Supervised Learning for Neural Networks: A Tutorial ... - LCN - EPFL

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Supervised Learning for Neural Networks: A Tutorial with JAVA exercises a. Wulfram Gerstner. 1A chapter in the EPFL graduate volume on 'Intelligent ...
 

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