wminda miwis qarTuli warwerebi

ACADEMIA giorgi gagoSiZe S. amiranaSvilis sax. saqarTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumi

wminda miwis qarTuli warwerebi wminda miwis qarTuli warwerebi mniSvnelovani istoriuli wyaroa iq arsebuli qarTuli monastrebisa da qarTvel piligrimTa moRvaweobis Sesaswavlad. qarTul sazogadoebaSi am warwerebisadmi interesi gviani Sua saukuneebis miwuruls gaRvivda, maSin roca saqarTvelos palestinis TiTqmis yvela monasteri ukve dakarguli hqonda. 1757-58 ww-Si wm. miwaze imogzaura mTavarepiskoposma timoTem (gabaSvilma), qarTvelTagan pirvelma, romelmac yuradReba miaqcia qarTul eklesiamonastrebSi dacul warwerebs. XVIII s-is damlevs warwerebs ecnoboda okribeli beri lavrentic. XIX s-is ganmavlobaSi araerTma qarTvelma inaxula wm. miwa. aqaur qarTul warwerebs gakvriT exeba Tavis dRiurSi (1819-1820) giorgi avaliSvili; sagangebod swavloben maT niko CubinaSvili (1845), aleqsandre cagareli (1883), petre konWoSvili (1899). XX s-Si, roca sabWoTa saqarTvelodan palestinaSi gamgzavreba TiTqmis SeuZlebeli gaxda, wminda miwis qarTul epigrafikas ikvleven emigraciaSi myofi qarTveli mecnierebic (g. feraZe, m. TarxniSvili, v. jobaZe) da evropelebic (virjilio korbo), magram am sakiTxs Sehxebian saqarTveloSi moRvawe pirebic (g. wereTeli, v. CaCaniZe, g. miqaZe, d. lomiZe, g. gagoSiZe, z. sxirtlaZe, z. aleqsiZe, e. mamisTvalaSvili). garkveuli adgili uWiravs epigrafikul Zeglebs e. metrevelis wminda miwisadmi miZRvnil gamokvlevebSi. timoTe gabaSvilis mogzaurobis droidan mokidebuli dRemde wm. miwaze mravali qarTuli warwera ganadgurda. qarTvel mkvlevarTa yovel momdevno Taobas winamorbedebTan SedarebiT

naklebi qarTuli warwera xvdeboda adgilze. es samwuxaro tendencia dResac grZeldeba, amdenad, Cvens eqspedicias sruliad gansakuTrebuli da gansazRvruli miznebi gaaCnda. Cven unda dagvefiqsirebina yoveli qarTuli warwera, ganurCevlad imisa, saqtitoro iqneboda igi Tu ganmartebiTi xasiaTisa. warwerebs aRvnusxavdiT im meTodiT, romelic warwerebis korpusebis publikaciisTvis aris miRebuli, e.i. yovel warweras viRebdiT rogorc fotofirze, aseve gamWvirvale celofanze da zustad vafiqsirebdiT warwerebis adgilmdebareobas. samuSaos dawyebisTanave aSkara gaxda, rom daRupulia mravali warwera, romlebic t. gabaSvils, al. cagarels da sxvebs hqondaT wakiTxuli. adgilze ver vnaxeT da, rogorc Cans, aRarc arsebobs wm. basilis, wm. Tevdores, wm. dimitris, wm. ioane naTlismcemlis (md. iordanesTan) monastrebis warwerebi; veRar vi povneT wm. Teklas monastris XV s-is warwera, sadac jvaris mama qaixosro zedginiZis mier monastris zRudisa da senakebis mSeneblobazea saubari da romelic gasuli saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi jer kidev amSvenebda ierusalimis berZnuli sapatriarqos erT-erTi Senobis kuTxes (g. miqaZe). am mxriv yvelaze didi "zarali" wm. jvris monasterma ganicada, saidanac uamravi warwera Tu qtitorTa gamosaxulebaa dakarguli. miuxedavad amisa, eqspediciis Sedegebma molodins gadaaWarba: wakiTxuli, fotografirebuli da celofanze gadmoRebulia oTxmocdaaTamde warwera, romelTaganac ormocamde axladaa aRmoCenili. Cvens mier aRnusxul warweraTa

34

wminda miwis qarTuli warwerebi

samjer imogzaura ierusalimSi da didi Sewiruloba gaiRo iqauri qarTuli monastrebisaTvis, 1657 wels ki iqve gardaicvala (t. gabaSvili). timoTe gabaSvilis cnobiT, Rirsi maqsimes freskuli gamosaxuleba wm. jvris monastris kedelze saqtitoro rigSi iyo CarTuli. amave eklesiis samxreTi svetnaris aRmosavleTidan pirveli svetis (romelic axla eklesiis transeptisa da 1. beTlemi. Sobis taZari. Tevdores warwera. samnaviani sivrcis gamyofi gviandeli (foto d. cxadaZis) kedlis sisqeSia CarTuli) dasavleT monakveTze amokawrulia XIV-XVII ssumetesoba piligrimuli minaweria, Tumca is ramdenime qarTuli grafiti (il. 3); zogierTi maTgani mniSvnelovan inforwarwerebSi moxseniebulia vinme ioakim macias Seicavs, warwerebis nawili ki qarTleli, Sio, nikoloz gZeli da oficialuri, saqtitoro xasiaTisaa; gamovlinda aqamde ucnobi saeklesio naqargobis nimuSebic, romelTac saqtitoro warwerebi gaaCniaT. warweraTa absoluturi umravlesoba ierusalimSia, ramdenime maTgani ki beTlemSi, nazareTsa da wm. saba ganwmedilis monasterSia daculi (Tumca ar dadasturda ukanasknelis gumbaTze a. cagarlis mier miTiTebuli qarTuli warwerebi). beTlemis Sobis taZris adreuli Sua saukuneebis svetebze qarTvel piligrimTa bevri minaweri aRmoCnda. aRsaniSnavia XI s-is nusxaxucuridan mxedrulze gardamavali xeliT Sesrulebuli vinme Tevdores (il. 1) da nusxuriT dawerili 3. beTlemi. Sobis taZari. sveti qarTuli giorgis grafitebi. moxerxda minawerebSi warwerebiT. (foto d. cxadaZis) damowmebuli zogierTi piris iden- sxv. rogorc Cans, es sveti qarTvelebs tificireba. ase, magaliTad, beTlemis gamorCeviT moswondaT, minawerebi Sobis eklesiis erT-erT svetze aRmoCnda erTmaneTzea gadasuli da zogierTi dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikosis maTgani gviandeli kedlis sisqiTaa maqsime I maWutaZis (1639-1657 ww.) Savi dafaruli. amasTan dakavSirebiT gvaxmelniT Sesrulebuli mxedruli faqsi- sendeba ucxoel piligrimTa cnoba, mile: "RmerTo moixsenie k[aTaliko]zi romlis Tanaxmad XIV s-Si qarTvelebs maqsime" (il. 2). maqsime kaTalikosma Sobis taZarSi, mRvimis gareT Tavisi sakurTxeveli hqoniaT (gr. feraZe). am cnobas timoTe gabaSvilic adasturebs da, SesaZloa, qarTvelTa sakurTxeveli swored am svetis aRmosavleTiT, sadme maxloblad idga. zogierTi piligrimis saxeli wm. 2. beTlemi. Sobis taZari. kaTalikos maqsimes miwis sxvadasxva taZris kedlebzea warwera. (foto d. cxadaZis) SemorCenili. ase mag., beTlemis Sobis 35

ACADEMIA eklesiaSi damowmebuli saxeli _ "nikoloz gZeli" gvxvdeba uflis saflavis eklesiis karibWis erT-erT svetzec. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTvel mlocvelTa minawerebi wm. saflavis mxolod karibWis svetebzea SemorCenili, taZris Sida kedlebze ki 4. ierusalimi. qristes saflavi. sofronis verc erTi qarTuwarwera (foto d. cxa- li warwera ver daZis) aRmovaCineT, rac, vgoneb, interieris mudmiv remontebs unda mivaweroT: uflis saflavze 1808 wels momxdar xanZars Seewira golgoTis sapatriarqo saydari vrceli qarTuli warweriT; amave xanZarSi dainTqa taZarSi Sesasvleli karic, romelzec, lavrenti okribelis cnobiT, giorgi mefis warwera iyo da sxv. (n. mari). 1990 wels ierusalimSi yofnisas qristes saflavis karibWis svetebze 15 warwera SevniSne, ukanaskneli eqspediciis ganmavlobaSi ki kidev ramdenime grafiti aRmoCnda. cnobilia, rom uflis saflavis taZari XII s-Si jvarosnebis mier safuZvlianad gadakeTda. am droisaa eklesiis erTaderTi mxatvrulad gaazrebuli samxreTi fasadic, romelic n. kondakovis marTebuli gansazRvriT, adreguTuri xanis xuroTmoZRvrebis

nimuSs warmoadgens. evropel ostatebs, rogorc Cans, Zveli eklesiis marmarilos svetebiT axlad agebuli eklesiis kari gauformebiaT. minawerTa arseboba mxolod karis maxlobel svetebze ki miuTiTebs, rom isini Sesrulebulia mas Semdeg, rac svetebi karis Semamkobel elementebad iqca, e.i. ara uadres XII s-isa, rasac warweraTa paleografiuli niSnebic eTanxmeba. am qarTul minawerTa umetesoba XIV-XVII ss-s ganekuTvneba, wyaroebis cnobiT ki qarTvelebi swored am periodSi mraval wminda adgils flobdnen uflis saflavis eklesiaSi (ix. gr. feraZis, e. metrevelis Sromebi). SesaZlebelia, am minawerebSi damowmebuli zogierTi piris identificireba. mag., karibWis aRmosavleT wirTxlze,

6. ierusalimi. wm. nikolozis eklesia. afxazTa dedoflis _ elene yofili elisabedis warwera. (foto d. cxadaZis).

miwidan sami metris simaRleze mdebareobs samstriqoniani asomTavruli warwera: "saflavo qristesao, Seiwyale sofron" (il. 4). ierusalimis wm. nikolozis eklesiis dasavleT fasadzec, miwidan daaxloebiT imave simaRlezea daculi "codvili saba yofili sofronis" grafiti (il. 5). "saba yofili sofroni" XV_XVI s-is mijnaze ierusalimSi moRvawe cnobili wignebis "Semmosveli" da "Semkazmveli" iyo: misi minawerebi msgavsi formulirebiT daculia Jer.N119 da Jer.N77 xelnawerebSi da orivegan igi moixsenieba ase: "codvili saba yofili sofroni" (Jer.N77-is minaweri dRes dakargulia, ix. m. karanaZe). sainteresoa qristes saflavis ek5. ierusalimi. wm. nikolozis eklesia. saba yofili sofronis warwera (foto d. cxadaZis) lesiis karibWis erT-erT svetze moxse36

wminda miwis qarTuli warwerebi

elene yofil, elisabeds auSenebia. elene dedofali erekle I-is deda, diasamiZis qali, gamoCenili qvelmoqmedi iyo (gardaicvala 1695 w.). eklesiis aRmosavleTi fasadi, romelzec am dedoflis warweraa amokveTili, berZnuli sapatriarqos Sida ezoSi gamodis (il. 6,7). reliefuri 7. ierusalimi. wm. nikolozis eklesia. kaxTa asomTavruliT Sesrulebuli orstridedoflis _ elene yofili, elisabedis aRdge- qoniani warwera (zoma: 32X118 sm) miwidan nili warwera. (foto d. cxadaZis). erTi metris simaRleze, sapatriarqos niebuli piris "Tom[a] y[o]f[i]li muzeumis Sesasvlelis marjvena mxares i[o]v[a]k[ime] "-s identificirebis cda. mdebareobs (es muzeumi eklesiis qveda timoTes cnobiT, kaxTa mefe levanma (1520-1574 ww.) "warmoavlina ioakim jvaris mama safasiTa da saflavi qristesi daqceuli da golgoTa man aRaSena". saxeli "germanozi", romelic amave karibWis maxlobel svetze lamazi asomTavruliTaa Sesrulebuli, ramdenjerme gvxvdeba ierusalimuri qarTuli xelnawerebis minawerebSi: Jer.N44 xelnawerSi minaweri Seusrulebia vinme jvaris mama germanozs (XIV s.) (e. metreveli), wignebis cnobili mkazmveli yofila germane 9. ierusalimi. wm. nikolozis eklesia. nikoezdaveliZe (n. mari) da sxv. dimos kandelakis warwera. (foto d. cxadaZis). timoTe gabaSvilis cnobiT, wm. nikolozis monasteri ierusalimis im ad- sarTulzea ganTavsebuli). warweris gilas mdebareobs, sadac am wm. mamis mozrdili grafemebi erTmaneTSia Sesenaki yofila da igi kaxTa dedofals wiaRebuli; gankveTilobis niSnebad wertilebia naxmari, qaragmad ki bolowertilovani klaknili xazi, romelic moCarCoebaSia CarTuli: "w[mida]o nik[olo]z m[eo]x eqm[e]n w[inaS]e q[ri]s[tes]a kaxTa dedof[a]lsa elene y[o]f[il]sa elisab[eds]" (es warwera samecniero literaturaSi kargadaa cnobili (ix. gr. feraZisa da el. metrevelis naSromebi). 2002 wlis martSi igi vandalurad iqna momtvreuli, amave wlis seqtemberSi moqandake paata gigaurma wm. nikolozis eklesiis aRmosavleT kedelSi arsebul Zvel qvaze _ warweris naadgilevze amokveTa am warweris zusti asli). am warweridan ar Cans, rom elene dedofalia wm. nikolozis monastris maSenebeli, magram ar aris gamoricxuli, 8. ierusalimi. wm. nikolozis eklesiis dasav- rom mas garkveuli Tanxa gadaexada leTi fasadi. (foto d. cxadaZis). eklesiis SesakeTeblad. saqme isaa, rom 37

ACADEMIA

10. ierusalimi. wm. Teklas eklesia. warwera. (foto d. cxadaZis).

es monasteri XVII s-mdec arsebobda da mas qarTvelebi flobdnen, razec naTlad metyvelebs eklesiis dasavleTis fasadi, romelzec mravali qarTuli piligrimuli warweraa amokveTili. minawerTa umetesoba XV-XVII ss-s ganekuTvneba. Zvelad eklesias (XVII s-mde mainc), rogorc Cans, dasavleTidan gaaCnda Ria, TaRovani stoa, romelic monastris axlandel mflobelebs (berZnebs) amouSenebiaT (il. 8). amaze metyvelebs qarTuli warwerebis ganTavseba mxolod stois Zvel kedlebsa da TaRebis zedapirze. eklesiis am fasadze arsebul

11. ierusalimi. wm. jvris monasteri. SobasSvili Salvas warwera. (foto g. gagoSiZis).

warwerebSi moxseniebuli ramdenime piri wm. jvris monastris svinaqsaris aRapebSic moixsenieba. aseTni arian, mag., varZeli maya da misi coli anusia, romlebsac didi saaRmSeneblo saqmeebi uwarmoebiaT wm. miwaze, TagdiriZe frm (aRapSi moxseniebulia focxverad) da misi meuRle ekaterine (e. metreveli). qarTuli onomastikonisTvis sainteresoa metsaxeli qavJinari, romlisganac, SesaZlebelia, warmoiqmna gvari qavJaraZe da sxv. informatulia wm. nikolozis eklesiis amave kedelze arsebuli XVI-XVII ss-is asomTavruliT Sedgenili xuTstriqoniani minaweri: "awyurisa R[mr]TismSoblisa k[a]ndel[a]ksa nasZesa nikodimos S[eundv]n[e]s R[merTma]n da m[i]sTa ded-m[a]m[a]Ta S[eundv]n[e]s R[merTma]n". nikodimosis gvari "nasZe", SesaZlebelia, gaixsnas an nauasZed (ix. v. silogava, kumurdos taZris epigrafika), anda, rac ufro marTebuli mgonia, nasiZed, Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom warweraSi am sityvas qaragmis niSani ar azis (il. 9). awyuris RmrTismSoblis saswaulTmoqmedi xati XVI s-is meore naxevridan ukve gelaTSia dasvenebuli da misi moWediloba imereTis mefe giorgi II (1565-1583 ww) drosaa Sesrulebuli (15781583ww.) (T. sayvareliZe). rogorc Cans, kandelak nikodimoss XVI s-is miwuruls an XVII s-Si ierusalimSi mouxda Casvla: jvris monastris aRapebSi daculia cnoba nikodime kandelakis Sesaxeb, romelsac maTesa da antonTan erTad jvris monastrisTvis Seuwiravs ambrosauli venaxis zeda venaxi (aRapis Canawers e.metreveli paleografiulad XVI s-iT aTariRebs). wm. Teklas eklesiis maxloblad, berZnuli sapatriarqos teritoriaze, erT-erTi senakis sarkmelTan, miwidan sami metris simaRleze aRmoCnda kedelSi Tavdayirad Cadgmuli warweriani qva (52X25sm) (il. 10), romlis figuruli moCarCoeba hgavs wm. Teklas monastris qaixosro zedginiZiseul, dRes ukve dakarguli warweris CarCos (g. miqaZe). wm. Teklas monastris axlad aRmoCenili warweridan vigebT, rom romeliRac

38

wminda miwis qarTuli warwerebi

zedginiZes qaixosrosa da Tavisi mSoblebis sulis Sesandoblad auSenebia rva saxli da ocdarva kamara. warweraSi damowmebuli "ocdarva kamara", Cemi azriT, qulbaqebis magvar Ria savaWro Senobas unda niSnavdes, dRevandeli ierusalimis quCebSi xom mravladaa SemorCenili kedlebis 12. ierusalimi. wm. gaswvriv amoSenejvris monasteri. warwera gumbaTis buli TaRebi. es mSeneblobis Sesaxeb. warwera paleogra(foto d. cxadaZis). fiulad XV-XVI sses ganekuTvneba da naTlad asaxavs gvian Sua saukuneebSi ierusalimis centrSi qarTvelTa mier warmoebuli samuSaos masStabebs. XVII s-is pirvel naxevarSi msgavsi samuSao Cautarebia qaixosro wulukiZesac: jvris monastris aRapebSi daculi cnobis Tanaxmad, man qristes saflavTan aaSena wm. nikolozis saydari "samoci saxliT, qviTkiriT kamaraSekruliTa". amis gamo nikifore ColoyaSvilma misi portreti daaxatvina wm. jvris monastris eklesiaSi (e. metreveli). wm. jvrisave monasterSi narTeqsis mimdebare kedelSi Cadgmulia fila warweriT, romelSic

"ama kamaraTa aRmaSenebeli Sobas Svili Salva" aris moxseniebuli (a. cagareli) (il. 11). termini "kamaraSekruli" kargad asaxavs CvenTvis nacnob jvrul kamaras, riTac gadaxurulia ierusalimis eklesiebisa Tu Zveli saxlebis umetesoba. eqspediciis mniSvnelovani monapovaria wm. jvris monastris freskuli warwerebis didi nawilis srulfasovani fiqsacia: celofanzea gadmotanili da fotofirzea aRbeWili saqtitoro da freskuli kompoziciebis ganmartebiTi warwerebis umetesoba. kalkaze ver davitane mxolod is warwerebi, romlebic eklesiis kamarebsa da moxatulobis zeda registrSia daculi, magram yvela es warwera fotofirzea aRbeWdili. maT Sorisaa nikifore ColoyaSvilisa da

14. ierusalimi. wm. jvris monasteri. nikifore ColoyaSvilis warwera. (foto d. cxadaZis).

13. ierusalimi. wm. jvris monasteri. drandeli mTavarepiskoposis warwera (foto d. cxadaZis).

levan dadianis warwerebi, romlebic gumbaTis mSeneblobas exeba (il. 12). freskuli warwerebis umetesoba jvaris-mama nikifore ColoyaSvilis mier Catarebuli aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis droindelia (XVII s-is 40-iani wlebi). maTgan paleografiulad gansxvavebulia drandeli mTavarepiskoposis gabriel patraZisa (il. 13) da arsenavrisa Tu arseniSvilis warwerebi: es ukanasknelni erTi xeliT _ gviani Sua saukuneebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli wvrili asomTavruli grafemebiTaa

39

ACADEMIA

15. ierusalimi. wm. jvris monasteri. SoTa rusTavelis warwera (foto d. cxadaZis)

Sesrulebuli. moxseniebulTagan meore warwera SemdgomSi TeTri saRebaviT uxeSad ganuaxlebiaT. ganaxlebul asoTa moxazuloba gansxvavebulia da waagavs nikifore (il. 14) Tu oman ColoyaSvilebis saqtitoro warwerebis asoniSnebs. am mxriv sainteresoa SoTa rusTvelis portretTan arsebuli ganmartebiTi warwera, romelic TeTri saRebaviT aris Sesrulebuli (il. 15). paleografiuli niSnebiT igi nikifore ColoyaSvilis warwerebs uaxlovdeba, magram am warweris pirveli striqonis qveS moCans ufro Zveli warweris ori sityva -"am[i]sa da[mxatavsa]", romelic asoTa moxazulobiT gabriel drandelis warweris msgavsia. cxadia, rom SoTa rusTvelis portretis ganmartebiTi warwera mxolod ganaxlebulia nikifore ColoyaSvilis dros, XVII saukunis 40ian wlebSi, da igi (albaT, iseve rogorc TviT portretic) ufro Zvelia. es daskvna savsebiT eTanxmeba kedlis mxatvrobis specialistTa mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom jvris monastris moxatulobaSi qronologiurad gansxvavebuli ramdenime fena ganirCeva.

16. ierusalimi. wm. jvris monasteri. levan dadianis warwera. (foto d. cxadaZis).

levan dadianisa (il. 16) da misi meuRlis nestan darejanis warwerebi (XVII s-is 40-iani ww.), romelTaganac pirveli sadiakvnes, xolo meore samkveTlos karis Tavze arsebuli vedrebis rigis xatebis xis moCarCoebis ornamentul dekorSia CarTuli, vfiqrob, garkveulwilad aTariReben kidec am xatebs XVII s-iT. wm. jvris monasterSi muSaobisas eqspediciis wevrebma eklesiis CrdiloeTiT, qveda sarTulze, erT-erTi mitovebuli senakis win, samSeneblo nagavSi mivageniT marmarilos ori filis fragmentebs, romlebzec qarTuli asomTavruli warweraa amokveTili (il. 17). warweris Zlierma gadacveTilobam gvafiqrebina, rom es filebi iatakis mosapirkeTeblad iyo gankuTvnili. rogorc Cans, es is filebia, romlebic, al. cagarlis cnobiT, taZris mTavari Sesasvlelis zRurblSi iyo CamontaJebuli. sam qvaze ganawilebuli Zlier dazianebuli warwera eklesiis karis zRurblSi daxvedria 1960 wels ierusalimSi yofnisas ak. SaniZes, g. wereTels da ir. abaSiZes. am warweris foto, gadaRebuli in situ, gamoaqveyna ebraelma mecnierma joSua praverma 1967 wels. karis zRurblidan es warwera, rogorc Cans, XX s-is 70-80-iani wlebSi amoiRes da gadaagdes. warwera al. cagarlis drosac cudad ixileboda, radganac mecnieri mxolod ramdenime sityvas arCevs, Tumca miiCnevs, rom es warwera, sakurTxevelSi, trapezis marcxniv iatakSi Cadgmul warwerasTan erTad (es ukanaskneli warwera aRar arsebobs), taZris uZvelesi, XI-XVI ssis warwerebia (a. cagareli). aRniSnuli warweridan erTi sityva ("mzgefss") amoukiTxavs ak. SaniZes. marmarilos sam mozrdil filaze amokveTili vrceli, xuTstriqoniani asomTavruli warweridan dRes mxolod ukiduresi marjvena nawilia SemorCenili, amasTan, warweris zeda ori striqoni TiTqmis mTlianad gadacveTilia ise, rom asoTa moxazuloba ZlivsRa moCans; qveda sami striqoni ki ikiTxeba, magram gadab-

40

wminda miwis qarTuli warwerebi

17. ierusalimi. wm. jvris monasteri. warwera marmarilos filaze. (foto d. cxadaZis).

muli azris gamotana Znelia, rogorc Cans, igi saaRape warwera unda iyos. marmarilos filebis es ori warweriani fragmenti wm. jvris monastris muzeumSia gamofenili, eklesiis centrSi (gumbaTis qveS) iatakidan amoRebul brinjaos diskosTan erTad, romelzec weria: "m[a]m[a]no degiT mtkiced da Seuryevelad da momixsen[e]T me c[odvil]i j[varis mama]Á nik[ifore]. q[oroni]k[on]sa tkia, 1643". wm. jvris monastris talanebis daTvalierebisas SemTxveviT movxvdi eklesiis aRmosavleTiT daxSul, bnel sivrceSi da saSualeba momeca gamerkvia, rom didi zomis Tlili qviT nagebi eklesiis sakurTxevlis afsidi garedan sworkuTxadaa Sverili. amgvari Sverili afsidi gaaCnia wm. miwis sxva

18. ierusalimi. katamoni. warweris fragmenti. (foto d. cxadaZis).

adreuli Sua saukuneebis eklesiebsac: mwyemsTa veli, mareSa da sxv. (ix. v. caferisi, a. kloneri). dRes es Sverili jvris monasterSi nawilobriv mogviano xanis sasimagro kedlis sisqeSia STanTqmuli. aSkarad Cans, agreTve, rom afsidi sadiakvnes gvian aqvs damatebuli. orive es garemoeba SemCneuli aqvs berZen arqeologs a. ikonomopuloss, romelic 1969-1971 wlebSi gaTxrebs xelmZRvanelobda wm. jvris monasterSi da romelsac miaCnia, vfiqrob, savsebiT marTebulad, rom wm. jvris monastris dRevandeli mTavari taZari dgas adreuli Sua saukuneebis samnaviani bazilikis kedlebze. am bazilikas galavanic hqonia: wm. jvris monastris amJamindeli galavnis CrdiloeTisa da dasavleTis kedlebis qveda rigebSi alag-alag SemorCenilia wiboebCaTlili mozrdili kvadrebis wyoba, rac damaxasiaTebelia romauli da adrebizantiuri xanis palestinis xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis da, romelic, vfiqrob, proxore SavSelis XI s-is mSeneblobaze ufro adreulia. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom wm. jvris monastris mTavari taZris arc erTi, CemTvis cnobili gamoqveynebuli anazomi ar aris zusti, xolo mTlianad monasteri aravis auzomia. monastris azomva da misi safuZvliani arqeologiuri Seswavla momavlis saqmea. katamonis wm. svimeon mimrqmelis monasterSi arsebuli warweris fragmenti (il. 18), romelic sakurTxevelSi trapezis marcxniv iatakSi iyo Cadgmuli, al. cagarels ki SeuniSnavs, magram warweris mxolod calkeuli asoebi gaurCevia, gr. feraZes am warweris sami fragmenti aqvs dadasturebuli da isini saflavis qvis nawilebi hgonia. es warwerebi 1859 wels, monastris restavraciis dros aRmoCnda. dRes warweris sami fragmentidan mxolod erTia SemorCenili da igi eklesiis interieris Crdilo-dasavleTis kuTxeSi devs. warwera Zlier dazianebulia, SemorCenil mogrZo qvis fragmentze (59sm X 32sm) moxdenili, bolowertilovani asomTavruli warweris

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ACADEMIA

19. ierusalimi. wm. abraamis monasteri. giorgi abaSiZis bilingva. (foto d. cxadaZis)

Tuki warweris "quTaTeli" marTlac episkoposs aRniSnavs. wm. abraam mamamTavaris monasteri uflis saflavis maxloblad, mis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdebareobs, masSi mosaxvedrad wm. saflavis karibWis aRmosavleTiT didi Senobis ukidures samxreTis SesasvlelSi unda SevideT; meore sarTulze asuli wm. abraamis eklesiis samxreTis kedlis karTan SemorCenil qarTul-berZnul bilingvas SeamCnevs (il. 19). qarTuli warwera mxedruliTaa Sesrulebuli da or striqonadaa ganawilebuli. es warwera gamoqveynebuli aqvs al. cagarels. warweraSi moxseniebulia giorgi abaSiZe imereli, romelmac 1700 wels ganaaxla "abrahamis monasteri". berZnuli warwera qarTulis identuria, ramac, rogorc Cans, qarTuli warwera ixsna xelyofisagan. giorgi abaSiZesve golgoTisaTvis Seuwiravs SesaniSnavi miniaturebiT gamSvenebuli "oqros oTxTavi", romelic uflis saflavis saganZurSia daculi. eqspediciis mniSvnelovani monapovaria nazareTisa da bir el-katis uadresi qarTuli warwerebis grafikuli fiqsacia. warwerebis orive jgufi franciskelTa muzeumebSia daculi. nazareTis grafitebze cnoba akad. w/k z. aleqsiZem mogvawoda. es minawerebi q. nazareTis xarebis axali kaTolikuri eklesiis (aSenda 1969 w.) adgilas V sis pirvel naxevramde dangreuli eklesiis Selesilobazea Sesrulebuli. gadmoviReT sami minaweri, romelTagan mxolod erTia SedarebiT srulad

sami striqonia amokveTili. asoebi dagrZelebulia da zogierT adgilas momcro grafemebicaa naxmari; asoniSan "a"-s uReli tans mciredaa daSorebuli; qaragma boloebdawertili da SuaSi gadrekili xazia; gankveTilobis niSnebad ori wertilia naxmari. saerTo ieriT warwera XII da ara ugvianes XIII s-is pirveli naxevris normebSi jdeba: "..T cx[ove]lsmy[o]f[e]lisa j[uari]Ta .... [dide]b[u]lm[a]n q[u]TaT[e]lm[a]n q{r}? .... {R}Tsa. C[uen]isa di...". jvris monastris aRapebSi damowmebulia ramdenime quTaTeli: 1. miqael quTaTeli, romelic XIII-XIV s-Si cxovrobda, @2. oqropir da 3. maxarebel quTaTelebi, XIV s-is meore naxevarSi moRvawe pirebi (e. metreveli). katamonis warweris "didebuli quTaTeli", SesaZlebelia, quTaisis episkoposia, romelic garkveulad Sewevnia katamonis monasters, rac warweraSi unda yofiliyo fiqsirebuli. vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT, bagrat III-m axlad aSenebul bagratis taZarSi "dasva episkopozi, mwyemsi imereTisa da guriisa...". magram es cnoba ar dasturdeba "matiane qarTlisaÁ"-Si, sadac bagratis mier mxolod bediis saepiskoposos daarsebazea saubari. m.lorTqifaniZis varaudiT, quTaisis saepiskoposo SeiZleba daarsebuliyo afxazTa romelime pirveli mefis dros, rasac SeiZleba arqeologiuri monapovaric _ quTaisis Sida cixeSi aRmoCenili Zveli, VIII s-is meore naxevris eklesis arsebobac uWerdes mxars. katamonis warwera quTaisis saepiskoposos arsebobis erTi adreuli 20. bir el kati. antoni abaÁs mozaikuri warwera dokumenturi dadastureba unda iyos, (foto d. cxadaZis) 42

wminda miwis qarTuli warwerebi

namdvileSi es toponimi arabulad gamoiTqmis rogorc "bir el kat" da amitom Cvenc ase vxmarobT). erTi warwera, romelic antoni abasa da iosias ekuTvnis da romelSic sefis mosxmazea saubari (il. 20), gaTxrebis Sedegad monasterSi aRmoCenil Tanmxleb masalasTan erTad muzeumis gamofenazea eqsponirebuli. warwera, romelSic bakur da griormizdia moxseniebuli (il. 21), muzeumis lapidariumSi inaxeba. samwuxarod, versad mivageniT danarCen or warweras, romelTagan erT-erTSi, mecnierTa azriT, petre iberis saero saxeli maroÂania fiqsirebuli. ierusalimis rokfeleris muzeumSi saSualeba mogveca fotofirze aRgve21. bir el kati. bakurisa da griormizdis mozaikuri warwera (foto d. cxadaZis)

Semonaxuli: "S[eiwyal]e i[es]u q[rist]e ..g". z. aleqsiZis azriT, am warweris bolo daqaragmebuli sityvaa "giorgi". Tu es asea, maSin saqme gvaqvs qarTul sinamdvileSi uadres gamoyenebasTan am saxelisa, romelic SemdgomSi saqarTvelos TiTqmis eTnonimad iqca. virjilio korbos mier aRmoCenili bir el katis mozaikuri warwerebi ierusalimis franciskelTa muzeumSia daculi (qarTul samecniero literaturaSi damkvidrebulia saxeli "bir 23. ierusalimi. wm. elenesa da wm. konstantines el kuT" an "bir el yuT", magram si- monasteri. bagratovanTa asulis, Tamaris SekveTiT Sekerili barZimis pereqeli (foto d. cxadaZis)

22. rokfeleris muzeumi. samuel iberTa episkoposis berZnuli epitafia (foto d. cxadaZis)

beWda da kalkaze gadmogvetana V-VII sis berZnuli warwera-epitafia (katalogis #34.879), romelSic samuel iberTa episkoposia moxseniebuli (il. 22). amrigad, wm. miwis qarTuli warwerebis umetesoba gviani Sua saukunebiT (XV_XVIII ss.) TariRdeba. es faqti gakvirvebas iwvevs: im drois gaWirvebuli da daqucmacebuli saqarTvelo palestinaSi mainc inarCunebda mraval monastersa Tu wm. adgils. miuxedavad imisa, rom ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi saqarTvelo mraval monasters flobda wm. miwaze da swored

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ACADEMIA

24. berZnuli sapatriarqos muzeumi. gulCinas Sekerili enqeri (foto d. cxadaZis)

am drosaa agebuli jvris monasteric, jerjerobiT TiTqmis ar Cans am xanis qarTuli damwerlobis nimuSebi, risi mizezic am ZeglTa mravalgzisi restavracia da ganaxleba unda iyos. gacilebiT metia SemorCenili adreuli, V-VI s-is qarTuli warwerebi da amis mizezi, rogorc Cans, isaa, rom uZvelesma qarTulma monastrebma palestinis sxva monasterTa bedi gaiziares da ver gadaurCnen 614 wels iranis Sahis xosro meoris damangrevel Semosevas. am monastrebis nangrevebma ki qarTuli warwerebi Semogvinaxa, romlebic axla arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad Cndeba. qarTuli monastris aRmoCena 2002 wlis seqtemberSi (israelelma arqeologma jon zeligmanma ierusalimis maxloblad, daba um leizonSi gaTxara savane, romlis saZvaleSi aRmoCnda qarTuli asomTavruliT Sesrulebuli epitafia: "ese samarxoÁ iohane furtavel episkoposisaÁ, qarTvelisaÁ") imeds iZleva, rom wminda miwaze (israelSi) aRmoCenili Zveli qarTuli warwerebis ricxvi momavalSi gaizrdeba.

* * * qarTuli kulturisa da istoriisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba wm. miwaze dacul qarTul saeklesio nivTebsa da maTze arsebul warwerebs. samwuxarod, ver SevZeliT yoveli maTganis srulfasovani fiqsacia, rac momavlis saqmea. qvemoT warmovadgenT mxolod im Zeglebis warwerebs, romlebic aqamde sruliad ucnobi iyo samecniero wreebisaTvis: 1. wm. elenesa da wm. konstantines monasterSi daculi barZimis pereqeli - bagratovanTa asuli patroni Tamaris SekveTiT Sekerili, igi, rogorc Cans, vaxtang V (Sahnavazis) qaliSvili da givi amilaxvris meuRle Tamari unda iyos (gard. 1694w.) (il. 23). "s[a]meb[a]o da erTarsebao, ma[ma]o, Zeo, da sulo wmindao moixsene da S[eiwyal]e asuli bagratovanTa, patroni Tamari, r[omelma]n Sevakervine barZimis pereqeli ese, sulisa Cemisa saoxad da codvaTa C[em]Ta Sesandob[ad]" 2. ierusalimis berZnuli sapatriarqos muzeumis eqspoziciaSi daculi enqeri (XVII s.), romlis oles gars Semosdevs fsalmunis teqsti (44.3,4): "Seib m[a]xvili S[en]i w[e]lTa S[e]nTa Zliero Sven[ie]r[e]biTa Se[ni]Ta da sik[e]TiTa S[en]iTa da giZRodis S[e]n.

25. saba ganwmendilis monasteri. xarebis naqargi xati. (foto d. cxadaZis)

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wminda miwis qarTuli warwerebi

XIII s-is xati minanqrebiT da qarTuli warwerebiT, gardamoxsna, Sewiruli batoniSvilebis giorgisa da asTandaris mier 1505-1525 ww., oqromkediT naqargi omofori, mefe vaxtang V-is rZlis mariamis Sewiruli 1681 w. es nivTebi Tanmxlebi warwerebiT fotofirze gvaqvs fiqsirebuli). 3. wm. saba ganwmendilis monastrSi daculi oqromkediT naqargi "xarebis" xati, romelic Zveli omforis ori totis gadakerebiTaa Sedgenili, RvTismSoblisa da mTavarangelozis figurebs 26. saba ganwmendilis monasteri. enqeri qarTuli gaaCniaT ganmartebiTi warwerebi (XVIXVII ss.) (il. 25). warweriT (foto d. cxadaZis) 4. amave monasterSi daculi enqeri R[merT]o S[eiwyal]e ama enqerisa oleze fsalmunis teqstiT (44.3,4): "Seib Semk[e]r[a]vi, b[a]t[o]n[i]s Svilis maxvili Seni..." enqers Semwirvelis g[a]m[zr]d[e]li g[u]lCina" (il. 24) (am saxeli ar axlavs (XVII s.) (il. 26) (wm. muzeumSi daculia aseve samecniero sabas monasterSi daculia aseve domenti literaturaSi kargad cnobili qar- kaTalikosis spilenZis sabeWdavi, ix. aqve Tuli saeklesio nivTebi: macxovris i. gagoSiZis statia).

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