sasamarTlo praqtikis mimoxilva meuRleTa mier qorwinebis ...

sasamarTlo praqtikis mimoxilva meuRleTa mier qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenili uZravi qonebis marTvisa da gankargvis sakiTxebze sasamarTlo davebis gadawyvetis zogierTi Tavisebureba eka zarnaZe* 1. Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba, iseve rogorc sxva umravlesi saxelmwifos samarTali, meuRleTa piradi da qonebrivi samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis warmoSobas maTi kavSiris dadgenili wesiT ganxorcielebul registracias ukavSirebs. amasTan, ZiriTadi adgili kanonmdeblobaSi qonebriv urTierTobaTa samarTlebriv reglamentacias eTmoba, rac am ukanasknelis arsiTa da masSi rogorc meuRleTa, ise mesame pirTa interesebidan gamomdinare gansazRvrulobis Setanis aucileblobiTaa ganpirobebuli. meuRleTa qonebrivi urTierTobebi moicavs maTi qonebis samarTlebrivi reJimisa da urTierTrCenasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. pirveli meti dispoziciuri regulirebiT xasiaTdeba, vidre meuRleTa urTierTrCenasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi. Sesabamisad, meuRleTa qonebrivi urTierTobebi SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros rogorc saxelSekrulebo, ise kanonismier samarTlebriv reJims. reJimis arCevani qarTul saojaxo samarTalSi, iseve rogorc msoflios umravles qveyanaSi, meuRleTa nebazea damokidebuli.1 saxelSekrulebo reJimi saqorwino xelSekrulebis dadebiT warmoiSoba da qonebis samarTlebrivi bedic mxareTa survilis mixedviT ganisazRvreba. kanonismieri reJimis dros ki igi kanoniT dgindeba. saqarTvelos saojaxo kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, meuRleTa qonebis kanonismieri reJimi – es meuRleTa TanasakuTrebis (Tanaziari sakuTrebis) reJimia: ssk-is 1158-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, `meuRleTa mier qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenili qoneba warmoadgens maT saerTo qonebas (TanasakuTrebas), Tu maT Soris saqorwino xelSekrulebiT sxva ram ar aris dadgenili~.2 igi `meuRleebs ekuTvniT Tanabrad wilTa ganusazRvrelad~. 3 wili ganisazRvreba saerTo sakuTrebis *

Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis asocirebuli profesori. zogierTi qveynis kanonmdebloba, magaliTad meqsikis, meuRleTa qonebrivi urTierTobis mxolod saxelSekrulebo reJims icnobs da, Sesabamisad, saqorwino xelSekrulebis savaldebulo wesiT dadebas iTvaliwinebs. Bezbach/Puchinski (editors), Civil and Commercial Law of Foreign Countries, Moscow, 2004, 622 (in Russian). 2 msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi moqmedi meuRleTa qonebis kanonismieri reJimis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT gamoyofen sami saxis kanonismier reJims: meuRleTa saerTo qonebis reJimi, romelic garkveuli TaviseburebebiT moqmedebs safrangeTSi, espaneTSi, braziliasa da sxv.; meuRleTa gancalkevebuli qonebis reJimi – inglisi, aSS-is zogierTi Stati, iaponia da sxv.; da e.w. pirobiTi saerTo qonebis reJimi, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia germaniis, kanadis, Sveciis kanonmdeblobiT. ix. iqve, 623-625. im saxelmwifoebs, romlebSic garkveuli gansxvavebebiT moqmedebs zemoT aRniSnuli pirveli saxis reJimi, unda mivakuTvnoT saqarTveloc. 3 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mexuTe, Tbilisi, 2000, 108. 1

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gayofisas, romelsac, TavisTavad, am ukanasknelis Sewyveta mohyveba. 1158-e muxli meuRleTa TanasakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobas Tanacxovrebis dros SeZenil qonebaze uSvebs maSinac, `Tu erT-erTi maTgani eweoda saojaxo saqmianobas, uvlida Svilebs an sxva sapatio mizezis gamo ar hqonia damoukidebeli Semosavali~. kanoniT saerTo sakuTrebis ufleba ar vrceldeba qonebaze, romelic TiToeul maTgans ekuTvnoda daqorwinebamde, an miiRo qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi memkvidreobiT Tu CuqebiT, da individualur sargeblobaSi arsebul nivTebze (ssk-is 1161-e muxli, `meuRleTa individualuri sakuTreba~). qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenil qonebaze meuRleTa uflebebis realizebis wess gansazRvravs ssk-is 1159-e muxli, romlis mixedviTac `am qonebis floba, sargebloba da gankargva xorcieldeba urTierTSeTanxmebiT~. ssk-is 1160-e muxli kvlav ganamtkicebs urTierTSeTanxmebiT garigebaTa dadebis princips da adgens: `im qonebis gankargva, romelic meuRleTa TanasakuTrebaSi Sedis, xorcieldeba meuRleTa SeTanxmebiT, imisda miuxedavad, Tu romeli meuRle gankargavs am qonebas. erTerTi meuRlis mier qonebis gankargvasTan dakavSirebiT dadebuli garigeba SeiZleba baTilad iqnes cnobili meore meuRlis moTxovniT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qonebis ganmkargav meuRles ar hqonda amis uflebamosileba da damtkicebuli iqneba, rom man icoda an unda scodnoda, rom mas aseTi ufleba ar hqonda~. viziareb mosazrebas, rom mocemuli normebi sakmaod bundovania da gansxvavebul interpretaciebs ganapirobebs. 4 amis mizezi ki ZiriTadad isaa, rom saojaxo kanonmdebloba gansazRvravs qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenil qonebaze TanasakuTrebis warmoSobis, misi marTvisa da gankargvis wesebs da ar iTvaliswinebs moZravi da uZravi nivTebisaTvis gansxvavebul reglamentacias. Sesabamisad, ver daveTanxmebi saojaxo samarTlis normebis komentarebs, rom, `marTalia, kanoni konkretulad ar gansazRvravs qonebis im saxeebs, romlebic gancalkevebul an Tanaziar sakuTrebas miekuTvneba, magram imdenad gamokveTilia maTi dayofis kriteriumebi, rom savsebiT SesaZlebelia meuRleTa sakuTrebaSi arsebuli nebismieri qonebis samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis gansazRvra~. 5 samoqalaqo kodeqsi moZravi da uZravi nivTebisaTvis gansxvavebul sanivTo samarTlebriv reJimebs adgens, rac, umTavresad, imiT gamoixateba, rom uZrav nivTebze sakuTrebis ufleba sajaro reestridan dgindeba da maT mimarT ar moqmedebs mesakuTred yofnis prezumfcia (ssk-is 158-e, 183-e muxlebi). Sesabamisad, mesame pirebisTvisac is iTvleba uZravi nivTis mesakuTred, vinc reestrSia aseTad registrirebuli: 185-e muxliT `gamsxvisebeli iTvleba mesakuTred, Tu igi aseTad registrirebulia sajaro reestrSi, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca SemZenma icoda, rom gamsxvisebeli ar iyo mesakuTre~. 312-e muxli ki ganamtkicebs reestris monacemTa utyuarobisa da sisrulis prezumfcias da adgens, rom `im piris sasargeblod, romelic garigebis safuZvelze sxva pirisagan iZens romelime uflebas da es ufleba gamsxviseblis saxelze iyo reestrSi registrirebuli, reestris Canaweri iTvleba sworad, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca am Canaweris 4

zoiZe, meuRleTa qonebrivi urTierTobebis reJimi, Jurnali `saqarTvelos notariati~, 1(5), 2002, 21-28; CikvaSvili , meuRleTa TanasakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis gankargvis samarTlebrivi problemebi, Jurnali `samarTali~, 11-12, 2002, 39-44; CikvaSvili, saojaxo samarTali, Tbilisi, 2004, 140-159. 5 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mexuTe, Tbilisi, 2000, 108.

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sawinaaRmdegod Setanilia saCivari, an SemZenma icoda, rom Canaweri uzustoa~ (meore nawili). uZravi nivTebis sanivTosamarTlebrivi reJimis am principis pirdapir gauTvaliswinebloba saojaxo kanonmdeblobaSi iZleva meuRleTa qonebrivi urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli normebis sxvadasxvagvari ganmartebis saSualebas, kerZod, SesaZlebelia, ssk-is 1158-e da 1160-e muxlebi CaiTvalos specialur normad ssk-is sanivTo samarTlis normebTan mimarTebiT da ssk-is me-2 muxlis me-2 nawilis me-2 winadadebis6 safuZvelze kolizia gadawydes saojaxosamarTlebrivi normis sasargeblod: 1158-e muxliT, romelic uSvebs TanasakuTrebis warmoSobas qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenil qonebaze, misi saxeobis miuxedavad, erT-erTi meuRlis saxelze registrirebul uZrav nivTze sakuTrebis ufleba warmoeSoba meore meuRlesac da, Sesabamisad, 1160-e muxlis safuZvelze baTili iqneba reestrSi erTaderT mesakuTred registrirebuli meuRlis mier am uZrav qonebaze dadebuli garigeba, Tu dadgindeba, rom meore meuRle am garigebaze Tanaxma ar iyo da garigebis damdebma pirma icoda amis Sesaxeb. xolo Tu sakiTxs gadavwyvetT sanivTosamarTlebrivi normebiT, qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenili uZravi qonebis erTaderT mesakuTred CaiTvleba is meuRle, romelic reestrSia miTiTebuli da mis mier qonebis gankargvis garigeba ar iqneba damokidebuli meuRlis nebaze. am koliziuri sakiTxis gadawyvetisa da saojaxosamarTlebrivi normebis srulyofis mizniT saintereso da mniSvnelovani winadadebebi gamoiTqva iuridiul literaturaSi.7 normis swor interpretaciasa da kanonmdeblobis srulyofaze did gavlenas axdens sasamarTlo praqtikac. am kuTxiT gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens uzenaesi sasamarTlos xedva da sainteresod mesaxeba ramdenime gadawyvetilebis ganxilva, kerZod imis dadgena, Tu rogor Camoyalibda sasamarTlo paraqtika am sakiTxTan mimarTebiT. 2. saqmis garemoebani saqmis aRwerilobiTi nawilidan irkveva, rom mosarCele 1981 wlidan imyofeboda qorwinebaSi mopasuxesTan. 1997 wels maT SeiZines TbilisSi, ... mdebare bina, romelic teqaRricxvis samsaxurSi mopasuxis saxelze aRiricxa. am ukanasknelma 1998 wels ss `...bankTan~ dado sakredito xelSkruleba da sesxis uzrunvelyofis mizniT ipoTekiT datvirTa aRniSnuli bina. 2003 wels ki mosarCelem moiTxova ipoTekis xelSekrulebis baTilad cnoba da saaRsrulebo masidan qonebis amoricxva imaze miTiTebiT, rom mocemuli garigeba daido TanamesakuTre meuRlesTan – mosarCelesTan – SeTanxmebis gareSe. Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa saapelacio palatam 2004 wlis 20 dekembris gadawyvetilebiT gaauqma Tbilisis didube-CuRureTis raionuli sasamarTlos 2003 wlis 25 ivnisis da amave sasamrTlos 2004 wlis 4 martis gadawyvetilebebi da ar daakmayofila mosarCelis moTxovna ipoTekis garigebis baTilad cnobisa da 6

ssk-is me-2 muxlis me-2 nawilis me-2 winadadeba: `am kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul zogad normebsa da specialur normebs Soris koliziisas gamoiyeneba specialuri normebi~. 7 zoiZe, meuRleTa qonebrivi urTierTobebis reJimi, 21-28; zoiZe, komentari saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos didi palatis 2002 wlis 9 dekembris gadawyvetilebaze, qarTuli kerZo samarTlis krebuli, Tbilisi, 2004, 206-220; CikvaSvili, meuRleTa TanasakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis gankargvis samarTlebrivi problemebi, 39-44; CikvaSvili , saojaxo samarTali, 140-159.

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saaRsrulebo masidan qonebis amoricxvis Taobaze. am ukanasknelma sakasacio saCivriT moiTxova saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba im safuZvliT, rom palatam ar gaiTvaliswina ssk-is 1160-e muxlis moTxovna meuRleTa TanasakuTrebaSi arsebul qonebaze garigebis namdvilobisaTvis meuRleTa urTierTSeTanxmebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb da ZalaSi datova misi Tanxmobis gareSe kuTvnil wilze dadebuli garigeba. 3. uzenaesi sasamarTlos Sefaseba uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatam miiCnia, rom ar arsebobda sakasacio saCivris dakmayofilebis samarTlebrivi safuZveli. man ar gaiziara kasatoris mosazreba saapelacio sasamarTlos mier `ssk-is 1158-e, 1160-e muxlebis araswori ganmartebis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac meuRleTa TanasakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis Taobaze garigebis namdvilobisaTvis saWiroa maTi urTierTSeTanxmeba~. sakasacio palatam ganmarta: `sk-is 185-e muxlis mixedviT, SemZenis interesebidan gamomdinare, gamsxvisebeli iTvleba mesakuTred, Tu igi aseTad aris registrirebuli sajaro reestrSi, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca SemZenma icoda, rom gamsxvisebeli ar iyo mesakuTre.sk-is 312-e muxliT, reestris monacemebis mimarT moqmedebs utyuarobis prezumfcia. garigebis dadebis dros sadavo bina aRricxuli iyo mosarCelis meuRlis... saxelze. kasatoris mier warmodgenilia saregistracio samsaxuris 2005 wlis 10 Tebervlis cnoba, romlis mixedviT, q. Tbilisis saregistracio samsaxurSi 2005 wlis 8 Tebervals arsebuli CanawerebiT, uZrav qonebaze, mdebare q. TbilisSi.., mosarCelis saxelze kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba registrirebuli ar aris. aRniSnuli ar adasturebs im garemoebas, rom sadavo ipoTekis xelSekrulebis gaformebisas, e.i. 1998 wlis 10 Tebervals, mopasuxe ipoTekiT datvirTuli binis mesakuTre ar yofila. garigebis monawile mxare – ss `...banki~ ar iyo valdebuli, garigebis dadebisas moeTxova mosarCelis Tanxmoba, vinaidan, sk-is 312-e muxlis Sesabamisad, ar arsebobda reestris Canaweris utyuarobasa da sisruleSi eWvis Setanis safuZveli~. sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom, `vinaidan TanamesakuTre meuRlem ar moaxdina misi, rogorc uZravi nivTis TanamesakuTris, aRricxva-registracia sajaro reestrSi, aRniSnuli ar SeiZleba gaxdes garigebis keTilsindisieri kontrahentisTvis zianis miyenebis safuZveli... sworia saapelacio sasamarTlos mosazreba, rom skis 312-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT reestris Canaweri iTvleba sworad im piris sasargeblod, romelmac garigebis safuZvelze SeiZina romelime ufleba~. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sakasacio palatam 2005 wlis 3 oqtombris #as-307643-05 ganCinebiT ar daakmayofila sakasacio saCivari da Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa saapelacio palatis gadawyvetileba datova ucvleli.8

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saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze, #2, 2005, 38-39.

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4. komentari da msgavsi garemoebebis Sefaseba uzenaesi sasamarTlos sxva gadawyvetilebebSi uzenaesi sasamarTlos xedvis gaanalizebisas, upirveles yovlisa, misasalmebelia is garemoeba, rom sasamarTlom ixelmZRvanela sanivTo samarTlis normebiT da daicva sajaro reestris utyuarobisa da sisworis prezumfcia. ssk-is 185-e da 312-e muxlebidan gamomdinare, ipoTekis damdgeni piris uflebamosileba ipoTekis saganze ar SeiZleba damokidebuli yofiliyo misi meuRlis Tanxmobaze, radgan igi im uZravi nivTis mesakuTred iyo garigebis dadebis momentSi registrirebuli, romelzec sanivTosamarTlebrivi SeTanxmeba Sedga.9 ganCinebaSi sworad aRiniSna, rom sajaro reestris utyuarobisa da sisrulis prezumfciis gaTvaliswinebiT, ss `...banki~ ar iyo valdebuli, mosarCelis Tanxmoba moeTxova garigebis dadebisas. uZrav qonebaze sakuTrebis uflebis dadgenis wesidan gamomdinare, garigebis dadebisas kontrahenti nebas avlens da urTierTobas aTanxmebs masTan, vinc reestrSia uflebamosil pirad aRniSnuli da araa valdebuli, gamoarkvios, daqorwinebulia Tu ara es piri, da Tuki cnobilia misTvis qorwinebis faqti – daadginos meuRlis Tanxmobis sakiTxi. amave principis gamoxatulebaa saqarTvelos iusticiis ministris 2005 wlis 22 dekembris #2359 brZanebiT damtkicebuli instruqcia `sanotaro moqmedebaTa Sesrulebis wesis Sesaxeb~, 43-e muxli – `uZravi qonebisa da sajaro reestrSi registrirebuli moZravi qonebis mesakuTre~. mocemuli muxli notariuss ukrZalavs sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebisas, uZravi qonebis mesakuTred registrirebuli piris garda, sxva piris Tanxmobis gamoTxovas. literaturaSi aRiniSna, rom amgvari `akrZalva aSkara ugulebelyofaa ara marto im meuRlis interesebisa, romelic ar aris registrirebuli mesakuTred, aramed mesame pirisac, romlis mier dadebuli garigeba nebismier dros SeiZleba baTilad iqnes cnobili imis gamo, rom meore meuRle amis winaaRmdegi iyo~,10 rasac ver daveTanxmebiT. es wesi araTu xelyofs mesame piris interesebs, piriqiT, gamomdinareobs reestris utyuarobis prezumfciidan da icavs mas. uZravi nivTebis sanivTosamarTlebrivi reJimis gaTvaliswinebiT, dauSvebelia, mesakuTred aRniSnuli meuRlis mier dadebuli garigeba baTilad iqnes cnobili mxolod imis gamo, rom meore meuRle amis winaaRmdegi iyo, rasac sasamarTlo praqtikac adasturebs aramxolod zemoT ganxiluli ganCinebis magaliTiT: saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da 9

ipoTekis dadgenis formisaTvis gamoiyeneba igive wesebi, rac gaTvaliswinebulia uZrav nivTebze sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenisaTvis: ssk-is 289-e muxlis 1-li nawilis Tanaxmad, `ipoTeka warmoiSoba sajaro reestrSi registraciis Sedegad. registracia xdeba dadgenili wesis mixedviT uZravi nivTis mesakuTrisa da ipoTekaris mier werilobiTi formiT dadebuli garigebis wardgeniT~. aRniSnuli ganCinebis gamotanis dros samoqalaqo kodeqsis 289-e da 183-e muxlebi garigebis formisaTvis iTvaliswinebda damatebiT pirobas, kerZod, uflebis sajaro reestrSi registraciisaTvis adgenda garigebis sanotaro wesiT damowmebis aucileblobas. 10 CikvaSvili , meuRleTa TanasakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis gankargvis samarTlebrivi problemebi, 43; sanotaro aqtis damowmebisas, uZravi qonebis mesakuTred registrirebuli piris garda, sxva piris Tanxmobis gamoTxovas notariuss ukrZalavda; aseve, adre moqmedi 2001 wlis 29 agvistos instruqciis `sanotaro moqmedebaTa Sesrulebis wesis Sesaxeb~, 42-e muxli.

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gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis 2005 wlis 12 aprilis #as-1317-1444-04 ganCinebaSi aRiniSna: `usafuZvloa kasatoris mosazreba sadavo xelSekrulebis dadebisas mosarCele meuRlis, rogorc TanamesakuTris, Tanxmobis aucileblobis Taobaze. sk-is 312-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, reestris monacemebis mimarT moqmedebs utyuarobisa da sisrulis prezumfcia. saqmis masalebiT dadgenilia, rom xelSekrulebis sagnis mesakuTred sajaro reestrSi registrirebulia mxolod mopasuxe... mosarCeles sacxovrebel binaze sadavo gamijvnis xelSekrulebis gaformebamde sajaro reestrSi meuRlis mesakuTred aRricxvaze da arc SemdgomSi ar Seutania saCivari reestris Canaweris Secvlis Sesaxeb, riTac mosarCelem reestrSi aRricxvisa da misgan gamomdinare samarTlebrivi SedegebiT sargeblobis ufleba dauTmo meuRles~. 11 2003 wlis 11 seqtembris 3k401-03 ganCinebiTac palatam qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenil binaze mesakuTred registrirebuli meuRlis mier dadgenili ipoTeka ar cno baTilad, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi meore meuRlesTan SeuTanxmeblad Sedga. ganCinebaSi aRiniSna: `SemZenis interesebidan gamomdinare, meuRleTa qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi erTad SeZenil, sk-is 1158-e muxliT gaTvliswinebul, uZrav qonebaze meuRleTa TanasakuTrebis ufleba warmoiSoba mxolod sajaro reestrSi orive maTganis registraciis Semdeg. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mesame pirebis mimarT reestris Canawerebi iTvleba sworad~. 12 igive aRiniSna saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis 2002 wlis 22 noembris #3k-675-02 ganCinebaSi...13 gvxvdeba iseTi araswori praqtikac, roca reestrSi mesakuTred aRniSnuli meuRlis mier dadebuli xelSekrulebis baTilobisa da SemZenis arakeTilsindisierad aRiarebis erT-erT safuZvlad 1160-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli garemoebis arseboba saxeldeba: uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis 2005 wlis 16 seqtembris #as- 409-756-05 ganCinebiT dakmayofilda mosarCele meuRlis moTxovna da baTilad iqna cnobili reestrSi mesakuTred aRniSnuli meore meuRlis mier dadebuli binis nasyidobis xelSekruleba. palatam ganCinebaSi ganmarta: `sk-is 1158-e muxlis Tanaxmad, meuRleTa mier qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenili qoneba warmoadgens maT saerTo qonebas (TanasakuTrebas)... is garemoeba, rom mosarCeles Tavisi TanasakuTrebis ufleba ar aRuricxavs sajaro reestrSi, mas ar arTmevda uflebas saerTo qonebaze da ar ukrZalavda SemdgomSi, Tundac ganqorwinebis Semdeg, moeTxova aRniSnuli uflebis registracia. amdenad , mocemul SemTxvevaSi binis gamsxvisebeli ar iyo binis erTaderTi mesakuTre, xolo ssk-is 1160-e muxlis Tanaxmad, erT-erTi meuRlis mier qonebis gankargvasTan dakavSirebiT dadebuli garigeba SeiZleba baTilad iqnes cnobili meore meuRlis moTxovniT, Tu am qonebis ganmkargav meuRles ar hqonda amis uflebamosileba da damtkicebuli iqneba, rom man icoda an unda scodnoda, rom mas aseTi ufleba ar hqonda.

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saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze, #2, 2005, 14-15. 12 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze, #9, 2003, 2480. 13 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze, #2, 2003, 277.

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sakasacio sasamarTlo ver gaiziarebs kasatorebis miTiTebas imis Taobaze, rom igi warmoadgens sadavo binis keTilsindisier SemZens, ris gamoc, sk-is 185-e muxlis Tanaxmad, daculi unda iyos misi uflebebi. sk-is 187-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, keTilsindisierad ar CaiTvleba SemZeni, Tu man icoda an unda scodnoda, rom gamsxvisebeli ar iyo mesakuTre; keTilsindisierebis faqti unda arsebobdes nivTis gadacemamde.... mocemul SemTxvevaSi aseve ver imoqmedebs sajaro reestris Canawerebis utyuarobisa da sisrulis prezumfcia, rac sk-is 312-e muxlSia mocemuli. aRniSnuli muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, reestris Canawerebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iTvleba sworad, Tu am Canaweris sawinaaRmdegod Setanili ar aris saCivari, an SemZenma ar icis, rom Canaweri uzustoa. saqmeze dadgenilia, rom sadavo nasyidobis xelSekrulebis dadebamde mosarCeles Setanili hqonda sarCeli binis TanasakuTrebidan wilis gamoyofis Taobaze, aseve, SemZenma, rogorc mosarCelis ojaxis naTesavma, icoda meuRleTa qorwinebis periodSi sadavo binis SeZenisa da, amdenad, Canaweris uzustobis Taobaze~.14 unda aRiniSnos, rom palatam sworad gadawyvita dava, rodesac baTilad cno nasyidobis xelSekruleba, magram safuZvlad mxolod is unda mieTiTebina, rom sadavo garigeba daido mas Semdeg, rac meuRlem sasamarTlo wesiT moiTxova qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenili da meuRlis saxelze registrirebuli binidan wilis gamoyofa, anu 312-e muxlis meore nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli pirveli safuZvliT.15 Sesabamisad, arasworia sasamarTlos Semdegi miTiTebac: `dadgenilia, rom SemZeni aris mopasuxis Zmis coli da, bunebrivia, saqmis kursSi unda yofiliyo, rom bina SeZenili iyo meuRleTa Tanacxovrebis dros. miuxedavad amisa, man mopasuxesTan dado binis nasyidobis xelSekruleba meuRlis Tanxmobis gareSe. amdenad, SemZeni ver CaiTvleba keTilsindisierad im faqtis mimarT, rom gamsxvisebeli ar iyo nivTis erTaderTi mesakuTre~.16 arasworia palatis msjeloba da 1160-e muxliT xelmZRvaneloba uZrav qonebasTan mimarTebiT, radgan `savaldebulo registracias daqvemdebarebuli nivTebis mimarT Sedegebi unda aisaxos maregistrirebel organoSi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi es Sedegebi ver SeiZens savaldebulo Zalas mesame pirebisaTvis, radgan sajaro reestrs aqvs erTaderTi funqcia: mesame pirebis interesebis dacva. mesame piri ver ivaraudebs, yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi warmoiSva Tu ara qonebaze meuRleTa TanasakuTreba. mesame piri SeiZleba daeyrdnos mxolod maregistrirebel organoSi registrirebul informacias~. 17 uzenaesi sasamarTlos didma palatam 2002 wlis 9 dekembris ganCinebaSi msgavsi garemoebebis Sefasebisas miuTiTa: `samoqalaqo kodeqsis zogierTi normis mixedviT (magaliTad, 1513-e, 1433-e muxlebi), piri mesakuTred iTvleba, erT

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saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze, #2, 2005, 34-36. 15 `im piris sasargeblod, romelic garigebis safuZvelze sxva pirisagan iZens romelime uflebas da es ufleba gamsxviseblis saxelze iyo reestrSi registrirebuli, reestris Canaweri iTvleba sworad, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca am Canaweris sawinaaRmdegod Setanilia saCivari~ (ssk-is 312-e muxlis meore nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli pirveli safuZveli). 16 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze, #2, 2005, 35. 17 zoiZe, meuRleTa qonebrivi urTierTobebis reJimi, 22.

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SemTxvevaSi, samoqalaqo kodeqsis amoqmedebis, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, samkvidros gaxsnis momentidan, magram kanoni orive SemTxvevaSi imperatiulad moiTxovs sanivTosamarTlebrivi uflebis sajaro reestrSi registracias. aRniSnuli muxlebis Sesabamisad, uZrav nivTebze sakuTrebis uflebis gaformeba sabolood warmoebs swored samoqalaqo kodeqsiT uZravi nivTebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli wesebiT, rac am uflebis warmoSobis erT-erTi winapirobaa (skis 183-e muxli). palata Tvlis, rom SemZenis interesebidan gamomdinare, meuRleTa qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi erTad SeZenil, sk-is 1158-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul uZrav qonebaze (TanasakuTrebaze) meuRleTa sakuTrebis ufleba warmoiSoba mxolod sajaro reestrSi orive maTganis registraciis Semdeg, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mesame pirebis mimarT reestris Canawerebi iTvleba sworad. palatis mier ver iqna gaziarebuli kasatoris pretenzia, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsis 185-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli norma zogadia, xolo amave kodeqsis 1160-e muxlSi mocemuli norma specialuri normaa da samoqalaqo kodeqsis meore muxlis meore nawilis Sesabamisad moqmedebs swored specialuri norma... palata Tvlis, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsis 185-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli sanivTosamarTlebrivi norma ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos zogad normad amave kodeqsis 1160-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul saojaxo samarTlis normasTan mimarTebiT... palata Tvlis, rom zemoT moyvanili orive norma specialuria. gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi prioriteti keTilsindisieri SemZenis interesebis dacvas unda mieniWos...~ 18 mocemul ganCinebasTan dakavSirebiT, iuridiul mecnierebaSi aRiniSna: `sasamarTlom upiratesoba mianiWa samoqalaqo kodeqsis zogad normas, romelic miuTiTebs uZrav nivTebze mesakuTris sajaro reestridan gamovlenis faqts, riTac sruliad marTebulad icavs mesame pirTa interesebs, Tumca daucveli rCeba meuRle, romelsac saojaxo kanonmdeblobis mixedviT iseTive uflebebi aqvs am qonebaze, rogoric mis registrirebul meuRles~,19 rasac ver daveTanxmebi: saqmis amgvarad gadawyvetiT ar xdeba meuRlis interesebis xelyofa. qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi uZravi qonebis SeZenis faqti, rodesac araa saqorwino xelSekruleba dadebuli, TiToeul meuRles aniWebs TanasakuTrebis moTxovnis uflebas, rac SeuZliaT ganaxorcielon rogorc SeZenis momentSi TanamesakuTred registraciis, ise SemdgomSi reestris CanawerebSi cvlilebebis Setanis gziT. saojaxo samarTals, kerZod 1158-e muxls, romelic meuRleTa kanonismier qonebriv reJims exeba, aseve 1176-e muxls, romelic qonebriv urTierTobaTa saxelSekrulebo reJimisas meuRleebs nebas aZlevs, `gaaerTianon mTeli TavianTi qoneba, romelSic Cairicxeba qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenili qonebac (saerTo qoneba), anda mTlianad an nawilobriv Tqvan uari amgvar gaerTianebaze da daadginon TiToeulis wilobrivi an gancalkevebuli sakuTreba qonebaze,~ SeuZlia mianiWos TiToeul meuRles sakuTrebis moTxovnis ufleba (da ara sakuTrebis ufleba) iseT qonebaze, romelzec sakuTrebiTi urTierTobis xasiaTi sajaro reestridan vlindeba. xolo sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobis wesi, romelic erTiania am

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saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze, #2, 2003, 396-397. 19 CikvaSvili , meuRleTa TanasakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis gankargvis samarTlebrivi problemebi, 44.

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uflebis warmoSobis yvela safuZvlisaTvis, iqneba es saojaxosamarTlebrivi an sxva, magaliTad memkvidreobiTsamarTlebrivi, da romelic gamonakliss ar icnobs, ganisazRvreba sanivTo samarTlis normebiT.20 unda aRiniSnos sasamarTlo praqtikaSi dResac im araswori tendenciis Sesaxeb, romelzec literaturaSi yuradReba 2002 wlis 9 dekembris didi palatis ganCinebasTan mimarTebiT gamaxvilda,21 kerZod sasamarTlo, miuxedavad imisa, rom qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenili uZravi qonebis gankargvis garigebaze uflebamosil pirad mesakuTred registrirebul meuRles miiCnevs da davis gadawyvetisas sworad xelmZRvanelobs ssk-is 185-e da 312-e muxlebiT, zogjer mainc moixseniebs `TanamesakuTred~ mosarCele meuRles, romelic aseTad reestrSi ar aRiniSneba (da romlis moTxovnasac misi Tanxmobis gareSe dadebuli garigebis baTilobis Sesaxeb ar akmayofilebs).22 amrigad, miuxedavad garkveuli xarvezebisa, rasac kanonmdeblobis arasrulyofilebac ganapirobebs, uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtikaSi prioriteti sajaro reestris monacemTa utyuarobisa da sisrulis prezumfcias da keTilsindisieri SemZenis interesebis dacvas eniWeba, riTac aRiarebulia ucxoeTis sxvadasxva qveynis kanonmdeblobiT ganmtkicebuli principi, romelic SeiZleba ase Camoyalibdes: yoveli piri, romelic debs meuRleTa mier SeZenili iseTi qonebis Taobaze garigebas, romelzec sakuTrebiTi urTierTobis xasiaTi sajaro reestridan vlindeba, SeiZleba daeyrdnos mxolod sajaro reestrSi mocemul informacias, anu `dauSvebelia, mesame pirTa mimarT dadges samarTlebrivi Sedegebi, Tu am samarTlebrivi Sedegebis gamomwvevi informacia ar aris dadgenili formiT sajarod gacxadebuli, xelmisawvdomi kontrahentisaTvis~.23 meuRleTa qonebrivi urTierTobebis sajaroobis uzrunvelyofisa da, Sesabamisad, samarTlebrivad misi ukeT mowesrigebisaken mimarTuli nabijia kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli saqorwino xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli im qonebrivi uflebebis savaldebulo registraciis wesis SemoReba, romlebic uZrav nivTebs Seexeba. kerZod, 2005 wlis 28 dekembris saqarTvelos kanonis `uZrav nivTebze uflebaTa registraciis Sesaxeb~ me-3 muxliT, `uflebebi, romlebic eqvemdebareba sajaro reestrSi savaldebulo registracias~, 2006 wlidan savaldebulo saxelmwifo

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marTebuli iqneboda, Tu saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis saojaxo samarTlis normebSi garkveviT aisaxeboda aRniSnuli Sinaarsi, kerZod is, rom kanonismieri reJimi TiToeul meuRles qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenil iseT qonebaze, romelzec sakuTrebiTi urTierToba sajaro reestridan vlindeba, aniWebs Tanaziari sakuTrebis moTxovnis uflebas, romelic SeiZleba ganaxorcielos sajaro reestrSi registraciis gziT da meuRleTa TanasakuTreba mocemuli saxis qonebaze warmoiSoba mxolod sajaro reestrSi registraciis momentidan. 21 zoiZe, komentari saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamrTlos didi palatis 2002 wlis 9 dekembris gadawyvetilebaze, qarTuli kerZo samarTlis krebuli, 206-220. 22 magaliTad, 2005 wlis 3 oqtombris #as-307-643-05 ganCineba, ix. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze, #2, 2005, 39; 2004 wlis 21 maisis #as-67-373-04, ix. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze, #5, 2004, 1313. 2003 wlis 30 ivlisis #3k1489-02 ganCineba da amave wlis 11 seqtembris #3k-401-03 ganCineba, ix. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze, #9, 2003, 2460, 2479. 23 zoiZe, meuRleTa qonebrivi urTierTobis reJimi, 27.

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registracias daeqvemdebara `kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli saqorwino xelSekrulebiT dadgenili qonebrivi uflebebi, romlebic Seexeba uZrav nivTs~. 24 garkveuli nabijebi gadasadgmelia aseve samoqalaqo kodeqsis saojaxosamarTlebrivi normebis srulyofis kuTxiTac.25

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mocemuli savaldebulo registraciis wesis Sesaxeb unda gakeTdes miTiTeba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis saqorwino xelSekrulebis momwesrigebel normebSic. ucxoeTis mraval qveyanaSi mesame pirTa mimarT saqorwino xelSekrulebebi moqmedebs mxolod maTi saxelmwifo registraciis Semdeg. magaliTad, italiaSi saqorwino kontraqtis namdvilobis aucilebeli moTxovnaa misi adgilobriv organoebSi registracia, xolo Tu xelSekruleba exeba uZrav qonebas – registracia im saxelmwifo organoSic, sadac xdeba uZrav nivTebze garigebaTa aRricxva. ix. Bezbach/Puchinski (editors), Civil and Commercial Law of Foreign Countries, Moscow, 2004, 623-624 (in Russian); meuRleTa qonebriv urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb informaciis sajarooba ganmtkicebulia aseve, magaliTad, germaniis, latviis saojaxo kanonmdeblobiT da sxv.. ix. Makovski (editor), The Introductory Law to the Civil Code translated from German, Moscow (Wolters Kluver), 2004, No. 1412, 1416, 1558-1563, and the Civil Code of the Republic of Latvia, translated from Latvian, Lifshiz (editor), Moscow (Legal Centre Press), 115, 127-128, 140-145; ix. aseve zoiZe, meuRleTa qonebrivi urTierTobis reJimi, 25-27. 25 amJamad mzaddeba samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobaSi cvlilebaTa paketi, romelic, savaraudod, gamoasworebs zemoT aRniSnul zogierT sakanonmdeblo xarvezs.

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