REMOTE SENSING AND GIS APPLICATION FOR URBAN LANDUSE MAPPING- A CASE STUDY OF CHANDIGARH. Rajiv Chopra, Pradeep K. Litoria, V. K Verma, P. K Sharma and K. P. Sharma* Punjab Remote Sensing Centre PAU Campus, Ludhiana-141004 Phone: 0161-2478484 Fax: 0161-2478483 *Regional Remote Sensing Service Centre IIRS Campus, 4 Kalidas Road, Dehradun.
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT Availability of high resolution panchromatic and multispectral satellite data has opened up new vistas of applications either singularly or in combination, in different areas of urban landuse survey and planning. Urban sprawl mapping of Chandigarh was undertaken under NRIS project to develop urban information system. IRS-ID LISS III and PAN merged data on 1:12,500 scale was interpreted. On screen digitization was carried out to demarcate various landuse categories. Various thematic maps viz. Geomorphology, Soils, Landuse, Drainage, Transport and Railway Network, Surface Waterbodies were prepared. Reports and other auxiliary data were also referred to generate infrastructural facilities maps like Residential/Commercial areas, Industrial Complexes, Educational and Medical Facilities, Religious and Historical places, Sewerage and Storm Water Drainage Network, Bus Stands, Railway Station and newly developing sectors etc.
INTRODUCTION Population explosion, industrial growth and employment opportunities have resulted into unplanned urban sprawl, which has deteriorated urban environment and put infrastructure facilities under tremendous pressure. In India, the phenomenal growth and development of urban areas has been a topic of concern to the town planners (Misra, 1998). Towns and cities continuously grow in number, size and functions. Urban and regional planners require latest base maps for preparing structural development plan of town or city. Accurate and uptodate information on urban landuse pattern and its quantitative analysis is a necessity for proper management of urban areas. The basic information in space, time and frequency domains provided by high resolution satellite data and GIS techniques are very useful in mapping, monitoring, managing and updating potential area like urban housing infrastructure, transport and traffic planning, tourism and
recreation etc. The biggest strength of satellite borne sensor data is its periodicity, fastness and economic efficiency. Availability of high spatial resolution data (5.8 m) in single panchromatic band and 23 m resolution data (LISS-III) in four multi-spectral bands has opened up new areas of application either singularly or in combination in different areas of urban land use survey and planning. Urban sprawl mapping of Union Territory of Chandigarh was undertaken under National (Natural) Resource Information System (NRIS) project sponsored by Space Applications Centre, Department of Space, Ahemdabad. The main objectives of the study are to develop urban information system, and provide decision support system for planning at various levels.
STUDY AREA Nestling in the lap of Siwaliks, Union Territory of Chandigarh is one of the successes of modern architectural planning. It is an architectural grandeur of world renowned architect Le Corbusier. Besides being union territory, Chandigarh is also the joint Capital of Punjab and Haryana states. It celebrated its golden jubilee on 7th October 2003. Ancestral history of Chandigarh takes us back to the Harappan days. Prior to its development into a city beautiful, with a spread of 114 sq. kms, present study area was a typical rural tract with rainfed agriculture. It was dotted with 24 village settlements surrounded by cultivated land parcels. Chandigarh can boast of many firsts, whether it is in the quality of air that its citizen breath or the quality of life they lead. The normal climate of Chandigarh is characterised by extremes of cold and hot. In the study area southwestern monsoon begins in the first week of July and extends up to mid September. More than 73 % annual rainfall is received in monsoon season. The variation in rainfall is appreciable. The average annual rainfall in Chandigarh is 1114.9 mm. The maximum and minimum temperature varies between 43.2° C and 1.2° C respectively.
DATA USED AND METHODOLOGY In the present study IRS-ID LISS III and PAN merged data (print from) on 1:12,500 scale was visually interpreted to delineate land forms in the study area. Basic image interpretation elements like tone, texture, shape, size, location along with sufficient ground truth and local knowledge, were followed to delineate different land forms and soils developed on them. These maps were digitised using ARC GIS software to generate digital database.
Table 1: Satellite IRS ID IRS ID IRS ID IRS ID
Satellite data used for urban landuse mapping. Path 95 95 95 95
Row 49 49 49 49
Topo sheets 53B/9 53B/10 53B/13 53B/14
Date of pass 5.3.2001 5.3.2001 5.3.2001 5.3.2001
The four merged scenes of LISS III-PAN data, in digital form, were registered and mosaiced using Easi/Pace software. The georeferenced data was exported to ARCINFO. On screen digitization was carried out to demarcate various landuse categories. After editing, attributes were assigned to different map units based on NRIS standards. Various thematic maps viz. landuse, drainage, transport and railway network, surface
water bodies etc. were prepared. Reports and other auxiliary data were also reffered to generate infrastructural facilities maps.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION GEOMORPHOLOGY AND SOILS The study area has been classified into six geomorphic units (Fig-1) viz. residual hills (eroded), upper piedmont slope, lower piedmont slope, piedmont slope dissected, shallow flood plain and abandoned river channel. The semi detailed soil survey of the area was undertaken following the standard methodology. The soils were classified and mapped as association of soils series as per Soil Taxonomy (Soil Survey Staff, 1998) however in figure soil families are indicated. Soils of the area vary with respect to texture, depth, profile development and drainage (Fig 2). In general, soils in and around the seasonal rivulets/choes are coarser and those away from them are fine in texture. The soils are mostly sandy and coarse loamy through out.
LAND USE / LAND COVER Urban land use reflects the morphology, economic and socio-cultural framework of a city. (Raghavswamy et. al. 1996). Land use/Land cover map of the area (Fig. 3) was prepared. Five land use categories on level I viz. built up, agriculture, forests, water bodies and waste land were identified in the study area. These five categories were further classified up to level-V(Table 2). Fifty three maps showing residential/ commercial areas, industrial complexes, major and minor roads, educational institutions, medical facilities, religious and historical places, recreational and public utilities like sewerage and storm water drains, bus stands, railway station and newly developing sectors, open spaces, grounds, playgrounds, stadia etc. are derived from the land use map. Some of the derived maps are discussed below.
Electoral Wards The study area is divided into 58 rectangular sectors. Two to three sectors constitute one ward. Chandigarh City and its peripheral area is divided into twenty wards (Fig 4). These serve as electoral wards for the city's democratic base. Population size was the criterion for this delineation. As the city was not designed for uniform distribution of population, the wards differ in area, size and degree of compactness.
Table 2. Landuse categories in Union Territory of Chandigarh Level-1
Level- 2
Level- 3
Built-Up
Towns/cities (Urban)
Residential Industrial Commercial Recreational Public & Semi-public Mixed Bulit-up land Open Spaces/vacant Land Others Central Govt. State Govt Govt Undertaking Vilages (Rural)
Vilages (Rural) Agriculture
Crop land
Fallow Plantations
Forest
Evergreen/Semi evergreen
Deciduous (Moist/Dry)
Forest Plantations Mangroves (Littoral swamp forest) Shifting Cultivation
Wastelands
Salt Affected Land Gullied/Ravenous Land Land with scrub Land without scrub Sandy-desertic Land Mining/Industrial waste Barren Rocky/ Stony waste/ Sheet Rock
Water bodies
River Lakes/Ponds Reservoirs Tanks
Kharif Rabi Kharif+Rabi (double cropped) ZAID Crop (Summer) Current Fallow Permanent Fallow Tea Coffee Rubber Coconut Arcanut Citius wood land Mango Mixed Nursery Dense/Closed Open Scrubed Forest Forest Blanks Dense/Closed Open Scrubed Forest Forest Blanks Forest Plantations Dense Sparse Old Shifting Cultivation Abandoned Shifting Cultivation Current Shifting Cultivation
Water channel area Sandy area Tidal River Island River bed Cultivation Sukhana Lake Lake Island Silted Area Silted Area/vegitated Village Pond Water Work
Urban Transport Network Transport network forms an important infrastructure element of the whole urban area. It allows connectivity and movement of people, traffic and goods from both intra and inter city. Chandigarh is connected with the main towns and cities of different states (Fig 4). The different sectors are inter linked with a network of fast motor roads, which gives the city its grid-iron pattern. Road network of city is comprised of seven type of roads viz. V1 (Main road) running from Capital complex to sector 9 and beyond with a width of 44 feet, V2 (running horizontally in NW-SE direction), V3 (running vertically in NE-SW direction) and V4 (roads passing through markets of different sectors) with a width of 42 feet, V5 (circular roads) running within the sectors has a width of 24-26 feet. Street roads and service lanes have a width of 12-16 feet and 10 feet, respectively. No fast traffic will enter in the residential sectors, life with in which is social and free from danger to young and old. The most intense experiences of Chandigarh's architecture and urban design are observed along major avenues like Madhya Marg, Dakshin Marg and shopping streets.
Residential Facilities There are two categories of Housing in Chandigarh city viz. Public and Private housing (Fig 5). Government and Institutional houses come under Public housing category where as Private houses are built by individuals and Chandigarh Housing Board. It has excellent hotels, hostels, dharamshalas, sarais and guest houses to take care of tourists and others visitors.
Fig.5
Medical Facilities The primary objectives of Chandigarh master plan were to provide a healthy environment for living and working. While an extensive green belt was provided to ensure the citizens access to sun and nature. Each sector also has public and community health care facility. Public health infrastructure of Chandigarh has been grouped into four categories viz. Hospitals, Medical Colleges and Institutes, Polyclinics and Community/Primary Health Centers, General Dispensaries and Institutional Dispensaries. Private sector is also responding in a big way to the market demand of health services (Krishan, 1999). Animal Husbandry department has done tremendous progress in providing facilities to live stock since its inception in the rural area (Fig 6). Number of veterinary hospitals/dispensaries has increased from six to fourteen. (Negi, 1994). It has nine sub veterinary centers. Fig. 6
Educational Facilities The city imparts quality education to students not only form the city, but also neighbouring states like Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. Presence of the highly acclaimed Panjab University, Punjab Engineering college, College of Arts, Government Medical College and affiliated colleges (Fig 7), the city has developed an institutional edge in the country. Due to these educational facilities the literacy rate in the city is 82%. Fig. 7
Commercial Outlets and Industrial Area Chandigarh has acquired a variety of commercial functions as a part of growth process. It has emerged as a dynamic retail and whole sale center not only for urban Fig. 8
sprawl of which it is now forms a part but also for a wider inter state region. Commercial activity in the city has been divided into four types of outlets viz. shop cum offices, shop cum flats, booths and rehri markets (Fig 8). Shops cum offices are placed along major roads. Three sectors viz. sector 17, 26 and 34 have been developed as commercial sectors. Sector 17 is the city Centre, which has, become the main hub of banking sector. Chandigarh has a well developed industrial area at its south eastern periphery. It is separated from residential area by a stretch of two green belts to maintain the pollution free environment.
Sewerage System and Storm water Drainage Network The study area has a well developed sewerage system. Sewage from residential and non residential areas is collected by this network and carried to the site of treatment plant situated at about 4 kms. Study area boasts of well established storm water drainage network. It drains out rain/storm water with great ease into the choes/seasonal rivulets criss crossing the city. Chandigarh is the first planned city in India and still maintained its status as one of the best-managed cities of the country. The excellent social infrastructure, large green spaces and its compact size make Chandigarh an ideal work environment. It is a city where the quality of life is excellent and the disadvantages of large metropolitan cities are absent. With a relatively pollution free environment, the quality of life in Chandigarh is comparable to the best cities across the world.
CONCLUSIONS Survey of India (SOI) maps constitute the largest landuse and topographic maps available on 1:20,000/1:40,000 scale for few selected cities in the country. Although SOI maps provide the detailed possible information on urban landuse, majority of these maps are outdated (surveyed upto 1970) and are restricted in aerial coverage. These maps do not show the extended coverage and the recent developments within and near the fringe of the cities.In this study, IRS LISS III-PAN merged data have been used very effectively to bring out different landuse information such as roads, residential colonies, institutions, new layouts, development on to vacant lands etc in the southern sectors. These southern sectors are being developed presently under the third and final phase of development. The emergence of IRS-ID LISS III-PAN merged data has enhanced the operational usage of satellite data in the area of urban survey, urban planning and monitoring the changing landuse dynamics more frequently. It can also help in updation of city guide maps.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors wish to thank Department of space Govt. of India for funding NRIS project under which this case study was carried out. Thanks are also due to Dr. M.L. Manchanda, the then Head, Regional Remote Sensing Service Center, Dehradun for
technical guidance. The authors also wish to extend their sincere thanks to Chandigarh Administration for providing information in infrastructure facilities through its different departments. REFERENCES Gopal, Krishan. (1999) Inner spaces-Outer spaces of a Planned City, A thematic Atlas of Chandigarh ; Peco Printing Press, Industrial Area , Chandigarh. Misra., P.(1989). Application of Remote Sensing in analysing settlement structure in metropolitan regions. Photonirvachak: J.Indian Soc. Of Remote Sensing, Vol 17 (3), pp 1-10 Negi, Ramesh. (1994) Census of India 1991, District Census Handbook Series-28, Part XII - A and B:1-149. District Chandigarh, Chandigarh Administration Raghavswamy, V., Pathan, S. K., Mohan, P. Ram., Bhanderi, R. J., and Priya, Padma.(1996) IRS-IC applications for urban planning and development, Current Science, 70 (7) :j 582-588. Rao D. P. and Gautam, N.C. (1994). Mapping and monitoring urban sprawl: Hyderabad city. Project Report, N.R.S.A.,Hyderabad. Soil Survey Staff (1998). Keys to Soil Taxonomy. Soil Conservation Service, USDA, Washington, D.C.
