suni da gemo, qvevri sufTad da gamoyenebisaTvis gamosadegad mxolod am SemTxvevaSi miiCneva. mcenare krazanas fesvebisgan damzadebuli qvevrebis sarcxi

qvevris recxva kirwyliT

mware blis qerqisagan damzadebuli qvevrebis sarcxi

18

praqtikaSi kiris nacvlad aseve gamoiyeneboda

romelic qvevris kedlebsaa modebuli da Tva-

nacaric, anu nacris wyalxsnari, (romelsac Zve-

liT advilad Cans, aramed swored is WuWyi, ro-

lad “nacarwmendili” ewodeboda), romelic sak-

melic qvevris kedlis forebSia Camjdari da Rvi-

maod karg Sedegs iZleva, amavdroulad kirica da

nis xarisxis gauaresebis TvalsazrisiT mTavar sa-

nacaric SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bunebrivi da, aqedan

SiSroebas warmoadgens. isic unda iTqvas, rom amg-

gamomdinare, usafrTxo sarecxi saSualebebia da

vari WuWyis moSoreba, Tumca ki didi Sromis fasad,

maTs gamoyenebas raime garTuleba ar mohyveba, ra-

SesaZlebelia mxolod civi da cxeli wylis ga-

sac ver vityviT, magaliTad, sodaze (gansakuT-

moyenebiTac, magram Cvenma winaprebma aqac gamo-

rebiT kaustikurze), romlis qvevris sarecxad ga-

naxes sakmaod efeqturi gamosavali kirwyalisa Tu

moyenebamac SeiZleba qvevris kedlebi daazianos,

nacarwmendilis gamoyenebiT. kirwyaliT qvevrebis recxvis meTodze Cven ukve

an sxva qimiur sarecx saSualebaze. qvevri SesaZlebelia aseve yovelgvari sarecxi

gvqonda saubari da amaze aRar SevCerdebiT. amje-

saSualebebis daumatebladac gairecxos civi da

rad SevexebiT nacris gamoyenebas, rac, rogorc

cxeli wyliT; Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom na-

iTqva, sakmaod efeqturi xerxia da mis sworad

carwmendiliTa Tu kirwyaliT recxva metad efeq-

gamoyenebas, praqtikulad aranairi garTuleba ar SeiZleba mohyves rogorc Tavad WurWlis, ise

turia. zogadad, qvevrebis recxva Zalze Sromatevadi “Casavali”

Rvinis xarisxis gauaresebis TvalsazrisiT. saqme

qvevrebisa.

isaa, rom Rvinis yvelanairi narCeni, romelic ki

imisaTvis, rom kaci moxerxebulad moTavsebuliyo

Cven gvxvdeba qvevrSi (Rvinis qva, saRebavi nivTie-

didi zomis, anu Casaval qvevrSi, fskerze debdnen

rebebi, leqis narCenebi da sxv.) mJavuri xasiaTisaa,

saqmea,

gansakuTrebiT

ki

vazis walamis erT-or konas, razedac dgeboda

xolo nacari susti tutea da nacarwmendilic

qvevris mrecxavi. kvlavac gavimeorebT, rom qvev-

aRniSnuli naSTebis gamxsnelia. nacarwmendilis dasamzadeblad gacrili na-

rebs recxaven mxolod axali sasmeli wyliT. gansakuTrebiT didi zomis qvevrebs (magaliTad, 5-

cari unda Caiyaros wyalSi, kargad moerios da

7

zedapirze,

cecxlze wamoduRdes. Semdgomad nacris naleqi

meqvevre gardigardmo ukeTebda Tixisave erTgvar

da mis Tavze momdgari nacarwmendili, romelic

`safexurebs~,

aTasi

litris

moculobis)

Sida

uadvilebda

gamoiyeneba recxvisTvis, unda gancalkevdnen da

qvevrSi Casvla-amosvlas. aseT safexurze aseve

nacarwmendilic mzadaa. nacarwmendilive gamoi-

Camoideboda ficari. am ficarze Camojdeboda an

yeneboda Zvelad xel-pirisa da Tavis sabanad,

romelic

mrecxavs

aseve WurWlisa da sxvaTa sarecxad. nacarwmen-

dadgeboda qvevris mrecxavi. Rvinis leqi da Rvinis qva qvevris forian ked-

dilis dasamzadeblad viRebT 1-1.5 kg wminda,

lebSi Rrmad Cajdeba xolme, aRniSnuli WuWyis

gacrili nacars, romelsac vamatebT 3-5 litr

moSoreba qvevris kedlebidan did Sromasa da

wyals. nacarwmendilis damzadeba SeiZleba aseve na-

energias moiTxovs. unda aRiniSnos, rom mrecxavs ZiriTad siZneles uqmnis ara is ZiriTadi WuWyi,

carze mduRare wyalis dasxmiTac.

19

nacarwmendilis

venTva, rasac SesaZloa RvinoSi gogirdwyalbadis

gamoyenebis dros pirvel rigSi qvevrebs winaswar

sunisa da gemos gaCena mohyves. qvevrebSi gogirdis

unda gavavloT wyali da mxolod amis Semdeg

Caboleba SesaZlebelia rogorc uSualod Rvinis

rogorc

kirwyalis,

iseve

gamoviyenoT nacarwmendilic da kirwyalic, amis

Casxmis win, aseve garkveuli xniT adre, cariel

Semdeg qvevrebi jer civi da Semdeg cxeli wyliT

qvevrSic, magaliTad or TveSi erTjer. Tuki go-

irecxeba da recxvis dasrulebisas qvevrebs kidev

girds

erTjer gaevleba civi an nelTbili wyali. nacris

durdosa Tu yurZnis tkbilis Casxmis win, es imas

gamoyeneba

nacarwmendilis

niSnavs, rom am process win unda uZRodes qvevris

saxiT, ise mSralad, nacarze wylis daumateb-

recxva, radgan gaurecxav qvevrSi Rvinis Casxma ar

SesaZloa

rogorc

qvevrebSi

SeiZleba!

axrColeben maSin, sanam garecxili qvevris Sida

SemTxvevaSi

zedapiri jer kidev svelia. am dros damwvari

wminda

nacars

da

ki

gogirds

Rvinis,

qvevri carieli darCeba garkveuli droiT. aseT gacril,

SemTxvevaSi

uSualod

ladac, im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki axlad garecxili iReben

am

axrColeben

qvevrebSi

axlad gaercxili qvevris Sida zedapirs moabneven,

gogirdis boli reaqciaSi Sedis qvevris kedlebze

sanam qvevris kedlebi jer kidev svelia. qvevris

darCenil sisvelesTan da Sedegad warmoiqmneba

kedlebi nacars miikrobs da aseve gaSreba. es

gogirdovani mJava, es ukanaskneli ki aRwevs qvevris

sakmaod efeqturi xerxia imisaTvis, rom qvevrSi da

forebSi, iq, sadac Rrmad Camjdari WuWyia, da am-

gansakuTrebiT misi kedlebis forebSi ar ganvi-

rigad xorcieldeba qvevris Sida zedapiris de-

Tardes mavne mikroorganizmebi. marTalia, Semd-

zinfeqcia. gogirdis Caboleba qvevrebSi maSinacaa

gom qvevris recxva SedarebiT met Sromas moiTxovs,

SesaZlebeli, Tuki qvevrebi Rvinisa an yurZnis

magram es gamarTlebulia imiT, rom aseT dros

tkbilis Casxmis wina dReebSia garecxili da ukve

qvevris kedlebi daculia da am mxriv gaweuli

mSralia. Tumca aseT SemTxvevaSi efeqti ufro nak-

jafa

fuWi

ki

araa,

mizanmimarTulia

da,

rac

lebia, vidre axalgarecxil qvevrSi Cabolebis dros. Tuki recxvis Semdeg qvevrebSi Rvinis Casxma

mTavaria, sakmaod efeqturia. qvevris kedlebis dezinfeqciisaTvis masSi axr-

ar aris gadawyvetili da qvevri garkveuli droiT

Coleben gogirds Semdegi doziT: qvevris yoveli

carieli rCeba, gogirdi unda Caabolon mxolod

100 litri moculobas sWirdeba 3 gr gogirdi. aqve

maSin, rodesac qvevri kargad amoSreba, radgan

unda iTqvas, rom gogirdis aRniSnuli dozis ga-

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gogirdis boli, romelic

daWarbebulad, Tundac ormagi an meti doziT ga-

wylis wveTebTanaa reaqciaSi Sesuli, gaSreba, da

moyenebas, aranairi garTuleba ar mosdevs. go-

Sedegad qvevris kedlebze warmoiqmneba moTeTro-

girds qvevrebSi Caaboleben im SemTxvevaSic, Tuki

moyviTalo kristaluri nadebi, ramac SesaZloa

maTSi

SemdgomSi Rvinos simware da, aqedan gamomdinare,

Cayrilia

nacari.

Casaboleblad

SesaZ-

lebelia gogirdis rogorc fxvnilis, ise winas-

siuxeSe SesZinos.

war momzadebuli fiTilis saxiT gamoyeneba. orive SemTxvevaSi unda gamoiricxos cecxlis mokidebis Sedegad gamdnari gogirdis qvevrSi CaR-

20

qvevris damuSaveba cviliT

damuSaveba. SesaZlebelia rogorc axali da jer kidev miwaSi Cauflavi qvevrebis damuSaveba, ise ukve miwaSi Casmuli qvevrebisa, Tumca ki es uka-

aranakleb aqtualuri sakiTxia qvevris Sida ze-

naskneli SedarebiT rTulad Sesasrulebelia.

dapiris damuSavebac. rogorc ukve iTqva, dRes-

axali qvevrebi cviliT Semdegnairad unda da-

dReobiT qvevrebSi Rvinis dayenebas Zalian co-

muSavdes: iReben, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, futkris

taniRa misdeven, magram sakiTxi mainc davisa da

cvils yovelgvari minarevebis gareSe. cvili unda

ganxilvis sagania mosaxleobaSi. zogierT adgilas

moTavsdes sufTa WurWelSi da gadnes cecxlze.

qvevrebis Sida zedapiris dasamuSaveblad miRebu-

Tuki cvili gacxeldeba 110-dan 120 gradusze ma-

lia

Ral temperaturamde, igi iwyebs intensiur aorTq-

parafinis,

sxvadasxva

qimiuri

saRebavebis,

cementisa Tu gudronis gamoyeneba, Zvelad sa-

lebas da danakargi didia. amitomac, es momenti

qarTveloSi Txisa Tu saqonlis qonsac iyenebdnen.

pirvel rigSia gasaTvaliswinebeli. paralelu-

es yvelaferi teqnologiis uxeS darRvevas war-

rad cxeldeba qvevric, rac praqtikulad ase xor-

moadgens da Rvinis gemosa da xarisxze uaryo-

cieldeba: qvevri daideba miwaze gverdulad, masSi

fiTad moqmedebs.

inTeba cecxli, risTvisac, magaliTad, erT-erTi

qvevris Sida zedapiris dasamuSaveblad gamoye-

saukeTeso variantia vazis gamxmari walami. dauS-

nebuli unda iqnes mxolod da mxolod futkris

vebelia plastmasis, rezinis, qvanaxSiris, wiwvovani

cvili da ara parafini, qimiuri saRebavi da sxva

xis SeSis an nabakevi Calis gamoyeneba. aseve da-

ram, Tumca ki SesaZlebelia aseve qvevrebis da-

uSvebelia qvevris benzinis, dizelis an navTis

samuSaveblad cvili saerTodac ar iqnes gamo-

quriT gacxelebac. Cven vvaraudobT, rom kargi

yenebuli. qvevrebis amosanTvlis praqtika sakmaod

Sedegi unda hqondes qvevris bunebrivi gaziT gac-

rTuli procesia da moiTxovs gamocdili kacis

xelebasac, Tumca jer-jerobiT praqtikuli cod-

xels, gamoucdeli meurneebi xSirad am saqmes

nis uqonlobis gamo am sakiTxs ar SevexebiT.

garkveuli

xarvezebiT

axorcieleben.

ras

gu-

lisxmobs qvevris sworad amosanTvla? da, saerTod, ra mizans emsaxureba es operacia? rogorc ukve iTqva, es sakiTxi sakmaod aqtualuria saqarTveloSi. pirvel rigSi SevexoT qvevrebis amosanTvlis mizans. saqme isaa, rom qvevris kedlebi sakmaod foriania, rac xSirad garkveul problemebs qmnis. kerZod, amousanTlav qvevrSi, misi kedlebis Zlieri forianobis gamo, SesaZloa qvevridan Rvino gaiJonos, an garedan gruntisa Tu sxva wyalma SeaRwios

RvinoSi.

amis

Tavidan

asacileblad

erT-erTi saukeTeso variantia qvevrebis cviliT

21

qvevris gacxeleba cviliT damuSavebis win

raTa qvevris kedlebi Zlierma cecxlma ar da-

Wels, romelSic anTeben cecxls. qvevris ked-

xeTqos, Tavdapirvelad inTeba susti cecxli, ro-

lebis Tanabrad gacxelebisaTvis im dros, ro-

melic TandaTanobiT Zlierdeba. magram gasaTva-

desac masSi cecxli anTia, qvevri unda gadabrun-

liswinebelia, rom qvevris kedlebis zedmetad

des sxvadasxva mxareze manam, sanam qvevris ked-

gacxeleba ar aris mizanSewonili, radgan, rogorc

lebi sasurvel temperaturamde Tanabrad ar gac-

ukve iTqva, aman SesaZloa qvevrs kedlebi daub-

xeldeba, rasac atyoben qvevris gareTa kedelze

zaros da, meorec, cvili SesaZloa daiwvas an

xelis dadebiT. am dros qvevri arc iseTi cxeli

aorTqldes ara marto uSualod misi gacxelebis

unda iyos, rom kacs xeli daswvas da arc nel-

Sedegad, aramed metad gaxurebuli qvevris ked-

Tbili. sasurvelia, Tu qvevris Sida kedlebi gac-

lebze wasmis drosac. qvevrs cvili maSin unda

xeldeba 70ºC-mde.

waesvas, rodesac qvevridan nacari, nakverCxali,

am dros qvevris kedlebi, konkretulad maTi

Wvartli mTlianad da saguldagulod amosuf-

forebi, gamdnar cvils Rrmad Seiwovs da amrigad

Tavdeba da amasTan qvevris kedlebis temperatura

gamoiricxeba rogorc qvevridan Rvinis gareT ga-

SedarebiT daiklebs. es operacia Zalze mniSvne-

Jonva da danakargi, aseve qvevris Semdgomi recxvis

lovania, radgan qvevrSi nacris, Wvartlisa da

dros cvilis CamoSoreba, radgan, rogorc ukve

naxSiris narCenebi Tu CavtoveT, maT miikravs gamd-

iTqva, cvili qvevris kedlebis mier Rrmad Sei-

nari cvili da Rvinos aucileblad gadascems

woveba. amrigad qvevris forebi sakmaod saimedod

bolis sunsa da gemos, rac uayofiTad imoqmedebs

igmaneba. cecxliT gacxeleba, gansakuTrebiT Zve-

Rvinis

gamos-

li, didi xnis uxmari qvevrebis SemTxvevaSia sa-

worebac Zalze did Sromasa da energias moiTxovs.

surveli, radgan am dros qvevris kedlebSi didi

xarisxze.

am

Secdomis

Semdgomi

raTa gamoiricxos nacriTa da naxSiris narCenebiT

xnis win Rrmad Camjdari WuWyis nawili fizikurad

qvevris dabinZureba, qvevrSi dgamen Tunuqis Wur-

iwvis da qvevris gasufTaveba SedarebiT ioldeba. gamdnari cvilis qvevrSi amosasmelad mimarTaven aseT xerxs: grZel joxs boloSi miamagreben raime qsovilis naWers (Zvelad kaxeTSi mas `mola~ ewodeboda), Semdeg mas Caawoben gamdnar cvilSi da qvevrSi joxis wriuli moZraobiT kedlebs amousvamen cvils. cvilis amosma qvevris Ziridan iwyeba. Zvelad aseve amgvar xerxsac mimarTavdnen: gacxelebul qvevrSi Caagdebdnen cvilis natexs da qvevrs abrunebdnen win da ukan da cvili qvevrSi TavisiT nawildeboda. patara zomis qvevrebis (qoco) cviliT dasamuSaveblad maT danTebul Toneze an zedadgarze deben da amgvarad acxeleben, rac, unda iTqvas, sakmaod efeqturi xerxia.

qvevris gacxeleba cviliT damuSavebis win

22

am SemTxvevaSi gamoiricxeba qvevris Sida zeda-

SexebiT ukeT gaRvivdes, cilindrs qveda mxareze,

piris nacriT, WvartliT an naxSiris narCenebiT

magram ara Zirze, ukeTdeba mcire zomis nasvretebi.

dabinZureba. amgvari meTodi didi qvevrebisaT-

am proceduris Semdeg qvevri sufTaa da mzadaa

visac

cvilis amosmisTvis, rac xorcieldeba zemoT aR-

gamarTlebulia.

specialur

zedadgarze

gverdulad daideba didi zomis qvevri da qvemo-

werili meTodiT.

dan SeunTeben dabal cecxls. qvevrs TandaTa-

rogorc iTqva, qvevris cviliT amosanTvlis mi-

nobiT abruneben, raTa misi kedlebi Tanabrad gac-

zania qvevris ZiriTadi da didi zomis forebis

xeldes. qvevris gacxelebis amgvari meTodi wina

dagmanva. xSirad qvevrebs Warbi raodenobiT us-

variantTan SedarebT didi upiratesobiT gamoir-

vamen cvils. am dros qvevris Sida zedapiri mTli-

Ceva, radgan aseT dros gamoiricxeba qvevris Sida

anad cvilis sqeli feniT ifareba da qvevri ema-

zedapiris dabinZureba WvartliT, nacriTa da nax-

lirebul WurWels emsgavseba. am SemTxvevaSi Rvi-

Siris narCenebiT, rac metad mniSvnelovania. miwaSi

no exeba ara uSualod qvevris kedlebs (Tixas),

Cafluli Zveli qvevrebic SeiZleba gacxeldes

aramed cvils, rac, marTalia, akrZaluli ar

da cviliT damuSavdes: qvevrs jer kargad recxaven,

aris, magram aseT dros raRa mniSvneloba aqvs, ra

aSroben da Semdeg qvevrSi mavTuliT Cahkideben

WurWelSi CavasxamT Rvinos? unda aRiniSnos, rom

liTonis cilindrs (cilindrs zeda mxare Ria

cvilis siWarbe gamarTlebuli araa, garda im

aqvs, qveda - daxuruli), romelSic anTia cecxli.

iSviaTi SemTxvevisa, rodesac saqme gvaqvs prob-

cilindris Ria mxare qvevridan amoSverili unda

lematur qvevrebTan, romlebSic, maTi uxarisxobis

iyos,

gamo, ar xerxdeba xarisxiani Rvinis dayeneba. yo-

raTa

boli

zemoT

amovides

da

qvevris

kedlebi SeimWvartlos; raTa nakverCxali haerTan

veli

SemTxvevisTvis

iseT

qvevrSi

dayenebul

Rvinos, romlis Sida zedapiric mTlianad dafarulia cvilis sqeli feniT, emaliT, cementiT an sxva saRebaviT, naklebad SeiZleba ewodos `qvevris Rvino~, radgan xsenebuli Rvinis damzadebis teqnologia gulisxmobs Rvinis Sexebasa da kontaqts uSualod qvevris kedlebTan. tona an toqvevrSi

nanaxevris moculobis qvevrisaTvis saWiroa daax-

amosasmelad

loebiT 1,5_2 kg cvili, Tumca es raodenoba SeiZ-

gamzadebuli

leba

met-naklebobiT

meryeobdes.

rac

Seexeba

cvili

qvevrebis Sida zedapiris dasamuSavebel sxva saSualebebs, dRes saqarTveloSi ukve gamoCnda qvevris Sida zedapiris dasafari saSualeba, romelic emalirebuli WurWlis efeqts iZleva. aRniSnuli xerxi sakmaod efeqturia problematur qvevrebSi gamosayeneblad.

23

am saSualebas liTonis cisternebSi ukve karga xania gamoiyeneben evropaSic da misi gamoyeneba kvebis mrewvelobis obieqtebSi kanonmdeblobiTaa nebadarTuli. magram, vimeorebT, mis gamoyenebas Cvens sinamdvileSi azri aqvs mxolod da mxolod im qvevrebSi, romlebic praqtikulad umoqmedod arian maTSi gruntisa Tu sxva wylebis SeRwevisa da amis Sedegad gamomdinare Rvinis xarisxis gauaresebis gamo. qvevrebis dasamuSavebel cvilTan mimarTebaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoric, kerZod, rogorc viciT futkris skis CarCoebSi

amagreben

cvilis

firfitebs

(xelovnuri

fiWa), aRniSnuli cvilis firfitebi umetes SemTxvevaSi Seicavs parafins, stearinsa da sxva cvilis Semcvlel xelovnur minarevebs, xolo fiWis gamodnobis Semdeg Tuki aseTi cvili moxvdeba qvevrebSi am SemTxvevaSi qvevrebSi avtomaturad moxvdeba aseve parafini da sxv. amitom qvevrebis cviliT dasamuSaveblad saukeTeso variants warmoadgens gamosawuri fiWis Tavis gadanaTali, romelic raime xelovnur minarevs ar Seicavs da amavdroulad igi ufro Ria ferisaa, vidre fiWidan gamodnobili cvili.

qvevrSi Rvinis zedapirze mosxmuli cvili

qvevris kedlebs, romelzec igi isedac mcirediT aris SekavSirebuli da am dros Rvinis WurWlis hermetuloba irRveva. meore uaryofiTi mxare am operaciisa is aris, rom gamdnari cvili sakmaod cxelia, da, marTalia mxolod Rvinis zedapirze, magram mainc acxelebs Rvinosac, romelic am SemTxvevaSi didi riskis qveS dgeba - am dros RvinoSi arsebul ZmarmJava baqteriebs eqmnebaT xelsayreli pirobebi gamravlebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis. ZmarmJava baqteriebi ki yovelTvis Rvinis zedapiridan

WurWlis

siRrmis

mimarTulebiT

vrceldebian. qvevrSi Rvinis hermetulad SenaxvisaTvis axlo warsulSi Rvinos zedapirze saWmlis

zogierT sofelSi, Rvinis hermetulad SenaxvisaTvis, jer gaavseben qvevrs da Semdeg Rvinis zedapirze gamdnar cvils moasxamen. rogorc praqtika gviCvenebs, es meTodi ar amarTlebs, da igi, erTi mxriv, zedmet xarjTan aris dakavSirebuli da, meore mxriv, es operacia metad saSiSia Rvinis

zeTs asxamdnen, rac Rvinis teqnologiis uxeSi darRvevaa - zeTi mZaRdeba, rac aucileblad uaryofiTad moqmedebs Rvinis xarisxze. amis garda, qvevris forebSi Camjdari zeTis moSorebac advili araa. qvevris Rvinoze zeTis mosxmis dros aseve gamoiricxeba Rvinis hermetulobac.

xarisxis gauaresebis TvalsazrisiT. saqme isaa rom qvevrebSi temperaturis mcire cvlilebasTan erTad icvleba Rvinis moculobac, siTxis gafarToeba-SekumSvis gamo. aqedan gamomdinare, uSualod Rvinis Tavze mosxmuli cvili maleve scildeba

amrigad, qvevris Rvinis hermetulad Senaxvas Rvinoze zeTis, gamdnari cvilisa Tu sxva raime nivTierebis mosxma ki ar sWirdeba, aramed qvevrebs saTanado wesebis dacviT kargad unda moergos sarqveli da periodulad gakontroldes kidec.

24

sarqveli qvevrebSi Rvinis xangrZlivad, hermetulad da xarisxianad SenaxvisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs qvevris sarqvels. qvevris sarqveli SesaZloa damzaddes rogorc xisagan, romelsac ZiriTadad dasavleT saqarTveloSi gamoiyeneben, aseve qvisganac, romelic gavrcelebuli iyo da aris aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, da gansakuTrebiT kaxeTSi. magaliTad, kaxeTSi ramdenime sofeli ganTqmulic ki yofila qvevris sarqvlebis damzadebiT. erT-erTi aseTi sofeli yofila yvarlis

fiqali sarqveli (aRmosavleT saqarTvelo)

raionis sofeli sabue. amJamad am sofelSi sarqve-

qvelebi or nawiladaa gayofili. maT Sua adgi-

lebs aRar amzadeben. rogorc iTqva, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Zi-

las aqvs naxvreti, romelic gankuTvnilia qvev-

riTadad gavrcelebuli iyo qvis sarqvlebi, rom-

ridan alkoholuri duRilis dros gamoyo-

lebsac amzadebdnen fiqalis qvisagan, am qvas mo-

fili naxSirorJangis amosasvlelad. duRilis

ipovebdnen kavkasionis mTis kalTebze. sarqvelis

dros dasavleT saqarTveloSi maduRar qvevrs

damzadeba SesaZlebeli iyo aseve sxva tipis qvisa-

daafareben “orgoebs”, mis naxvretze moargeben

ganac, magram misi damzadeba yvelanairi qvisagan ar

“sa-sule” mils, romelsac zemodan marlas an

SeiZleba, radgan zogierT qvas siTxesTan Sexebisa

sxva naWers gadaafareben imisaTvis, rom qvevrSi

Tu Warbtenian pirobebSi yofnis Semdgomad axa-

raime mweri an WuWyi ar Cavardes da Semdgomad

siaTebs daSmoreba, ramac SesaZloa Rvinis xarisxi

motkepnian ayalo miwiT.

gaauaresos. yuradsaRebia, rom qvevrebis recxva-

dezinfeqciis programa sarqvlebzec vrceldeba da es ukanaskneli iseve gulmodgined irecxeba, rogorc Tavad qvevri. aRmosavleTisagan gansxvavebiT dasavleT saqarTveloSi sarqvlebs (romlebic imereTSica da aseve dasavleT saqarTvelos bevr adgilas “orgoebis” an “badimis” saxeliTaa cnobili) xisagan, konkretulad cacxvis, wablisa da muxis masalisagan amzadebdnen da amzadeben amJamadac. dasavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli sarsarqveli - `orgo~ (dasavleT saqarTvelo)

25

muxis an wablis xis masalisagan damzadebuli “orgoebi” Tavdapirvelad cxel wyalSi unda Caiyaros, raTa maT moSordes is simware da `uxeSi~ nivTierebebi, romlebic SemdgomSi Rvinos gadaecema da Rvinis xarisxze uaryofiTad moqmedeben. dasavleT saqarTveloSi xSirad didi zomis qvevrebis sarqveli ara ori, aramed ramdenime nawilisaganac Sedgeboda. oriode sityviT SevexoT aseve qvevrebis sarqvliT daxurvis praqtikas, rac, unda aRiniSnos, dRes sakmaod problematuri sakiTxia da xSirad qvevrebze sarqvlis arasworad morgebas Rvino gafuWebamde mihyavs. aRsaniSnavia, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi qvevris daxurvis erTob gansxvavebul wess vxvdebiT, aseve gansxvavebulia

qvevris moxdis procesi imereTSi

Tavad sarqvelic. dasavleT saqarTveloSi orgoebs

uSualod

qvevris

(Wuris)

pirze

awyoben,

razec Semdeg zemodan adeben specialur ayalo miwas. amis Semdeg ayalo miwa magrad daitkepneba specialuri iaraRiT, romelsac `kveJosac~ uwodeben, igi xis morisagan gamoTlili miwis satkepnia. saguldagulod motkepnil ayalo miwas zemodan Cveulebrivi miwis kokoli, anu “sazedao miwa” eyreba imisaTvis, rom ayalo ar gamoSres da Rvino ar daziandes. kaxeTSi, rogorc ukve iTqva, es procesi sruliad gansxvavebulia: qvevris pirze magrdeba winaswar xeliT mozelili Tixamiwa. Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom qvevris piri saguldagulod gamSraldes, radgan man Tixa kargad miikras. Tixas

zemodan

adeben

sarqvels,

romelsac

magrad daawvebian, raTa sarqveli Tixas kargad mTavari winapirobaa qvevrebSi Rvinis xangrZlivad daekros da daxurul qvevrSi haeri aRar Cavides. da xarisxianad SenaxvisaTvis da amitom es procesi rogorc aRiniSna, qvevrze sarqvlis kargad morgeba metad yuradRebiT unda Sesruldes.

26

qvevris pirze dasamagrebeli Tixa

kargia,

Tu

sarqvlis

qveS

qvevris pirze damagrebeli Tixa

dasadebi

Tixis

mosazel sasmel wyals, Tavad wyalisa da aseve Tixis dezinfeqciisaTvis, daemateba mcireodeni gogirdovani anhidridi. xolo mas Semdeg, rac Tixa qvevris pirze damagrdeba, TixaSi gverdulad amagreben Casabolebeli gogirdis fiTils. sarqveli qvevrs gogirdis fiTilze cecxlis mokidebisTanave efareba da magrdeba. am dros Rvinosa da qvevris sarqvels Soris myofi haeris adgils ikavebs damwvari gogirdis boli, romlis gacivebis Semdegac warmoiqmneba va-

gogirdis fiTilebis damagreba qvevris

kuumi. es ki Rvinis xangrZlivad da hermetulad

pirze damagrebel TixaSi

Senaxvis winapirobaa. amgvari xerxis gamoyeneba dasavleT saqarTvelos pirobebSi ar xerxdeba. sarqvlis qvevrze saguldagulod morgeba da yvela wesis kargad dacva ar gamoricxavs garkveuli drois

gasvlis

Semdeg

qvevris

Rvinis

gakont-

rolebas. qvevris Rvino, Tundac sarqveli kargad hqondes morgebuli, sasurvelia minimum sam-oTx TveSi erTjer mainc gakontroldes. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi da gansakuTrebiT kaxeTSi sarqvelmorgebul qvevrs zemodan ayrian miwas, romelsac periodulad (zafxulSi ufro xSirad) wyliT namaven.

qvevris pirze sarqvelis morgeba

27

qvevris Rvino Tumca qvevrebi mTel saqarTvelos mTasa Tu barSi gvxvdeba, Rvinis dayenebis teqnologia TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi, rigi mizezebis gamo, gansxvavebulia. Zvelad arsebobda qvevrebSi Rvinis dayenebis

kaxuri,

qarTluri,

imeruli

da

mesxuri

wesebi. yvela is wesi, romlebsac icavdnen ama Tu im kuTxeSi, rigi faqtorebiT iyo ganpirobebuli: gaTvaliswinebuli iyo adgilobrivi niadagebis tipebi, klimaturi pirobebi, adaT-wesebi, Tavad yurZnis mosavlis weli da misi qimiuri Sedgeniloba da sxv. swored amiT aixsneba is faqti, rom, magaliTad, kaxeTSi, qvevrebSi daWyletil yurZens

teresoa

mTliani

romelsac dResdReobiT, samwuxarod, Zalze co-

WaWianad

aTavsebdnen

dasaduReblad,

xolo imeruli Rvinis SemTxvevaSi, alkoholur duRilSi

monawileobda

WaWis

araumetes

Rvinis

dayenebis

Zveli

kaxuri

wesi,

ta mimdevari darCa.

erTi

qvevrebSi TeTri Rvinis kaxuri wesiT dayeneba

mesamedisa. rogorc ukve iTqva, am sxvaobas aseve is

gulisxmobs, magaliTad, rqawiTlis jiSis yurZnis

adgilic ganapirobebs, sadac ama Tu im mxaris

qvevrebSi mTeli WaWianad Cawurvas, an Tavdapir-

jiSis yurZenia moweuli. Zalian bevr meurnes,

velad sawnaxelSi dawurvas da Semdgomad qvev-

sulac momxmarebels, uCndeba kiTxva, Tu riTia

rebSi WaWis damatebas. orive SemTxvevaSi alko-

gamorCeuli

sxva

holuri duRili WaWis mTlian raodenobaze mim-

Rvinisagan? am SemTxvevaSi Cveni mizani sulac araa

dinareobs. duRilis dasrulebis Semdeg, maSin,

is, rom visaubroT da ganvixiloT sxva Rvinoebis

rodesac qvevris Tavze momdgari WaWa RvinoSi Ca-

qvevrebSi

dayenebuli

Rvino

naklovanebebi qvevris RvinosTan SedarebiT, rac

iZireba, qvevri unda gadaivsos da daixufos sarqv-

namdvilad araswori iqneboda; yuradRebas gava-

liT. dRes bevrs saubroben imaze, Tu ramdeni xani

maxvilebT qvevris Rvinis im sikeTeze, romelsac

unda

sazogadoeba naklebad icnobs CvenSi. agreTve mok-

Tavissave WaWaze. wiTeli Rvino qvevrebSi Tavisive

led SevexebiT qvevrSi Rvinis dayenebis sxvadasxva

WaWaze mxolod alkoholuri duRilis periodSi

wesebs, rogoricaa imeruli, kaxuri da sxv.

Cerdeba. es periodi SesaZloa iyos 7_10 dRe, maq-

pirveli da Zalze mniSvnelovani wesi qvevrebSi

simum

dayovndes

ori

kvira,

dasavargeblad

Tumca

am

kaxuri

SemTxvevaSi,

Rvino

WaWaze

Rvinis dayenebisa aris qvevrSi Rvinis dayovneba

dayovnebis periodis gansasazRvrad didi mniSvne-

Tavissave WaWaze _ rogorc duRilis dros, ise mis

loba aqvs

Semdgom periodSic. am SemTxvevaSi Zalze sain-

xangrZlivobas, garemo pirobebs da sxv.

28

yurZnis jiSs, alkoholuri duRilis

rac Seexeba TeTr Rvinos, Zveli kaxuri wesi gulisxmobda WaWaze Rvinis adre gazafxulamde (martis dasawyisi) davargebas. aRniSnul periodSi Rvino iZens kaxuri RvinisaTvis damaxasiaTebel tipurobas, romelic ganapirobebs am Rvinis unikalurobas. xalxSi gavrcelebuli azri, rom TiTqos WaWaze didxans davargebuli Rvino zedmetad uxeSi gamodiodes, usafuZvloa. uxeSi da uxarisxo Rvino WaWaze didxans dayovnebiT ki ara, rigi wesebis daucvelobisa da teqnologiuri procesebis darRvevis gamo dgeba. WaWaze ase didi xniT dayovnebuli Rvino iZens muq Calisfer, oqrosfer an Caisfer

Seferilobas,

igi

aris

absoluturad

gamWvirvale da kriala, xasiaTdeba xilis toneorSimoTi Rvinis amoReba (imereTi)

biTa da taninebis zomieri SemcvelobiT, da rac Zalze

mniSvnelovania,

stabi-

mcire xniT imyofeboda, magaliTad ramdenime dRe

luri. amgvar Rvinos aRar axasiaTebs SemRvreva,

an sulac erTi-ori kvira, maSin yurZnis WaWidan

aris ufro metad sasargeblo adamianis organiz-

Rvino, miT umetes bolomde dauduRebeli, ver

misaTvis,

bunebrivad

Rvino,

moaswrebs SeiZinos da miiRos yvela zemoT Ca-

radgan alkohols qvevris RvinoSi didi xniT

moTvlili sasargeblo Tviseba da, TavisTavad

dayovnebuli yurZnis WaWidan maqsimalurad ga-

cxadia, verc qvevri moaswrebs aseT mcire droSi

moaqvs adamianis organizmisaTvis saWiro da sa-

dadebiTad imoqmedos Rvinoze.

sargeblo

vidre,

aris

magaliTad,

nivTierebebi.

pirdapir

Rvinis dayenebis imeruli wesi ki gulisxmobs

boTlebSic rom Camoisxas - gaufiltravad da da-

sawnaxlidan an yurZnis wnexidan qvevrebSi Casx-

umuSaveblad

da

mul tkbils daematos (kaxuri wesisagan gansxva-

TavisTavad cxadia, Rvinis zemoT CamoTvlil

simum erTi mesamedi nawili. ra Tqma unda, aqac

-

igi

aseTi

evropuli

Rvino

SesaniSnavad

gaZlebs

Seinaxeba.

vebiT) ara WaWis mTliani raodenoba, aramed maq-

Tvisebebze gavlenas axdens ara erTi, aramed ram-

TeTryurZniani jiSebi igulisxmeba.

denime faqtori, kerZod, Tavad qvevri, duRilisa

qarTlsa da mesxeT-javaxeTSi, TumcaRa zusti

da WaWaze Semdgomi davargebis temperatura, yur-

gadmocema ar arsebobs aqauri Rvinis dayenebis

Znis jiSi, venaxis adgilmdebareoba, yurZnis sim-

wesisa, magram aqac, ise, rogorc es kaxeTsa da

wife da misi qimiuri Sedgeniloba, WaWaze dayov-

imereTSi iyo miRebuli, qvevrebSi mimdinareobda

nebis periodi, marani, misi higiena da sxv. aqedan

ara mxolod yurZnis tkbilis, aramed WaWis erT

gamomdinare, Tuki Rvino qvevrebSi Tavissave WaWaze,

nawilTan erTad misi duRili da WaWaze Semdgomi

WaWis erT nawilze an sulac uWaWod mxolod

davargeba garkveuli droiT.

29

unda aRiniSnos, rom arc Rvinis `udedod~ dayeneba yofila ucxo saqarTveloSi. udedod, anu, Tanamedrove gagebiT, evropuli wesiT Rvinis dayenebas ZvelTaganve icnobdnen CvenSi, Tumca unda iTqvas, rom udedod dayenebul Rvinoze raime cnobebs qarTul wyaroebSi ufro iSviaTad vxvdebiT, vidre Rvinis qarTulad dayenebis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos

zogierT

kuTxeSi

aseve

scodniaT

ramdenime jiSis yurZnis tkbilisa da WaWis garkveuli dozebiT erTmaneTSi Sereva da maTi qvevrebSi erTianad daduReba. magaliTad, qarTlSi, qalaq gorTan mdebare sofel xidisTavSi icodnen qarTlis yurZnis jiSebis - Cinuris, Tavkverisa da goruli mwvanis erTmaneTSi SereviT Zvel droSi

moxdili qvevri imereTSi

TiTqmis mTel aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ganTqmuli Rvinis - `xidisTauris~ dayeneba. aseve ra-

bamde, ise, rogorc magaliTad kaxuri saferavis

WaSi aleqsandroulisa da mujureTulis erTad

SemTxvevaSi, magram WaWidan moxsnili Rvino qvev-

daduRebiT miiRebdnen mTel saqarTveloSi cno-

rsave unda daubrundes da ara sxva WurWels (igulisxmeba: kasri, cisterna da sxv.). marTalia, jer-

bil Rvinos `xvanWkaras~ saxelwodebiT da sxv. dasasrul, unda aRiniSnos, rom Rvinis qarTu-

jerobiT saqarTvelos kanoni vazisa da Rvinis Se-

lad dayeneba zogadad gulisxmobs yurZnis tkbi-

saxeb qvevris Rvinis teqnologiaze arafers ambobs,

lis garkveuli raodenobis WaWasTan erTad dadu-

magram, specialistebis azriT, qvevris Rvinod un-

Rebas, daRvinebasa da Semdgom davargebas.

da CaiTvalos iseTi Rvino, romelmac qvevrebSi,

miuxe-

davad imisa, rom Rvinis evropulad, anu Rvinis

daduRebidan

udedod dayeneba CvenTvis ucxo Zvel droSic ki

uWaWod, minimum sami_eqvsi Tve dahyo.

moyolebuli,

Tavis

WaWianad

Tu

ar yofila da amgvari Rvino saukuneebis ganmav-

oriode sityviT SevexoT aseve qvevrebSi Rvinis

lobaSi mzaddeboda, qarTul Rvinod moiazreba

Senaxvis xangrZlovobis sakiTxsac. mosaxleobaSi

ara es ukanaskneli, aramed swored zemoT xsene-

gavrcelebulia

buli teqnologiiT dayenebuli Rvino. miRebu-

mxolod erT wlamde inaxebodes da amis Semdeg

lia, rom qvevris Rvinod CaiTvleba is Rvino, ro-

qvevri Rvinos veRar inaxavdes. es azri mcdaria -

azri,

TiTqos,

Rvino

qvevrebSi

melmac ara mxolod daiduRa qvevrebSi, aramed

Tu qvevrebSi Rvino xangrZlivad ar inaxeba, es ara

garkveuli droiT qvevrebSive davargda. SesaZloa

qvevris, aramed imis bralia, rom meRvines daurR-

qvevrebSi Rvino Tavissave WaWaze ar davargdes, ara-

vevia qvevris movla_higienisa da Rvinis Senaxvis

med Rvino da WaWa gancalkevdes alkoholuri du-

teqnikuri Tu teqnologiuri wesebi, romlebzec

Rilis damTavrebis Semdeg an sulac damTavre-

Cven saubari ukve gvqonda.

30

qvevrebSi Rvino, Tuki daculia Rvinis Senaxvis,

qvevri da gamarTuli marani winapirobebia imisa,

marnis mowyobisa da higienis yvela piroba, SesaZ-

rom Rvino Senaxul iqnes xangrZlivad da xaris-

loa Senaxul iqnes sakmaod xangrZlivad. Zvelad

xianad. da Tuki Rvinis xangrZlivad Senaxva SesaZ-

Rvinos qvevrebSi aTwleulobiTac ki inaxavdnen.

lebelia muxis kasrebSi an liTonis cisternebSi,

aseT dros ra Tqma unda, araa gamoricxuli qvev-

qvevrebSi miT umetes SesaZlebelia Rvinis wlo-

ris Rvinis xarisxisa da mdgomareobis garkveuli

biT Senaxva. zogadad, Tuki Rvino Tundac ori

periodulobiT gakontroleba da saWiroebis Sem-

wliT,

TxvevaSi procesSi Careva.

qvevrma, es ukve niSnavs, rom Rvinis Senaxva qvevrebSi

wesebis dacviT damzadebuli da garecxili

yovelgvari

problemis

gareSe

Seinaxa

gacilebiT xangrZlivi droiTacaa SesaZlebeli.

31

zedaSis qvevri da Rvino miuxedavad imisa, rom qvevrSi Rvinis dayenebis sakiTxi erT mTlian sagans warmoadgens, SeiZleba sazedaSe qvevri da Rvino mainc calke movlenad gamoiyos. TavisTavad sazedaSe Rvinis dayeneba didad ar gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi Rvinis dayenebisagan. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba am ori Rvinis dayenebis SemTxvevaSi aris ar Rvinis teqnologia, aramed Sinaarsobrivi, daniSnulebiTi mxare. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT, zedaSe aris wiTeli Rvino, romelsac xmarobdnen ziarebis an jvrisweris wesis Sesrulebisas; aqvea meore ganmartebac: saeklesio dResas-

zedaSes qvevrebi alaverdis taZris ezoSi

waulebisaTvis sagangebod Semonaxuli saukeTeso doa, rom zedaSis qvevrebi ufro gulmodgined

Rvino. zedaSis qvevri maranSi erTgvar orientirs war-

irecxeboda da am mniSvnelovan process meti dro

mas yovelTvis gamorCeuli adgili

da energia daeTmoboda warsulSi. zedaSis qvev-

unda sWeroda, xolo danarCeni qvevrebic swored

rebisa da Rvinis kultura mTel saqarTveloSia

moadgenda da

zedaSis qvevrisa Tu qvevrebis mdebareobis gaTva-

gavrcelebuli, magram am movlenas ufro metad

liswinebiT ganlagdeboda maranSi. es sulac ar

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi da, konkretulad, ka-

niSnavs, rom zedaSes Sua, centraluri adgili

xeTSi vxvdebiT. Zvelad praqtikulad ar arse-

unda sWeroda sxva qvevrebs Soris. piriqiT _ ze-

bobda arc erTi marani, sadac zedaSis Tundac

daSis

erTi qvevri ar yofiliyo Cafluli.

qvevri

magram

gancalkevebul

zedaSeebis

adgili,

adgils Rvinis

ikavebda,

xarisxianad

aqedan

gamomdinare,

TiTqmis

yvela

marnis

Senaxvis TvalsazrisiT, unda yofiliyo saukeTeso

mflobel ojaxs hqonda zedaSis qvevri, romelSic

sxva

igu-

mzaddeboda rogorc taZar-monastrisaTvis Sesa-

lisxmeba sigrile, mzis sxivebis miuwvdomloba da

wiri, ise saero Tu saeklesio dResaswaulebze

SedarebiT myudro adgili.

sakuTari moxmarebisTvis gankuTvnili Rvino.

qvevrebis

mdebareobasTan

SedarebiT.

Cven dRemde ar mogvepoveba masala imis Sesaxeb,

ori sityviT SevexoT Tavad sazedaSe Rvinis da-

Tu ra gansxvaveba arsebobda Cveulebrivsa da ze-

yenebis wessac. sazedaSe Rvinos esaWiroeba gan-

daSis qvevrebis damzadebis teqnologias Soris.

sakuTrebuli yuradReba, movla da mopyroba, daw-

gansxvavebas zedaSisa da Cveulebriv qvevrebs Soris

ye-buli qvevrebis recxviTa da marnis sisufTaviT,

arc maTi cviliT damuSavebisa Tu kiriT daduRa-

vidre yurZnis gadamuSavebisa da misi daduReba-

bebis SemTxvevaSi vxvdebiT, Tumca didad savarau-

daRvinebisa da Senaxvis procesamde.

32

periodSi

ojaxur pirobebSi dayenebul sazedaSe Rvinos

sWirdeba WaWis xSiri dareva, es procesi SesaZloa

qvevrebs

damuSaveba (igulisxmeba filtracia, gawebva da

dReSi

alkoholuri

minimum

5-jer

duRilis

ki

sxva qimiuri danamatebi) ar esaWiroeba. aseve ara-

kargia, Tu qvevrebSi WaWas yovel or-sam saaTSi

ganmeordes.

saerTod

nair saWiroebas ar warmoadgens da aseT SemTxve-

erTxel mainc daureven, gansakuTrebiT mZafri

vaSi arc aris rekomendebuli alkoholuri du-

duRilis periodSi. duRilis damTavrebis Semdeg

Rilis dros safuvris wminda kulturis gamo-

WaWa da Rvino unda gancalkevdes da Rvino unda

yenebac. zogadad, ojaxur pirobebSi, araTu saze-

gadaiRon calke qvevrSi, ris Semdegac sazedaSe

daSe Rvinos, aramed Cveulebriv Rvinosac ar esa-

Rvinos

garkveuli

Wiroeba zemoT CamoTvlili danamatebi da filt-

drois manZilze. Rvinos, WaWidan moxsnis Semdeg,

racia, radgan Rvino, Tuki mas codniT miudgebiT,

esaWiroeba

sruli

simSvide

pirvelma gadaRebam SesaZloa sxvadasxva dros

bunebrivad da yovelgvari qimiuri danamatebis ga-

mouwios adgilis, regionis, mosavlis wlisa Tu

reSe gaivlis yvela im etaps, romelic, magali-

sxva faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT. es dro SesaZ-

Tad, qarxnul meRvineobas esaWiroeba. erTaderTi

loa iyos, magaliTad, noember-dekemberi. sazeda-

meTodi, romlis gamoyenebac daSvebulia zedaSis

Se Rvinis dasayeneblad unda dawuron mxolod da

Rvinis dayenebisas, esaa qvevrebSi gogirdis Cabo-

mxolod wiTelyurZniani vazis jiSebi. yovlad da-

leba, rasac WurWlisave sadezinfeqciod mimar-

uSvebelia sazedaSe Rvinis dasayeneblad TeTr-

Taven maTi gamoyenebis win. am meTods Cveni winap-

yurZniani vazis jiSebis gamoyeneba an Tundac maTi

rebic iyenebdnen. ra Tqma unda, gogirdis Caboleba

umciresi nawilis Sereva wiTel yurZenSi. aseve ar

ar gamoricxavs WurWlisa da marnis higienis wese-

SeiZleba wiTel sazedaSe RvinoSi TeTri Rvinis

bis dacvas, rac erT-erTi winapirobaa xarisxiani

Serevac, Tundac es iyos Rvinis sul mciredi na-

Rvinis misaRebad.

wilic ki. amis garda, unda gamoiricxos sazedaSe

aqedan gamomdinare, sazedaSe Rvinos esaWiroeba

RvinoSi wylis moxvdrac. amis Tavidan asacileb-

ara filtracia, gawebva Tu sxva preparatebiT

lad WurWeli (qvevri, kasri, minis WurWeli Tu

gajereba, aramed WaWidan drouli moxsna, gada-

sxva), unda gamoiyenoT maSin, rodesac igi recxvis

Rebis swori drois SerCeva, wesebis dacviT Senaxva

Semdeg kargad gaSreba. sazedaSed aseve ar gamoi-

da, rogorc ukve iTqva, marnisa da WurWelis hi-

yeneben vardisferi Rvinis momcem yurZnis jiSeb-

gienuri wesebis zusti Sesruleba.

sac, romelTa Seferilobac sustia. zogadad, sazedaSe da aqedan gamomdinare sabarZime RvinisaTvis umjobesia Tu gamoyenebuli iqneba Zveli qarTuli wiTelyurZniani vazis jiSebi, rogorebicaa, magaliTad: “saferavi”, “ZvelSavi”, “ocxanuri safere”, qarTlisa Tu kaxeTis “Tavkveri”, “Savkapito” da sxva, dasavleTisa Tu aRmosavleT saqarTvelos yurZnis jiSebi.

33

qvevris damRebi qvevris damRebi meqvevris mier dasmuli ergvari niSnulebia qvevris pirze. Cvens mier gadaRebuli qvevris damRebis suraTebi mogrovilia rogorc dasavleT ise aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan. damRebis simravliTa da mravalferovnebiT gansakuTrebiT kaxeTia gamorCeuli da Cveni fotokoleqciis didi nawilic swored kaxeTSia gadaRebuli. marTalia, Zveli meTuneebi damRebs sxva nawarmsac ukeTebdnen, rogorebicaa: kramiti, aguri, didi zomis wylisa Tu sxva WurWeli, magram damRebis yvelaze meti raodenoba Tu mravalferovneba swored Zvel qvevrebze gvxvdeba. damRis mixedviT Cven SegviZlia amovicnoT kidec rogorc qvevris ostati, ise Tavad qvevris warmomavloba, SesaZloa gavigoT qvevris damzadebis TariRi da sxv. xSirad damRebi naTels hfenen, saidan sad gahqondaT qvevrebi. Zveli qvevrebis umetesobas aqvs damRa, romelzec gamosaxuli iyo: meqvevris inicialebi, ostatis sruli saxeli da gvari, damzadebis weli, sxvdasxva ornamentebi, jvari, yvavili, borjRali, qvevris

damzadebis

adgili,

Zalze

iSviaTad

qvevris moculoba da sxv. xalxuri

gadmocemiT,

Zvelad

damRa

amav-

droulad warmoadgenda erTgvar xarisxis niSansac. damRis niSani mamidan Svilze an SviliSvilze avtomaturad ar gadadioda da yovel meqvevres Tavis naxelavze damRis dasmis ufleba Tavadve unda moepovebina.

34

35

boloTqma amrigad vasrulebT broSuras “qarTuli qvevrebi”.

rogorc

mkiTxveli

darwmundeboda,

wi-

namdebare broSura qarTuli, tradiciuli WurWlis - qvevris

popularizacias emsaxureba. ro-

gorc SesavalSive aRiniSna, Znelia erTi broSuris farglebSi moaqcio iseTi mniSvnelovani da amavdroulad moculobiTi Tema, rogoric qvevri da meqvevreobaa, miT umetes, rom aRniSnuli Tema jer kidev Semdgomi kvlevis sagans warmoadgens da bolomde Seswavlili araa. swored amitomac SesaZloa, rom aRniSnulma naSromma farTo mkiTxvels da gansakuTrebiT maT, vinc ase Tu ise misdevs

mamapapur

qvevrebSi

Rvinis

qarTulad

dayenebis wess, zogierT SekiTxvaze verc ki upasuxa, rac bunebrivicaa. Cven vimedovnebT, rom axlo momavalSi am sakiTxebis garSemo pasuxgaucemeli kiTxva aRar iarsebebs. Cven

momavalSic

vgegmavT

mevenaxeoba-meRvi-

neobis sakiTxebze axali gamocemebis momzadebas, romlebic

Seexeba

qarTuli

marnis

aSeneba-

mowyobasa da mis arqiteqturas, venaxis gaSenebas, qarTuli saRvine WurWelisa da venaxisa da marnis iaraR-inventarsa da sxv. aseve igegmeba gamoices katalogi “qarTuli vazis jiSebi”. dasasrul gvinda kvlav gavimeoroT da aRvniSnoT, rom qarTuli tradiciuli saRvine WurWeli - qvevri unikaluri WurWelia, am unikalurobas qmnis misi daxvewili forma, simartive, arqauloba da, rac mTavaria, misi Seucvleli da didi roli Rvinis qarTulad dayenebis saqmeSi.

leqi iqa, Rvino aqa, kasri iqa, qvevri aqa.

36

gamoyenebuli literatura ? a. boxoCaZe, mevenaxeoba-meRvineoba Zvel

saqarTveloSi arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT. Tbilisi 1963; ? a. lekiaSvili, Sen xar venaxi. Tbilisi 1972; ? l. fruiZe, mevenaxeoba da meRvineoba

saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi 1974; ? iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad.

tomi V. “meRvineoba”. Tbilisi 1986; ? masalebi saqarTvelos Sinamrewvelobisa da

xelosnobis istoriisaTvis. tomi II. Tbilisi 1979; ? m. zandukeli. qarTuli xalxuri keramika

(qsnis xeoba). Tbilisi 1982; ? qarTlis cxovreba IV. batoniSvili vaxuSti.

aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa; ? ilia WavWavaZe. Rvinis qarTulad dayeneba

(narkvevi). 1887; ? T. Rlonti. ilia WavWavaZe da soflis

meurneoba. Tbilisi 1988; ? gazeTi “meurne” #9. Tbilisi 1888w. 3 marti; ? T. l. e. jorjaZe. mevenaxeoba da Rvinis

dayeneba, keTeba da gaumjobeseba xelTmZRvanelobisaTvis kaxuri Rvinis myenebelTa. Tbilisi, 1876; ? j. sonRulaSvili. saqarTvelos mevenaxeoba-

meRvineobis istoriisaTvis. Tbilisi, 1974.

37

SeniSvnebiI

38

asociacia `elkana~ gazafxulis q. # 16, 0177 Tbilisi, saqarTvelo tel./faqsi: +995 (32) 536 488/536 487 [email protected]; [email protected] www.elkana.org.ge;