ciala qurcikiZe Zveli aRTqmis arakanonikuri wignebis qarTuli ...

ciala qurcikiZe Zveli aRTqmis arakanonikuri wignebis qarTuli versiebiN bibliis Zvel aRTqmaSi gamoyofen kanonikur da arakanonikur, meorenairad kanonikur da apokriful wignebs. Zveli aRTqmis kanonikuri wignebia: 1. dabadeba, 2. gamosvlaTa, 3. levitelTa, 4. ricxvTa, 5. II SjulTa, 6. isu navesi, 7. msajulTa ruTiTurT, 8. I da II mefeTa, 9. III da IV mefeTa, 10. I da II neStTa, 11. ezra da neemia, 12. esTeri, 13. iobi, 14. fsalmuni, 15. igavni solomonisni, 16. eklesiaste, 17. qeba qebaTa, 18. esaia, 19. ieremia godebiT, 20. ezekieli, 21. danieli, 22. Tormeti mcire winaswarmetyveli.1 es is wignebia, romlebsac ebraeli xalxi qmnida TiTqmis mTeli aTi saukunis manZilze, kerZod, Zveli welTaRricxvis XIII-XII saukuneebidan Zvelive welTaRricxvis II saukunemde.2 am wignebSi asaxulia ebraeli xalxis istoria, imdroindeli yofa-cxovreba, maTi msoflmxedveloba, religiuri mrwamsi, maTi eTikuri da esTetikuri Sexedulebebi. Zveli aRTqmis arakanonikur wignebad iTvleba: 1. I ezra /wigni ezra zorobabelisi/, 2. tobi, 3. ivdiTi, 4. solomonis sibrZne, 5. isu-ziraqis sibrZne, 6. baruqi, 7. ieremias epistole, 8. III ezra /ezras apokalifsisi/, 9. I makabelTa, 10. II makabelTa, 11. III makabelTa. Zvel aRTqmaSi arakanonikurad miiCneva agreTve kanonikuri wignebis garkveuli nawilebi: 1. neStTas II wignSi _ manases locva /erTvis boloSi, XXXVI Tavis 23-e muxlis Semdeg/. 2. esTeris wignSi _ adgilebi, romlebic berZnul septantaSi daumuxlavia /I1, III13, IV17, V1, VIII12, X3; laTinur vulgataSi es adgilebi esTeris wignis XI-XVI Tavebadaa ganawilebuli/. N

qurcikiZe ciala, Zveli aRTqmis apokrifuli (arakanonikuri) wignebis qarTuli versiebi, wigni II, Tb., 1973. gv. 8-31 (Sesavali). 1 Zveli aRTqmis kanonikuri wigni sinamdvileSi ocdaori ki ara ocdaTvrametia, magram Zvelma ebraelebma im mizniT, rom am wignebis raodenoba maT anbanSi Semavali asoebis raodenobasTan gaeTanabrebinaT, xelovnurad gaaerTianes zogierTi wigni erT wignad: msajulTa da ruTi, I da II mefeTa, III da IV mefeTa, I da II neStTa, ezra da neemia da 12 mcire winaswarmetyvelis saxeliT cnobili (osia, ioeli, amosi, abdia, iona, miqia, naumi, ambakumi, sofonia, angia, zaqaria, malaqia) wignebi. Zveli aRTqmis wignebis ebrauli anbanis mixedviT ocdaorad gaerTianebis Sesaxeb cnobebi Zveli mwerlobis ZeglebSivea daculi: `xolo ese sacnaur iyavn, viTarmed ocdaor arian wignni Zuelisa aRTqumisani, ricxÂsaebr ebraelTa anbnisa asoTaÁsa, rameTu anbanica maTi asoÁ ars~ (ioane damaskeli, gardamocema, k. kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa institutis xelnaweri A-24, 125v). `arian ukue Zuelisa vidreme aRTqumisa wignni yovelni ricxÂT ocdaor, rameTu esodennive arian, viTarca mesma, asonica ebraulisa anbnisani~ (didi sjulis kanoni, k. kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa institutis xelnaweri A-76, gv. 197). Sdr. agreTve: А. П. Лопухин, Толковая Библия или комментарий на все книги святого писания Ветхого и Нового завета, под редакцией А. П. Лопухина, I том, Петербург, 1904, gv. VI. 2 И. Д. Амусин, Тексты Кумрана, выпуск I. Перевод с древнееврейского и арамейского, введение и комментарий И. Д. Амусина, Москва, 1971, gv. 40.  

1

3. fsalmunTa wignSi _ bolo, 151-e fsalmuni. 4. iobis wignSi _ XLII Tavis bolo me-17 muxli. 5. danielis wignSi _ sami yrmis galoba (III Tavis 24-90 muxlebi), susanas Tavgadasavali (XIII Tavi) da belisa da veSapis Sesaxeb (XIV Tavi).3 arakanonikuri wignebis warmoSobisa da gavrcelebis istoria mTlad naTeli ar aris: `Cven isic ar viciT, _ wers erT-erTi bibliologi _ ra niSnebis mixedviT asxvavebdnen Zvel aRTqmaSi kanonikur wignebs arakanonikurTagan~.4  arakanonikuri wignebi ebrauli bibliis SedgenilobaSi ar Canda, garda amisa, ebraul enaze maTi arsebobis Sesaxeb araviTar cnobas ar iZleoda ioseb flaviosi;5 meore mxriv, arakanonikuri wignebisa da kanonikuri wignebis zemoxsenebuli arakanonikuri danarTebis arseboba berZnul septantaSi faqti iyo, amave dros arakanonikuri wignebis umetesobis mimarT /I ezra, baruqi, ieremias epistole, ziraqis sibrZne, 151-e fsalmuni/ mkvlevrebi ueWvel daskvnebs akeTebdnen maTi ebrauli warmoSobis Sesaxeb.6  bibliologiaSi dReisaTvis damkvidrebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom bibliis arakanonikuri wignebi da danarTebi warmoiSva Cvens welTaRricxvamde bolo oTxi saukunis ganmavlobaSi, rodesac ebrauli bibliis /Zveli aRTqmis/ kanoni ukve dasrulebuli iyo. amitom CaiTvala es wignebi arakanonikurad da ar Sevida ebrauli bibliis SedgenilobaSi.7 kanonikur wignTagan arakanonikurebis gamoyofas mxolod am ukanasknelTa gviandeli warmoSoba ar unda gansazRvravdes: `is faqti, rom arakanonikuri wignebi calke, damoukideblad Seiqmna, imas mowmobs, rom istoriulad maT mniSvnelobac damoukidebeli unda hqonodaT~.8  3

Sdr. Г. П. Смирнов-Платонов, Неканонические книги Ветхово завета: Православное обозрение, том 9, Москва, 1862, gv. 2; А. П. Лопухин, Толковая Библия, или комментарий... gv. XIII; П. Юнгеров, частное историко-критическое введение в священные ветхозаветные книги, выпуск первый, книги законоположительные, исторические и учительные, Казань, 1907, gv. 165; The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament in English with Introductions and Critical and Explanatory Notes to the several Books, ed. in Conjunction with many Scholors by R. N. Charles. D. Litt., D. D., Volume I, Apocrypha, Oxford, 1965, gv. VII; O. Eissfeldt, Einleitung in das Alte Testamont, Tülingen, 1964, gv. 776. 4 Ф. Вигуру, Руководство к чтению и изучению Библии, перевод с последнего /12-го/ Французского издания с дополнительными примечаниями и указателями русской библейской литературы, СПБ, В. В. Воронцова, Москва, 1916, gv. 46. 5 ioseb flaviosi I saukunis /ax. welTaRricxviT/ moRvawea. igi pirveli avtoria, romelsac mocemuli aqvs sruli sia Zveli aRTqmis wignebisa ebraul enaze. am siaSi mxolod kanonikuri wignebia dasaxelebuli. Sdr. Ф. Вигуру, dasax. naSromi, gv. 49-50.  6 es daskvnebi zogierTi teqstis mimarT gaamarTla kidec kumranis cnobilma aRmoCenebma. kumranSi Zveli aRTqmis arakanonikur wignTagan napovnia tobis wignis arameuli da ebrauli fragmentebi, ieremias epistolis berZnuli Targmanis fragmenti, ziraqis sibrZnis siriuli teqstis ramdenime nawyveti da fsalmunTa wignis 151-e fsalmuni ebraulad. Sdr. И. Д. Амусин, Тексты Кумрана... gv. 128-130. 7 Г. П. Смирнов-Платонов, Неканонические книги Ветхого завета... gv. 2; А. И. Сперанский, Краткий исторический очерк судьбы неканонических книг Ветхого завета: Христианское чтение, 1881, ч. 2-я, gv. 392. 8 Г. П. Смирнов-Платонов, dasax. naSromi, gv. 7.

2

imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor afasebdnen arakanonikur wignebs im dros, rodesac isini iqmneboda, sainteresoa erTi adgili ezras apokalifsisidan. wignis bolos /mokle redaqciiT XII, xolo vrceliT XIV TavSi/ moTxrobilia Semdegi: ezras gamoecxada ufali da ubrZana wasuliyo velad da Tan waeyvana xuTi kaci ormoci dRiT. ezra asec moiqca. meore dRes ufalma `uwoda~ ezras da uTxra, rom gaeRo piri da Seesva sasmeli. ezram Sesva sasmeli, romelic wyals hgavda, xolo feri cecxlis hqonda. am sasmelis miRebis Semdeg ezras gulidan `gamoscendeboda mecnierebaÁ~, mis mkerds `ganefineboda sibrZnÀ~ da ezram daiwyo Txroba: `aReRo piri Cemi da arRara daiyo~. xuTi kaci werda mis monaTxrobs ormoci dRis ganmavlobaSi: `da davwere ormeocsa mas dResa wignebi ese oTxmeocdaaToTxmetni. `da iyo odes aResrulnes ormeocni igi dReni, metyoda me maRali da mrqua: `ocdaoTxi, romeli pirvelad daswereT, gancxadebulad dasdvaT da ukiTxeT igi RirsTa, `xolo sameocdaaTi dahmarxoT, raÁTa misce igi brZenTa erisa SenisaTa, `rameTu mas Sina ars cecxli gonebisaÁ da wyaroÁ sibrZnisaÁ da mdinarÀ mecnierebisaÁ~, XII, 44-48. `maRalis~ anu uflis brZanebis Tanaxmad pirveli ocdaoTxi wigni `gancxadebulad~ unda daidvas da unda waukiTxon yvelas, vinc Rirsi iqneba, danarCeni samocdaaTi ki farulad unda iqonion (`dahmarxoT~) da miscen mxolod brZen adamianebs. aq dasaxelebul 24 wignSi Zveli aRTqmis kanonikur wignebs xedaven, xolo 70 wignSi _ Zveli aRTqmisave arakanonikur wignebs.9 Tu es asea, gamodis, rom Zveli aRTqmis arakanonikur wignebs Tavis droze kanonikurebTan SedarebiT naklebi Rirebuleba ar hqoniaT: `rameTu mas Sina ars cecxli gonebisaÁ da wyaroÁ sibrZnisaÁ da mdinarÀ mecnierebisaÁ~. Tumca, SesaZloa, aq avtori sakuTar Tvalsazrissac gvawvdides (is xom TviTon wers arakanonikur wigns). rac Seexeba sakiTxs, sad da rodis Sevida arakanonikuri wignebi bibliis SemadgenlobaSi, Tvlian, rom es wignebi Tavdapirvelad septantis mTargmnelebma Targmnes kanonikur wignebTan erTad da Seitanes berZnul bibliaSi, Semdeg ki maT daemata sxva arakanonikuri wignebi, romlebic ufro mogvianebiT ukve berZnulad daiwera.10  rogorc cnobilia, Zveli aRTqmis qristianul kanons safuZvlad daedo bibliis septantiseuli Targmani. qristianulma eklesiam es Targmani miiRo sruli SedgenilobiT (kanonikuriT da arakanonikuriT), amave SedgenilobiT iTargmna igi Semdeg sxva enebze da Sevida yvela Zveli eklesiis saRmrTismsaxuro praqtikaSi.11  9

Sdr. The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament... gv. VIII. 10. Г. П. Смирнов-Платонов, Неканонические книги Ветхого завета... gv. 11. 11 11. iqve. 10

3

qristianuli eklesiis damokidebuleba arakanonikuri wignebis mimarT sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxvanairi iyo. am damokidebulebaSi reformaciis periodamde (XVI saukune) ganarCeven sam moments: 1. adrindeli saukuneebis (IV saukunemde) eklesiis wmida mamebi Zveli aRTqmis arakanonikur wignebs ixseniebdnen rogorc `werils~ an `saRmrTo werils~, akeTebdnen maTgan citirebas da kanonikuri wignebisagan TiTqmis ar gamijnavdnen.12  2. IV saukunis bolosa da V-is damdegs Zveli aRTqmis arakanonikuri wignebi sabolood gamoiyo ebrauli `kanonis~ wmida wignebisagan _ ilarionis, rufinusisa da ieronimes egzegetikuri Txzulebebis Semdeg. es wmida mamebi dakavSirebuli iyvnen palestinasTan da kargad icnobdnen Zvel ebraul `kanons~ (cnobilia, rom ieronimem Zveli aRTqma laTinur enaze uSualod ebraulidan Targmna). yvela wigni, romelic Zvel ebraul kanonSi ar Sedioda, maT apokrifulad gamoacxades. 3. mesame Tvalsazrisi, romelic imave IV saukunis bolosve SemuSavda qristianul eklesiaSi, pirveli oris morigebas warmoadgenda. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT arakanonikuri wignebis gamoyeneba sarwmunoebis dogmatebis dasabuTebisaTvis ki aikrZala, magram mizanSewonilad iqna miCneuli maTi kiTxva RmrTismsaxurebis dros eklesiaSi. aqedan warmodga Zveli aRTqmis arakanonikuri wignebis saxelwodebac _ saeklesioni. am Tvalsazrisis mimdevrebma Zveli aRTqmis arakanonikuri wignebi gamijnes sakuTriv apokrifebisganac, romlebSic mxolod eretikuli nawarmoebebi igulisxmeboda.13 kanonikuri, arakanonikuri da apokrifuli (=eretikuli) wignebis mimarT bolo (mesame) Tvalsazrisis momxreTa damokidebulebis saCveneblad aRsaniSnavia erTi adgili saeklesio kanonTa krebulidan, e. w. didi sjuliskanonidan. aTanases epistoleSi ammonis mimarT daxasiaTebulia Zveli mwerlobis samive es dargi. epistolis qarTuli Targmanis mixedviT kanonikur, arakanonikur da apokriful wignebs Sesabamisad hqviaT: gankanonebulni, aragankanonebulni//ganukanonebelni da dafarulni. epistoleSi jer CamoTvlilia Zveli da axali aRTqmis gankanonebuli (kanonikuri) wignebi, Semdeg ki mocemulia maTi daxasiaTeba: `arian (es wignebi _ c. q.) wyaroni cxorebisani, vidremdis magrilobel eqmnebian wyurielTa amaTSinani sityuani. mxolod amaT oden Sina ekmarebis keTilad msaxurebisa moZRurebaÁ. numca raÁ visgan Seematebis amaT, nuca kualad gamo-raÁme-eÃuebis amaT~. Semdeg msjeloba grZeldeba aragankanonebuli (arakanonikuri) da dafaruli (apokrifuli) wignebis Sesaxeb: `aramed umetesisa ucTomelobisaTvis saWirod vsaje amisica SeZinebaÁ, viTarmed arian sxuanica wignni TÂnier amaTsa aragankanonebulni ukue, xolo dawerilnive 12

12. iqve, gv. 16; А. И. Сперанский, Краткий исторический очерк судьбы неканонических книг Ветхого завета... gv. 396; R. H. Charles, The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha... gv. IX. 13 13. aRniSnuli sami momentis Sesaxeb ix. The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha... gv. IX.  

4

mamaTa mier sakiTxavad maTTÂs, romelni awRa mouÃdebodin da enebos damowafebaÁ keTilad msaxurebisa sityÂsaÁ: sibrZne solomonisi da sibrZne ziraqisi da esTeri da iudiTi da tovisi... aramed, sayuarelno, arca amaT gankanonebulTa da arca maT ganukanonebelTa sakiTxavTa Soris ipoebis saÃsenebeli dafarulTaÁ, aramed igini mwvalebelTani arian mopovnebulni, romelni weren ukue, maT odesca enebos. xolo miscemen da Sehmateben, maT JamTa raodennica sTnden, raÁTa viTarca ZuelTa raTme sarwmuno hyofden maT da mizezad aqundes ese maT mier cTunebisa wrfelTaÁsa~.14 epistolis mixedviT, `gankanonebuli~ wignebi cxovrebis wyaros warmoadgenen da Seicaven moZRvrebas keTilad msaxurebis Sesaxeb, `aragankanonebuli~ wignebi ki dawerilia `mamaTa~ mier sakiTxavad maTTvis, romelTac surT daemowafon keTilad msaxurebis sityvas. arc `gankanonebuli~ da arc `ganukanonebeli~ wignebi `dafaruls~ arafers Seicaven. `dafaruli~ wignebi mwvalebelTa mieraa Seqmnili. isini weren, `odesca enebos~, weren ise, TiTqos Zveli nawarmoebebi iyos da acTuneben wrfel adamianebs. reformaciis droidan dasavleTis eklesiaSi Zveli aRTqmis arakanonikuri wignebis SefasebasTan dakavSirebiT mTeli rigi cvlilebebi xdeba. 1521-1534 wlebSi martin luTerma germanul enaze Targmna biblia. am TargmanSi man kanonikur wignebTan erTad arakanonikurebic moaTavsa (II da III ezrasa da III makabelTas gamoklebiT), mxolod man es wignebi miiCnia iseT wignebad, romlebic, marTalia, `wmida werils~ ver gautoldebian Tavisi mniSvnelobiT, magram sasargebloni arian eklesiaSi, skolasa da saxlSi sakiTxavad. luTeris TargmanSi arsebuli suraTi protestantebis Semdegdroindel gamocemebSic meordeboda. protestantebis sawinaaRmdegod kaTolikeebma arakanonikuri wignebi ebrauli kanonis Semadgenel nawilad miiCnies: tridentis saeklesio krebam (1546 w.) Tavis dadgenilebaSi anaTema SeuTvala imaT, vinc wmidad da kanonikurad ar miiCnevda mTel `wmida werils~ sruli SedgenilobiT. am krebam Zveli aRTqmis yvela wigni (II da III ezras, III makabelTasa da manases locvis gamoklebiT) kanonikurad gamoacxada. tridentis krebis dadgenilebis gavleniT 1672 wlis ierusalimis saeklesio krebam ebrauli kanonis ZiriTad nawilad miiCnia Semdegi arakanonikuri wignebi: solomonis sibrZne, ivdiTi, tobia, ziraqis sibrZne, makabelTa wignebi, susanas Tavgadasavali, moTxroba belisa da veSapis Sesaxeb.15 protestantebma, romlebic Tavidan arakanonikuri wignebis damcvelad gamodiodnen, Semdeg ukve sawinaaRmdego tendencia ganaviTares _ arakano14

14. A-76, 197r_198v. 15. zogierTi kaTolike swavluli cdilobda tridentis krebis dadgenilebebi moerigebina Zvel, msoflio eklesiis gansazRvrasTan, ase gaCnda saxelwodebebi: protokanonikuri _ kanonikuri wignebisaTvis, devterokanonikuri _ arakanonikurTaTvis. 15

5

nikuri wignebi apokrifebad gamoacxades da `kanonSi~ maTi Setana dauSveblad miiCnies. XIX saukunis damdegs arakanonikuri wignebis mimarT protestantebma ukve seriozuli brZola gaaCaRes. am brZolam imdenad principuli xasiaTi miiRo, rom anglo-Sotlandiurma bibliurma sazogadoebam aSkara protesti gamoacxada arakanonikur wignebdarTuli bibliis beWdvasa da gavrcelebaze. am sazogadoebis Tvalsazrisma SemdegSi germaniaSic moikida fexi. 1850 wlidan arakanonikuri wignebis winaaRmdeg Cndeba mecnieruli Sromebi, ori aseTi Sroma sagangebo premiiTac aRiniSna.16 rac Seexeba Zveli aRTqmis arakanonikuri wignebis mimarT aRmosavluri anu marTlmadidebluri eklesiis damokidebulebas, SexedulebaTa brZolasa da cvlas aq adgili ar hqonia. aRmosavluri eklesia Tavidan bolomde iziarebda im Tvalsazriss, romelic, marTalia, Zveli aRTqmis arakanonikur wignebs mniSvnelobiT kanonikurebTan ar aTanabrebs, magram arc gamoricxavs maT bibliidan, radgan miiCnevs damrigeblobiTi xasiaTis, sulisaTvis sasargeblo nawarmoebebad.17 qarTuli eklesia, rogorc aRmosavluri eklesiis pirmSo da misi nawili, arakanonikuri wignebis SefasebaSic ZvelTaganve am ukanasknelis Tvalsazrisze unda mdgariyo. Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi daculia zogierTi cnoba, saidanac Cans, rom qarTuli eklesia da qarTveli saeklesio moRvaweebi kargad icnobdnen Zveli aRTqmis arakanonikur wignebs da saTanadodac afasebdnen maT. `grigol xancTelis cxovrebis~ avtori giorgi merCule erTgan grigolis gasaocar mexsierebaze mogviTxrobs da wers: `gansakÂrvebel iyo ÃsovnebaÁ misi; rameTu aw ars xancTas ÃeliTa misiTa dawerili sulisa mier wmidisa saweliwdoÁ iadgari, romlisa sityuani friad keTil arian. xolo axlisa Sjulisa dabeWdulni wignni zepiriT icnodna da mravalni wignni Zuelisaca Sjulisani. aramed daubeWdvelni, wmidaTa moZRuarTa Tqumulni, aRuracxelni warmoiTqumodes uwignod eniTa misiTa umetes zeSTa bunebisa Cuenisa~.18  aq `axali~ da `Zueli Sjuli~ axalsa da Zvel aRTqmas gulisxmobs, xolo `dabeWdulni~ da `daubeWdvelni wignni~ kanonikuri da arakanonikuri wignebis Zveli qarTuli saxelwodeba Cans. avtori ratomRac grigolis mier swored arakanonikuri wignebis zepirad codnaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas:

`aramed daubeWdvelni, wmidaTa moZRuarTa Tqumulni, aRuracxelni warmoiTqumodes uwignod eniTa misiTa~.19  X saukunis erT-erT sinur xelnawerSi CamoTvlilia Zveli da axali aRTqmis kanonikuri wignebi. Zveli aRTqmis kanonikuri wignebis sias sa16

16. am sakiTxebze ufro dawvrilebiT ix. А. И. Сперанский, Краткий исторический очерк судьбы неканонических книг Ветхого завета... gv. 394-401.  17 17. iqve, gv. 401. 18 18. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, wigni I (V-X ss), Tb., 1964, gv. 282.  19 19. Sdr. k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis istoria, I, Tb., 1951, gv. 398.  

6

Taurad uZRvis `wigni(I) beWdulni Zuelisa Sjulisani~ da dalagebulia Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT: dabadebaÁ, rl ars S˜baTTaÁ (SobaTaÁ _ c. q.) gamoslvaTaÁ levitelTaÁ ricxuTaÁ meorÀ Sjuli isu navÀsi msajulTaÁ ruTisi mefeTaÁ a, mefTÁ b, mefTaÁ g, mefeTa d neStTaÁ a, neStT˜Á b ezraÁ a, ezraÁ b danielisi da esTer-mardoke fsalmonTaÁ igavTaÁ da mravalmaswavlelisa ziraqis wigni eklesiastÀ da qebaÁ qebaTaÁ aTormetTa winawarmetyuelTaÁ esaiaÁ ieremiaÁ baroq da godebani ezekieli iobi.20 am siaSi, garda imisa, rom tradiciuli rigi Zveli aRTqmis wignebis dalagebisa odnav areulia (`danieli~ da `iobi~ TavTavis adgilas ar zis), kanonikur wignebSi arakanonikurebicaa Setanili: ziraqis sibrZne (`mravalmaswavlelisa ziraqis wigni~) da baruqi (`baroq~).21 ratom moaTavses arakanonikuri wignebi kanonikurebSi? SesaZloa orgvari varaudis daSveba: an unebur SecdomasTan gvaqvs saqme _ RmrTismsaxurebaSi arakanonikuri wignebis gamoyenebis gamo maT gamijnvas kanonikuri wignebisagan albaT yovelTvis ver axerxebdnen; anda aRniSnuli wignebi kanonikurTa rigSi Setanilia sruliad Segnebulad: iyo iseTi tendenciac, rom `ziraqis wigni~ kanonikurad ecnoT,22 xolo `baruqi~ `ieremias winaswarmetyvelebis~ Semadgenel nawilad mieCniaT.23 20

20. sinas mTis wm. ekaterines monastris xelnaweri #34, gv. 203. xelnawerSi TiToeuli wignis dasaxelebasTan miwerilia misi muxlebis raodenoba Zveli saTvalaviT (stiqometriiT), maTi aq Camowera mizanSewonilad ar vcaniT. es sia gamoqveynebuli aqvs k. kekeliZes. ix. k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis istoria, I, gv. 398. 21 21. kideze nusxuriT kidev ori arakanonikuri wignis dasaxelebaa Camatebuli: ivdiTi, tobi. 22

22. SemTxveviTi araa is faqti, rom XII saukunis cnobil krebulSi _ xelnawerTa institutis A-65 xelnawerSi _ Zveli aRTqmis kanonikuri wignebis rigSi `ziraqis sibrZnecaa~ dasaxelebuli: `Zuelisa Sjulisa wignni: SobaTaÁ, gamoslvaTaÁ, levitelTaÁ, ricxu-

7

Zveli aRTqmis arakanonikuri wignebis mimarT qarTuli sasuliero mwerlobis warmomadgenelTa damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa agerTve efrem mciris cnobili komentari, romelic ioane damaskelis `gardamocemis~ teqsts erTvis xelnawerTa institutis A-24 xelnawerSi da romelic am ramdenime xnis winaT gamovaqveyneT.24 rogorc aRvniSnavdiT, ioane damaskeli `gardamocemaSi~ CamoTvlis Zveli aRTqmis kanonikur wignebs, romelTa raodenobac ebrauli anbanis Sesabamisad 22-s Seadgens, da 21-ed asaxelebs ezras wignebs (=kanonikuri ezra da neemia), 22-ed ki _ esTeris wigns. Semdeg igi yuradRebas migvaqcevinebs solomonisa da isu-ziraqis sibrZneTa wignebze, romlebic miuxedavad maTi didi Rirsebisa (`saTno ukue arian da keTil~), ebraul kanonSi Setanili mainc ar arian.25 komentaris teqsts aqac gavimeorebT: `rameTu raJams ezraÁ pirveli da meore gesmnen, uwyodi, viTarmed misve erTisa ezra zorobabelis wignTa ityÂs. pirvelad da meored _ pirvelsa da meoresa Tavsa. xolo sxuaÁ igi ezraÁ suTieli, romel qarTulad ars, aravisgan aRracxil ars wignTa Tana da arca saCinod ipoebis berZenTa Tana, vinaÁca nuukuÀ dafarulTagani raÁme ars da ara saeklesioÁ, amisTÂsca mravalTa wmidaTa esre saxedve aRuricxovan wignni da arca erTi aÃsenebs saxelsa missa. xolo tubisi daRacaTu aqa ara moÃsenebul ars, aramed sxuani moiÃsenebenca da aRhricxoven ara ocdaorTa Tana, aramed stiqaron uwoden reca kidegnad ricxÂsagan, viTarigi sibrZneTaca solomonissa da ziraqissa~. am komentaridan pirvel rigSi yuradRebas iqcevs terminebi `dafaruli~ (`dafarulTagani~) da `saeklesio~. pirveli naxmaria sakuTriv apokrifuli anu eretikuli literaturis aRsaniSnavad, meore ki _ Zveli aRTqmis arakanonikuri wignebisaTvis.26 efrem mciris azriT, ezra suTielis wigni rom arc `wignTa Tana~ (bibliis wignebSi _ c. q.) aris aRricxuli da berZnul enazec ar Cans, amis mizezi SesaZloa is iyos, rom igi eretikul wignad yofiliyo miCneuli (`nuukuÀ dafarulTagani raÁme ars da ara saeklesioÁ~). amitomaa albaT, rom mravali wmida mama aRricxavs Zveli aRTqmis wignebs da mis saxels ki aravin axsenebs. rac Seexeba tobis wigns (`tubisi~), Tumca aq, `gardamocemaSi~, moxsenebuli ar aris, magram TaÁ, meorisa SjulisaÁ, iso navesi, msajulTaÁ a, ruTisi a, mefeTaÁ d, neStTaÁ b, ezraÁsi b, esTerisi a, fsalmunTaÁ a, solomonisi g, winawarmetyuelTaÁ ib, isaiaÁsi a, ieremiaÁsi a, ezekielisi a, danielisi a, iobisi a, ziraqis sibrZne~ (gv. 175). xelnawerze migviTiTa m. qavTariam. 23 23. baruqis wignis ieremias winaswarmetyvelebis wignTan damokidebulebis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT, gv. 237-238. 24 24. c. qurcikiZe, ezras apokalifsisis qarTuli redaqciebi, mravalTavi, filologiur-istoriuli Ziebani, I, Tb., 1971, gv. 102. es komentari ufro adre gamoqveynebuli aqvs r. miminoSvils wignSi `ioane damaskelis `gardamocemis~ qarTuli Targmanebi~, Tb., 1996, gv. 134. 25 25. c. qurcikiZe, dasax. naSr. gv. 102. 26 26. zemoT dasaxelebul Cvens werilSi (`ezras apokalifsisis qarTuli redaqciebi~) komentaris Sinaarsis gaxsnas sizuste aklia. Sdr. iqve, gv. 103.

8

sxvebi moixseneben da aRricxaven, mxolod ocdaor wignSi ki ara, aramed stiqarons uwodeben da aTavseben am ricxvis gareT (kidegnad), rogorc solomonisa da ziraqis sibrZnis wignebs. Zveli qarTveli saeklesio moRvaweebi bibliis arakanonikur wignebs eretikul, anu, Zvelive qarTuli saxelwodebiT, `dafarul~ wignebTan rom ar aigivebdnen, es Cans agreTve eqvTime aTonelis erT-erTi werilidan. es werili mas gamougzavnia aTonidan saqarTveloSi SekiTxvis pasuxad, Tu saberZneTis eklesia (maSasadame, qarTulic _ c. q.) romel wignebs ar Seiwynarebs. werilSi CamoTvlilia Zveli da axali aRTqmis mxolod iseTi Txzulebani, romlebic sakuTriv apokrifulad anu eretikulad iTvleboda.27 aq xsenebac ki ar aris Zveli aRTqmis romelime arakanonikuri wignisa.28 bibliis arakanonikuri wignebis SefasebasTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi SeiniSna sulxan-saba orbelianTan. yuradReba miiqcia misi Txzulebis `samoTxis karis~ erTma adgilma. aq avtori Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebs CamoTvlis. moZRvris SekiTxvaze: `ra ganaweses mociqulTa anu rjuli, anu sarwmunoeba?~ yrma upasuxebs: `ganaweses Zveli: dabadebis, gamosvlaTa, ricxvTa, levitelTa, meoris sjulisa, isonaves, msajulTa, ruTisi, oTxi mefeTa, orni neStTa, ori ezekiasi,29 tobiasi, ivdiTisi, esTerisi, iobisi, fsalmuni, eklesiaste, qeba qebaTa, igavi da sibrZne, iso-ziraqis wigni, winaswarmetyveleba esaiasi, ieremiasi, baruqisi, ezekielisi, danielisi, osesi, iovelisi, amosisi, abdiasi, ionasi, miqiasi, naumisi, ambakumisi, sofoniasi, angiasi, zaqariasi, malaqiasi da ori makabelisa wigni; da axlis aRTqmis wigni: wmida saxareba da samociqulo da ioanes gamocxadeba. es ars rjuli da sarwmunoeba~.30 Zveli aRTqmis wignebSi, romlebic axal aRTqmasTan erTad qristianobis `rjuli da sarwmunoeba~ yofila, dasaxelebulia arakanonikuri wignebic: tobia, ivdiTi, sibrZne solomonisi, iso-ziraqis wigni, baruqi, makabelTa pirveli ori wigni; ar Cans ezras wignebi (ezra zorobabelisa da ezras apokalifsisi) da III makabelTa. rogorc cnobilia, kaTolikurma eklesiam tridentis krebis dadgenilebis mixedviT Zveli aRTqmis kanoni swored 27

27. werili ori redaqciiT arsebobs: pirveli gamocemuli aqvs m. sabinins `saqarTvelos samoTxeSi~ (gv. 432-436), meore, romelic xelT hqonia d. baqraZes, gamocemuli aqvs T. Jordanias `qronikebis~ II wignSi (gv. 82-83). orive redaqciis teqsti erTad gamosca i. doliZem: qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, tomi III, saeklesio sakanonmdeblo Zeglebi (XI-XIX ss). teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb., 1970, gv. 5-18. am werilis redaqciebisa da misi adresatis Sesaxeb ix. k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis istoria, I, gv. 403-407. 28 28. werilSi dasaxelebuli arian origeni, evsebi pamfileli, romlebsac mwvalebluri nawarmoebebi dauweriaT; wyeuli ivliane, romelsac mociqulTa da mowameTa wamebacxovrebani ganuryvnia im mizniT, rom Semdeg yvela natyuarad SeeracxaT; CamoTvlilia: `abukorova~, `adamis cxorebaÁ~, `siyrme uflisaÁ~, mociqulTa cxovrebani, rogoricaa maTe maxarebelisa, wmidisa andriaÁsi da sxv. 29 29. unda iyos: `ori ezrasi~ (=kanonikuri ezra da neemia). 30 30. sulxan-saba orbeliani, Txzulebani, tomi III, gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva, SeniSvnebi da leqsikoni daurTo ivane lolaSvilma, Tb., 1963, gv. 259.

9

amgvarad gansazRvra, e. i. kanonSi Seitana zemoT dasaxelebuli arakanonikuri wignebi _ tobia, ivdiTi, solomonis sibrZne, iso-ziraqis wigni, baruqi, makabelTa pirveli ori wigni, xolo kanonidan gamoricxa da apokrifulad gamoacxada ezras wignebi da III makabelTa (manases locvasTan erTad). Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom sulxan-saba im droisaTvis romis kaTolikuri eklesiisaken iyo midrekili,31 maSin SemTxveviTad aRar gamoCndeba is faqti, rom Zveli aRTqmis kanonis sabaseuli gansazRvra savsebiT Tanxvdeba romis kaTolikuri eklesiis gansazRvras. qarTul enaze Zveli aRTqmis yvela arakanonikuri wigni da kanonikuri wignebis yvela arakanonikuri danarTia Targmnili. arakanonikuri wignebi kanonikurebTan erTad qarTul enazedac bibliis krebulebSia Semonaxuli. esenia: oSkis biblia: aTonis iveriis monastris #1 xelnaweri 978 wlisa, ierusalimis biblia: ierusalimis sapatriarqo biblioTekis #7/11 xelnaweri XI saukunisa, gelaTis biblia: xelnawerTa institutis A-1108 xelnaweri XII saukunisa, xelnawerTa institutis A-570 xelnaweri 1460 wlisa, A-646 xelnaweri XVI saukunisa, H-885 xelnaweri XVII saukunisa, mcxeTis biblia: A-51 xelnaweri XVIII saukunis damdegisa, baqaris biblia: qarTuli bibliis 1743 wlis moskovuri gamocema. qarTuli bibliis uZveles xelnawerSi _ oSkis bibliaSi _ daculia Zveli aRTqmis yvela arakanonikuri wigni makabelTa wignebis garda. ierusalimis bibliaSi arakanonikur wignTagan gvaqvs: ezra zorobabelis (I ezra), ezra suTielis (III ezra), baruqisa da ieremias epistolis teqstebi. gelaTis bibliaSi Tavdapirvelad Setanili yofila `baruqi~ da ieremias epistole, xelnaweris furclebis dakargvis gamo masSi mxolod baruqis wignis garkveuli nawilia darCenili.32 A-570, A-646 da H-885 xelnawerebSi, romlebic bibliis nakluli xelnawerebidan momdinareoben da amitom Tavadac naklulni arian, daculia ivdiTis, tobisa da ezra zorobabelis wignebi. mcxeTis bibliaSi Sesulia ivdiTis, tobis, ezra zorobabelis, baruqisa da ieremias epistolis teqstebi. baqaris biblia bibliis sruli krebulia, Zveli aRTqmis arakanonikuri wignebi aq yvelaa warmodgenili. rac Seexeba kanonikuri wignebis _ II neStTas, esTeris, fsalmunis, iobis, danielis _ arakanonikur danarTebs, maT Seicavs qarTuli bibliis yvela is xelnaweri, romelSic xsenebuli kanonikuri wignebia daculi.

31 32

31. qristine SaraSiZe, pirveli stamba saqarTveloSi (1709-1722), Tb., 1955, gv. 172-174. 32. am sakiTxze dawvrilebiT ix. qvemoT, gv. 245-246.

10

aRsaniSnavia, rom Zveli aRTqmis arakanonikuri wignebi qarTul enaze, makabelTa wignebis gamoklebiT, ZiriTadad or-ori TargmaniT arsebobs: ZveliT anu X saukunemdeliT da X saukunis SemdegdroindeliT. ezra zorobabelis, ivdiTisa da tobis wignebis Zveli, X saukunemdeli Targmanebi, warmodgenilia oSkis, ierusalimis, mcxeTis bibliis krebulebsa da A-570, H-885, A-646 xelnawerebSi; ezra suTielis, baruqisa da ieremias epistolis Zveli Targmanebi _ oSkisa da ierusalimis bibliebSi; solomonisa da iso-ziraqis sibrZneTa wignebisa ki _ mxolod oSkis bibliaSi. makabelTa wignebis Zveli Targmanebi qarTul enaze ar Cans. arsebobda Tu ara es wignebi Zvelad qarTulad, CvenTvis cnobili ar aris.33 Zveli aRTqmis wignebis qarTul enaze Targmnis istoriaSi X saukunis Semdeg kidev ori etapi gamoiyo: rogorc cnobilia, XII saukuneSi berZnuli septantis mixedviT Seadgines e. w. gelaTis biblia. arakanonikur wignTagan gelaTuri redaqciiT Cvenamde moaRwia baruqisa da ieremias epistolis wignebma.34 es ori wigni gelaTuri redaqciiTaa Sesuli mcxeTisa da baqaris bibliis krebulebSic. baqaris bibliis teqsti, romelic 1743 wels daibeWda, gamosacemad momzadda gacilebiT adre, XVIII saukunis damdegs, arCil mefis iniciativiTa da SromiT. am bibliaSi yvela wigni `Seiwyo da gaimarTa~ slavuris mixedviT da slavuridanve iTargmna misi didi nawili. baqaris bibliaSi gamoqveynebuli yvela arakanonikuri wigni, `baruqisa~ da ieremias epistolis garda, _ ivdiTi, tobia, I da III ezra, solomonis sibrZne, iso-ziraqis sibrZne, makabelTa samive wigni _ slavuridanaa Targmnili. arakanonikuri wignebis mimarT aRmosavluri eklesiis maRali Sefaseba saeklesio praqtikaSic iCenda Tavs: arakanonikuri wignebidan zogierTi adgili Setanili iyo liturgikul krebulebSi, e. w. leqcionarebSi, da RmrTismsaxurebis dros eklesiebSi kiTxulobdnen.35 qarTul enaze amgvari liturgikuli krebulebis Zveli, IX, X da XI saukuneebiT daTariRebuli, xelnawerebi gvaqvs _ lagurkis anu kalis (IX-X ss.), latalis (X s.), sinuri (X s.) da parizuli (XI s.). Zveli aRTqmis arakanonikuri wignebidan sakiTxavebi Setanilia sam leqcionarSi (gamonaklisia sinuri).

 

33

33. Sdr. R. P. Blake, The Athos Codex of the Georgian Old Testament, The Harvard Theological Review, vol. XXII #1, 1929. gv. 35. 34 34. gelaTis biblia Cvenamde nakluli saxiTaa moRweuli, SesaZloa, kanonikur wignebTan erTad mas daklebuli da dakarguli hqondes arakanonikuri wignebic. 35 35. Г. П. Смирнов-Платонов, Неканонические книги Ветхого завета... gv. 21.

11