Computer Graphics

Computer Graphics Dr. S.M. Malaek Assistant: M. Younesi

Computer Graphics Time: Textbook:

Sunday/Tuesday 13:30-15 ‫ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ‬،‫ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺪﻟﺴﺎﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﻱ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬ ‫ ﻣﻌﺼﻮﻣﻪ ﻳﻮﻧﺴﻲ‬،‫ﺳﻴﺪﻣﺤﻤﺪﺑﺎﻗﺮ ﻣﻼﺋﻚ‬ COMPUTER GRAPHICS, Donald Haern, M. Pauline Baker (Second Edition) Introduction to Computer Graphics, Anirban Mukhopadhyay, Arup Chattopadhyay

Modeling Computers

have become a powerful tool for the rapid and economical production of pictures and models.

There

is no area in which graphics displays cannot be used to some advantage.

What is Computer Graphics? Computer

graphics generally means creation, storage and manipulation of models and images.

What is Computer Graphics? Such

models come from diverse and expanding set of fields including physical, mathematical, artistic, biological, economical, ….

Model Model,

models, or modeling: a pattern, plan, representation, or description designed to show the structure or working of an object, system, or concept.

Physical Model

Physical Model A

physical model is used to mean a physical representation of some things, for example a bolt or the solar system.

Physical Model The

geometry of the model and the object it represents are often similar in the sense that one is a rescaling of the other. A scale model of the Singapore City Centre.

Physical Model

Model of a war scene.

Physical Model

Model of molecule.

Physical Model

Cuddly toy

Mathematical Model

Mathematical Model A mathematical mode: it uses mathematical language to describe the behaviour of a system. Mathematical

models are used in the science, engineering, economics and …

Mathematical Model Examples:

Population Growth

Model of a particle in a potential field.

Mathematical Model A

mathematical model describes a system by a set of variables and a set of equations that establish relationship between the variables.

Economics Model

Economic Model In

economics, a model is a theoretical construct that represents economic processes by a set of variables and a set of logical and quantitative relationships between them.

Economic Model Economic

models have two

function: Simplification

Selection

What is Computer Graphics?

William Fetter coined term “computer graphics” in 1960 to describe new design methods he was pursuing at

Boeing.

Created a series of widely reproduced images on pen plotter exploring cockpit design, using 3D model of human body.

What is Computer Graphics?

“Perhaps the best way to define computer graphics is to find out what it is not. It is not a machine. It is not a computer, nor a group of computer programs. It is not the know-how of a graphic designer, a programmer, a writer, a motion picture specialist, or a reproduction specialist. Computer graphics is all these – a consciously managed and documented technology directed toward communicating information accurately and descriptively.”

What is Interactive Computer Graphics? User

controls contents, structure, and appearance of objects and their displayed images via rapid visual feedback.

Interactive Computer Graphics

Basic components of an interactive graphics system:

input (e.g., mouse, tablet and stylus, scanner…)

processing (and storage) display/output (e.g., screen, paper-based

printer, video recorder …)


First truly interactive graphics system, Sketchpad, pioneered at MIT by Ivan Sutherland for his 1963 Ph.D. thesis.

Sketchpad in 1963. Note use of a CRT monitor, light pen and function-key panel.

Interactive Computer Graphics Before

Sketchpad, output via plotters/printers, input via keypunch.

Card punching.

IBM 704 . took up a whole room and was capable of about 4,000 arithmetic operations/second.

Interactive Computer Graphics “The Sketchpad system uses drawing as a novel communication medium for a computer. The system contains input, output, and computation programs which enable it to interpret information drawn directly on a computer display. ”


“Sketchpad has shown the most usefulness as an aid to the understanding of processes, such as the motion of linkages, which can be described with pictures. Sketchpad also makes it easy to draw highly repetitive or highly accurate drawings and to change drawings previously drawn with it…”


Three factors be considered:

Time

Cost

Quality

Interactive Computer Graphics Cost/Time ($/hr): Whirlwind, built in early 50’s at MIT, cost $4.5 million and could perform 40,000 additions/second. Mac 512K, list price $3,195 in 1984, could do 500,000. Today, commodity PCs perform approximately two or three billion operations/second.


Quality: Eliminates error propagation by using data bases and transfer of data.

Applications Computer Aided Design Presentation Graphics Computer Art Entertainment Education and training Visualization Image Processing Graphics User Interfaces

Applications

Computer Aided Design (CAD)

Applications Computer Aided Design (CAD) A

major use of computer graphics in design processes, particularly for engineering and architectural system. But almost all product are now computer designed.

Applications Computer Aided Design (CAD) For

some design applications, objects are first displayed in a wireframe outline form.

Wireframe

(outline) form shows the overall shape and internal features of objects.

Applications Computer Aided Design (CAD)

CAD methods are now used in the design of: Buildings


Automobiles


Aircraft


Watercraft

Applications Computer Aided Design (CAD) Spacecraft Textiles …


Software package for CAD applications typically provide the designer with a multi-window environment.


Circuits designed by successively placing components into the layout, with the graphics package automatically providing the connections between components.


Animation are often used in CAD applications.

Animation in virtual reality environment are used to determine how system operators are affected by certain motion.


Virtual Reality (VR) Fishtank VR


The manufacturing process is also tied in to the computer description of designed objects to automate the construction of the product.


Architectural Designs


Rug Pattern

Applications

Presentation Graphics

Applications Presentation Graphics Presentation

graphics used to product illustrations for reports or to generate 35-mm slides or transparencies for use with projectors.

Applications Presentation Graphics

Presentation graphics is used to:

Statistical Mathematical Scientific Economic data Managerial report Consumer information bulletins


Typical examples of presentation graphics are:

Bar Graphs Line Graphs Surface Graphs Pie Charts


Typical examples of presentation graphics are:

Histogram Task Schedule Chart Inventory Chart Production Chart


Bar Charts


Line Graphs 30 25 20

Series1

15

Series2 Series3

10 5 0 1

2

3

4


Surface Graphs


Pie Charts


Histogram: A

histogram is the graphical version of a able which shows what property of cases fall into each of several or many specified categories.


Task Scheduling chart:

In project management, a schedule consists of a list of a project’s terminal elements with intended start and finish dates.


Production Chart


Export Chart

Applications

Computer Art

Applications Computer Art Computer

graphics are widely used in both fine art and commercial art applications.

Applications Computer Art Fine Art

Paintbrush Program:

It allows artists to “paint” pictures on the screen of a video monitor.

Applications Computer Art

Example of Paintbrush Methods:

Applications Computer Art Commercial Art Logos Page

layout (Combining

text and graphics)

TV

Advertising Spots

Applications Computer Art Commercial Art

Advertising


Morphing: Where one object is transformed (metamorphosed) into another.


Morphing

Applications

Entertainment

Applications Entertainment Computer

graphics are now commonly used in making motion pictures, music video, and television shows.

Applications Entertainment TV

Shows

Applications Entertainment Games

Applications Entertainment Games

Applications

Education and Training

Applications Education and Training Models

of physical systems, physiological systems, population trends can help trainees to understand the operation of the system.

Applications Education and Training

For some training applications, special systems are designed.

Color-coded diagram used to explain the operation of a nuclear reactor.

Applications Education and Training Special

systems are the simulators for practice session or training of ship captains, aircraft pilots, and air traffic control personnel.

Applications Education and Training Flight

Simulator


Simulator


Simulator

Applications Education and Training Naval

Simulator

Applications Education and Training Naval

Simulator

Applications

Visualization

Applications Visualization Producing graphical representation for scientific, engineering, and medical data sets and processes is generally referred to as scientific visualization. The term business visualization is used in connection with data sets related to commerce, industry, and other nonscientific areas.

Applications Visualization

A Color-coded with 16 million density points of relative brightness.


Visualisation Techniques for Architecture


Distribution of galaxies


Visualisation of confocal microscope data


Mathematical data.


Medical data.


Medical Data


Mars renderings


Mars renderings

Applications

Image Processing

Applications Image Processing

Image processing applies techniques to modify or interpret existing pictures, such as photographs and TV scans.

Medicine uses these techniques to model and study physic functions, to artificial limbs, and to plan and practice surgery.

Applications Image Processing

Medical Visualization

Applications

Graphics User Interfaces

Applications Graphics User Interfaces

A major component of a graphical interface is a window manager that allows a user to display multi-window areas.

Applications Graphics User Interfaces

Interfaces also display menus and icons for fast selection of processing options or parameter values.

An icon is a graphical symbol that is designed to look like the processing option it represent.

Computer Graphics

Computer Graphics

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