sasamarTlo praqtikis problemebi saqarTveloSi - MKD

sasamarTlo praqtikis problemebi saqarTveloSi (marTlmsajulebis `dimpitauri~) I. Sesavali. 1. samarTlis zogadi Teoria samarTlis sam ZiriTad wyaros icnobs: a) normatiuli aqtebi (dawerili anu statuturi samarTali); b) sasamarTlo praqtika (precedentuli samarTali) da c) Cveulebebi (CveulebiTi samarTali). samarTlis zemoaRniSnul wyaroebs moicavs nebismieri samarTlebrivi sistema Tu samarTlebriv sistemaTa ojaxi. amave dros, samarTlebriv sistemaTa ojaxebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian ara mxolod Zireuli samarTlebrivi institutebiT, aramed imiTac, Tu ra doziT aris warmodgenili samarTlis esa Tu is wyaro mTlianad samarTlis sistemaSi. magaliTad, anglosaqsuri samarTlisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia precedentuli samarTlis gansakuTrebuli roli. romanul-germanuli samarTlebriv sistemebSi ki, dawerili samarTlis, normatiuli aqtebis roli dominirebs. Cveulebebis, rogorc samarTlis wyaros roli mniSvnelovania muslimanuri da sxva naklebad ganviTarebuli samarTlebrivi sistemebisaTvis. iuridiul literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom SeiniSneba anglosaqsur da romanulgermanuli samarTlebrivi sistemebis garkveuli daaxloebis procesi, rac imaSi vlidneba, rom anglo-saqsuri samarTlis qveynebSi izrdeba statuturi samarTlis roli, xolo romanulgermanuli samarTlis qveynebSi – sasamarTlo precedentis mniSvneloba. 2. qarTuli samarTali tradiciulad romanul-germanul samarTlebriv sistemaTa ojaxSi Sedis. Sesabamisad, qarTuli samarTlis ZiriTad wyaros normatiuli aqtebi Seadgenen. qvemoT qvemoT mimovixilavT Semdeg sakiTxebs: Tu ra roli akisria qarTul samarTalSi sasamarTlo praqtikas; ra problebemis winaSe dganas igi; riT aris es gamowveuli da ra gzebi arsebobs maT dasaZlevad. zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxebis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, bunebrivia, erT statiaSi SeuZlebelia yvela problemuli sakiTxis siRrmiseuli ganxilva. amitom mas eqneba mxolod zogadi mimoxilvis xasiaTi. II. sasamarTlo praqtikis mniSvneloba 3. sazogadod, sasamarTlo praqtika SeiZleba asrulebdes samarTlis wyaros rols, an mniSvnelovani iyos mxolod samarTlebrivi normebis ganmartebis, maTi erTgvarovani gamoyenebis praqtikis damkvidrebisTvis. sasamarTlo precedentze, rogorc samarTlis wyaroze, Cveni azriT, SeiZleba visaubroT mxolod maSin, roca sasamarTlos mier iqmneba axali norma, romelsac ar Seicaven gamoqveynebuli normatiuli aqtebi. sasamarTlos normaSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis samarTlebriv safuZvlad SeiZleba miviCnioT samarTlis analogiis principi _ roca normatiuli aqtebi konkretuli an msgavsi sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis momwesrigebel normas ar Seicavs, sasamarTlo, avsebs ra sakanonmdeblo xarvezs, Tavad qmnis aseT normas `samarTlis zogadi principebis, agreTve samarTlianobis, keTilsindisierebisa da zneobis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad~ (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 5.2 muxli). 4. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebSi Cven ver mivakvlieT samarTlis analogiiT romelime davis gadawyvetis verc erT SemTxvevas. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba

2009 წ., პაატა კიკნაველიძე, იურისტი

www.mkd.ge

e-mail: [email protected]

gavakeToT daskvna, rom sasamarTlo precedenti, araviTari rols qarTul samarTalSi ar asrulebs. amdenad, qarTul sasamarTlo TvalsazrisiT, Tu ra rols TvalsazrisiT.

rogorc

samarTlis

wyaro,

praqtikulad

praqtikaze, ZiriTadad, SeiZleba visaubroT mxolod im asrulebs igi normatiuli aqtebis normaTa ganmartebis

5. saqarTvelos mier damoukideblobis mopovebamde, aseve damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdgom wlebSi (vidre 1999 wlamde), saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos plenums gaaCnda normatiuli xasiaTis dadgenilebaTa gamotanis uflebamosileba, romliTac igi ganmartavda calkeuli kategoriis saqmeebze kanonmdeblobis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. aseT dadgenilebebs savaldebulo Zala hqonda rogorc sasamarTlo sistemisaTvis, ise im saxelmwifo organoebisTvisac, romlebic gamoiyenebdnen am kanonmdeblobas (prokuratura, sagamoZiebo da sxva administraciuli organoebi da a.S.). Tumca aqve unda iTqvas, rom plenumis dadgenilebebi xSirad scildeboda kanonis normis ganmartebis farglebs da arcTu iSviaTad gadaizrdeboda axali normis SeqmnaSi. maT Soris, plenumis dadgenilebebiT zogjer icvleboda kanoniT dadgenili normebic ki. magaliTi: saqarTvelos Sromis kanonTa kodeqsis 206-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, Tu muSaki daTxovnili iyo profkavSiris komitetis Tanxmobis gareSe, sasamarTlos unda gadaedo saqmis ganxilva, profkavSiris komitetis mier muSakTan Sromis xelSekrulebis moSlaze Tanxmobis sakiTxis gadawyvetamde. amave normiT: `muSakis daTxovnaze Tanxmobis miucemlobis SemTxvevaSi profkavSiris komiteti miiRebs gadawyvetilebas misi samuSaoze aRdgenis Sesaxeb~. `samuSaoze aRdgenis gamo SromiTi davebis saqmeebze sasamarTlo praqtikis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos plenumis 1992 wlis 07 oqtombris #20 dadgenilebis me-3 punqtiT zemoaRniSnuli norma `ganimarta~ Semdegnairad: `Tu saqmis ganxilvis dros gamoirkva, rom muSakis daTxovna ar iyo SeTanxmebuli profkavSiris komitetTan, saqarTvelos Sromis kanonTa kodeqsis 206-e muxlis Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo SeaCerebs saqmis warmoebas, gamoiTxovs profkavSiris komitetis dadgenilebas da mxolod amis Semdeg ganixilavs davas arsebiTad. muSakis daTxovnaze profkavSiris uaris miRebis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo iRebs gadawyvetilebas misi samuSaoze aRdgenis Sesaxeb~. rogorc vxedavT Skk-is 206-e muxlsa da plenumis dadgenilebas Soris aris ori arsebiTi gansxvaveba: 1. kanonis mixedviT, muSakis gaTavisuflebaze profkomitetis Tanxmobis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlos unda gadaedo saqmis ganxilva. plenumis dadgenilebis mixedviT ki, unda SeeCerebina saqmis warmoeba; 2. kanonis mixedviT, Tu profkavSiris komiteti ar gascemda Tanxmobas muSakis gaTavisuflebaze, samuSaoze aRdgenis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebda TviT profkavSiris komiteti. plenumis dadgenilebiT ki – sasamarTlo. zemoT ganxiluli SemTxveva, Cveni azriT, ar Tavsdeba kanonis normis ganmartebis farglebSi. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs ara imdenad kanonis ganmartebasTan, ramdenadac axali, kanonisagan gansxvavebuli normis dadgenasTan. 6. dRes moqmedi kanonmdebloba aRar iTvaliswinebs uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier normatiuli xasiaTis dadgenilebaTa miRebis SesaZleblobas. es gamarTlebulia xelisuflebaTa danawilebis konstituciuri principiT. uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier normatiuli aqtis gamocema, sxva araferi iqneboda Tu ara kanonmdeblis funqciis SeTavseba. sasamarTlom axali norma mxolod im SemTxvevaSi unda Seqmnas (samarTlis analogiis wesiT) Tu: 1) ar arsebobs konretuli urTierTobis (an msgavsi 2 2009 წ., პაატა კიკნაველიძე, იურისტი

www.mkd.ge

e-mail: [email protected]

urTierTobis) momwesrigebeli samarTlebriv mowesrigebas.

norma

da

2)

urTierToba

Tavisi

xasiaTiT

imsaxurebs

III. kanonmdebloba sasamarTlo praqtikis Sesaxeb 7. sasamarTlo praqtikis Taobaze saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc qveynebSi erTiani normatiuli aqti ar arsebobs. amave dros, calkeul sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi administraciul saproceso da samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsebSi bolo dros Setanili cvlilebebiT sasamarTlo praqtikas garkveuli mniSvneloba mieniWa sakasacio saCivris daSvebis sakiTxis gadasawyvetad. sakasacio saCivris dasaSvebobis or pirobas pirdapiri kavSiri aqvs sasamarTlo praqtikasTan. kerZod, sakasacio saCivari dasaSvebad miiCneva, Tu: `saqme mniSvnelovania samarTlis ganviTarebisa da erTiani sasamarTlo praqtikis CamoyalibebisaTvis~ (absoluturi kasacia) an `saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba gansxvavdeba am kategoriis saqmeebze saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos manamde arsebuli praqtikisagan~ (divergentuli kasacia). saqme mniSvnelovania samarTlis ganviTarebisa da erTiani sasamarTlo praqtikis CamoyalibebisaTvis, Tu sadava Seexeba iSviaT samarTlebriv problemas, romelic manamde gadawyvetili ar yofila uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier _ e.i. Tu konkretul sakiTxze ar arsebobs uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtika. saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba gansxvavebulia uzenaesi sasamarTlos manamde arsebuli praqtikisagan, Tu saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebvaSi mocemuli samarTlebrivi normis ganmarteba gansxvavdeba usenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebSi asauli imave normis ganmartebisagan. orive zemoaRniSnul SemTxvevaSi, kanonmdebeli sakasacio saCivars dasaSvebad miiCnevs. 8. `saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~ organuli kanoniT uzenaesi sasamarTlos erTerTi funqcia mdgomareobs erTiani sasamarTlo praqtikis uzrunvelyofaSi. aRniSnuli kanonis me-9 muxlis me-3 punqtis Tanaxmad, Tu sakasacio palata ar iziarebs sxva sakasacio palatis an didi palatis praqtikas (samarTlebrivi normis ganmartebas) saqme gansaxilvelad gadaecema did palatas. zemoaRniSnuli normis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos did palatas gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeba erTgvarovani sasamarTlo praqtikis Camoyalibebis TvalsazrisiT _ man unda aRmofxvras winaaRmdegobani, rac arsebobs sxvadasxva sakasacio palatebis praqtikaSi. amave dros, mxolod didi palata (da ara sxva sakasacio palata) aris uflebamosili gadasinjos sakuTari praqtika. aRniSnuli sakanonmdeblo danawesiT, arapirdapiri miniSneba sasamarTlo praqtikis garkveulwilad `mboWav~ xasiaTze. Tumca qvemdgomi sasamarTloebi formalurad ar arian SezRudulni uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtikiT. Isini uflebamosilni arian normis Sinaarsi ganmarton uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtikis sawinaaRmdegod. SesaZloa, amgvari ganmarteba safuZvladac ki daedos uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier sakuTari praqtikis gadaxedvas. 9. `sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-2 muxlis Tanaxmad, am kanonis normaTa interpretaciisaTvis gamoiyeneba adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqtikaSi xSirad vxvdebiT SemTxvevebs, rodesac sasamarTlo, ama Tu im konstituciuri uflebis Sinaarsisa da farglebis dasadgenad, iyenebs admianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa Sesaxeb evropuli konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli analogiuri uflebis irgvliv strasburgis sasamarTlos precedentul samarTals. 3 2009 წ., პაატა კიკნაველიძე, იურისტი

www.mkd.ge

e-mail: [email protected]

IV. qarTuli sasamarTlo praqtikis stabiluroba 10. qarTuli sasamarTlo praqtika, erTianobisa da stabilurobis TvalsazrisiT, sasurvelisagan aSkarad Sorsaa. xSirad erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia ara marto sxvadasxva instanciis, aramed erTi da igive intanciis sasamarTloTa, maT Soris, uzenaesi sasamarTlos sxvadasxva (samoqalaqo, administraciuli) palatebis praqtika. ufro metic, erTsa da imave normas gansxvavebuli inperpretacia eZleva erTi da imave palatis sxvadasxva Semadgenlobis mier. zogjer ki, inperpretacia gansxvavebulia TviT erTi da imave Semadgenlobis farglebSic ki. es gancxadeba rom liton sityvebad ar darCes moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTs sasamarTlo praqtikidan.

magaliTi pirveli 11. ssk-is 233-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `a~ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlos ufleba ara aqvs gamoitanos dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, Tu `gamoucxadebeli mxare mowveuli ar iyo 70-78-e muxlebiT dadgenili wesiT~. Tu dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba gamovida am normis darRveviT, igi unda gauqmdes ssk-is 241-e muxlis safuZvelze. ssk-is 70-78-e muxlebi sasamarTlo sxdomaze mxaris mowvevis uamrav wess adgens maT Soris erT-erTi aris 70-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT gansazRvruli wesi, romlis Tavdapirveli redaqciis Tanaxmad: `mxareebsa da maT warmomadgenlebs sasamarTlo uwyebiT unda ecnoboT sasamarTlo sxdomis an calkeuli saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebis dro da adgili~ (normis redaqcia amJamad Secvlilia). Tu zemoaRniSnul normas ganvmartavT logikuri gziT, gamodis, rom sasamarTlo uwyeba unda gaegzavnos rogorc mxares, ise mis warmomadgenelsac. amaze miuTiTebs `da~ kavSiri (logikuri gamravleba). rogorc wesi, es norma amgvaradve ganimarteboda uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier. erT-erT saqmeze uzenaesma sasamarTlos gaauqma ra saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, miuTiTa, rom: `mocemul SemTxvevaSi mxares (...) uwyeba ar gagzavnia. uwyeba gaegzavna mxolod mis warmomadgenels~ (2003 w. #3, 710). sxva saqmeze uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganmarta Semdegi: `saapelacio sasamarTlom sworad miiRo dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, vinaidan mxare, misi warmomadgenlis meSveobiT saTanado wesiT iyo gafrTxilebuli sasamarTlo procesze gamocxadebisa da gamoucxadeblobis Sedegebis Sesaxeb...... sakasacio sasamarTlo ganmartavs, rom sasamarTlo procesSi warmomadgenlis monawileoba niSnavs procesSi marwmuneblis monawileobasac da warmomadgenlis gafrTxileba, gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi mis winaaRmdeg dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebis Taobaze, niSnavs marwmuneblis gafrTxilebasac, radgan warmomadgeneli marwmuneblis saxeliT asrulebs yvela saproceso moqmedebas sasamarTloSi~ (2003 w. #1, gv. 195-196). `Tu warmomadgeneli gafrTxilebuli iyo sxdomis dRis daniSvnis Sesaxeb, igulisxmeba, rom mxares sxdomis dRe ecnoba~ (2003 w. #10, gv 2589). `70-e muxlis pirveli nawilis darRveviT im SemTxvevaSi iqneba dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba gamotanili, Tu arc mxarem da arc warmomadgenelma ar icoda sxdomis Taobaze. palata ganmartavs, rom saqmis ganxilvis TariRis Taobaze sakmarisia icodes mxarem, an misma warmomadgenelma, Tu mxare saqmes misi meSveobisT awarmoebs sasamarTloSi~ (2003 w. #11, 2868). 4

2009 წ., პაატა კიკნაველიძე, იურისტი

www.mkd.ge

e-mail: [email protected]

`uwyeba orderSi miTiTebul orive warmomadgenels ar gagzavnia, riTac dairRva ssk-is 70-e muxlis pirveli nawilis moTxovna~ (2004, #2, gv. 435, 18.02.2004 w. #as-563-1222-03 ganC.). ssk-is 233-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `a~ punqtis Tanaxmad, dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotana dauSvebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamoucxadebeli mxare (da ara misi warmomadgeneli) mowveuli ar iyo 70-78-e muxlis moTxovnaTa dacviT (gv. 166, 02.03.2005w. #as-966-1222-04 ganC.). rodesac apelantis warmomadgenels uwyeba ar hqonda Cabarebuli kanoniT dadgenili wesiT, sasamarTlo ar iyo uflebamosili gamoetana dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba (gv. 285, 31.10.2005w. #as-648-941-05 ganC.). komentari: rogorc zemoT moyvanili magaliTebidan naTlad Cans, ssk-is 70-e muxlis pirvel nawils eZleoda urTierTgansxvavebuli da urTierTgamomricxavi interpretacia. erTi mosazrebis mixedviT, 70-e muxlis pirveli nawili savaldebulod miiCnevda uwyebis gagzavnas rogorc mxaris ise misi warmomadgenlisaTvis, xolo Tu mxares ramdenime warmadgeneli hyavda, uwyebis gagzavna aucilebeli iyo yvela warmomadgenlisaTvis. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotana dauSveblad miiCneoda. meore mosazrebis mixedviT ki, igive normis moTxovna daculad CaiTvleboda Tu uwyeba gaegzavneboda an mxares an mis warmomadgenels. zemoT miTiTebul gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis TariRebi cxadyofen, rom SeuZlebelia visaubroT sasamarTlo praqtikis Secvlaze, radgan ssk-is 70-e muxlis pirveli nawilis gansxvavebuli ganmartebebi monacvleoben drois mixedviT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, drois erTsa da igive monakveTSi uzenaesi sasamarTlo normis xan erT ganmartebas mimarTavda, xan – meores. aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoaRniSnuli normis imgvari ganmarteba, roca uwyebis Cabareba sakmarisia an mxaris an misi warmomadgenlisaTvis, gvxvdeba uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis e.w. pirveli Semadgenlobis praqtikaSi, xolo gansxvavebuli interpretacia – meore Semadgenlobis praqtikaSi. zemoaRniSnulis gamo, analogiur sakiTxze sakasacio saCivris bedi arsebiTad damokidebuli iyo imaze, Tu palatis romeli Semadgenloba ganixilavda saCivars.

magaliTi meore 12. Skk-is 204-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, samuSaoze aRdgenis Sesaxeb sarCelis xandazmulobis vada Seadgenda `daTxovnis brZanebis Cabarebidan erT Tves~. uzenaesma sasamarTlom daamkvidra praqtika, romlis mixedviTac daTxovnis brZanebis Cabarebas ar hqonda gadamwyveti mniSvneloba xandazmulobis vadis sawyisi momentis gansazRvrisaTvis. miuxedavad imisa mosarCeles Cabarda Tu ara brZaneba, xandazmulobis vada aiTvleboda im momentidan, roca mosarCelisaTvis cnobili gaxda samuSaodan gaTavisuflebis faqtisa da safuZvlis Sesaxeb. moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTs saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtikidan: `Sromis kanonTa kodeqsis 204-e muxlis I nawilis mixedviT samuSaodan daTxovnis saqmeTa gamo sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTvis vada erTi Tvea. xandazmulobis dena ki iwyeba im momentidan, roca pirma Seityo darRveuli uflebis, konkretul SemTxvevaSi – samuSaodan daTxovnis Sesaxeb~ (2003 w. #3, 492). 5 2009 წ., პაატა კიკნაველიძე, იურისტი

www.mkd.ge

e-mail: [email protected]

`Skk-is 204-e muxlis Tanaxmad, samuSaodan daTxovnis SemTxvevaSi muSebsa da mosamsaxureebs SeuZliaT mimarTon raionul (saqalaqo) sasamarTlos erTi Tvis vadaSi. (...) Skk-is 204-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli vadis dineba unda aiTvalos ara ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb brZanebis Cabarebis droidan, aramed im droidan, roca muSakisaTvis cnobili gaxda samuSaodan daTxovnis Sesaxeb~ (2003 wlis 12 ivnisis #3k-696-03 ganC. 2003 w. #7 gv. 1938). `gaTavisuflebis brZanebis Cabarebas kanonmdebeli aucileblad Tvlis imisaTvis, rom muSakma gaigos gaTavisuflebis faqtisa da gaTavisuflebis safuZvlis Sesaxeb. Tu muSakisaTvis cnobilia gaTavisuflebis faqtisa da safuZvlis Sesaxeb, brZanebis Cabarebas ar SeiZleba gadamwyveti mniSvneloba mieces~ (2003 w. #10, gv 2721). unda aRiniSnos, rom Skk-is 204-e muxlis pirveli nawilis zemoaRniSnuli interpretacia myarad iyo damkvidrebuli praqtikaSi da am TvalsazrisiT 2004 wlamde am praqtikidan gadaxdevas adgili ar hqonia. Tumca 2004 wlis 09 martis #as-79-386-04 ganCinebiT erT-erT saqmeze uzenaesma sasamarTlom ar gaiziara saapelacio sasamarTlos mosazreba, rom mosarCelis mier gaSvebuli iyo SromiTi davisaTvis sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTvis vada da miuTiTa Semdegi: `sasamarTloSi sarCelis wardgenis vadaa daTxovnis Sesaxeb brZanebis Cabarebis dRidan erTi Tve. gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi saapelacio sasamarTlom ar daadgina, Tu rodis Cabarda (mosarCeles) brZaneba samuSaodan daTxovnis Sesaxeb. saapelacio palatam arasworad miiCnia xandazmulobis sakiTxze msjelobisas vadis gamovlis momentad (...) is dro, rodesac (mosarCelem) Seityo Tavisi uflebis darRvevis Sesaxeb~ (2004, #3, gv. 642, 09.03.2004 w. #as-79-386-04 ganC.). komentari: rogorc vxedavT, sakasacio sasamarTlom ise `dasdo brali~ saapelacio sasamarTlos Skk-is 204-e muxlis pirveli nawilis araswor ganmartebaSi, TiTqos amgvari ganmarteba Tavad uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier ar yofiliyo damkvidrebuli. Tu uzenaesma sasamarTlom Secvala Tavisi praqtika, amisaTvis sakmarisi ar unda yofiliyo mxolod `mSrali miTiTeba~ Skk-is 204-e muxlis pirveli nawilze. sasamarTlos unda gaeTvaliswinebia adrindeli praqtikac da saTanadod daesabuTebina praqtikis Secvlis motivebi da aucilebloba. Tumca, Cveni azriT, praqtikis Secvla aq arafer SuaSia. saqme imaSia, rom 2004 wels Seicavala uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis SemadgenlobaTa mier gansaxilvel saqmeTa kategoriebi. kerZod, Tu manamde SromiT davebs ganixilavda palatis I Semadgenloba, SemdgomSi am kategoriis saqmeTa gadawyveta II Semadgenlobas miendo, romelmac yovelgvari dasabuTebis gareSe Secvala normis damkvidrebuli interpretacia.

magaliTi mesame 13. ssk-is 131-e muxlis Tanaxmad: `erTi mxaris mier iseTi garemoebis arsebobis an ararsebobis dadastureba (aRiareba), romelzedac meore mxare amyarebs Tavis moTxovnebsa Tu Sesagebels, sasamarTlom SeiZleba sakmaris mtkicebulebad CaTvalos da safuZvlad daudos sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas~. zemorecitirebuli norma erTgvari novacia iyo, radgan `faqtis aRiarebas~, rogorc mtkicebulebas, 1999 wlamde moqmedi saproceso kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebda. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom norma ar aris imperatiuli xasiaTis ar aris, radgan aRiareba sasamarTlos SeuZlia (logikurad igulisxmeba, rom valdebuli ar aris) CaTvalos sakmaris mtkicebulebad. amitom bunebrivia, rom dRis wesrigSi dadga miTiTebuli normis ganmartebis sakiTxi. 6 2009 წ., პაატა კიკნაველიძე, იურისტი

www.mkd.ge

e-mail: [email protected]

erT-erT saqmeze sakasacio sasamarTlom arasworad miiCnia saolqo sasamarTlos kolegiis mier ssk-is 131-e muxlis ganmarteba, ris gamoc gaauqma gadawyvetuileba da saqme xelaxla gansaxilvelad daubruna imave sasamarTlos. sakasacio sasamarTlos ganCinebaSi miTiTebulia Semdegi: `saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 131-e, 132-e, 133-e muxlebi gansazRvravs mxaris mier calkeuli mtkicebulebis, garemoebis arsebobis an ararsebobis dadasturebis wess. (...) mtkicebulebis aRiareba SeiZleba ar CaiTvalos sakmarisad, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom mxaris mier faqtis aRiarebis procesualuri mniSvneloba unda Sefasdes misi sinamdvilesTan Sesabamisobis TvalsazrisiT. sasamarTlom aRiarebuli mtkicebuleba da sxva mtkicebulebebi, romlebic saqmezea warmodgenili mainc unda Seamowmos da amis safuZvelze gadawyvitos aRiarebuli mtkicebuleba sakmarisad CaiTvalos Tu ara. (...) saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 105-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, TiToeuli mtkicebuleba sasamarTlo sxdomaze yovelmxriv da obieqturad unda iqnes ganxiluli (2001, #3, gv. 262-263, 2001 wlis 14 martis #3k/769 ganC.). sxva saqmeze sakasacio sasamarTlom gaauqma ra saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba miuTiTa Semdegi: `saapelacio sasamarTlos azriT, `mxaris mier faqtis aRiarebis procesualuri mniSvneloba unda Sefasdes misi sinamdvilesTan Sesabamisobis gaTvaliswinebiT. sasamarTlom aRiarebuli mtkicebuleba da sxva mtkicebulebebi, romlebic saqmezea warmodgenili, mainc unda Seamowmos da amis safuZvelze gadawyvitos aRiarebuli mtkicebuleba sakmarisad CaTvalos Tu ara~. palata ver gaiziarebs saapelacio sasamarTlos aseT mosazrebas. ssk-is 131-e muxlis Tanaxmad, erTi mxaris mier iseTi garemoebis arsebobis an ararsebobis dadastureba (aRiareba), romelzedac meore mxare amyarebs Tavis moTxovnebs, Sesagebels, sasamarTlom SeiZleba sakmaris mtkicebulebad CaTvalos da safuZvlad daudos sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas~ (2004, #4, gv. 945, 15.04.2004 w. #as/757-1387-03 ganC.). komentari: rogorc vxedavT, saapelacio sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi sityva-sityviT gaimeora sskis 131-e muxlis is interpretacia, rac mocemulia uzenaesi sasamarTlom 2001 wlis 14 martis z.a. ganCinebaSi. sakasacio sasamarTlo am (Tavissave) ganmartebas ar daeTanxma, xolo mis uarsayofad dakmayofilda mxolod normis citirebiT, saWirod ar miiCnia daesabuTebina, Tu ratom gadauxvia man imave normis adrindel interpretacias, ra obieqturi garemoebebiT iyo gamowveuli sasamarTlo praqtikis Secvla. Tumca aqve gavimeorebT zemoTqmuls. praqtikis SecvlasTan arc am SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs saqme. aqac Tavs iCens palatis sxvadasxva SemadgenlobaTa mier erTi da igive normis sxvadasxvagvari interpretacia (2001 wlis 14 martis ganCineba gamotanilia II Semadgenlobis mier, xolo 2004 wlis 15 aprilisa – I Semadgenlobis mier).

magaliTi meoTxe 14. msgavs viTarebaa gvaqvs saqme sxva normebis interpretaciis drosac. magaliTad: ssk-is 84-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad: `sasamarTlo, romelic saqmis ganxilvis dros daadgens, rom sarCeli aRZrulia ara im piris mier, romelsac moTxovnis ufleba aqvs, SeuZlia mosarCelis TanxmobiT saqmis Seuyvetlad Secvalos Tavdapirveli mosarCele saTanado mosarCeliT~. amave muxlis me-3 nawilis Tanaxmad: `Tu arasaTanado mosarCele ar aris Tanaxma Seicvalos saTanado mosarCeliT (...) sasamarTlo Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT uars etyvis arasaTanado mosarCeles sarCelze misi dausabuTeblobis gamo~. 7 2009 წ., პაატა კიკნაველიძე, იურისტი

www.mkd.ge

e-mail: [email protected]

ssk-is 85-e muxli iTvaliswinebs arasaTanado mopasuxis Secvlis wess. aRniSnuli muxlis Tanaxmad: `Tu saqmis ganxilvisas sasamarTlo daadgens, rom sarCeli aRZrulia ara im piris winaaRmdeg, romelmac pasuxi unda agos sarCelze, mas SeuZlia mosarCelis TanxmobiT Secvalos Tavdapirveli mopasuxe saTanado mopasuxiT. Tu mosarCele ar aris Tanaxma Tavdapirveli mopasuxis saTanado mopasuxiT Secvlaze, sasamarTlo Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT uars etyvis mosarCeles sarCelis dakmayofilebaze~. am normebis ganmartebis dros dadga sakiTxi, Tu rogor unda gavigoT ssk-is 84-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi miTiTebuli debuleba, rom sasamarTlos `SeuZlia mosarCelis TanxmobiT saqmis Seuyvetlad Secvalos Tavdapirveli mosarCele saTanado mosarCeliT~, aseve 85-e muxlis debuleba, rom sasamarTlos `SeuZlia mosarCelis TanxmobiT Secvalos Tavdapirveli mopasuxe saTanado mopasuxiT~. kerZod, arasaTanado mxaris sasamarTlos mxolod uflebaa Tu movaleoba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT SeuZlia Tu ara sasamarTlos mosarCeles uari uTxras sarCelis dakmayofilebaze ise, rom ar SeTavazos mas saTanado mosarCeliT Secvla an saqmeSi saTanado mopasuxis Cabma. vnaxoT rogor ganmartaven am sakiTxs uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo Tu administraciuli palatebi da am palatebis calkeuli Semadgenlobebi. `samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 84-e muxli ar aris imperatiuli xasiaTis. sasamarTlos SeuZlia am normiT ixelmZRvanelos da mosarCelis TanxmobiT Tavdapirveli mosarCele Secvalos saTanado mosarCeliT. sasamarTlos SeuZlia aseve ar gamoiyenos am normis moTxovna da ise gadawyvitos dava~ (2002, #5, 867). `ssk-is 84-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Sesabamisad, marTalia, sasamarTlos, romelic saqmis ganxilvisas daadgens, rom sarCeli aRZrulia ara im piris mier, romelsac moTxovnis ufleba aqvs, SeuZlia mosarCelis TanxmobiT saqmis Seuwyvetlad Secvalos Tavdapirveli mosarCele saTanado mosarCeliT, magram es sasamarTlos uflebaa da ara movaleoba~ (2003, #3, 681). `ssk-is 85-e muxliT sasamarTlos SeuZlia (ar aris valdebuli) Secvalos mopasuxe~ (2003, #6, 1570). `sarCeli wardgenilia arasaTanado mopasuxis mimarT, rac ssk-is 85-e muxlis Tanaxmad, sarCelze uaris Tqmis safuZvelia~ (2003, #12, 3180). sxva saqmeze uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaauqma saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, romliTac mosarCeles uari eTqva arasaTanado mopasuxis mimarT aRZruli sarCelis dakmayofilebaze da miuTiTa, Semdegi: `ar arsebobs (...) sarCelze uaris Tqmis safuZveli ssk-is 85-e muxlis Sesabamisad, vinaidan ar dasturdeba is garemoeba, rom sasamarTlos SesTavaza mosarCeles arasaTanado mopasuxis Secvla da uari miiRo~ (2004, #7, gv. 1721, 24.06.2004 w. #as391-681-04 ganC.). komentari: rogorc vxedavT, Tu erT SemTxvevaSi, uzenaesma sasamarTlom miiiCnia, rom, sasamarTlo, saTanado mxariT Secvlis SeTavazebis gareSec, uflebamosili iyo ar daekmayofilebina arasaTanado mosarCelis mier an arasaTanado mopasuxis mimarT aRZruli sarCeli, meore SemTxvevaSi ki, am ganmartebis sawinaaRmdegod CaTvala, rom sasamarTlo ar iyo uflebamosili saqmeSi saTanado mxaris Cabmis SeTavazebis gareSe, uari eTqva sarCelis dakmayofilebaze. 8 2009 წ., პაატა კიკნაველიძე, იურისტი

www.mkd.ge

e-mail: [email protected]

magaliTi mexuTe 15. ssk-is 230-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad: `Tu sasamarTlo sxdomaze ar gamocxadda mopasuxe (...) da mosarCele Suamdgomlobs dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanaze, maSin sarCelSi miTiTebuli garemoebebi damtkicebulad iTvleba~. amave muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad ki, `Tu sarCelSi miTiTebuli garemoebebi iuridiulad amarTlebs sasarCelo moTxovnas, sarCeli dakmayofildeba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo uars etyvis mosarCeles mis dakmayofilebaze~. sasamarTlo praqtikis winaSe dadga sakiTxi, Tu rogor unda gagebuliyo kanonis moTxovna imis Sesaxeb, iuridiulad amarTlebs Tu ara mopasuxis gamoucxadeblobis gamo dadgenilad miCneuli faqtebi sasarCelo moTxovnas. am sakiTxis ganmartebas uzenaesma sasamarTlom ramdenime gadawyvetileba miuZRvna. qvemoT moviyvanT ramdenime amonarids am gadawyvetilebebidan. `sasamarTlom, romelsac gamoaqvs dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba mosarCelis sasargeblod, yovelTvis unda miuTiTos Tavis am gadawyvetilebaSi Tu romeli kanonis (normis) safuZvelzea gamarTlebuli aseTi gadawyvetilebis gamotana~ (2002, #7, 1194). `sarCelSi miTiTebuli garemoebebi unda amarTlebdes sasarCelo moTxovnas, rac imas niSnavs, rom damtkicebulad CaTvlil garemoebebs kanoni unda ukavSirebdes sasarCelo moTxovnas~ (2003, #6, 1362). uzenaesi sasamarTlos zemoaRniSnuli ganmartebebidan naTelia, rom dadgenili garemoebebi (faqtebi) mxolod im SemTxvevaSi amarTleben iuridiulad sasarCelo moTxovnas, Tu konkretuli samarTlebrivi norma, aRniSnul faqtobriv garemoebebs (Semadgenlobas), sasarCelo moTxovnaSi asaxul samarTlebriv Sedegs ukavSirebs. swored amitom sasamarTlo, romelsac gamoaqvs dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba mosarCelis sasargeblod, valdebulia miuTiTos materialuri samarTlis is norma, romlis mixedviTac, dadgenilad cnobili faqtobrivi garemoebebis pirobebSi, iuridiulad gamarTlebulia (dasabuTebulia) mosarCelis moTxovna. Tumca sxva saqmeze miRebul gadawyvetilebaSi, romelic drois mixedviT, zemorecitirebul gadawyvetilebaTa SualedSia miRebuli, uzenaesma sasamarTlom miuTiTa Semdegi: `dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanisas SeiZleba sasamarTlom ar imsjelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 230-e muxlis meore nawilis moTxovnaze (Tumca sasurvelia aRniSnul garemoebaze sasamarTlom miuTiTos), magram igulisxmeba, rom sasamarTlom dasaSvebad miiCnia dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotana~ (2002, #10, 1902). komentari: amdenad, Tu erT SemTxvevaSi, dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamomtani sasamarTlo valdebulia miuTiTos konkretul normaze, romelic iuridiulad amarTlebs (asabuTebs) mosarCelis moTxovnas, meore SemTxvevaSi es mxolod sasurvelia (?!). amasTan, gaugebaria ras niSnavs Semdegi msjeloba: Tu sasamarTlom miiRo dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba `igulisxmeba, rom sasamarTlom dasaSvebad miiCnia dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotana~. yovelTvis roca gamoaqvs dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, sasamarTlo dasaSvebad miiCnevs amas. Tu es sakmarisi pirobaa da ssk-is 230-e muxlis me-2 nawilis moTxovnaTa dacva savaldebulo ki ara mxolod sasurvelia, maSin Teoriuladac ki gamoiricxeba zemdgomi sasamarTlos mier dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis SesaZlebloba. aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoT moyvanili yvela gadawyvetileba sakasacio palatis erTi da imave Semadgenlobis mier aris gamotanili. 9 2009 წ., პაატა კიკნაველიძე, იურისტი

www.mkd.ge

e-mail: [email protected]

magaliTi meeqvse 16. `saqarTvelos kontrolis palatis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7-8-e muxlebi gansazRvraven kontrolis palatis sarevizio uflebamosilebis farglebs. erT-erTi garemoeba, romelic kontrolis palatas kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piris Semowmebis uflebas aZlevs, warmoadgens am piris mier saxelmwifo sakuTrebis gamoyeneba an marTva. praqtikis winaSe dadga sakiTxi. gaaCnda Tu ara kontrolis palatas saxelmwifos wilobrivi monawileobiT Seqmnili Sps-ebisa da ss-ebis Semowmebis ufleba. kerZod, sawarmos dafuZnebis dros sawesdebo kapitalSi saxelmwifo qonebis Setana niSnavda Tu ara am sawarmoTa mier saxelmwifo sakuTrebis gamoyenebas. erT-erT saqmeze, saolqo sasamarTlos kolegiam 2003 wlis 17 ianvris gadawyvetilebiT, baTilad cno kontrolis palatis Semowmebis aqti im safuZvliT, rom kontrolis palata gascda `kontrolis palatis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7-8-e muxlebiT gansazRvrul kompetencias. kerZod, Semowmebis obieqts warmoadgenda Sps. marTalia, aRniSnuli Sps saxelmwifos 100%-iani wilobrivi monawileobiT iyo Seqmnili, magram mas Semdeg, rac kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piris sawesdebo kapitalSi Cado qoneba, saxelmwifom dakarga masze sakuTrebis ufleba igi gaxda am sawarmos sakuTreba. amitom am SemTxvevaSi Sps-is mier adgili ar hqonia arc saxelmwifo qonebis gamoyenebas da arc mis marTvas, ris gamoc kontrolis palatas ar gaaCnda aRniSnul Sps-Si reviziis Catarebis uflebamosileba. erT-erT saqmeze, uzenaesma sasamarTlom gadawyvetileba, miuTiTa Semdegi:

gaauqma

ra

saolqo

sasamarTlos

kolegiis

`saqarTvelos kontrolis palatis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxlis Tanaxmad kontrolis palata uflebamosilia Seamowmos nebismieri fizikuri da iuridiuli piris saqmianoba mxolod im nawilSi, romelic dakavSirebulia ... raime formiT saxelmwifo sakuTrebis gamoyenebasTan an marTvasTan. sadavo ar aris is garemoeba, rom mosarCelis damfuZnebelia saxelmwifo, 100%-iani wiliT, romelmac Sps-is sawesdebo kapitalSi saxelmwifos kuTvnili qoneba Cado. mocemul SemTxvevaSi saxezea is garemoeba, rodesac saxelmwifos kuTvnili qonebis gamoyeneba xdeba kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piris mier~ (2003 wlis 18 ivlisis #3g-ad-112-k-03 ganCineba, susg. adm. saqmeebze, 2003 w. #9, gv 2427). sxva saqmeze, saolqo sasamarTlo kolegiam 2004 wlis 31 agvistos gadawyvetilebiT, ZalaSi datova ra kontrolis palatis reviziis aqti, ar gaiziara mopasuxis Sesagebeli imis Taobaze, rom kontrolis palata gascda `kontrolis palatis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxliT gaTvaliswinebul uflebamosilebas. kolegiam dadgenilad miiCnia, rom mosarCele warmoadgenda saaqcio sazogadoebas. reviziis momentSi sazogadoebis damfuZnebeli da aqciaTa 98%-is mflobeli iyo saxelmwifo. amdenad, aRniSnuli ss-is sawesdebo kapitalSi Cadebuli iyo ra saxelmwifo qoneba, Sesabamisad, saxeze iyo `kontrolis palatis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxveva, roca saxelmwifos kuTvnili qonebis gamoyeneba xdeboda kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piris mier. uzenaesma sasamarTlom es gadawyvetilebac gaauqma da axali gadawyvetilebiT sarCeli daakmayofila – baTilad cno kontrolis palatis reviziis aqti. gadawyvetilebaSi vkiTxulobT Semdegs: `dadgenilia, rom ss `azoti~ warmoadgens saaqcio sazogadoebas, sadac aqciaTa 98% 2003 wlis 20 martamde imyofeboda saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi. sakasacio sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom ss `azotSi~ kontrolis palatis mier ganxorcielebuli kompleqsuri revizia efuZneba saaqcio sazogadoebis, rogorc kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piris bunebis araswor interpretacias da winaaRmdegobaSia `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis ZiriTad debulebebTan (...). aqcioners qonebis sazogadoebaSi Setanis gziT dakarguli aqvs aRniSnul qonebaze sakuTrebis ufleba (...). saxelmwifom, rogorc sawarmos 10 2009 წ., პაატა კიკნაველიძე, იურისტი

www.mkd.ge

e-mail: [email protected]

damfuZnebelma-aqcionerma qonebis ss `azotSi~ Setanis gziT dakarga qonebaze sakuTreba da SeiZina sakuTari aqciebis gamoyenebisa da marTvis ufleba. `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis analizi sakasacio sasamarTlos aZlevs safuZvels miiCnios, rom saxelmwifos, misi wilobrivi monawileoba, ar aZlevs kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piris qonebis raime formiT gamoyenebis an marTvis uflebas da Sesabamisad, am SemTxvevaze ver gavrceldeba `kontrolis palatis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxlis moqmedeba. (2005 wlis 25 maisis #bs-1490-1206-k-04 gadawyv). komentari: rogorc vxedavT, erTsa da imave faqtobriv garemoebebSi, uzenaesma sasamarTlom miiRo ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego gadawyvetileba. Tu erT SemTxvevaSi sakasacio sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom kontrolis palatas gaaCnda saxelmwifos wilobrivi monawileobiT Seqmnili sawarmos Semowmebis ufleba, meore SemTxvevaSi daadgina, rom kontrolis palatas msgavsi uflebamosileba ar gaaCnda. orive SemTxvevSi, uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier `saqarTvelos kontrolis palatis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxlis urTierTgamomricxav ganmartebas Sedegad mohyva saolqo sasamarTlos kolegiis gadawyvetilebaTa gauqmeba. riT SeiZleba aixsnas yovelive zemoaRniSnuli. droTa ganmavlobaSi, sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi momxdarma obieqturma cvlilebebma SesaZloa gamoiwvios ama Tu im normis interpretaciis Secvlis aucilebloba. es bunebrivi movlenaa da samarTlis ganviTarebis aucilebeli piroba. Tumca am SemTxvevaSi, Cveni azriT, samarTlis ganviTarebasTan saqme naklebad gvaqvs. zemoaRniSnuli normis interpretaciis Secvla uzenaesi sasamarTlos mxridan ufro praqtikuli motivebiT aris nakarnaxevi, vidre samarTlis ganviTarebis interesiT. kerZod, kontrolis palatis ramdenime yofili maRali Tanamdebobis piri sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi mieca samsaxurebrivi uflebamosilebis gadametebis braldebiT. braldebis formulirebis mixedviT, isini `kontrolis palatis Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-7 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebamosilebis gadametebiT, axorcielebdnen saxelmwifos wilobrivi monawileobiT Seqmnili sawarmoebis Semowmebas. uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebmac `uxerxuloba~ igrZnes SewinaaRmdegebodnen gamoZiebis amgvar Sefasebas da TavianTi praqtikac am Sefasebas Seusabames.

magaliTi meSvide 17. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsma (1998 w.) Semoitana kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobis instituti, rac adre moqmedi saproceso kanonmdeblobisaTvis ucnobi iyo. ssk-is 422-e muxli 1-li nawiliT, gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobis moTxovniT, gancxadebis Setanis ufleba mieca `dainteresebul mxares~. aRniSnuli normis `b~ qvepunqtiT gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobis safuZvlad gaTvaliswinebul iqna SemTxveva, roca mxare miwveuli ar yofila saqmis ganxilvaSi. `dainteresebuli mxaris~ cnebis sakanonmdeblo ganmartebis ararsebobis pirobebSi, misi Sinaarsis gansazRvra, cxadia, sasamarTlo praqtikis prerogativa iyo. sxenebuli cnebis ganmartebis dros, Tavi iCina Semdegma problemam: `dainteresebul mxared~ unda miCneuliyvnen mxolod konkretul saqmeSi imTaviTve mxaris statusiT monawile pirebi, Tu is pirebic, romlebic am statusiT saqmeSi Cabmulni ar yofilan, magram imsaxurebdnen amgvar statuss, radgan kanonier ZalaSi Sesulma gadawyvetilebam gansazRvra maTi uflebebisa da movaleobebis sakiTxi. es problema Tanabrad mniSvnelovani iyo rogorc sasarCelo, ise udavo warmoebis wesiT ganxiluli saqmeebisaTvis, sadac am ukanaskneli SemTxvevisaTvis mowinaaRmdege mxaris monawileoba kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris. mniSvnelovani iyo sakiTxi imis Sesaxebac, udavo warmoebis wesiT ganxilul saqmeze miRebuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba SeiZleboda Tu ara saapelacio-sakasacio wesiT gasaCivrebuliyo im piris mier, romlis mimarTac dadga garkveuli samarTlebrivi Sedegi, uflebis an movaleobis saxiT. 11 2009 წ., პაატა კიკნაველიძე, იურისტი

www.mkd.ge

e-mail: [email protected]

vnaxoT ra poziciebi gamoimuSava sasamarTlo praqtikam zemoaRniSnul sakiTxebze. erT-erT saqmeze, raionulma sasamarTlom, udavo warmoebis wesiT miiRo gadawyvetileba da daadgina iuridiuli mniSvnelobis mqone faqti imis Sesaxeb, rom ganmcxadebeli sakuTrebis uflebiT flobda garkveul qonebas (kombaini). raionuli sasamarTlos am gadawyvetilebaze saapelacio saCivari Seitana pirma, romelic udavo warmoebis specifikidan gamomdinare, ar iyo sasamarTlo procesis mxare, magram pretenzias acxadebda im qonebis kuTvnilebaze, romelzec dadginda ganmcxadeblis sakuTrebis ufleba. saapelacio sasamarTlom saapelacio saCivari ar dauSva im motiviT, rom ssk-is 364-e muxli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis uflebas aniWebs mxareebs da damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovnis mqone mesame pirebs. saapelacio saCivris Semtani piri ki raionuli sasamarTlos mier ganxilul saqmeSi arc mxaris da arc mesame piris statusiT ar monawileobda (verc miiRebda monawileobas, radgan udavo warmoebaSi aris mxolod erTi mxare – ganmcxadebeli. aseTi warmoebaSi arc mopasuxea da arc mesame piri). uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciuli da sxva kategoriis saqmeTa palatis 2001 wlis 20 Tebervlis #3g/ad-27-k-s ganCinebiT, saapelacio sasamarTlos ganCineba darCa ucvlelad. sakasacio sasamarTlom gaiziara saapelacio sasamarTlos uflebamosileba, rom ssk-is 364-e muxlis Sesabamisad, saapelacio saCivris Semtani piri aseTi uflebiT ar sargeblobda amave dros, sasamarTlom miuTiTa Semdegi: sakasacio sasamarTlo kerZo saCivris avtoris …yuradRebas miaqcevs im garemoebas, rom mas saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 422-e muxlis `b~ qvepunqtis Sesabamisad, rogorc dainteresebul mxares, SeuZlia moiTxovos raionuli sasamarTlos sadavo gadawyvetilebis baTiloba, risTvisac man erTTvian vadaSi gancxadebiT unda mimarTos raionul sasamarTlos. vadis dena daiwyeba im dRidan, rodesac mas Cabardeba saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciuli da sxva kategoriis saqmeTa palatis ganCineba (2001, #6, 488). sxva saqmeze imave sakasacio palatam ganixila ra gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb ganacxadebis dasaSvebobis sakiTxi, 2001 wlis 11 maisis #3g/ad-12-ks ganCinebiT, mxaris dauWira saapelacio sasamarTlos mosazrebas gancxadebis dauSveblobis Sesaxeb da miuTiTa, rom: samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 426-e muxlis me-3 nawili (...) im pirTa gancxadebebs Seexeba, romlebic saqmis ganxilvaSi mxared an mesame pirad monawileobdnen da romelTac ecnoba gadawyvetileba (2001, #5, 343). igive sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatam gadawyvita 2002 wlis 20 Tebervlis #3k/271-02 ganCinebiT, imave sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aRniSna Semdegi: saapelacio sasamarTlos miTiTeba imis Sesaxeb, rom TiTqos udavo warmoebis dros samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 364-e muxlis Sesabamisad mxolod saqmeSi monawile mxares gaaCnia saCivris Setanis ufleba, arasworia. (...) iuridiuli faqtis dadgenis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba SeuZlia yvela dainteresebul pirs, romelsac miaCnia, rom am faqtis dadgeniT Seilaxa misi ufleba. (...) im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gadawyvetileba Sesulia kanonier ZalaSi, dainteresebul pirebs SeuZliaT mimarTon am gadawyvetilebis gamomtan sasamarTlos misi baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb. Tu gaSvebulia misi baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb gancxadebis Setanis vada, dainteresebul pirs amave sakiTxTTan dakavSirebiT SeuZlia mimarTos sasamarTlos saerTo sasarCelo warmoebis wesiT~ (2002, #5, 738-739). komentari: amdenad, Tu erT SemTxvevaSi uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciulma palatam miiCnia, rom procesis aramonawile subieqti, marTalia, ar sargeblobs gadawyvetilebis saapelacio-sakasacio 12

2009 წ., პაატა კიკნაველიძე, იურისტი

www.mkd.ge

e-mail: [email protected]

gasaCivrebis uflebiT, magram uflebamosilia aRZras gancxadeba am gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb, meore SemTxvevaSi, imave palatam miiCnia, rom procesis aramonawile subieqts arc gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobis moTxovniT gancxadebis Setanis ufleba aqvs. am ori, TavisTavad urTierTgamomricxavi ganmartebis sawinaaRmdegod ganmarta igive normebi samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatam, romelmac miiCnia, rom Tu sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba samarTlebriv Sedegs adgens procesis aramonawile subieqtisaTvis (exeba mis uflebas an movaleobas), gaaCnia am gadawyvetilebis rogorc saapelacio-sakasacio gasaCivrebis (gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlamde), ise misi baTilad cnobis moTxovnis uflebac (gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg). rodesac erTi da igive normis Taobaze arsebobs sami urTierTgamomricxavi ganmarteba, TavisTavad cxadia, rom es norma ver asrulebs sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa mowesrigebis funqcias. normis gamoyenebis aseT praqtikas ar ZaluZs samarTlebrivi sicxade Seitanos sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa qaosSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxi droulad gaxda didi palatis msjelobis sagani, ramac zRvari daudo normis gansxvavebul inperpretaciebs. kerZod, 2002 wlis 04 noembris #3g/ad204-k-02 ganCinebiT, didma palatam mxari dauWira samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis praqtikas: `Tu iuridiuli mniSvnelobis mqone faqtis dadgenis Sesaxeb dainteresebul pirTaTvis (romlebsac miaCniaT, rom am faqtis dadgeniT Seilaxa maTi ufleba) cnobili gaxda gadawyvetilebis gamotanis Semdeg, maT ufleba aqvT raionuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba gaasaCivron saapelacio wesiT, moiTxovon gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba da saqmis saerTo sasarCelo wesiT ganxilva, xolo Tu gadawyvetileba iuridiuli mniSvnelobis mqone faqtis dadgenis Sesaxeb ukve kanonier ZalaSia Sesuli, dainteresebul pirebs (...) SeuZliaT gadawyvetilebis gamomtan sasamarTlos mimarTon samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 422-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `b~ punqtis safuZvelze da moiTxovon am gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnoba~ (didi palatis gadawyvetilebani, 2001-2002 ww. gv. 76.). Tumca unda iTqvas isic, rom didi palata yovelTvis droulad ver gamodis asparezze (umetes SemTxvevaSi asea) da erTmaneTis paralelurad moqmedebs erTsa da imave sakiTxze sxvadasxva palatebis Tu konkretuli palatis sxvadasxva Semadgenlobebis urTierTgansxvavebuli praqtika. V. problemis arsi 18. Tu yovelive zemoaRniSnuls ganvazogadebT, qarTuli sasamarTlo praqtikis problemebi, mokled, SeuZleba Semdegnairad CamovayaliboT. pirveli, uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtikaSi xSirad aqvs adgili erTi da imave normis urTierTganxvavebul interpretaciebs. xSirad samoqalaqo da administraciul palatebs gansxvavebulad esmiT erTi da imave normis Sinaarsi. arcTu iSviaTad, normaTa urTierTganxvavebul gagebas adgili aqvs erTi da imave palatis farglebSic; meore, didi palatis mniSvnelovani;

roli

erTgvarovani

sasamarTlo

praqtikis

CamoyalibebaSi

ar

aris

mesame, urTierTgansxvavebuli praqtika mZime mdgomareobaSi ayenebs rogorc mxareebs, ise qveda rgolis (raionuli (saqalaqo) da saapelacio) sasamarTloebsac. saqmis Sedegi saboloo instanciis sasamarTloSi arsebiTad imazea damokidebuli, Tu sakasacio palatis romeli Semadgenloba ganixilavs saqmes; meoTxe, uzenaesi

sasamarTlo mier sakuTar praqtikas, rogorc wesi, cvlis yovelgvari dasabu13

2009 წ., პაატა კიკნაველიძე, იურისტი

www.mkd.ge

e-mail: [email protected]

Tebis gareSe. ama Tu im normis interpretaciis Secvlisas, mosamarTleebi ar cdiloben saTanadod daasabuTon normis gansxvavebuli interpretacia. isini xSirad Semoifarglebian normis citirebiT, xolo misi axleburi interpretacia mxolod `igulisxmeba~ konkretuli saqmis Sedegis mixedviT; mexuTe, sasamarTlo praqtika araviTar rols ar asrulebs saproceso kanonmdeblobis im normaTa ganmartebaSi, romelTac imperatiuli xasiaTi ara aqvT da romlebic sasamarTlos garkveul diskrecias aniWebs. sasamarTlo praqtika ar adgens kriteriumebs, romelic Tavidan agvacilebda amgvar normaTa TviTnebur ganmartebasa da gamoyenebas. VI. mizezebi 19. problemebs, romelTa winaSec sasamarTlo praqtika dgas, SeiZleba moeZebnos zogadi mizezi, qarTuli sazogadoebis dabali samarTlebrivi kulturis saxiT, rac Tavis mxriv, obieqturi istoriuli pirobebiT aris ganpirobebuli. Tumca am Temaze saubari Sors wagviyvanda. yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT ramdenime konkretul, sakanonmdeblo da praqtikuli xasiaTis mizezze, romelic, Cveni azriT, ganapirobebs sasamarTlo praqtikis arastabilurobasa da araTanmimdevrulobas. mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis xarisxi. saidumlos ar warmoadgens is faqti, rom qarTveli mosamarTleebis damoukideblobis xarisxi, romelic sasurvelisagan isedac Sors iyo, bolo wlebSi ukiduresad Semcirda. es gansakuTrebiT TvalSi sacemia sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze, aseve administraciul da samoqalaqo davebze, romlis erT-erTi mxare saxelmwifoa. sasamarTlo sistemidan xelovnurad ganidevnen mosamarTleebi, romelTac kargi reputacia da damoukideblobis maRali xarisxi gaaCndaT. magaliTad, uzenaesi sasamarTlodan `arasasurveli~ mosamarTleebis gandevnis mizniT, sagangebi sakanonmdeblo cvlilebiT, iusticiis sabWos mieniWa uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleTa diciplinuri devnis funqcia, romelic arTu iSviaTad uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebs samarTlis normebis interpretaciaSi edeveboda. uzenaesi sasamarTlos `gawmendisa~ da `saimedo~ kadrebiT dakompletebis Semdeg, es sagangebo sakanonmdeblo cvlileba aseve sagangebod gauqmda. qveda rgolis sasamarTloebSi, sasamarTloTa reorganizacia, rac zogjer mxolod saxelis gadarqmeviT Semoifargleboda, sakanonmdeblo wesiT miCneul iqna `sasamarTlo wyobilebis Secvlad~. am motiviT saapelacio sasamarTlos araerTi mosamarTle gaTavisuflda. mosamarTleTa gaTavisuflebis amgvari praqtikis mimarT, Tavisi damokidebuleba gamoxata saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlomac, romelmac, marTalia, ar daakmayofila Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos yofili mosamarTleebis konstituciuri sarCeli (isini amtkicebdnen, rom Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos arsebiTad mxolod saxeli Seecvala da sasamarTlo wyobilebis Secvlas an saolqo sasamarTlos likvidacias adgili ar hqonia), magram gaakritika mosamarTlis Tanamdebobidan daTxovnis amgvari wesi. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom xazi gausva iseTi kanonmdeblobis SemuSavebis aucileblobaze, romelic gamoricxavs `arasaimedo~ da `arasasurveli~ mosamarTlis sasamarTlo sistemidan wasvlas (ix. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos pirveli kolegiis 2006 wlis 31 maisis #1/1/357 gadawyvetileba). mosamarTleTa kadrebis SerCeva. zemoaRniSnuli Temis gagrZelebas warmoadgens mosamarTleTa kadrebis SerCevis sakanonmdeblo wesiT gamarTuli da mecnierulad dasabuTebuli sistemis ararseboba. saqarTvelos saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, samive instanciis mosamarTleTaTvis dadgenilia erTnairi sakvalifikacio moTxovnebi: 1. aranakleb 28 wlis asaki; 2. umaRlesi iuridiuli ganaTleba; 14 2009 წ., პაატა კიკნაველიძე, იურისტი

www.mkd.ge

e-mail: [email protected]

3. specialobiT muSaobis aranakleb 5 wlis staJi; 4. saxelmwifo enis floba; 5. mosamarTleobis sakvalifikacio gamocdis Cabareba. Cveni azriT, aseTi midgoma arasworia. SeuZlebelia erTi da igive sakvalifikacio moTxovnebi dauwesdes, erTi mxriv, raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTloebis da, meore mxriv, uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebs, romlebic gadawyvetilebebs saboloo instanciiT iReben. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleTa biografiis gacnobiT, veranairad ver mixvdebi, zogierTi maTgani Tu ra niSniT (kvalifikacia, gamocdileba) dainiSna umaRlesi instanciis sasamarTlos mosamarTled. aRarafers vambobT SedarebiT dabal rgolebze. kanonmdeblobis arastabiluroba. arastabiluri kanonmdebloba ganapirobebs sasamarTlo praqtikis arastabilurobasac. gaumarTleblad xSirad icvleba materialuri samarTlis kanonmdebloba. roca sasamarTlo praqtika jer kidev ver Camoyalibebula konkretuli samarTlebrivi normis erTgarovan intepretaciaze, es norma icvleba sxva normiT. axali normis erTian interpretaciaze Camoyalibebamde kvlav xdeba misi Secvla da a.S. es procesi gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulia kerZo samarTlis iseTi fundamenturi kanonebis SemTxvevaSi, rogoricaa saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi da kanoni `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~. saproceso kanonmdeblobis xarvezebi. saproceso kanonmdeblobaSi cvlilebebi xels ar uwyobs sasamarTlo praqtikis ganviTarebas.

bolo

dros

Setanili

kerZod, ukiduresad Semcirda moTxovnebi, saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis (ganCinebis) faqtobrivi da iuridiuli dasabuTebis kuTxiT. ssk-is 390-e muxlis me-3 nawilis `g~ qvepunqtze dayrdnobiT, saapelacio sasamarTlos ganCinebebi, arcTu iSviaTad Semoifargleba erTaderTi daStampuli winadadebiT: `saapelacio sasamarTlo srulad iziarebs pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT dadgenil faqtobriv garemoebebsa da samarTlebriv Sefasebas~. saapelacio sasamarTlo xSirad saerTod aRar uTiTebs materialuri samarTlis normebsac ki, romliTac xelmZRvanelobda davis gadawyvetisas. saapelacio sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvis arsi da upiratesoba mdgomareobs imaSi, igi xelmeored arsebiTad ixilavs saqmes ufro maRali kvalifikaciisa da gamocdilebis mqone mosamarTleta monawileobiT, Tanac kolegiuri wesiT. dasavlur samarTlebriv sistemebSi, saapelacio sasamarTloebi gansakuTrebul rols asruleben sasamarTlo praqtikis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. Cvens SemTxvevaSi ki, mosamarTleTa `Sromis Semsubuqebis~ egidiT ganxorcielebulma sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebma daazarala marTlmsajulebis xarisxi, saapelacio sasamarTlo arsebiTad aqcia formalur instanciad, romelic ver TamaSobs saTanado rols sasamarTlo praqtikis ganviTarebaSi. sasamarTlo praqtikis kritikis (komentarebis) deficiti. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa obieqtur, mecnierulad dasabuTebul da argumentirebul kritikas udavod SeZlia garkveuli wvlili Seitanos sasamarTlo praqtikaSi arsebul winaaRmdegobaTa warmoCenasa da aRmofxvraSi. magram samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi faqtobrivad ar arsebobs sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis kritikis praqtika. `kritika~, rogorc wesi, Semoifargleba mxolod calkeuli sagazeTo publikaciiT Tu telereportaJiT, romelic an ukiduresad arakvalificiuria an sulac konkretuli davis monawile piris interesebiT aris nasazrdoebi. msgavs kritikas raime pozitiuri wvlilis Setana sasamarTlo praqtikis winaSe mdgari problemebis gadawyvetaSi ar SeuZlia. am mxriv, erTgvari gamonaklisia sisxlis samarTali. samarTlis am dargSi, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis saxelmwifosa da samarTlis institutis egidiT, periodulad gamoicema sasamar15 2009 წ., პაატა კიკნაველიძე, იურისტი

www.mkd.ge

e-mail: [email protected]

marTlo praqtikis komentarebi, mecnieri da praqtikosi iuristebis avtorobiT. Tumca, sisxlis samarTlis marTlmsajuleba saqarTveloSi sxva, ufro arsebiTi problemebis winaSe dgas. saqmeTa kolegiuri ganxilvis formaluri xasiaTi. sasamarTlo kolegiis wevri mosamarTle saerTod ar ecnoba sxva mosamarTleze mosaxseneblad daweril saqmes. sasamarTlo sxdomaze aramomxsenebeli mosamarTleebi, arcTu iSviaTad, dakavebulni arian `sakuTari~ saqmeebis gacnobiT an maTze saproceso aqtebiT weriT. iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, praqtikulad ar monawileoben saqmis ganxilvaSi, ar rCebian gansxvavebul azrze. saqmis beds realurad wyvets momxsenebeli mosamarTle, xolo saqmis kolegiuri ganxilva uaRresad formalur xasiaTs atarebs. VII. gamosavali ar Cans.

16 2009 წ., პაატა კიკნაველიძე, იურისტი

www.mkd.ge

e-mail: [email protected]